vitamin-b-12 and Body-Weight

Different studies have pointed towards a positive effect of religious fasting on human health. Orthodox fasting (OF) regime could be characterized as a periodical vegetarian diet, demonstrating several common characteristics with the typical Mediterranean diet. The present systematic review aimed to synthesize available results regarding the potential impact of OF on human health.. Key biomedical databases were searched to identify studies examining the effects of OF on humans. Following implementation of specific criteria, ten studies were included in the analysis and their results were systematically reported and critically appraised in this review.. According to the available limited results, OF periods are characterized by a restriction in total energy and fat intake, an increase in carbohydrate and fiber consumption, while in terms of protein intake, results are contradictive. The overall effect of OF on lipids profile seems to be optimal, with the reduction of total cholesterol and LDL-C levels, being a consistent finding across studies (up to 17.8 and 31.4%, respectively). However, the effect on HDL-C is still unclear. Conclusions regarding the impact on body weight and glucose homeostasis cannot be drawn, given that relevant data are limited with conflicting results. Any potential negative aspects of OF, mainly attributed to reduced dietary intake of vitamin D and B12 and minerals (mainly calcium), require further investigation.. Given the limitations of available evidence, more studies are required before reaching definite conclusions about the effects of OF on human health.

Topics: Blood Glucose; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Proteins; Fasting; Health Status; Humans; Iron; Religion; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin D

'Senescent convergence' is the observation that, with advancing age, multiple measurements of organ/body size, chemistry or function, reveal values for the higher percentiles which decrease faster than those of the lower percentiles. That is, values of the extremes appear to be converging with advanced age. In some cases, the equations for describing this can be modified to include a term that accounts for the percentile of the observation. Examples were given of calculating the age at which values of 2 different percentiles, of the property being measured, become identical ('age at convergence'). Exceptions to senescent convergence, such as related to diseases like osteoporotic vertebral fractures, were mentioned. It was noted that the curves of senescent convergence resembled the inverse of those of postnatal growth.

Topics: Aging; Anthropometry; Arm; Body Height; Body Weight; Humans; Organ Size; Reference Values; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Angina Pectoris; Arteriosclerosis; Body Weight; Child; Cholesterol; Feces; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Forecasting; Heart; Heart Function Tests; Humans; Hyperlipidemias; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Lipoproteins; Male; Methods; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarction; Postoperative Complications; Triglycerides; Vitamin B 12; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Xanthomatosis

Topics: Anemia, Macrocytic; Animals; Body Weight; Folic Acid; Humans; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Intrinsic Factor; Liver; Receptors, Drug; Schilling Test; Sprue, Tropical; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia, Hypochromic; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Dyspepsia; Female; Gastrectomy; Hemoglobins; Humans; Iron; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Postoperative Complications; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Vitamin B. The study is an individually randomised double-blind placebo controlled trial in 800 pregnant Nepalese women randomised in a 1:1 ratio. A daily dose of 50 µg of vitamin B. National Health and Research Council, Nepal (NHRC 253/2016) and Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics of Western Norway (2016/1620/REK vest) have approved the study. Investigators who have contributed to the conceptualising, conducting, as well as being involved in the data analyses and manuscript writing will be eligible for authorship and be responsible to share outcomes with different stakeholders through publications and workshops. The results from this study may support new dietary guidelines for Nepalese and possibly South Asian pregnant women that can lead to improved pregnancy outcomes, neurodevelopment and cognitive functioning in children.. Universal Trial Number: U1111-1183-4093.. clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03071666. Protocol date: version 1.2, 1 June 2017.

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Child Development; Cognition; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Drug Monitoring; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Linear Models; Male; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Medication Adherence; Nepal; Postnatal Care; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Research Design; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex; Young Adult

Multiple micronutrient deficiencies exist in school going children in India and bridging the gap between nutrient intake and requirements is an effective way to combat the deficiencies. This study aimed to test the effect of a multi-micronutrient fortified malt and cocoa based milk beverage on the micronutrient status, cognition, physical performance and nutritional deficiencies of 7-10 years old south Indian children. A randomized, double blind placebo controlled study design was used with normal healthy children from low to middle income families, aged 7-10 years randomly assigned to receive either a multi-micronutrient fortified or an unfortified milk based control drink. The drinks were provided 6 days/week for 5 months. Assessments included anthropometry, blood biochemistry, physical performance and cognition at baseline and endline. The baseline characteristics of the study groups were similar. The changes in body weight and height were similar between the groups at the end of the study. Levels of vitamin B12, red cell folate and vitamin B2 significantly improved in the intervention group, while vitamin D, selenium and body iron showed no difference. The Hemoglobin (Hb) and serum ferritin levels of the control group decreased at endline, while those in the intervention group maintained their levels. The serum transferrin receptor levels increased in both the groups. The prevalence of iron deficiency and Vitamin B2 deficiency were significantly lower in the intervention group at endline. Overall improvement in cognitive and physical performance was seen in both the groups at endline, with no significant differences between the groups. The micronutrient fortified milk based drink was efficacious in improving the micronutrient status of Vitamin B2, Vitamin B12 and red cell folate and in preventing a decline in Hb level compared to an unfortified milk based drink. It also reduced anemia and the risk of deficiencies of iron, and B12, in apparently healthy children. ClinicalTrials.gov IdentifierNCT01415557. Clinical Trial RegistryIndia - REF/2012/12/004332.

Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Animals; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Child; Cognition; Double-Blind Method; Female; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Food, Fortified; Hemoglobins; Humans; India; Iron, Dietary; Male; Micronutrients; Milk; Nutritional Status; Receptors, Transferrin; Riboflavin; Riboflavin Deficiency; Selenium; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin D

In India, national databases indicate anaemia prevalence of 80 % among 6-35-month-old children and 58 % among 36-59-month-old children. The present study aimed to characterise anaemia and the associated factors among infants and pre-schoolers living in rural India.. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of data collected prior to an intervention trial. Fe-deficiency with anaemia (IDA), Fe deficiency with no anaemia (IDNA) and anaemia without Fe deficiency were defined. Serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and sTfR/log ferritin index were used to indicate Fe status.. Twenty-six villages of Nalgonda district, Telangana, India. Data were collected in community sites. Participants Four hundred and seventy-six infants (aged 6-12 months), 316 pre-schoolers (aged 29-56 months) and their mothers.. Prevalence of anaemia among infants and pre-schoolers was 66·4 and 47·8 %, prevalence of IDA was 52·2 and 42·1 %, prevalence of IDNA was 22·2 and 29·8 %, prevalence of anaemia without Fe deficiency was 14·2 and 5·7 %. Among infants, anaemia was positively associated with maternal anaemia (OR=3·31; 95 % CI 2·10, 5·23; P<0·001), and sTfR/log ferritin index (OR=2·21; 95 % CI 1·39, 3·54; P=0·001). Among pre-schoolers, anaemia was positively associated with maternal anaemia (OR=3·77; 95 % CI 1·94, 7·30; P<0·001), sTfR/log ferritin index (OR=5·29; 95 % CI 2·67, 10·50; P<0·001), high C-reactive protein (OR=4·39; 95 % CI 1·91, 10·06, P<0·001) and young age (29-35 months: OR=1·92; 05 % CI 1·18, 3·13, P=0·009).. Anaemia prevalence continues to be high among infants and pre-schoolers in rural India. Based on sTfR/ferritin index, Fe deficiency is a major factor associated with anaemia. Anaemia is also associated with inflammation among pre-schoolers and with maternal anaemia among infants and pre-schoolers, illustrating the importance of understanding the aetiology of anaemia in designing effective control strategies.

Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; C-Reactive Protein; Child, Preschool; Family Characteristics; Female; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Food Supply; Humans; India; Infant; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Logistic Models; Male; Micronutrients; Morbidity; Multivariate Analysis; Nutrition Assessment; Prevalence; Receptors, Transferrin; Risk Factors; Rural Population; Socioeconomic Factors; Vitamin B 12

Folate and vitamin B-12 are important for growth. Many children in low- and middle-income countries have inadequate intakes of these nutrients.. We undertook a randomized, placebo controlled double-blind trial in 1000 North Indian children, 6 to 35 months of age, providing twice the recommended daily allowance of folic acid and/or vitamin B-12, or placebo, daily for 6 months. By using a factorial design, we allocated children in a 1:1:1:1 ratio in blocks of 16. We measured the effect of giving vitamin B-12, folic acid, or the combination of both on linear and ponderal growth. We also identified predictors for growth in multiple linear regression models and effect modifiers for the effect of folic acid or vitamin B-12 supplementation on growth.. The overall effect of either of the vitamins was significant only for weight; children who received vitamin B-12 increased their mean weight-for-age z scores by 0.07 (95% confidence interval: 0.01 to 0.13). Weight-for-age z scores and height-for-age z scores increased significantly after vitamin B-12 supplementation in wasted, underweight, and stunted children. These subgrouping variables significantly modified the effect of vitamin B-12 on growth. Vitamin B-12 status at baseline predicted linear and ponderal growth in children not receiving vitamin B-12 supplements but not in those who did (P-interaction < .001).. We provide evidence that poor vitamin B-12 status contributes to poor growth. We recommend studies with larger doses and longer follow-up to confirm our findings.

Topics: Body Height; Body Weight; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; India; Infant; Linear Models; Male; Vitamin B 12

The progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with impaired nutritional status. New methods, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), are currently being tested to decrease the progression of AD. DBS is an approved method in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and its suitability for the treatment of AD patients is currently under experimental investigation. To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of this new treatment, it is important to assess potential side effects of DBS regarding the nucleus basalis of Meynert; this new treatment is thought to positively affect cognition and might counteract the deterioration of nutritional status and progressive weight loss observed in AD. This study aims to assess the nutritional status of patients with AD before receiving DBS of the nucleus basalis of Meynert and after 1 year, and to analyze potential associations between changes in cognition and nutritional status.. A 1-year phase I proof-of-concept study.. The Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University of Cologne.. We assessed a consecutive sample of patients with mild to moderate AD (n=6) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria and provided written informed consent.. Bilateral low-frequency DBS of the nucleus basalis of Meynert.. Nutritional status was assessed using a modified Mini Nutritional Assessment, bioelectrical impedance analysis, a completed 3-day food diary, and analysis of serum levels of vitamin B12 and folate.. With a normal body mass index (BMI) at baseline (mean 23.75 kg/m²) and after 1 year (mean 24.59 kg/m²), all but one patient gained body weight during the period of the pilot study (mean 2.38 kg, 3.81% of body weight). This was reflected in a mainly stable or improved body composition, assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis, in five of the six patients. Mean energy intake increased from 1534 kcal/day (min 1037, max 2370) at baseline to 1736 kcal/day (min 1010, max 2663) after 1 year, leading to the improved fulfillment of energy needs in four patients. The only nutritional factors that were associated with changes in cognition were vitamin B12 level at baseline (Spearman's rho = 0.943, p = 0.005) and changes in vitamin B12 level (Spearman's rho = -0.829, p = 0.042).. Patients with AD that received DBS of the nucleus basalis of Meynert demonstrated a mainly stable nutritional status within a 1-year period. Whether DBS is causative regarding these observations must be investigated in additional studies.

Topics: Aged; Alzheimer Disease; Basal Nucleus of Meynert; Body Composition; Body Weight; Cognition; Deep Brain Stimulation; Diet Records; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Parkinson Disease; Pilot Projects; Vitamin B 12

Haiti has experienced rapid urbanization that has exacerbated poverty and undernutrition in large slum areas. Stunting affects 1 in 5 young children.. We aimed to test the efficacy of a daily lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) for increased linear growth in young children.. Healthy, singleton infants aged 6-11 mo (n = 589) were recruited from an urban slum of Cap Haitien and randomly assigned to receive: 1) a control; 2) a 3-mo LNS; or 3) a 6-mo LNS. The LNS provided 108 kcal and other nutrients including vitamin A, vitamin B-12, iron, and zinc at ≥80% of the recommended amounts. Infants were followed monthly on growth, morbidity, and developmental outcomes over a 6-mo intervention period and at one additional time point 6 mo postintervention to assess sustained effects. The Bonferroni multiple comparisons test was applied, and generalized least-squares (GLS) regressions with mixed effects was used to examine impacts longitudinally.. Baseline characteristics did not differ by trial arm except for a higher mean age in the 6-mo LNS group. GLS modeling showed LNS supplementation for 6 mo significantly increased the length-for-age z score (±SE) by 0.13 ± 0.05 and the weight-for-age z score by 0.12 ± 0.02 compared with in the control group after adjustment for child age (P < 0.001). The effects were sustained 6 mo postintervention. Morbidity and developmental outcomes did not differ by trial arm.. A low-energy, fortified product improved the linear growth of young children in this urban setting. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01552512.

Topics: Body Weight; Child Development; Diarrhea; Dietary Supplements; Energy Intake; Follow-Up Studies; Haiti; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Iron, Dietary; Longitudinal Studies; Morbidity; Poverty Areas; Respiratory Tract Infections; Socioeconomic Factors; Urban Population; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Zinc

Low-fat vegetarian and vegan diets are associated with weight loss, increased insulin sensitivity, and improved cardiovascular health.. We compared the effects of a low-fat vegan diet and conventional diabetes diet recommendations on glycemia, weight, and plasma lipids.. Free-living individuals with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to a low-fat vegan diet (n = 49) or a diet following 2003 American Diabetes Association guidelines (conventional, n = 50) for 74 wk. Glycated hemoglobin (Hb A(1c)) and plasma lipids were assessed at weeks 0, 11, 22, 35, 48, 61, and 74. Weight was measured at weeks 0, 22, and 74.. Weight loss was significant within each diet group but not significantly different between groups (-4.4 kg in the vegan group and -3.0 kg in the conventional diet group, P = 0.25) and related significantly to Hb A(1c) changes (r = 0.50, P = 0.001). Hb A(1c) changes from baseline to 74 wk or last available values were -0.34 and -0.14 for vegan and conventional diets, respectively (P = 0.43). Hb A(1c) changes from baseline to last available value or last value before any medication adjustment were -0.40 and 0.01 for vegan and conventional diets, respectively (P = 0.03). In analyses before alterations in lipid-lowering medications, total cholesterol decreased by 20.4 and 6.8 mg/dL in the vegan and conventional diet groups, respectively (P = 0.01); LDL cholesterol decreased by 13.5 and 3.4 mg/dL in the vegan and conventional groups, respectively (P = 0.03).. Both diets were associated with sustained reductions in weight and plasma lipid concentrations. In an analysis controlling for medication changes, a low-fat vegan diet appeared to improve glycemia and plasma lipids more than did conventional diabetes diet recommendations. Whether the observed differences provide clinical benefit for the macro- or microvascular complications of diabetes remains to be established. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00276939.

Topics: Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet Records; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Diet, Vegetarian; Dietary Fats; Dietary Supplements; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Lipoproteins, HDL; Lipoproteins, LDL; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12; Weight Loss

As masticatory efficiency diminishes drastically in edentulous patients, several researchers have studied over the past two decades how dietary intake varies when different types of oral rehabilitation are provided. Since the use of implants to support prostheses in edentulous mandibles has been shown to significantly improve masticatory performance, the question remains as to whether this improvement will influence the nutritional status. The purose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of edentulous patients who randomly received either a mandibular conventional denture (CD) or an implant-supported overdenture (IP) 1 year previously. Weight, height, body composition and handgrip strength measurements were collected for analysis. Blood tests were performed to measure plasma parameters of diet intake. Participants responded to a Food Frequency Questionnaire and a Masticatory Function Questionnaire. Fifty-three people participated (58% men, 42% women; mean age = 53). Body composition indicators as well as plasma parameters were generally within normal range, and no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was found between the groups. Patients in the CD group had significantly lower ratings for items regarding difficulty in chewing (p<0.05), but no significant difference was found for dietary intake (p>0.05). Although the CD wearers reported having more difficulty in chewing hard foods, both groups appeared to have a similar nutritional status.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anthropometry; Body Composition; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Carotenoids; Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; Denture, Complete, Lower; Denture, Overlay; Erythrocyte Indices; Feeding Behavior; Female; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Hand Strength; Hemoglobins; Humans; Jaw, Edentulous; Lymphocyte Count; Male; Mandible; Mastication; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Serum Albumin; Vitamin B 12

Ten sets of 5 littermate pigs from each of 2 genetic strains were utilized to determine the impact of the dietary concentration of 5 B vitamins (riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, cobalamin, and folacin) on growth from 9 to 28 kg of BW in pigs with high or moderate capacity for lean growth. All pigs (penned individually) were reared via a segregated, early weaning scheme, so that the lean growth potential of each strain could be expressed. The basal diet provided the 5 test vitamins at concentrations of total and estimated bioavailability equivalent to a minimum of 100 and 70%, respectively, of their estimated requirements (NRC, 1998) for 5- to 10-kg pigs. At a BW of 9 +/- 0.9 kg, pigs within each litter were allotted to the basal diet supplemented with sources of the 5 test vitamins equivalent to an additional 0, 100, 200, 300, or 400% (bioavailable) of the NRC requirements. Pigs from the high lean strain consumed less feed (P < 0.05) and gained BW faster (P < 0.02) and more efficiently (P < 0.01) than pigs of the moderate lean strain. In both lean strains, the rate and efficiency of growth were improved (P < 0.01) as dietary B vitamin concentrations were increased. However, the dietary B vitamin concentrations needed to optimize G:F were greater (P < 0.03) in the high (>470% of NRC, 1998) vs. moderate (270%) lean strain. Based on these data, the dietary needs for 1 or more of the 5 B vitamins are greater than current NRC (1998) estimates, particularly in pigs expressing a high rate of lean tissue growth. The greater need for these vitamins is not associated with greater dietary energy intake or body energy accretion rate but is potentially due to shifts in the predominant metabolic pathways.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Composition; Body Weight; Diet; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Folic Acid; Niacin; Pantothenic Acid; Riboflavin; Swine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Elevated levels of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) have been implicated as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although long-term treatment with metformin can increase Hcy levels in patients with type II diabetes mellitus or coronary heart disease, it is becoming an increasingly accepted and widespread medication in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In the literature, only one study has demonstrated that metformin increases Hcy levels in PCOS patients, but the effect of other insulin sensitizers on Hcy levels have not been reported previously in women with PCOS. We aimed to assess the effects of metformin and rosiglitazone on plasma Hcy levels in patients with PCOS.. Thirty women were randomized to two groups: 15 women in group 1 received 850 mg of metformin twice daily for 3 months. In group 2, 15 women received 4 mg of rosiglitazone for 3 months. In both groups, body mass index, menstrual pattern, and plasma total Hcy, insulin, glucose and lipid metabolism parameters were recorded at baseline and at 3 months.. Hcy levels increased from 8.93+/-0.49 to 11.26+/-0.86 micromol/l (P = 0.002) and from 10.70+/-0.86 to 12.36+/-0.81 micromol/l (P = 0.01) in the metformin and rosiglitazone groups, respectively. Apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 levels increased from 127.10+/-6.85 to 145.7+/-7.18 mg/dl (P = 0.018) in the metformin group. Total cholesterol (total-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), lipoprotein (a) and Apo B levels decreased in the metformin group, but the change was not significant. Total-C levels decreased from 161.15+/-8.94 to 150.23+/-8.73 mg/dl (P = 0.026), HDL-C decreased from 43.13+/-2.65 to 39.15+/-2.52 mg/dl (P = 0.005) and LDL-C levels decreased from 93.83+/-6.06 to 80.7+/-2.30 mg/dl (P = 0.021) in the rosiglitazone group.. Treatment with insulin sensitizers in women with PCOS may lead to increases in Hcy levels.

Topics: Adult; Anovulation; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Female; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Lipids; Luteinizing Hormone; Metformin; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Rosiglitazone; Testosterone; Thiazolidinediones; Vitamin B 12

Animal source foods (ASF) can provide micronutrients in greater amounts and more bioavailable forms compared to plant source foods, but their intake is low in many poor populations. However, the impact of ASF on micronutrient status of undernourished populations has not been assessed. Supplemental meat (60-85 g/d), milk (200-250 mL/d) or energy (isocaloric with the meat and milk, 240-300 kcal/d) were randomly assigned to 555 undernourished school children aged 5-14 y in a rural malaria-endemic area of Kenya, at one school meal daily for one school year. Blood and stool samples were collected at baseline and after 1 y to assess stool parasites, malaria, hemoglobin, serum or plasma C-reactive protein, ferritin, iron, zinc, copper, vitamin B-12, folate and retinol, and erythrocyte riboflavin. At baseline, there was a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies (iron, zinc, vitamins A and B-12 and riboflavin), yet plasma ferritin was low in few children, and none had low serum copper. At the end of the year of supplementation, plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations were significantly increased in children fed the Meat or Milk meal; prevalence of severe plus moderate deficiency fell from 80.7% at baseline to 64.1% in the Meat group and from 71.6 to 45.1% in the Milk group, respectively. No significant improvement was observed in the status of other micronutrients compared to the Energy and Control groups, although malaria and other infections may have obscured effects. Supplementation with small amounts of meat or milk reduced the high prevalence of vitamin B-12 deficiency in these children.

Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Climate; Cognition; Deficiency Diseases; Energy Metabolism; Humans; Kenya; Malaria; Meat; Micronutrients; Milk; Parasitic Diseases; Prevalence; Vitamin B 12

A high plasma homocysteine concentration is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Homocysteine concentrations are thought to be raised by high protein and methionine intakes.. Our goal was to investigate the effects of high and low protein and methionine intakes on homocysteine in overweight subjects.. Sixty-five overweight subjects were randomly assigned to a 6-mo intervention with a low-protein, low-methionine diet (LP: 12% of total energy, 1.4 g methionine/d; n = 25); a high-protein, high-methionine diet (HP: 22% of total energy, 2.7 g methionine/d; n = 25), both of which had similar fat contents (30% of total energy); or a control diet with an intermediate protein content (n = 15). All food was self-selected at a shop at the department. Protein intake was increased in the HP group mainly through lean meat and low-fat dairy products. Dietary compliance was evaluated by urinary nitrogen excretion.. Homocysteine concentrations did not change significantly in the LP or control groups but were 25% lower in the HP group (NS). Homocysteine concentrations after the 3-mo intervention were inversely associated with vitamin B-12 intake and with weight change (by multivariate analysis performed for all subjects), but not with methionine or protein intake. Sixty-nine percent of the variation could be explained by baseline homocysteine (P < 0.001), 2% by vitamin B-12 (P = 0.02), and another 2% by weight change (P = 0.06). The plasma homocysteine concentration after 6 mo was associated only with baseline homocysteine (P < 0.001).. A high-protein, high-methionine diet does not raise homocysteine concentrations compared with a low-protein, low-methionine diet in overweight subjects.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Body Weight; Diet; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Dietary Proteins; Female; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Male; Methionine; Middle Aged; Obesity; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Body Weight; Cobalt; Female; Injections, Subcutaneous; Male; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin B 12

Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations are associated with increased risk of vascular disease, and there is a strong inverse association between dietary and blood folate and blood tHcy concentrations. Increased folate consumption may lower the risk of tHcy-mediated cardiovascular disease.. The objective was to determine the most appropriate means of increasing dietary folate to reduce plasma tHcy.. Sixty-five free-living subjects aged 36-71 y with tHcy concentrations >/=9 micromol/L participated in a randomized, controlled trial to compare 3 approaches for increasing dietary folate to approximately 600 microg/d: folic acid supplementation, consumption of folic acid-fortified breakfast cereals, and increased consumption of folate-rich foods.. An intake of 437 microg folic acid/d from supplements resulted in a 27-nmol/L increase in serum folate and a 21% reduction in tHcy, relative to the change in a control group. In subjects who consumed folic acid-fortified breakfast cereal, folate intake increased by an average of 298 microg, serum folate increased by 21 nmol/L, and tHcy concentrations decreased by 24%. Increased intakes of folate-rich foods resulted in a 418-microg increase in dietary folate, a 7-nmol/L increase in serum folate, and a 9% reduction in tHcy concentrations. The decrease in tHcy was negatively correlated (r = -0.66) with the increase in serum folate.. Daily consumption of folic acid-fortified breakfast cereals and the use of folic acid supplements appear to be the most effective means of reducing tHcy concentrations. The reduction in tHcy was significantly negatively correlated with the increase in serum folate, which may be a useful marker for measuring dietary change.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Edible Grain; Female; Folic Acid; Food, Fortified; Homocysteine; Humans; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Lipids; Lipoproteins; Male; Middle Aged; Vitamin B 12

Previous studies suggest that folate deficiency may occur in up to one third of patients with severe depression, and that treatment with the vitamin may enhance recovery of the mental state. There are, however, difficulties in interpreting serum and red cell folate assays in some patients, and it has been suggested that total plasma homocysteine is a more sensitive measure of functional folate (and vitamin B12) deficiency. Other studies suggest a link between folate deficiency and impaired metabolism of serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline (norepinephrine), which have been implicated in mood disorders. A study of homocysteine, folate, and monoamine metabolism has, therefore, been undertaken in patients with severe depression.. In 46 inpatients with severe DSM III depression, blood counts, serum and red cell folate, serum vitamin B12, total plasma homocysteine, and, in 28 patients, CSF folate, S-adenosylmethionine, and the monoamine neurotransmitter metabolites 5HIAA, HVA, and MHPG were examined. Two control groups comprised 18 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with neurological disorders, the second group undergoing CSF examination for diagnostic purposes.. Twenty four depressed patients (52%) had raised total plasma homocysteine. Depressed patients with raised total plasma homocysteine had significant lowering of serum, red cell, and CSF folate, CSF S-adenosylmethionine and all three CSF monoamine metabolites. Total plasma homocysteine was significantly negatively correlated with red cell folate in depressed patients, but not controls.. Utilising total plasma homocysteine as a sensitive measure of functional folate deficiency, a biological subgroup of depression with folate deficiency, impaired methylation, and monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism has been identified. Detection of this subgroup, which will not be achieved by routine blood counts, is important in view of the potential benefit of vitamin replacement.

Topics: Adult; Biogenic Monoamines; Blood Cell Count; Body Weight; Depression; Erythrocytes; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Homocysteine; Homovanillic Acid; Humans; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; Male; Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol; Methylation; Middle Aged; S-Adenosylmethionine; Vitamin B 12

Sulfonylurea drugs have been the only oral therapy available for patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in the United States. Recently, however, metformin has been approved for the treatment of NIDDM.. We performed two large, randomized, parallel-group, double-blind, controlled studies in which metformin or another treatment was given for 29 weeks to moderately obese patients with NIDDM whose diabetes was inadequately controlled by diet (protocol 1: metformin vs. placebo; 289 patients), or diet plus glyburide (protocol 2: metformin and glyburide vs. metformin vs. glyburide; 632 patients). To determine efficacy we measured plasma glucose (while the patients were fasting and after the oral administration of glucose), lactate, lipids, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin before, during, and at the end of the study.. In protocol 1, at the end of the study the 143 patients in the metformin group, as compared with the 146 patients in the placebo group, had lower mean (+/- SE) fasting plasma glucose concentrations (189 +/- 5 vs. 244 +/- 6 mg per deciliter [10.6 +/- 0.3 vs. 13.7 +/- 0.3 mmol per liter], P < 0.001) and glycosylated hemoglobin values (7.1 +/- 0.1 percent vs. 8.6 +/- 0.2 percent, P < 0.001). In protocol 2, the 213 patients given metformin and glyburide, as compared with the 210 patients treated with glyburide alone, had lower mean fasting plasma glucose concentrations (187 +/- 4 vs. 261 +/- 4 mg per deciliter [10.5 +/- 0.2 vs. 14.6 +/- 0.2 mmol per liter], P < 0.001) and glycosylated hemoglobin values (7.1 +/- 0.1 percent vs. 8.7 +/- 0.1 percent, P < 0.001). The effect of metformin alone was similar to that of glyburide alone. Eighteen percent of the patients given metformin and glyburide had symptoms compatible with hypoglycemia, as compared with 3 percent in the glyburide group and 2 percent in the metformin group. In both protocols the patients given metformin had statistically significant decreases in plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, whereas the values in the respective control groups did not change. There were no significant changes in fasting plasma lactate concentrations in any of the groups.. Metformin monotherapy and combination therapy with metformin and sulfonylurea are well tolerated and improve glycemic control and lipid concentrations in patients with NIDDM whose diabetes is poorly controlled with diet or sulfonylurea therapy alone.

Topics: Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fasting; Female; Folic Acid; Glucose Tolerance Test; Glyburide; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Insulin; Lactates; Lactic Acid; Male; Metformin; Middle Aged; Obesity; Treatment Failure; Vitamin B 12

Serum folate and vitamin B12 levels were evaluated in 80 patients with small cell lung cancer at diagnosis and during therapy over a 30-week period. Approximately one half of the patients were randomized to receive hyperalimentation. Folate and vitamin B12 intake was adequate without parenteral nutrition in these cancer patients. Serum folate and Vitamin B12 levels did not correlate with disease extent. At the initiation of therapy, serum folate declined with increasing weight loss. During therapy, the intake of folate was adequate to maintain a normal serum folate despite marked weight loss.

Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Body Weight; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Energy Intake; Folic Acid; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Parenteral Nutrition, Total; Random Allocation; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anabolic Agents; Androstanes; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Synergism; Electrophoresis; gamma-Globulins; Glycoproteins; Humans; Placebos; Serum Albumin; Serum Globulins; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Body Height; Body Weight; Calcium; Clinical Trials as Topic; Copper; Depression, Chemical; Humans; Iodine; Iron; Magnesium Oxide; Manganese; Military Personnel; Niacinamide; Pantothenic Acid; Placebos; Pyridoxine; Riboflavin; Students; Sulfates; Thiamine; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Zinc

In this study, the effect of 14 weeks of standard diet (controls) or folate and vitamin B12-free diet (VBD group) or vitamin D-free diet (VDD group) were assessed on mice testicular function, and sperm function. Vitamin D deprivation caused increased body weight with no effect from VBD confirming the calcium-independent role of vitamin D on body weight homeostasis. The two deprivations caused convergent damages including decreased testosterone, worsened Johnson scores, tubular differentiation index and spermatogenesis index, and serious worsening of sperm parameters and of sperm functional tests (DNA methylation, protamination, DNA damage and lipid peroxidation). From a metabolic point of view, the damage from both models converged on the one carbon cycle (methylations) and the transsulfuration pathway (GSH and antioxidant defences) and increased circulating homocysteine, although with different mechanisms: VBD appeared to hamper methylations due to lower ability to regenerate homocysteine to methionine whereas VDD appeared to interfere with homocysteine transsulfuration to cysteine and, thereafter, GSH. VDD also caused a huge paradox increase of vitamin B12, which was likely in a non-functional form and warrants further investigation. These findings strongly endorse the potential benefit of combined folate/B12 and vitamin D supplementation in infertile patients.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Supplements; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Male; Mice; Semen; Spermatozoa; Vitamin B 12; Vitamins

Genomic imprinting is important for mammalian development and its dysregulation can cause various developmental defects and diseases. The study evaluated the effects of different dietary combinations of folic acid and B12 on epigenetic regulation of IGF2R and KCNQ1OT1 ncRNA in C57BL/6 mice model. Female mice were fed diets with nine combinations of folic acid and B12 for 4 weeks. They were mated and off-springs born (F1) were continued on the same diet for 6 weeks postweaning and were allowed to mate. The placenta and fetal (F2) tissues were collected at day 20 of gestation. Dietary deficiency of folate (BNFD and BOFD) and B12 (BDFN) with either state of other vitamin or combined deficiency of both vitamins (BDFD) in comparison to BNFN, were overall responsible for reduced expression of IGF2R in the placenta (F1) and the fetal liver (F2) whereas a combination of folate deficiency with different levels of B12 revealed sex-specific differences in kidney and brain. The alterations in the expression of IGF2R caused by folate-deficient conditions (BNFD and BOFD) and both deficient condition (BDFD) was found to be associated with an increase in suppressive histone modifications. Over-supplementation of either folate or B12 or both vitamins in comparison to BNFN, led to increase in expression of IGF2R and KCNQ1OT1 in the placenta and fetal tissues. The increase in the expression of IGF2R caused by folate over-supplementation (BNFO) was associated with decreased DNA methylation in fetal tissues. KCNQ1OT1 noncoding RNA (ncRNA), however, showed upregulation under deficient conditions of folate and B12 only in female fetal tissues which correlated well with hypomethylation observed under these conditions. An epigenetic reprograming of IGF2R and KCNQ1OT1 ncRNA in the offspring was evident upon different dietary combinations of folic acid and B12 in the mice.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Brain; Diet; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Fetus; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Genomic Imprinting; Homocysteine; Kidney; Liver; Male; Mice; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Receptor, IGF Type 2; RNA, Long Noncoding; RNA, Messenger; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Objectives Multiple feline diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver and biliary tract are known to cause abnormal serum cobalamin and folate concentrations. Measuring the serum concentration of these vitamins can therefore be a helpful diagnostic tool. However, factors other than disease, in particular age, have also been suggested to have an effect on the serum concentration of cobalamin and folate. In previous studies, the dietary intake was not standardised, or even known, despite diet being the prinicpal source of both vitamins. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of age, sex and body weight on the serum concentration of folate and cobalamin in cats fed the same diet. Methods The serum cobalamin and folate concentrations were measured in 65 apparently healthy cats in a nutrition colony that had been fed an identical diet. A linear model was used to test the relationship between the serum concentration of cobalamin and folate with the variables age, sex and body weight. Results There was a large variation in the serum concentration of both folate and cobalamin, despite identical intake. Serum cobalamin was inversely associated with age ( P = 0.002), and males had higher concentrations than females ( P = 0.039). Serum folate was positively associated with age ( P = 0.01). Conclusions and relevance Independent of diet, serum cobalamin concentration decreases with age. Changes in gastrointestinal function, microflora or metabolism may be responsible. Older cats may be more susceptible to cobalamin deficiency secondary to inappetence or gastrointestinal disease.

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Cats; Diet; Female; Folic Acid; Male; Nutritional Status; Reference Values; Sex Factors; Vitamin B 12

Inadequate maternal micronutrient status during pregnancy can lead to short- and long-term health risks for mother and offspring. The present study investigated the association between pre-pregnancy weight status and micronutrient status during pregnancy.. Maternal blood samples were collected during early pregnancy (median 13, interquartile range 12-15 weeks) and were assayed for serum folate, ferritin, Fe and vitamin B12. Regression modelling was used to assess the association between pre-pregnancy underweight, normal weight, overweight and obesity, and micronutrient levels, as well as the odds for deficiencies.. The Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) study, the Netherlands.. Women with singleton pregnancies without diabetes (n 4243).. After adjustment for covariates, overweight women and obese women had lower (β; 95 % CI) folate (-1·2; -2·2, -0·2 and -2·3; -4·0, -0·7 nmol/l, respectively) and Fe (-1·7; -2·3, -1·1 and -3·6; -4·7, -2·6 μmol/l, respectively) levels than women with normal weight. Furthermore, overweight women had 6 % (95 % CI -9, -3 %) and obese women had 15 % (-19, -10 %), lower vitamin B12 levels, and obese women had 19 % (6, 32 %) higher ferritin levels, than normal-weight women. Obese women had higher odds (OR; 95 % CI) for folate deficiency (2·03; 1·35, 3·06), Fe deficiency (3·26; 2·09, 5·08) and vitamin B12 deficiency (2·05; 1·41, 2·99) than women with normal weight. Underweight was not associated with micronutrient status.. During early pregnancy, women with pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity had lower serum folate, Fe and vitamin B12 status. This resulted in increased risk of serum folate, Fe and vitamin B12 deficiencies in women with obesity.

Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Deficiency Diseases; Female; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Ideal Body Weight; Iron; Iron Deficiencies; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Micronutrients; Nutritional Status; Odds Ratio; Overweight; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Regression Analysis; Thinness; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

To explore the impact of maternal body weight on maternal nutrition and micronutrient status in early pregnancy and potential impact on metabolic status in newborns.. The EU FP7 project GIFTS was conducted from Jan 2012 to May 2014. Demographic details and anthropometric measurements of women in the first trimester of pregnancy were obtained. Blood samples were collected for OGTT, insulin, lipid profile, serum folate, ferritin, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and red cell folate. Newborn anthropometric characteristics were observed. Cord blood samples were collected after delivery for glucose, insulin, and lipid profile of newborns.. A total of 301 pregnant mothers, 108 overweight, 63 underweight, and 130 normal weight were included. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<30 ng/mL) and low vitamin B12 (<190 ng/l) were high, 44% and 42%, respectively, in the first trimester. Anemic women (due to B12 or iron deficiency) were 79%, while 72% had low ferritin levels. Gestational diabetes was 16%. Differences were observed between underweight and overweight mothers (. Prevalence of multiple micronutrient deficiencies was common among Pakistani women during early pregnancy despite the nonvegetarian diet that has important implications for pregnancy care in Pakistan and potentially in expatriate communities living abroad. This trial is registered with ISRCTN number 83599025.

Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diabetes, Gestational; Female; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Insulin; Lipids; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Vitamin B 12

Black cohosh rhizome, available as a dietary supplement, is most commonly marketed as a remedy for dysmenorrhea and menopausal symptoms. A previous subchronic toxicity study of black cohosh dried ethanolic extract (BCE) in female mice revealed a dose-dependent ineffective erythropoiesis with a macrocytosis consistent with the condition known as megaloblastic anemia. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential mechanisms by which BCE induces these particular hematological changes. B6C3F1/N female mice (32/group) were exposed by gavage to vehicle or 1,000 mg/kg BCE for 92 days. Blood samples were analyzed for hematology, renal and hepatic clinical chemistry, serum folate and cobalamin, red blood cell (RBC) folate, and plasma homocysteine and methylmalonic acid (MMA). Folate levels were measured in liver and kidney. Hematological changes included decreased RBC count; increased mean corpuscular volume; and decreased reticulocyte, white blood cell, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts. Blood smear evaluation revealed increased Howell-Jolly bodies and occasional basophilic stippling in treated animals. Plasma homocysteine and MMA concentrations were increased in treated animals. Under the conditions of our study, BCE administration caused hematological and clinical chemistry changes consistent with a functional cobalamin, and possibly folate, deficiency. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism by which BCE causes increases in homocysteine and MMA.

Topics: Anemia, Megaloblastic; Animals; Body Weight; Cimicifuga; Female; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Kidney; Liver; Methylmalonic Acid; Mice; Plant Extracts; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Prenatal methyl donor deficiency leads to homocysteine accumulation in the brain and impaired neurodevelopment in rats. We investigated the effect of moderately elevated preconception fasting total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) on child neurodevelopment in a prospective study of 67 and 76 mother-child pairs at 4 months and 6 years of age, respectively. Fasting blood samples at 2-10 weeks preconception, from the cord (nonfasting) and the mother and child 6 years after birth, were collected. Psychomotor and mental development were assessed at 4 months using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development (BSID) and cognitive development at 6 years using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). Highest tertile preconception tHcy (≥9.04 µmol/L) was categorized as moderately elevated and low-mid tertile tHcy as normal. Children, born to mothers with moderately elevated compared to normal preconception tHcy, scored lower [mean (95% CI)] in the BSID psychomotor [115 (105, 124) vs. 126 (121, 130), p = 0.03] and mental [101 (93, 109) vs. 113 (107, 119), p = 0.03] development tests. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that moderately elevated compared to normal preconception tHcy was associated with greater probability, OR (95%CI), of scoring in the lowest tertile for BSID psychomotor development (≤120): 4.0 (1.1, 14.3) and lowest tertiles for WPPSI full (≤111), verbal (≤104) and performance (≤111), intellectual quotient: 6.0 (1.5, 23.7), 3.5 (1.1, 11.2) and 4.1 (1.1, 15.7), respectively. We conclude that moderately elevated preconception tHcy is inversely associated with psychomotor and cognitive development scores in infants and children.

Topics: Adult; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Brain; Child; Child Development; Cognition; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dietary Supplements; Fasting; Female; Folic Acid; Follow-Up Studies; Homocysteine; Humans; Infant; Logistic Models; Male; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Micronutrients; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Prospective Studies; Socioeconomic Factors; Spain; Vitamin B 12

The present study aimed to examine the association between different breakfast consumption patterns and vitamin intakes and blood vitamin concentrations in European adolescents.. Breakfast consumption was assessed by a questionnaire. Vitamin intake was calculated from two 24 h recalls. Blood vitamin and total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations were analysed from fasting blood samples.. The European Commission-funded HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study.. Participants were 1058 (52·8 % females) European adolescents (aged 12·5-17·5 years) from ten cities.. Lower vitamin D and vitamin C concentrations were observed in male and female breakfast skippers than in consumers (P<0·05). Female breakfast consumers presented higher holo-transcobalamin and lower tHcy (P<0·05), while males had higher cobalamin concentrations, compared with skippers (P<0·05). Higher vitamin D and total folate intakes were observed in adolescents who consumed breakfast compared with skippers (P<0·05). Likewise, female consumers had higher intakes of vitamin B6 and vitamin E than occasional consumers (P<0·05).. Regular breakfast consumption is associated with higher blood vitamin D and cobalamin concentrations in males and with higher vitamin D and holo-transcobalamin and lower tHcy concentrations in females. Moreover, breakfast consumption is associated with high intakes of vitamin D and total folate in both sexes, and with high intakes of vitamin B6 and vitamin E in females.

Topics: Adolescent; Ascorbic Acid; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Breakfast; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Female; Folic Acid; Health Behavior; Healthy Lifestyle; Homocysteine; Humans; Male; Mental Recall; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Socioeconomic Factors; Specimen Handling; Surveys and Questionnaires; Transcobalamins; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin D; Vitamins

Fifty-one dairy cows with subclinical ketosis were used to investigate the effects of butafosfan alone or in combination with cyanocobalamin on metabolism. Treatments included i.v. injection of 10 ml/100 kg of body weight with butafosfan (BUT) or combined cyanocobalamin with butafosfan (BUTCO) at a similar concentration as in Catosal(®) . Control cows (CON) received a 0.9% saline solution. Cows were injected on days 1-3 at 22.3 ± 0.7 days post-partum. Milk production and composition were not affected by the treatments. In plasma, CON cows had a significantly higher plasma NEFA concentration (0.59 ± 0.03 mm) across the study period than BUTCO cows (p < 0.05; 0.42 ± 0.03 mm), whereas the plasma NEFA concentration of BUT was intermediate (0.52 ± 0.03 mm) but not significantly different from CON. Both BUTCO and BUT cows had lower (p < 0.05) plasma BHBA concentrations (1.02 ± 0.06 mm and 1.21 ± 0.06 mm, respectively) across the study period than CON (1.34 ± 0.06 mm). Plasma glucose was not different between treatments, but plasma glucagon concentrations were consistently high in BUT compared to BUTCO and CON. Lowest post-treatment glucagon levels were observed in BUTCO. Hepatic mRNA abundance of liver X receptor α, a nuclear receptor protein involved in lipid metabolism, was higher in BUTCO compared to BUT and CON (p < 0.05) on day 7. Furthermore, on day 7, the mRNA abundance of beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 2 was higher in BUTCO compared to BUT and CON (p < 0.01). In conclusion, injections of combined cyanocobalamin with butafosfan post-partum in early lactation ketotic dairy cows act on lipid metabolism with effects on plasma metabolites, most likely mediated via modified activity of key factors in the liver. Results indicate that the application of butafosfan only in combination with cyanocobalamin exhibits the expected positive effects on metabolism.

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Weight; Butylamines; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Combinations; Female; Glucagon; Ketosis; Lactation; Organophosphorus Compounds; Phosphinic Acids; Vitamin B 12

Cobalamin and folate are especially important for women of childbearing age due to their ubiquitous role in fetal growth and development. Population-based data on cobalamin and folate status are lacking from Nepal, where diets are mostly vegetarian. The objectives of the study were to investigate cobalamin and folate intake and status, and to explore associations with socio-demographics, anthropometrics, anemia, and dietary habits. Following a random selection of geographical clusters, we collected blood samples from 500 non-pregnant women and 24-h dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires from a subsample of 379 women. Twenty percent of the women did not consume any food containing cobalamin during the days recalled, and in 72% nutritional cobalamin intake was <1 μg/day. Eighty-four percent of the women had cobalamin intake lower than the estimated average requirement (EAR) (<2 μg/day). In contrast, only 12% of the women had a folate intake less than 100 μg per day, whereas 62% had intake between 100 and 320 μg. Low plasma cobalamin (<150 pmol/L) was found in 42% of the women, most of whom (88%) also had elevated levels of methylmalonic acid. Our results indicated a high prevalence of nutritional cobalamin deficiency, while folate deficiency was uncommon.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cross-Sectional Studies; Energy Intake; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Homocysteine; Humans; Linear Models; Methylmalonic Acid; Nepal; Nutritional Status; Prevalence; Socioeconomic Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Young Adult

The biological impact of folates from folate rice, a metabolically engineered (biofortified) rice line, rich in folates, was investigated. Its consumption may be helpful to fight folate deficiency. Our objective was to investigate the potential of folate rice to supply the organism with folates and evaluate its biological effectiveness using a rat model.. Five groups of 12 Wistar rats were monitored during a 7/12-wk depletion/repletion trial. Animals receiving folate-free diet (0 μg/rat/day) and those additionally receiving wild-type rice (on average 0.11 μg/rat/day) suffered from decreased hematocrit and lower folate concentrations in both plasma and RBCs. This resulted in serious morbidity and even lethality during the trial. In contrast, all animals receiving a daily supplement of folate rice or folic acid fortified rice (on average 3.00 μg/rat/day and 3.12 μg/rat/day, respectively) and those receiving a positive control diet (11.4 to 25.0 μg/rat/day), survived. In these groups, the hematocrit normalized, plasma and RBC folate concentrations increased and pronounced hyperhomocysteinemia was countered.. Using an animal model, we demonstrated that biofortified folate rice is a valuable source of dietary folate, as evidenced by folate determination in plasma and RBCs, the alleviation of anemia and counteraction of pronounced hyperhomocysteinemia.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Erythrocytes; Female; Folic Acid; Food, Fortified; Hematocrit; Homocysteine; Longitudinal Studies; Oryza; Plants, Genetically Modified; Rats, Wistar; Vitamin B 12

To evaluate the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and factors associated with vitamin B12 status in Amazonian children.. Genetic risk score (GRS), socio-economic and nutritional status, and morbidity data were the independent variables used in multiple linear regression models to evaluate factors associated with vitamin B12 status in a population-based cross-sectional study. GRS was created by summing a number of known risk alleles for low serum vitamin B12.. Acrelândia, western Brazilian Amazon.. Children (n 988) aged <10 years.. Overall prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (<150 pmol/l) was 4·2 (95 % CI 3·0, 5·6) % and was highest in children aged <24 months: 13·6 (95 % CI % 8·8, 19·7) %. For children <24 months, wealth index (β=0·017, P=0·030) and animal protein intake (β=0·219, P=0·003) were positively associated with vitamin B12 status. GRS (β=-0·114, P<0·001) and serum homocysteine (β=-0·049, P<0·001) were negatively associated. Among children aged ≥24 months, vitamin B12 status was positively associated with wealth index (β=0·012, P<0·001), height-for-age Z-score (β=0·024, P=0·033) and serum vitamin A (β=0·089, P<0·001). Age≥60 months (β=-0·118, P<0·001), GRS (β=-0·048, P<0·001), maternal schooling <5 years (β=-0·083, P<0·001), low intake of animal-derived foods (β=-0·050, P=0·030), serum homocysteine (β=-0·053, P<0·001), serum folate ≥23·6 nmol/l (β=-0·055, P=0·012) and geohelminth infection (β=-0·141, P=0·017) were negatively associated with vitamin B12 status.. GRS, poverty, low intake of animal-derived foods, geohelminth infection, vitamin A and folate status were important factors associated with vitamin B12 status of children in our study.

Topics: Alleles; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Folic Acid; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genotyping Techniques; Growth Disorders; Homocysteine; Humans; Infant; Linear Models; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Overweight; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Socioeconomic Factors; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Maternal smoking is one of the most important modifiable risk factors for low birthweight, which is strongly associated with increased cardiometabolic disease risk in adulthood. Maternal smoking reduces the levels of the methyl donor vitamin B12 and is associated with altered DNA methylation at birth. Altered DNA methylation may be an important mechanism underlying increased disease susceptibility; however, the extent to which this can be induced in the developing fetus is unknown.. In this retrospective study, we measured concentrations of cobalt, vitamin B12, and mRNA transcripts encoding key enzymes in the 1-carbon cycle in 55 fetal human livers obtained from 11 to 21 weeks of gestation elective terminations and matched for gestation and maternal smoking. DNA methylation was measured at critical regions known to be susceptible to the in utero environment. Homocysteine concentrations were analyzed in plasma from 60 fetuses.. In addition to identifying baseline sex differences, we found that maternal smoking was associated with sex-specific alterations of fetal liver vitamin B12, plasma homocysteine and expression of enzymes in the 1-carbon cycle in fetal liver. In the majority of the measured parameters which showed a sex difference, maternal smoking reduced the magnitude of that difference. Maternal smoking also altered DNA methylation at the imprinted gene IGF2 and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR/NR3C1).. Our unique data strengthen studies linking in utero exposures to altered DNA methylation by showing, for the first time, that such changes are present in fetal life and in a key metabolic target tissue, human fetal liver. Furthermore, these data propose a novel mechanism by which such changes are induced, namely through alterations in methyl donor availability and changes in 1-carbon metabolism.

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Carbon; Cobalt; DNA Methylation; Female; Fetus; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; Liver; Male; One-Carbon Group Transferases; Pregnancy; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Retrospective Studies; RNA, Messenger; Sex Factors; Smoking; Vitamin B 12

Studies in South Asian population show that low maternal vitamin B12 associates with insulin resistance and small for gestational age in the offspring. Low vitamin B12 status is attributed to vegetarianism in these populations. It is not known whether low B12 status is associated with metabolic risk of the offspring in whites, where the childhood metabolic disorders are increasing rapidly. Here, we studied whether maternal B12 levels associate with metabolic risk of the offspring at birth.. This is a cross-sectional study of 91 mother-infant pairs (n = 182), of white Caucasian origin living in the UK. Blood samples were collected from white pregnant women at delivery and their newborns (cord blood). Serum vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine as well as the relevant metabolic risk factors were measured.. The prevalence of low serum vitamin B12 (<191 ng/L) and folate (<4.6 μg/L) were 40% and 11%, respectively. Maternal B12 was inversely associated with offspring's Homeostasis Model Assessment 2-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides, homocysteine and positively with HDL-cholesterol after adjusting for age and BMI. In regression analysis, after adjusting for likely confounders, maternal B12 is independently associated with neonatal HDL-cholesterol and homocysteine but not triglycerides or HOMA-IR.. Our study shows that low B12 status is common in white women and is independently associated with adverse cord blood cholesterol.

Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet, Vegetarian; Female; Fetal Blood; Folic Acid; Gestational Age; Homocysteine; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Status; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Triglycerides; United Kingdom; Vitamin B 12; White People

An adequate vitamin intake is essential for a good nutritional status, especially in older women, who are more sensitive to nutritional deficiencies. The American, European and Italian Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) derive mainly from studies on adults, and it is not clear whether they also apply to elderly people. Comparing the RDAs with the actual vitamin intake of a group of healthy older women could help to clarify the real needs of elderly people.. Our aim was to compare the American, European, and Italian RDAs with the actual vitamin intake of a group of healthy older women.. This was a cross-sectional study.. The study included 286 healthy women aged older than 65 years.. For each micronutrient, the 50th percentile of the distribution of its intake was considered as the average requirement, and the corresponding calculated RDA for our sample was the average requirement×1.2, as recommended by the US Food and Nutrition Board. This calculated RDA was then compared with the American, European, and Italian RDAs.. Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney test (after checking the normal distribution of the micronutrient) for continuous variables; the χ(2) test for categorical variables.. The calculated RDA were 2,230 μg retinol equivalents for vitamin A, 2.8 μg for vitamin B-12, 0.9 mg for thiamin, 1.4 mg for riboflavin, 3.6 mg for pantothenic acid, 1.4 mg for vitamin B-6, 320 μg for folic acid, and 115 mg for vitamin C.. Our findings suggest that the current RDAs are adequate for older women's intake of riboflavin, vitamin B-6, and folic acid, but should be raised for vitamin B-12 and for vitamin C.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Ascorbic Acid; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; Dietary Proteins; Energy Intake; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Micronutrients; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Pantothenic Acid; Portion Size; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Riboflavin; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6

Topics: Body Height; Body Weight; Developing Countries; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Male; Vitamin B 12

Deficiency of vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, folate, folic acid, or methionine may lead to dysregulation of DNA methylation, which might lead to disturbed energy and lipid metabolism.. We aimed to explore whether intakes of vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, folate, folic acid, and methionine at 1 y are associated with measures of growth and body composition at the age of 6 y.. This study was performed in 2922 children participating in The Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. Dietary intakes of vitamins B-6 and B-12, folate, folic acid, and methionine were assessed at a median age of 12.9 mo by using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. At the age of 6 y, height and weight were measured, and body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) was calculated. Body fat was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and body fat percentage and the ratio of android fat mass to gynoid fat mass (android:gynoid) were calculated.. In models adjusted for maternal and child characteristics, children with folic acid intakes in the highest tertile had a 0.16 SD score (SDS) lower weight (95% CI: -0.31, -0.02 SDS) and a 0.14 SDS lower BMI (95% CI: -0.26, -0.01 SDS) than children in the lowest tertile. Children with vitamin B-12 intakes in the highest tertile had a 0.13 SDS higher android:gynoid (95% CI: 0.00, 0.25 SDS) than children in the lowest tertile. In addition, children with intakes in the highest tertile of methionine had a 0.09 SDS higher BMI (95% CI: 0.01, 0.17) and a 0.12 SDS higher android:gynoid (95% CI: 0.02, 0.22) than children in the lowest tertile. Vitamin B-6 and folate intakes were not associated with any of the body composition outcomes measured.. In this population of children, early high folic acid intakes were associated with a lower body weight and BMI at the age of 6 y. In contrast, early higher methionine intakes were associated with unfavorable body composition at the age of 6 y. Future studies should investigate long-term consequences of these outcomes on health.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Adiposity; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant; Male; Methionine; Netherlands; Nutrition Assessment; Prospective Studies; Reproducibility of Results; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6; White People

Children are at greater risk for malnutrition due to increased needs of nutrients to obtain appropriate growth, and they exhibit elevated substrate needs due to cancer and its treatment. This study aimed to report anthropometric and biochemical evaluation of nutritional status in children with cancer at initial presentation and during treatment. A prospective, controlled study was performed in the pediatric oncology department of a tertiary care center. Control group consisted of the siblings of patients. Weight, height, body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness, and serum levels of total protein, albumin, prealbumin, serum lipids, trace minerals, C-reactive protein (CRP), and vitamins were compared in patients and controls at initial presentation and at 6th month after the onset of treatment. According to weight for height, the frequency of malnutrition was 16% at initial presentation and 22% at 6th month. Triceps skinfold thickness was significantly thinner in patients than controls at both measurements. Patients had lower levels of prealbumin, albumin, iron, folate, zinc, and vitamin C and higher levels of ferritin, vitamin B12, and copper. Serum CRP levels were significantly higher in cancer patients at initial presentation and seemed to be correlated with copper levels. Compared with other patients, malnourished patients had significantly higher levels of vitamin B12 at 6th month. Results of the current study demonstrate that trace minerals, vitamins, and anthropometric measures may yield important clues for nutritional status and disease activity in pediatric oncology patients. However, validation and updating these potential markers warrant further trials on larger series.

Topics: Adolescent; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Nutritional Status; Prospective Studies; Vitamin B 12

Malnutrition continues to be a leading cause of stunted growth in many countries. This study aimed to investigate serum nesfatin-1 and orexin-A levels in underweight children and the potential correlations of these levels with anthropometric and nutritional parameters.. The study enrolled 44 prepubertal children (between 2 and 12 years of age) with thinness grades of 1-3 and 41 healthy age- and gender-matched children. The demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters including nesfatin-1 and orexin-A concentrations were compared between the two groups. The correlations of nesfatin-1 and orexin-A with biochemical and anthropometric parameters were investigated. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were also performed for evaluating nesfatin-1 and orexin-A in distinguishing children with malnutrition from healthy controls.. Thyroid-stimulating hormone, vitamin B12 and insulin levels were significantly lower in the study group than controls (p=0.001, p=0.049 and p=0.033, respectively). Mean nesfatin-1 levels in the malnourished group was also significantly lower compared to the healthy controls (3871.2 ± 1608.8 vs. 5515.0 ± 3816.4 pg/mL, p=0.012). No significant difference was observed in the orexin-A levels between the two groups (malnourished vs. control groups: 1135.7 ± 306.0 vs. 1025.7 ± 361.6 pg/mL, p=0.141). Correlation analyses revealed a positive correlation of nesfatin-1 and a negative correlation of orexin-A with body mass index (BMI) z-score. ROC analysis demonstrated that nesfatin-1 and orexin-A cannot be used to distinguish children with malnutrition from healthy controls (AUC: 0.620, p=0.061 for nesfatin-1 and AUC: 0.584, p=0.190 for orexin-A).. The positive correlation of nesfatin-1 and the negative correlation of orexin-A with BMI suggest that these neuropeptides may be a part of a protective mechanism in the maintenance of nutritional status and that they may have a role in regulating food intake in undernourished children.

Topics: Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Calcium-Binding Proteins; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; DNA-Binding Proteins; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Male; Multivariate Analysis; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Nucleobindins; Orexins; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Vitamin B 12

Inadequate nutrient intake and physical inactivity may have adverse health consequences. The present study aimed to describe young female students' dietary intake, food choices and physical activity (PA) patterns, and also to determine the influence of dietary avoidance of meat and poultry on nutrient intake.. A cross-sectional study of female university students was conducted. Questionnaires were used to measure dietary intakes, food habits and PA. Anthropometric measurements of participants included height, weight and calculated body mass index (BMI).. There were 308 participants with a mean (SD) age of 22.9 (3.9) years and a BMI of 21.5 (2.8) kg m(-2) ; 78% were in the BMI range 18.5-24.9 kg m(-2) . Of those who responded to the PA questionnaire (n = 218), 53% reported activity ≥150 min per week, with walking being the largest contributor. Completed food frequency questionnaires were returned by 256 participants. National recommendations for servings of cereals, vegetables, meat, fish and energy-dense 'extra foods' were not met by the majority of participants. Avoidance of animal foods was reported in 23% of women, and resulted in lower intakes of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B12 , selenium and zinc (P < 0.05) compared to non-avoidance. Iron intake from animal sources decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the increase in meat and poultry avoidance.. Female students had a healthy weight and reported adequate physical activity. However, in comparison to meat and poultry consumers, the avoidance of these foods was associated with a lower intake of some micronutrients. A sustained low intake of micronutrients may lead to adverse health effects in the longer-term, such as compromised immune function and iron deficiency anaemia.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cross-Sectional Studies; Energy Intake; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Life Style; Meat; Motor Activity; Poultry; Selenium; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vitamin B 12; Young Adult; Zinc

Because socioeconomic factors (SEFs) may influence dietary quality and vitamin intakes, this study aimed to examine associations between socioeconomic factors and folate and vitamin B12 intakes as well as their related biomarkers in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study. Vitamin intakes were obtained from two 24-hour recalls in 2253 participants (47% males). Vitamin B biomarkers were assessed in a subsample of 977 participants (46% males). Socioeconomic factors were assessed by questionnaire, and 1-way analysis of covariance and linear regression analysis were applied. For males and females, mean intakes of folate were 211.19 and 177.18 μg/d, and for vitamin B12, 5.98 and 4.54 μg/d, respectively. Levels of plasma folate, red blood cell folate, serum B12, and holotranscobalamin were 18.74, 807.19, 330.64, and 63.04 nmol/L in males, respectively, and 19.13, 770.16, 377.9, and 65.63 nmol/L in females, respectively. Lower folate intakes were associated with several SEFs, including maternal and paternal education in both sexes. Regarding folate biomarkers, lower plasma folate intakes were associated with single/shared care in males and with lower paternal occupation in females. Lower vitamin B12 intakes were associated with almost all the studied SEFs, except paternal occupation in both sexes. In females, when considering vitamin B12 biomarkers, lower plasma vitamin B12 was associated with lower maternal education and occupation, and lower holotranscobalamin was associated with lower maternal education and lower paternal occupation. In conclusion, from the set of socioeconomic determinants studied in a sample of European adolescents, maternal education and paternal occupation were more consistently associated with folate and vitamin B12 intakes and biomarkers concentrations.

Topics: Adolescent; Biomarkers; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet; Erythrocytes; Europe; Feeding Behavior; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Life Style; Linear Models; Male; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Socioeconomic Factors; Vitamin B 12; White People

To investigate diet and nutrition-related factors associated with bone loss in a group of postmenopausal (PM) women. Nutritional intake, inflammatory markers and body composition (weight, body mass index, fat/lean mass) were analysed for associations with bone mineral density (BMD).. A cross sectional study examining correlations between BMD (Duel-energy X ray absorptiometry; (DXA) and dietary intake (3-day diaries), body composition and plasma bone and inflammatory markers: C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) and procollagen type I N propeptide (P1NP), C- reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 and 10 (IL-6, IL-10), tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and osteoprotegerin (OPG).. Community dwelling women from the Auckland, Hawke's Bay and Manawatu regions in New Zealand.. 142 healthy, PM women aged 50-70 years.. OPG (per kilogram fat mass) was increased in women with osteoporosis (p<0.001) compared to groups classified with normal BMD and osteopenia. Protein, vitamin B12, zinc, potassium and dairy intake were all positively correlated with higher BMD while dairy and potassium intakes also inversely correlated with CTX. Body composition (weight, BMI and fat/lean mass) had strong positive associations with BMD. Multiple regression analysis showed body weight, potassium and dairy intake were predictors of increased BMD in PM women and explained 39% (r2=0.39, p< 0.003) of variance.. BMD was negatively correlated with OPG and positively with weight, dairy and potassium intake. This study highlights the importance of maintaining adequate body weight and emphasising dairy and potassium predominantly sourced from fruit/vegetables to reduce bone loss at midlife.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Aged; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Bone Density; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; C-Reactive Protein; Collagen Type I; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cytokines; Dairy Products; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Female; Health; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Middle Aged; New Zealand; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Osteoprotegerin; Peptide Fragments; Peptides; Postmenopause; Potassium; Procollagen; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vitamin B 12; Zinc

Maternal under-nutrition increases the risk of developing metabolic diseases. We studied the effects of chronic maternal dietary vitamin B12 restriction on lean body mass (LBM), fat free mass (FFM), muscle function, glucose tolerance and metabolism in Wistar rat offspring. Prevention/reversibility of changes by rehabilitating restricted mothers from conception or parturition and their offspring from weaning was assessed. Female weaning Wistar rats (n = 30) were fed ad libitum for 12 weeks, a control diet (n = 6) or the same with 40% restriction of vitamin B12 (B12R) (n = 24); after confirming deficiency, were mated with control males. Six each of pregnant B12R dams were rehabilitated from conception and parturition and their offspring weaned to control diet. While offspring of six B12R dams were weaned to control diet, those of the remaining six B12R dams continued on B12R diet. Biochemical parameters and body composition were determined in dams before mating and in male offspring at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of their age. Dietary vitamin B12 restriction increased body weight but decreased LBM% and FFM% but not the percent of tissue associated fat (TAF%) in dams. Maternal B12R decreased LBM% and FFM% in the male offspring, but their TAF%, basal and insulin stimulated glucose uptake by diaphragm were unaltered. At 12 months age, B12R offspring had higher (than controls) fasting plasma glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR and impaired glucose tolerance. Their hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme activities were increased. B12R offspring had increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant status. Changes in body composition, glucose metabolism and stress were reversed by rehabilitating B12R dams from conception, whereas rehabilitation from parturition and weaning corrected them partially, highlighting the importance of vitamin B12 during pregnancy and lactation on growth, muscle development, glucose tolerance and metabolism in the offspring.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antioxidants; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Body Weight; Catalase; Female; Glucose; Homocysteine; Insulin; Liver; Male; Malnutrition; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Models, Animal; Oxidative Stress; Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP); Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Superoxide Dismutase; Vitamin B 12

The burden of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease is shifting rapidly to low- and middle-income countries. It calls for a review of the classic 'dogma' of genetic predisposition, precipitated by adult lifestyle. The paradigm of early life origins of chronic disease has focused attention on maternal health and nutrition as major determinants of the health of the offspring. India has high burden of maternal ill health and also of diabetes and cardiovascular disease, offering unique opportunities to study the links between the two. Pune studies showed that the Indian babies were thin but fat (more adipose) compared to European babies, and that maternal micronutrient status during pregnancy was a determinant of offspring size and body composition. Two thirds of the mothers had low vitamin B12 concentrations, while folate deficiency was rare. Higher circulating concentrations of homocysteine predicted smaller baby size. Follow-up studies revealed that higher maternal folate in pregnancy predicted higher adiposity and insulin resistance in the child at 6 years of age, and that low maternal vitamin B12 exaggerated the risk of insulin resistance. Low maternal vitamin B12 status is also associated with increased risk of neural tube defects and poor offspring cognitive functions. Our results suggest an important role for maternal one-carbon metabolism in offspring growth and programming of NCD risk. These ideas are supported by animal studies. Improvement of adolescent nutrition could effect intergenerational prevention of chronic diseases.

Topics: Adiposity; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Body Weight; Carbon; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Chronic Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Growth; Homocysteine; Humans; India; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Insulin Resistance; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Neural Tube Defects; Nutritional Status; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Young Adult

Selenium (Se) status in non-deficient subjects is typically assessed by the Se contents of plasma/serum. That pool comprises two functional, specific selenoprotein components and at least one non-functional, non-specific components which respond differently to changes in Se intake. A more informative means of characterizing Se status in non-deficient individuals is needed.. Multiple biomarkers of Se status (plasma Se, serum selenoprotein P [SEPP1], plasma glutathione peroxidase activity [GPX3], buccal cell Se, urinary Se) were evaluated in relation to selenoprotein genotypes (GPX1, GPX3, SEPP1, SEP15), dietary Se intake, and parameters of single-carbon metabolism in a cohort of healthy, non-Se-deficient men (n = 106) and women (n = 155).. Plasma Se concentration was 142.0 ± 23.5 ng/ml, with GPX3 and serum-derived SEPP1 calculated to comprise 20% and 34%, respectively, of that total. The balance, comprised of non-specific components, accounted for virtually all of the interindividual variation in total plasma Se. Buccal cell Se was associated with age and plasma homocysteine (hCys), but not plasma Se. SEPP1 showed a quadratic relationship with body mass index, peaking at BMI 25-30. Urinary Se was greater in women than men, and was associated with metabolic body weight (kg0.75), plasma folate, vitamin B12 and hCys (negatively). One GPX1 genotype (679T/T) was associated with significantly lower plasma Se levels than other allelic variants. Selenium intake, estimated from food frequency questionnaires, did not predict Se status as indicated by any biomarker. These results show that genotype, methyl-group status and BMI contribute to variation in Se biomarkers in Se-adequate individuals.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Biomarkers; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cohort Studies; Diet; DNA; Female; Folic Acid; Genotype; Glutathione Peroxidase; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Selenium; Selenoprotein P; Vitamin B 12

Methyl donor deficiency (MDD) during pregnancy influences intrauterine development. Ghrelin is expressed in the stomach of fetuses and influences fetal growth, but MDD influence on gastric ghrelin is unknown. We examined the gastric ghrelin system in MDD-induced intrauterine growth retardation. By using specific markers and approaches (such as periodic acid-Schiff, bromodeoxyuridine, homocysteine, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling, immunostaining, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction), we studied the gastric oxyntic mucosa cellular organization and ghrelin gene expression in the mucosa in 20-day-old fetuses and weanling pups, and plasma ghrelin concentration in weanling rat pups of dams either normally fed or deprived of choline, folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 during gestation and suckling periods. MDD fetuses weighed less than controls; the weight deficit reached 57% at weaning (P < 0.001). Both at the end of gestation and at weaning, they presented with an aberrant gastric oxyntic mucosa formation with loss of cell polarity, anarchic cell migration, abnormal progenitor differentiation, apoptosis, and signs of surface layer erosion. Ghrelin cells were abnormally located in the pit region of oxyntic glands. At weaning, plasma ghrelin levels were decreased (-28%; P < 0.001) despite unchanged mRNA expression in the stomach. This decrease was associated with lower body weight. Taken together, these data indicate that one mechanism through which MDD influences fetal programming is the remodeling of gastric cellular organization, leading to dysfunction of the ghrelin system and dramatic effects on growth.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cell Lineage; Choline; Deficiency Diseases; Enteroendocrine Cells; Female; Fetal Development; Folic Acid; Gastric Mucosa; Ghrelin; Growth Hormone; Homocysteine; Immunohistochemistry; Pregnancy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vitamin B 12; Weaning

Recently, hyperhomocysteinemia has been shown to be associated with impaired fracture healing in mice. The main causes for hyperhomocysteinemia are deficiencies of folate and vitamin B12. However, there is no information on whether deficiencies of these B vitamins are affecting bone repair, too.. We used two groups of mice to investigate the impact of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency on fracture healing: mice of the first group were fed a folate- and vitamin B12-deficient diet (n=14), while mice of the second group received an equicaloric control diet (n=13). Four weeks after stabilizing a closed femur fracture, bone repair was analyzed by histomorphometry and biomechanical testing. In addition, serum concentrations of homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, the bone formation marker osteocalcin (OC), and the bone resorption marker collagen I C-terminal crosslaps (CTX) were measured.. Serum analyses revealed significantly decreased concentrations of folate and vitamin B12 in animals fed the folate- and vitamin B12-deficient diet when compared to controls. This was associated with a moderate hyperhomocysteinemia in folate- and vitamin B12-deficient mice, while no hyperhomocysteinemia was found in controls. Three-point bending tests showed no significant differences in callus stiffness between bones of folate- and vitamin B12-deficient animals and those of control animals. In accordance, the histomorphometric analysis demonstrated a comparable size and tissue composition of the callus, and also serum markers of bone turnover did not differ significantly between the two groups.. We conclude that folate and vitamin B12 deficiency does not affect bone repair in mice.

Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Body Weight; Bony Callus; Femoral Fractures; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Fracture Healing; Homocysteine; Mice; Radiography; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

The present experiment was undertaken to determine the effects of dietary supplements of rumen-protected methionine and intramuscular injections of folic acid and vitamin B(12), given 3 wk before to 16 wk after calving, on glucose and methionine metabolism of lactating dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to 6 blocks of 4 cows each according to their previous milk production. Within each block, 2 cows were fed a diet estimated to supply methionine as 1.83% metabolizable protein, equivalent to 76% of methionine requirement, whereas the 2 other cows were fed the same diet supplemented daily with 18 g of rumen-protected methionine. Within each diet, the cows were administrated either no vitamin supplement or weekly intramuscular injections of 160 mg of folic acid plus 10 mg of vitamin B(12.) To investigate metabolic changes at 12 wk of lactation, glucose and methionine kinetics were measured by isotope dilution using infusions of 3[U-(13)C]glucose, [(13)C]NaHCO(3) and 3[1-(13)C,(2)H(3)] methionine. Milk and plasma concentrations of folic acid and vitamin B(12) increased with vitamin injections. Supplementary B-vitamins increased milk production from 34.7 to 38.9 +/- 1.0 kg/d and increased milk lactose, protein, and total solids yields. Whole-body glucose flux tended to increase with vitamin supplementation with a similar quantitative magnitude as the milk lactose yield increase. Vitamin supplementation increased methionine utilization for protein synthesis through increased protein turnover when methionine was deficient and through decreased methionine oxidation when rumen-protected methionine was fed. Vitamin supplementation decreased plasma concentrations of homocysteine independently of rumen-protected methionine feeding, although no effect of vitamin supplementation was measured on methionine remethylation, but this could be due to the limitation of the technique used. Therefore, the effects of these B-vitamins on lactation performance were not mainly explained by methionine economy because of a more efficient methylneogenesis but were rather related to increased glucose availability and changes in methionine metabolism.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Dairying; Dietary Supplements; Female; Folic Acid; Glucose; Injections, Intramuscular; Lactation; Methionine; Pregnancy; Rumen; Vitamin B 12

Transmethylation reactions and antioxidant metabolism are linked by transsulfuration, where homocysteine (Hcy) is converted to cysteine and reduced glutathione (GSH). Low protein intake can modulate the balance of this metabolic reaction. The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of a low-protein diet on Hcy metabolism by monitoring levels of the amino acids involved in these pathways, and relating these levels to GSH levels and lipid peroxidation in rats.. Sixteen rats were divided into 2 groups: control (C; standard AIN-93 diet, 20% protein) and low-protein diet (LPD; 8% protein diet). Rats in both groups were placed on the diets for 28 days.. A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in plasma Hcy concentration was found in LPD rats (0.16 +/- 0.04 micromol/mg protein) versus C rats (0.25 +/- 0.03 micromol/mg protein). Methionine levels were not significantly different between the 2 groups (C: 1.24 +/- 0.22 micromol/mg protein; LPD: 1.03 +/- 0.27 micromol/mg protein). A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in hepatic GSH concentrations (C: 44 +/- 10 micromol/mg protein; LPD: 17.4 +/- 4.3 micromol/mg protein) was accompanied by an increase in lipid peroxidation (C: 0.13 +/- 0.01 micromol/mg protein; LPD: 0.17 +/- 0.02 micromol/mg protein; r = -0.62, p < 0.01).. Hcy levels were reduced under a low-protein diet, resulting in modulated methyl balance and reduced GSH formation leading to increased susceptibility of hepatic cells to oxidative events.

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Creatinine; Diet; Diet, Protein-Restricted; Folic Acid; Glutathione; Homocysteine; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Regression Analysis; Vitamin B 12

Several clinical trials have reported B vitamins to be associated with osteoporosis.. Our objective was to investigate whether low serum B vitamins are associated with altered structural and biomechanical properties of human bone.. Femoral heads of 94 men and women who underwent hip arthroplasty were analyzed by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), biomechanical testing (indentation method), and histomorphometry. In addition, blood was collected to measure serum concentrations of homocysteine, folate, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, the bone formation marker osteocalcin, and the bone resorption marker tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Measurement outcomes were grouped according to subjects with high and low serum concentrations, respectively, of folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 (n = 47 for each group).. Histomorphometric analysis showed a significantly lower trabecular thickness and trabecular area in subjects with low serum folate concentrations than in those with high serum folate concentrations and a significantly lower trabecular number in subjects with low serum vitamin B-6 concentrations than in those with high serum vitamin B-6 concentrations. In contrast, we found a comparable trabecular structure in subjects with high and low serum vitamin B-12 concentrations. DXA and biomechanical testing did not show significant differences between subjects with high and low serum B vitamin concentrations. Osteocalcin was significantly lowered in subjects with a low serum B vitamin concentration, whereas there was no association between serum B vitamins and TRAP.. The results of the present study indicate that low serum folate and vitamin B-6 concentrations, but not low serum vitamin B-12 concentrations, are associated with an altered morphology of human bone.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Aged; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip; Body Height; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Female; Femur Head; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoporosis; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency

Low plasma concentrations of vitamin B-12 are common in Indians, possibly due to low dietary intakes of animal-source foods. Whether malabsorption of the vitamin contributes to this has not been investigated. A rise in the plasma holotranscobalamin (holo-TC) concentration after a standard dose of oral vitamin B-12 has been proposed as a measure of gastrointestinal absorption in people with normal plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations. We studied 313 individuals (children and parents, 109 families) in the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. They received 3 doses of 10 microg (n = 191) or 2 microg (n = 122) of cyanocobalamin at 6-h intervals. A rise in plasma holo-TC of > or =15% and >15 pmol/L above baseline was considered normal vitamin B-12 absorption. The baseline plasma vitamin B-12 concentration was <150 pmol/L in 48% of participants; holo-TC was <35 pmol/L in 98% and total homocysteine was high in 50% of participants (>10 micromol/L in children and >15 micromol/L in adults). In the 10 microg group, the plasma holo-TC concentration increased by 4.8-fold from (mean +/- SD) 9.3 +/- 7.0 pmol/L to 53.8 +/- 25.9 pmol/L and in the 2 microg group by 2.2-fold from 11.1 +/- 8.5 pmol/L to 35.7 +/- 19.3 pmol/L. Only 10% of the participants, mostly fathers, had an increase less than the suggested cut-points. Our results suggest that an increase in plasma holo-TC may be used to assess vitamin B-12 absorption in individuals with low vitamin B-12 status. Because malabsorption is unlikely to be a major reason for the low plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations in this population, increasing dietary vitamin B-12 should improve their status.

Topics: Adult; Body Height; Body Weight; Cardiovascular Diseases; Child; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fathers; Female; Folic Acid; Hemoglobins; Homocysteine; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Mother-Child Relations; Transcobalamins; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Cobalamin (B(12)) deficiency has been reported in infants born to mothers with low cobalamin intake. Early diagnosis of vitamin B(12) deficiency in infants is critical for the prevention of neurobehavioral disorders. We investigated the relationship between serum vitamin B(12) level in newborns and in their healthy mothers who consumed an omnivorous diet. Anthropometry was studied longitudinally to assess the growth velocity of the infants. Urinary methylmalonic acid (MMA) excretion of 6-month old infants was compared retrospectively as the biomarker correlated with the initial serum vitamin B(12) concentrations.. Serum cobalamin and blood hemoglobin were determined in 84 pairs of newborns and their mothers. Urinary MMA excretion was measured in the same subjects during the first 6 months of the post partum period.. At birth, median serum cobalamin levels were 152.0 pmol/L in the mothers and 296.6 pmol/L in the newborns. Maternal and neonatal serum cobalamin levels had no effect on growth velocity during the first six months of postnatal life. Serum maternal and neonatal cobalamin levels were inversely associated with urinary MMA excretion.. Early diagnosis of vitamin B(12) status in neonates and infants is crucial, particularly in nutritionally deprived areas. Biochemical measurement of plasma cobalamin or its metabolic marker MMA is highly recommended. Urinary MMA measurement in cobalamin diagnostics provides an advantage in that blood sampling is not required. A vitamin B(12) taskforce should be created to alleviate vitamin deficiency and its negative consequences.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Birth Weight; Body Weight; Child Development; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Linear Models; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Methylmalonic Acid; Mothers; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Young Adult

Low serum vitamin B(12) (V B(12)) and hyperhomocysteinemia have been reported in asymptomatic Asian Indian men. We studied the prevalence of V B(12) deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia in 51 asymptomatic toddlers, from Pune, India. V B(12) levels were low and total serum homocysteine was high in 14% and homocysteine levels were significantly higher in boys. Programming for cardiovascular risk in adulthood possibly starts at a very young age through the homocysteine axis.

Topics: Body Height; Body Weight; Child, Preschool; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diet, Vegetarian; Female; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Hyperhomocysteinemia; India; Male; Prevalence; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

To investigate how aging alters B-group vitamin metabolism, rats were fed with niacin-free 20% casein diet from 3 to 80 wk old, and the urinary excretions of the B group vitamins were periodically measured. The blood and liver B-group vitamin levels in 80-wk-old rats were also compared with those in 8-wk-old rats. The urinary excretion of thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6 metabolite 4-pyridoxic acid, pantothenic acid, folic acid and biotin were not altered during 540 d. The urinary vitamin B12 increased by 8-fold at 29 wk old, and further increased at 80 wk old. Conversion of nicotinamide from tryptophan gradually decreased to 60% from 29 to 48 wk old. Plasma PLP, vitamin B12 and folate levels in 80-wk-old rats were lower than those in 8-wk-old rats, consistent with lower liver vitamin B6 and folate levels in aged rats. Plasma and liver biotin levels in aged rats were higher than those in young rats. Other B-group vitamins such as vitamin B1, vitamin B2, niacin and pantothenic acid levels in blood and liver from aged rats were same as those from young rats. Alteration of vitamin B6 metabolism in particular is similar to the observations in elderly humans reported previously. Our findings suggest that aged rats can be useful models to investigate aging-related B-group vitamin metabolism.

Topics: Age Factors; Aging; Animals; Biotin; Body Weight; Eating; Folic Acid; Liver; Male; Models, Animal; Niacinamide; Pyridoxal Phosphate; Rats; Tryptophan; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Homocysteine (Hcy) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) are critical intermediates of methionine metabolism. To investigate which, if either, of these compounds is more closely related to atherosclerosis, we fed 5 groups of apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice different diets for 8 wk to induce changes in their plasma Hcy and AdoHcy concentrations. These included an AIN-93G control diet (C), this C diet supplemented with methionine (M), the M diet deficient in folates, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 (M-V), this M diet supplemented with these B vitamins (M+V), and a C diet deficient in B vitamins (C-V). Compared with controls, mice fed the C-V diet had a moderate elevation in their plasma total Hcy (tHcy) levels; however, their plasma AdoHcy concentration and atherosclerotic lesion areas were not different. In contrast, the mice fed the M+V diet had larger atherosclerotic lesion areas and elevated plasma AdoHcy concentrations but their plasma tHcy concentration did not differ from that of the group C mice. The plasma AdoHcy concentration and aortic sinus lesion areas were positively correlated (r = 0.866; P < 0.001). We observed a negative correlation between the plasma AdoHcy concentration and both the DNA methyltransferase activity (r = -0.792; P < 0.001) and global DNA methylation status (r = -0.824; P < 0.001) in the aortic tissue. Hence, our study suggests that plasma AdoHcy is a better biomarker of atherosclerosis than Hcy and may accelerate the development of atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-deficient mice that have been fed a high methionine diet. The mechanisms underlying this effect may be related to the AdoHcy-mediated inhibition of DNA methylation in the aortic tissue.

Topics: Animals; Apolipoproteins E; Atherosclerosis; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Diet; DNA Methylation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Male; Methionine; Mice; S-Adenosylhomocysteine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6

Since studies suggest that both hypoxia and sleep fragmentation are related to cardiovascular alterations induced by obstructive sleep apnea, the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of hypoxia, sleep deprivation, and their combination on biochemical blood parameters in rats. In subchronic experiments (4 days), rats were exposed to intermittent hypoxia (IH) during the light period (2min room air-2min 10% O(2) for 12h/day) and/or paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD, 24h/day). Consequences of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) exposure were examined after 21 consecutive days of hypoxia protocol from 10:00 to 16:00 followed by a sleep restriction (SR) period of 18h (16:00-10:00). Rats were randomly assigned to seven treatment groups: (1) control (2) IH (3) PSD (4) IH-PSD (5) SR (6) CIH and (7) CIH-SR. PSD reduced triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol concentrations and increased total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. IH did not alter any of these parameters. The combination of IH-PSD did not modify the values of total cholesterol and HDL compared to control group. In the chronic experiment, the animals exposed to CIH displayed a reduction of Vitamin B(6) and an increase of triglycerides and VLDL. Our findings show a duration-dependent effect of hypoxia on triglycerides. Rats in the SR and CIH-SR groups showed a diminished concentration of triglycerides and VLDL. SR rats showed a reduction in the concentration of homocysteine but the animals in the CIH-SR treatment condition did not display any alterations in this parameter. In this latter group, an augmentation of cysteine concentration was observed. These results suggest that sleep deprivation and hypoxia modify biochemical blood parameters in distinct ways.

Topics: Animals; Blood Gas Analysis; Body Weight; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Chronic Disease; Cysteine; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Hypoxia; Male; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Risk Factors; Sleep Apnea Syndromes; Sleep Deprivation; Sleep, REM; Triglycerides; Vitamin B 12

Thirty-six multiparous cows were assigned to a study to determine the effects of dietary Co supplementation during late gestation and early lactation on concentrations of Co in serum and liver, vitamin B12 concentrations in serum and milk, and milk yield. Nonlactating cows received diets containing 0.15, 0.89, or 1.71 mg/ kg of Co (dry matter basis) from 55 d before parturition, and lactating cows received diets containing 0.19, 0.57, or 0.93 mg/kg of Co (dry matter basis) from parturition through 120 d postpartum. Serum vitamin B12 concentrations declined sharply in all cows between 55 and 20 d prepartum. Dietary Co supplementation tended to cause an increase in the concentration of vitamin B12 in colostrum and milk. Cobalt intake did not affect concentrations of Co in liver or serum, but increased the Co concentration of milk (0.089, 0.120, and 0.130 microg of Co/mL) at 120 days in milk. There was no effect of Co supplementation on dry matter intake or yield of milk and milk components. In conclusion, serum concentrations of vitamin B12 are reduced in the early dry period, and added dietary Co may increase ruminal synthesis of vitamin B12 as indicated by a tendency for increased vitamin B12 concentrations in colostrum and milk of cows supplemented with dietary Co.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Cattle; Cobalt; Colostrum; Dietary Supplements; Eating; Female; Lactation; Liver; Milk; Pregnancy; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

Scottish Blackface ewes from cobalt-deficient farmland were fed a diet containing 0.06 mg cobalt per kg dry matter from approximately 30 days before embryo recovery/transfer until lambing. Ewes remained untreated (-Co; n = 82) or were given an intraruminal cobalt-containing bolus to compensate for the dietary deficit (+Co; n = 82). Ewes used as embryo donors (-Co, n = 17; +Co, n = 16) were artificially inseminated with semen from a single Suffolk sire. Day 6 embryos obtained from -Co and +Co donors were transferred in singleton to -Co and +Co recipients in a 2 x 2 factorial-designed experiment to determine the effects of cobalt/vitamin B12 status during the periconception period (factor 1) and pregnancy (factor 2) on lamb viability at birth. Mean (+/- s.e.m.) circulating concentrations of vitamin B12 in -Co and +Co donors at ovum recovery were 182 +/- 10 and 1288 +/- 64 pmol L(-1), respectively (P < 0.001), and the number of corpora lutea per ewe ovulating was 9.9 +/- 1.6 and 14.4 +/- 1.3, respectively (P < 0.05). Treatment did not affect the proportion of recovered ova that contained >32 cells (viable) or the median stage of development (late morula), but viable ova recovered from -Co v. +Co ewes had a better morphological grade (2.0 +/- 0.1 v. 2.20 +/- 0.04, respectively; P < 0.01). There was no effect of treatment on the proportion of recipient ewes that became pregnant. Circulating concentrations of vitamin B12 were lower in -Co than +Co ewes during pregnancy (P < 0.001) and at birth in lambs born to -Co ewes compared with those born to +Co ewes (P < 0.001). There was no effect of donor or recipient cobalt/vitamin B12 status on lamb birthweight, neonatal vigour or neonatal rectal temperatures, but lambs derived from +Co v. -Co embryo donors were more active in the first 3 days after birth (P < 0.05). Results show that sub-clinical cobalt/vitamin B12 deficiency reduces ovulatory response in superovulated ewes and that periconception nutrition can affect neonatal lamb behaviour.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Behavior, Animal; Body Weight; Cobalt; Diet; Embryo Transfer; Female; Fertility; Ovum; Parturition; Pregnancy; Sheep, Domestic; Superovulation; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

To investigate whether experimental hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) can induce adverse changes in bone metabolism.. Blood and urine samples were collected from rats fed with a methionine-enriched diet (HHCY, n = 18) or an isocaloric control diet (control, n = 10) for 12 weeks. Biochemical bone turnover markers (osteocalcin, hydroxyproline, N-terminal collagen I telopeptides and homocysteine (HCY), folate and vitamin B12) were measured. Whole body bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.. HCY was significantly higher in HHCY than in control rats (16.2 versus 3.2 micromol/L; p = 0.0006). Bone resorption parameters hydroxyproline (1.60 +/- 0.6 versus 0.85 +/- 0.4; p<0.05) and N-terminal collagen I telopeptides (150.8 +/- 78 versus 48.1 +/- 26 nmol/L BCE; p<0.05) increased, whereas bone formation marker osteocalcin (9.01 +/- 3.8 versus 15.07 +/- 4.2 ng/mL; p<0.05) decreased in HHCY compared to control rats. The relation N-terminal collagen I telopeptides/osteocalcin significantly increased in HHCY compared to control rats (13.14 +/- 3.1 versus 4.14 +/- 1.9). BMD measurement did not reveal any differences between groups.. These findings demonstrate a significant modification of bone turnover in HHCY rats. The relation between bone resorption and formation indicates a shift toward bone resorption, which might be a plausible explanation for the relation between HHCY and fracture risk.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Bone Density; Bone Resorption; Collagen Type I; Creatine; Female; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Hydroxyproline; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Methionine; Osteocalcin; Osteogenesis; Peptides; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vitamin B 12

Although low folate status is thought to be fairly common in the older population, its implication on immunity has not been adequately investigated. Using 11-month-old and 23-month-old male rats (Fisher 344), the present study was undertaken to examine the modifying effects of feeding a control diet (NIH-07) supplemented with folate (35.7 mg/kg) for 3 weeks on the immune cells of spleen and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) origin. The serum concentrations of folate along with vitamin B(12) were elevated in response to the folate supplementation (P<.05). These results were accompanied by an improved proliferative response (stimulation index) to mitogens in both the spleen and MLNs (P<.05). The proportion of T cells in the MLNs, but not in the spleen, was significantly increased in rats fed a diet supplemented with folate. In the spleen, the folate-supplemented diet prevented the age-associated decrease (P<.05) in the production of interferon (IFN)alpha by unstimulated cells and the decrease in T-helper (Th)1/Th2-type response after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. In the MLNs, on the other hand, the folate-supplemented diet failed to influence any age-related increase in interleukin (IL)-2, tumor necrosis factor alpha and IFNgamma following stimulation but did result in a significantly increased production of IL-4 (P<.05). Overall, this study provides data suggesting that aging is associated with changes in the proportion of T cells, the ability of immune cells to proliferate and the production of cytokines after stimulation. Supplementing a folate-sufficient diet with additional folate improves proliferative response to mitogens, the distribution of T cells in the MLNs and the age-related changes in cytokine production in the spleen. These results suggest that the dietary folate requirement may be higher in the older population than in the younger population to support immune functions.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Cell Proliferation; Cytokines; Dietary Supplements; Eating; Folic Acid; Ionomycin; Lymph Nodes; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Spleen; T-Lymphocytes; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; Vitamin B 12

Serum folic acid, but not the vitamin B(12) concentration, was found to be significantly lower in obese subjects than in the control ones.. The aim of this study was to examine the levels of serum vitamin B(12) and folic acid in obese women before and after weight reduction therapy with Orlistat in comparison to healthy controls with normal body weight.. Twenty obese women participated in a 3-month weight reduction therapy. The control group consisted of 20 healthy women.. Body weight and height were measured and BMI was calculated. Body composition was analyzed with the impedance method using a Bodystat analyzer. In all patients before and after 3-month weight reduction therapy, serum concentrations of folic acid and vitamin B(12) were assessed.. In obese women, serum concentrations of folic acid and vitamin B(12) did not change significantly after 3-month weight reduction therapy with Orlistat.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Obesity Agents; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Lactones; Middle Aged; Obesity; Orlistat; Vitamin B 12; Weight Loss

Transient environmental exposures during mammalian development can permanently alter gene expression and metabolism by influencing the establishment of epigenetic gene regulatory mechanisms. The genomic characteristics that confer such epigenetic plasticity upon specific loci, however, have not been characterized. Methyl donor supplementation of female mice before and during pregnancy permanently increases DNA methylation at the viable yellow agouti (A(vy)) metastable epiallele in the offspring. The current study tested whether another murine metastable epiallele, axin fused (Axin(Fu)), similarly exhibits epigenetic plasticity to maternal diet. We found that methyl donor supplementation of female mice before and during pregnancy increased DNA methylation at Axin(Fu) and thereby reduced by half the incidence of tail kinking in Axin(Fu)/+ offspring. The hypermethylation was tail-specific, suggesting a mid-gestation effect. Our results indicate that stochastic establishment of epigenotype at metastable epialleles is, in general, labile to methyl donor nutrition, and such influences are not limited to early embryonic development.

Topics: Alleles; Animals; Axin Protein; Betaine; Body Weight; Choline; CpG Islands; Diet; Dietary Supplements; DNA Methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Folic Acid; Gene Expression Regulation; Heterozygote; Introns; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Models, Genetic; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Pregnancy; Random Allocation; Repressor Proteins; Sulfites; Vitamin B 12

We investigated whether regular aerobic exercise could affect plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), and whether there were sex-related or racial differences in tHcy changes. Data were available for 816 black and white men and women, aged 17-65 years, 711 of whom completed a 20 week aerobic exercise training program. The tHcy concentration was measured in frozen plasma samples by an HPLC method. In Blacks, tHcy did not change with exercise training [men -0.5 (SD 3.7) micromol/l, women 0.0 (2.2) micromol/l) but increased significantly in Whites (men +0.3 (1.7) micromol/l, women +0.2 (1.6) micromol/l). No sex-related differences were found in either racial group. Changes in tHcy correlated negatively with baseline homocysteine (r = -0.40, P < 0.0001). Homocysteine levels of the "High" (hyperhomocysteinemia) (>or=15 micromol/l) group (n = 30) decreased significantly with regular aerobic exercise from 23.1 (12.1) to 19.6 (7.6) micromol/l. Homocysteine levels of the "Normal" group increased slightly from 8.2 +/- 2.2 to 8.5 +/- 2.4 micromol/l. Men exhibit racial differences for tHcy responses to exercise training. Regular aerobic exercise has favorable effects on individuals with hyperhomocysteinemia, but tHcy slightly increased in individuals within the normal range.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alleles; Bicycling; Black People; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Cotinine; Creatinine; Ethnicity; Exercise; Female; Folic Acid; Genotype; Homocysteine; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oxygen; Physical Fitness; Sex Characteristics; Vitamin B 12; Vitamins; Waist-Hip Ratio; White People

This experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different dietary levels of zinc (Zn) on performance, vitamin B12, and blood parameters in lambs. Thirty six cannulated Poll Dorset x Small-tailed Han wether lambs were assigned randomly to four treatment groups: The control group, which was supplemented with 0.30 mg Co/kg dry matter (DM) to the basal diet; and the low-, medium- and high-Zn supplemented groups, supplementation of 50, 100, and 150 mg Zn/kg DM to the control diet, respectively. Lambs were housed in individual pens and the experiment lasted for 70 days. There was no significant difference in body weight gain and feed/gain between different treatment groups. The high-Zn supplemented lambs showed lower vitamin B12 concentrations in both ruminal fluid and plasma, and higher methylmalonic acid and homocysteine concentrations in plasma compared with the control and low-Zn supplemented groups (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in these biochemical values between the control, the low-, and the medium-Zn supplemented groups (p > 0.05). Plasma folate concentration, glucose, and heme-dependent blood parameters were not influenced by dietary zinc level. It was concluded that the higher level of zinc supplementation had a negative effect on vitamin B12 in lambs. Higher inclusion level of dietary zinc could inhibit vitamin B12 synthesis in the rumen of lambs.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cobalt; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Methylmalonic Acid; Rumen; Sheep; Vitamin B 12; Zinc

Hyperhomocysteinemia may contribute to the development of osteoporosis. The relationship of Hcy and vitamin B12 with bone turnover markers, BUA, and fracture incidence was studied in 1267 subjects of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. High Hcy and low vitamin B12 concentrations were significantly associated with low BUA, high markers of bone turnover, and increased fracture risk.. Hyperhomocysteinemia may contribute to the development of osteoporosis. Vitamin B12 is closely correlated to homocysteine (Hcy). The main objective of our study was to examine the association of Hcy and vitamin B12 status and the combined effect of these two with broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), bone turnover markers, and fracture.. Subjects were 615 men and 652 women with a mean age of 76 +/- 6.6 (SD) years of the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). At baseline (1995/1996), blood samples were taken after an overnight fast for dairy products. Plasma Hcy was measured with IMx, serum vitamin B12 with competitive immunoassay (IA) luminescence, serum osteocalcin (OC) with immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), and urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline (DPD) with competitive IA and corrected for creatinine (Cr) concentration. CVs were 4%, 5%, 8%, and 5%, respectively. BUA was assessed in the heel bone twice in both the right and left calcaneus. Mean BUA value was calculated from these four measurements. CV was 3.4%. After baseline measurements in 1995, a 3-year prospective follow-up of fractures was carried out until 1998/1999. Subjects were grouped by using two different approaches on the basis of their vitamin B12 concentration, normal versus low (<200 pM) or lowest quartile (Q1) versus normal quartiles (Q2-Q4), and Hcy concentration, normal versus high (>15 microM) or highest quartile (Q4) versus normal quartiles (Q1-Q3). Analysis of covariance was performed to calculate mean values of BUA, OC, and DPD/Cr(urine) based on the specified categories of Hcy and vitamin B12 and adjusted for several confounders (potential confounders were age, sex, body weight, body height, current smoking [yes/no], mobility, cognition). The relative risk (RR) of any fracture was assessed with Cox regression analysis. Quartiles were used when Hcy and vitamin B12 were separately studied in their relationship with fracture incidence.. Fourteen percent of the men and 9% of the women had high Hcy (>15 microM) and low vitamin B12 (<200 pM) concentrations. Women with vitamin B12 levels <200 pM and Hcy concentrations >15 microM had lower BUA, higher DPD/Cr, and higher OC concentrations than their counterparts. In men, no differences were found between the different Hcy and vitamin B12 categories in adjusted means of BUA, OC, or DPD/Cr(urine). Twenty-eight men and 43 women sustained a fracture during the 3-year follow-up period. The adjusted RR for fractures (95% CI) for men with high Hcy and/or low vitamin B12 concentrations was 3.8 (1.2-11.6) compared with men with normal Hcy and vitamin B12 concentrations. Women with high Hcy and/or low vitamin B12 concentrations had an adjusted RR for fractures of 2.8 (1.3-5.7).. High Hcy and low vitamin B12 concentrations were significantly associated with low BUA, high markers of bone turnover, and increased fracture risk.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Cohort Studies; Creatine; Female; Fractures, Bone; Homocysteine; Humans; Immunoassay; Immunoradiometric Assay; Male; Middle Aged; Osteocalcin; Osteoporosis; Proportional Hazards Models; Regression Analysis; Risk; Risk Factors; Time Factors; Ultrasonography; Vitamin B 12

We analyzed the association between MTHFR (C677T) gene polymorphism with serum concentrations of homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 in 37 male and 112 female overweight/ obese Thai volunteers (BMI > or = 25.00 kg/m2), and compared them with 23 male and 90 female control subjects (BMI = 18.5-24.99 kg/m2). Statistically significant higher levels of serum homocysteine were found in the overweight/obese subjects than the control subjects (p < 0.05). Serum folic acid levels in the overweight/obese subjects were significantly lower than the control subjects (p < 0.05). When the data were grouped according to homocysteine concentration and MTHFR gene polymorphism, there were significantly higher homocysteine concentrations in the overweight/obese subjects than the control subjects in wild type gene polymorphism (CC) in the hyperhomocysteine group (homocysteine >10.0 mmol/l) (p < 0.05), but in genotype polymorphism (CC, CT, TT) there were lower folic acid and vitamin B12 concentrations in the overweight/obese subjects than in the control subjects. In the hyperhomocysteine groups, there was no significant difference in the frequencies of MTHFR (C677T) gene polymorphism between the overweight/obese subjects and the control subjects. Folic acid and gene polymorphism were found to be significantly related to the overweight/ obese and control groups in logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05). The results support the supposition that folic acid is more important than vitamin B12.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; Female; Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Logistic Models; Male; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); Middle Aged; Obesity; Polymorphism, Genetic; Thailand; Vitamin B 12

Undenutrition is known to be prevalent and largely unrecognised in older patients; however, aberrations in indicators of nutritional status may simply reflect effects of age and/or functional disability.. The aim of this study was to measure the effect, if any of age on nutritional status in older patients.. 445 randomly selected hospitalised patients consented to nutritional status assessment derived from anthropometric, haematological, and biochemical data within 72 hours of admission. Nutritional status was compared between those age < 75 years and those aged 75 years or more. Using multiple regression models, we measured the association between age and nutritional assessment variables after adjusting for disability, chronic illness, medications, smoking and tissue inflammation.. Body weight, body mass index, mid-upper arm circumference, haemoglobin, serum albumin and plasma ascorbic acid were all significantly lower in people aged > or = 75 years compared with those < 75 years of age. Although riboflavin (vitamin B2), 25OH VitD3, red-cell folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were lower in those aged > or = 75 years, differences were not statistically significant. After adjusting for disability and co-morbidity in a multivariate analysis, age alone had a significant and independent effect on important anthropometric and biochemical nutritional assessment variables.. Increasing age is independently associated with poor nutritional status. This may partly explain the poor clinical outcome in older patients.

Topics: Aged; Aging; Analysis of Variance; Anthropometry; Ascorbic Acid; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Calcifediol; Cross-Sectional Studies; Erythrocytes; Folic Acid; Health Status; Hemoglobins; Humans; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Regression Analysis; Riboflavin; Serum Albumin; Vitamin B 12

Derangements of one-carbon metabolism can directly affect the integrity of the genome by producing inappropriate uracil insertion into DNA and by altering patterns of DNA methylation. Vitamin B-12, a one-carbon nutrient, serves as a cofactor in the synthesis of precursors of biological methylation and in nucleotide synthesis. We therefore examined whether vitamin B-12 deficiency can induce these molecular anomalies in the colonic mucosa of rats. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 30) were divided into 2 groups and fed either a vitamin B-12-deficient diet or a similar diet containing adequate amounts of the vitamin. Rats from each group were killed at 6 and 10 wk. Uracil misincorporation into DNA was measured by GC/MS and genomic DNA methylation was measured by LC/MS. Plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations in deficient rats were below detectable limits at 6 and 10 wk; in control rats, concentrations were 0.46 +/- 0.07 and 0.42 +/- 0.10 nmol/L at those times. Although the colon total folate concentration did not differ between the groups, the proportion that was methylfolate was marginally greater in the deficient rats at 10 wk (P = 0.05) compared with control, consistent with the "methylfolate trap" that develops during vitamin B-12 deficiency. After 10 wk, the colonic DNA of the deficient rats displayed a 35% decrease in genomic methylation and a 105% increase in uracil incorporation (P < 0.05). This vitamin B-12-deficient diet, which was of insufficient severity to cause anemia or illness, created aberrations in both base substitution and methylation of colonic DNA, which might increase susceptibility to carcinogenesis.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Colon; Colorectal Neoplasms; DNA; DNA Methylation; Epithelium; Folic Acid; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Uracil; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Newborn mice weaned from mice fed on a B12-deficient diet during pregnancy and lactation were fed on a B12-deficient diet for 90 days after weaning, and the state of B12 deficiency was evaluated. The effect of B12 deficiency on the testicular tissue was also examined. The body weight of the mice fed on a B12-deficient diet for 90 days was slightly lower than that of the control mice administrated CN-B12, and the urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid (MMA) was increased. The B12 concentrations in the liver and testes were markedly depressed by B12 deficiency, being about 13 and 10 pmol/g, respectively, on day 90. The testes weight was clearly reduced by B12 deficiency. The testes weight/100 g body weight was also lowered. Clear morphological changes were observed in the testicular tissue of the B12-deficient mice. These results showed that mice in a severely B12-deficient state could be produced by dietary B12 deprivation. These B12-deficient mice could be useful as model animals not only for elucidating the functions of B12 in vivo, but also for biochemical studies.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Disease Models, Animal; Liver; Male; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Methylmalonic Acid; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Organ Size; Severity of Illness Index; Testis; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

This study investigated in prepubertal obese children (POC), compared with prepubertal lean children (PLC), a possible relation among plasma total homocysteine (tHcy)-an independent risk factor for future atherosclerosis-and MCP-1 and RANTES, two circulating chemokines inducing leukocyte transendothelial migration (TEM), implicated in the initial stages of the inflammatory part of the atherosclerotic process. Seventy-two POC were evaluated for circulating tHcy, MCP-1, and RANTES, and compared with 42 healthy PLC. The mean adjusted (for age, sex as well as log10total insulin, vitB12, folate, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, log10triglycerides, and log10glucose levels) differences in tHcy, MCP-1, and RANTES levels between PLC and POC were all significant [1.16 nmol/mL (P = 0.03), 26.6 pg/mL (P = 0.02), and 52.9 pg/mL (P = 0.03), respectively]. In PLC, but not in POC, tHcy levels were negatively associated with both circulating MCP-1 (B = -1.68, P = 0.007) and RANTES (B = -1.16, P = 0.01) after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, as well as log10total insulin, vitB12, folate, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, log10triglycerides, and log10glucose levels. In conclusion, in POC there is a lack, in contrast to PLC, of a possibly autoregulatory, negative association of elevated tHcy levels to increased MCP-1 and RANTES levels. This could contribute to future, homocysteine-induced atherosclerosis.

Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Blood Glucose; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Chemokine CCL2; Chemokine CCL5; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte; Child; Cholesterol, HDL; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Endothelium, Vascular; Female; Folic Acid; Homocysteine; Humans; Insulin; Male; Obesity; Puberty; Sex; Thinness; Triglycerides; Vitamin B 12

Rescue with tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI) after massive small bowel resection (MSBR).. Short bowel syndrome is a morbid product of massive small bowel resection. We report the first replacement of a vital organ by tissue engineering with TESI after MSBR.. Ten male Lewis rats underwent TESI implantation with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-marked cells (TESI+, n = 5) or sham laparotomy (TESI-, n = 5) followed by MSBR. Side-to-side anastomosis of TESI to proximal small intestine was performed or omitted. TESIO animals underwent implantation of engineered intestine with no further surgery. Weights were measured QOD until day 40. Transit times were measured. DNA assay was performed with computer morphometry. Northern blots of RNA were probed for intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) and villin. Hematoxylin and eosin, S100, and smooth muscle actin immunohistochemistry were performed. Blood was collected at sacrifice.. All 10 rats initially lost then regained weight. The initial rate of weight loss was higher in TESI+ versus TESI-, but the nadir was reached a week earlier with more rapid weight gain subsequently to 98% preoperative weight on day 40 in animals with engineered intestine versus 76% (P < 0.03). Serum B12 was higher at 439 pg/mL versus 195.4 pg/mL. IAP mRNA appeared greater in TESI+ than TESIO, with constant villin levels. Histology revealed appropriate architecture including nerve. GFP labeling persisted.. Anastomosis of TESI significantly improved postoperative weight and B12 absorption after MSBR. IAP, a marker of differentiation in intestinal epithelium, is present in TESI, and GFP labeling was accomplished.

Topics: Actins; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Body Weight; Gastrins; Gastrointestinal Transit; Immunohistochemistry; Intestine, Small; Male; Microfilament Proteins; Organoids; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; RNA; S100 Proteins; Tissue Engineering; Vitamin B 12

Subclinical vitamin B-12 deficiency is common in the elderly. Encouraged by early indications, we investigated the plasma vitamin B-12 status in association with bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in frail elderly people. Data of 194 free-living Dutch frail elderly (143 women and 51 men) were available. BMC and BMD were measured by dual energy X-ray analysis. Biochemical analyses were performed on plasma or serum including vitamin B-12, methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, 25-hydroxy vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Women had higher plasma vitamin B-12 (288 and 238 pmol/L, respectively) and lower plasma homocysteine levels (15.8 and 21.3 micro mol/L, respectively) than men. Of the total explained variance of BMC and BMD in women (46 and 22%, respectively), 1.3-3.1% was explained by plasma vitamin B-12, in addition to weight and height or energy intake. In men, the variance of BMC and BMD was explained by weight, smoking and/or height (total R(2) was 53 and 25%, respectively), but not by plasma vitamin B-12. Osteoporosis occurred more often among women whose vitamin B-12 status was considered marginal or deficient than in women with a normal status, i.e., the prevalence odds ratios (after adjustment for weight, age and calcium intake) (95% confidence intervals) were 4.5 (0.8;24.8) and 6.9 (1.2;39.4), respectively. These results suggest that vitamin B-12 status is associated with bone health in elderly women. Future studies on bone health should take into account a possible role of vitamin B-12 status in different populations.

Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Body Composition; Body Height; Body Weight; Bone Density; Calcium, Dietary; Female; Frail Elderly; Homocysteine; Humans; Male; Methylmalonic Acid; Netherlands; Nutritional Status; Odds Ratio; Osteoporosis; Parathyroid Hormone; Regression Analysis; Sex Characteristics; Smoking; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Vitamin D

Three studies were conducted with dairy cattle fed diets with added Co. The first study examined cow age and added dietary Co on Co in liver and blood. Nonpregnant, nonlactating Holstein cows were blocked by age (2.5 or 6.5 yr) and assigned to either a control diet or a diet supplemented with 9 mg Co per day. The Co concentration of liver, taken on d 60, was not affected by dietary Co but was higher in the younger cows. The cytosolic fraction of liver contained the most Co, and the subcellular distribution of Co was not affected by total Co in liver. In a second study, Holstein cows were assigned to one of three treatments of dietary Co from 21 d prepartum until 120 d postpartum. There was an interaction of time x treatment x parity such that milk yield response to Co supplementation differed between multiparous cows and primiparous cows. Supplemental Co did not increase Co in serum, colostrum, milk, or liver. Primiparous cows secreted colostrum and milk with higher Co concentrations than did multiparous cows. Likewise, serum B12 levels were higher in primiparous than multiparous cows and declined with increasing days in milk (DIM). Serum Co also decreased from 7 to 120 DIM. In a final study, a Co supplement in the starter diet did not affect Co in serum or liver of young calves. In conclusion, supplemental dietary Co did not affect secretion of Co in milk, tissue retention, or subcellular distribution of Co within the liver. Primiparous and multiparous cows differed in their milk yield response to dietary Co supplementation.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Cell Nucleus; Cobalt; Colostrum; Cytosol; Dietary Supplements; Eating; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Lactation; Liver; Lysosomes; Microsomes, Liver; Milk; Mitochondria, Liver; Parity; Vitamin B 12

The associations between homocysteine, B vitamin status, and pregnancy outcomes have not been examined prospectively.. We assessed the associations of preconception homocysteine and B vitamin status with preterm birth and birth of low-birth-weight (LBW) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants in Chinese women.. This was a case-control study of women aged 21-34 y. Preterm cases (n = 29) delivered living infants at <37 wk gestation; term controls (n = 405) delivered infants at > or =37 wk. LBW cases (n = 33) had infants weighing <2500 g; normal-birth-weight controls (n = 390) had infants weighing > or =2500 g. SGA cases (n = 65) had infants below the 10th percentile of weight-for-gestational-age; appropriate-for-gestational-age controls (n = 358) had infants above this cutoff. Nonfasting plasma concentrations of homocysteine, folate, and vitamins B-6 and B-12 were measured before conception.. Elevated homocysteine (> or =12.4 micro mol/L) was associated with a nearly 4-fold higher risk of preterm birth (OR: 3.6; 95% CI: 1.3, 10.0; P < 0.05). The risk of preterm birth was 60% lower among women with vitamin B-12 > or =258 pmol/L than among vitamin B-12-deficient women (OR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2, 0.9; P < 0.05) and was 50% lower among women with vitamin B-6 > or =30 nmol/L than among vitamin B-6-deficient women (OR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.2, 1.2; NS). Folate status was not associated with preterm birth, and homocysteine and B vitamin status were not associated with LBW or SGA status.. Elevated homocysteine and suboptimal vitamin B-12 and B-6 status may increase the risk of preterm birth. These results need to be confirmed in larger prospective studies.

Topics: Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Case-Control Studies; China; Female; Folic Acid; Gestational Age; Homocysteine; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Nutritional Status; Obstetric Labor, Premature; Preconception Care; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamin B Deficiency

Adolescents sometimes become vegetarian for ethical rather than health reasons. This may result in health problems caused by lack of interest in and knowledge of nutrition.. We compared the dietary intake and nutritional status of young Swedish vegans and omnivores.. The dietary intakes of 30 vegans (15 males and 15 females; mean age: 17.5 +/- 1.0 y) and 30 sex-, age-, and height-matched omnivores were assessed with the use of a diet-history interview and validated by the doubly labeled water method and by measuring nitrogen, sodium, and potassium excretion in urine. Iron status and serum vitamin B-12 and folate concentrations were measured in blood samples.. The diet-history method underestimated energy intake by 13% and potassium intake by 7% compared with the doubly labeled water method and 24-h urine excretion, respectively. Reported dietary nitrogen and sodium intakes agreed with the 24-h urinary excretion measure. Vegans had higher intakes of vegetables, legumes, and dietary supplements and lower intakes of cake and cookies and candy and chocolate than did omnivores. Vegans had dietary intakes lower than the average requirements of riboflavin, vitamin B-12, vitamin D, calcium, and selenium. Intakes of calcium and selenium remained low even with the inclusion of dietary supplements. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of low iron status among vegans (20%) and omnivores (23%). Two vegans with low intakes of vitamin B-12 had low serum concentrations.. The dietary habits of the vegans varied considerably and did not comply with the average requirements for some essential nutrients.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Diet; Diet, Vegetarian; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Iron; Male; Nitrogen; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Potassium; Sex Characteristics; Sodium; Sweden; Vitamin B 12

To clarify the bioavailability of vitamin B12 in lyophylized purple laver (nori; Porphyra yezoensis), total vitamin B12 and vitamin B12 analogue contents in the laver were determined, and the effects of feeding the laver to vitamin B12-deficient rats were investigated. The amount of total vitamin B12 in the dried purple laver was estimated to be 54.5 and 58.6 (se 5.3 and 7.5 respectively) microg/100 g dry weight by Lactobacillus bioassay and chemiluminescent assay with hog intrinsic factor respectively. The purple laver contained five types of biologically active vitamin B12 compounds (cyano-, hydroxo-, sulfito-, adenosyl- and methylcobalamin), in which the vitamin B12 coezymes (adenosyl- and methylcobalamin) comprised about 60 % of the total vitamin B12. When 9-week-old vitamin B12-deficient rats, which excreted substantial amounts of methylmalonic acid (71.7(se 20.2) micromol/d) in urine, were fed the diet supplemented with dried purple laver (10 microg/kg diet) for 20 d, urinary methylmalonic acid excretion (as an index of vitamin B12 deficiency) became undetectable and hepatic vitamin B12 (especially adenosylcobalamin) levels were significantly increased. These results indicate that vitamin B12 in dried purple laver is bioavailable to rats.

Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Biomarkers; Body Weight; Liver; Male; Methylmalonic Acid; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Seaweed; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Elevated plasma homocysteine is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a sensitive marker of inadequate vitamin B12 and folate status. We studied 257 pupils (120 boys, 137 girls, aged 6-17 years) and their parents (88 males, 172 females, aged 26-50 years). Our measurements were part of a national Bavarian health and nutrition examination survey evaluating cardiovascular risk factors. A mild hyperhomocysteinemia (Hcys >15 micromol/l) occurred in 7% of the adults, but in none of the children. Men had significantly higher Hcys levels than women (p<0.0001), boys and girls had comparable concentrations. For adults and children, Hcys correlated inversely with vitamin B12 and folate and positively with the lean body mass and creatinine in serum, but not with cystatin C. Genetic and nutritional factors are determinants of Hcys metabolism. The correlation of Hcys and serum creatinine is dependent on the metabolic link between Hcys production and creatine synthesis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Body Weight; Child; Creatine; Creatinine; Female; Folic Acid; Germany; Homocysteine; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Reference Values; Sex Factors; Vitamin B 12

In 1996 for the first time a study of state of health, living conditions and nutrition status of 84 persons from the Siberian settlement of the rigorous vegetarians--vegans and 26 aboriginal inhabitants who feed on a traditional mixed diet was carried out. The clinical and laboratory investigations are kept. The positive influencing vegan ration on a serum lipids, body weight, state of cardiovascular system was showed. The contents of vitamin B12 and serum iron in vegans was in normal physiological range. The level of blood calcium was reduced in comparison with control. Increased contents of copper and zinc in blood was marked both in vegans and in control group. The repeated examination of 77 vegans of the same settlement in 1999 has revealed positive alterations in serum lipids: augmentation of cholesterol of high density lipoproteins on the average on 54.3%, that result in a reliable decrease of atherogenicity coefficient. The decrease to normal amounts of blood copper and zinc, and also increase of blood calcium on the average on 16% was marked. However level of calcium remained below than physiological values.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Body Weight; Calcium; Child; Cholesterol, HDL; Copper; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Diet, Vegetarian; Health Status; Humans; Iron; Lipids; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Siberia; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12; Zinc

Decreased dietary intakes of calcium, vitamin D and folic acid have been suggested as risk factors for human colon cancer. We previously fed a Western-style diet (WD) containing reduced calcium, vitamin D and increased fat content to normal C57/Bl6 mice: hyperproliferation, hyperplasia and whole crypt dysplasias developed in the colon following WD administration. Utilizing the same diet, we now also decreased the levels of several nutrients that are required for biochemical reactions involving methyl group inadequacy, i.e. folic acid, methionine, choline and vitamin B(12). Dietary levels of these nutrients were reduced to nutrient-density levels approximating those consumed by large segments of human Western populations. This further modification of the WD resulted in adenoma and carcinoma development in normal mouse colon (P < 0.04 compared with AIN-76A diet). The results indicate, for the first time, that a semi-purified rodent diet designed to mimic the human Western diet can induce colonic tumors in normal mice without carcinogen exposure.

Topics: Adenoma; Animals; Body Weight; Bromodeoxyuridine; Cell Division; Choline; Colonic Neoplasms; Diet; Dietary Fats; Epithelium; Female; Folic Acid; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Intestine, Large; Liver; Male; Methionine; Methylation; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Vitamin B 12

Malnutrition is observed frequently in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Knowledge of the nutritional status in patients with recently diagnosed IBD is limited. The aim of this study was to establish a comprehensive picture of the nutritional status in recently diagnosed IBD patients.. Sixty-nine IBD patients (23 Crohn's disease (CD) and 46 with ulcerative colitis (UC)) within 6 months of diagnosis and 69 age- and sex-matched population controls were included in the study.. The nutritional status was assessed by: (1) body composition (anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry); (2) dietary intake (dietary history); (3) biochemical indexes of nutrition; and (4) muscle strength (isokinetic dynamometer).. Body weight and body mass index were significantly lower in UC patients compared with controls. The mean daily intake of carbohydrates was significantly higher in CD patients and the intakes of protein, calcium, phosphorus, and riboflavin were significantly lower in UC patients compared with controls, respectively. Serum concentrations of several nutrients (beta-carotene, magnesium, selenium and zinc) were significantly lower in UC patients compared with controls. Serum vitamin B12 concentration was significantly lower in CD patients. Muscle strength did not significantly differ between IBD patients and controls.. This study showed that the nutritional status of IBD patients was already affected negatively at time of diagnosis. It needs to be elucidated whether nutritional supplementation in recently diagnosed IBD patients may improve the clinical course of the disease.

Topics: Adult; beta Carotene; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Calcium, Dietary; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Proteins; Female; Humans; Male; Minerals; Muscle, Skeletal; Nutritional Status; Phosphorus, Dietary; Riboflavin; Vitamin B 12

The hypothesis tested was that a high intake of potassium (K) interferes with cobalt (Co)-vitamin B12 metabolism in ruminants. Ouessant sheep were fed either a low- (8 g K/kg dry matter) or high-K diet (43 g K/kg dry matter) with an adequate amount of Co (124 micrograms Co/kg dry matter). Plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were measured. Sheep fed a low-K diet, but containing only 70 micrograms Co/kg dry matter, served as positive controls. Feeding the low-Co ration produced a significant decrease in plasma vitamin B12 concentrations. The high- versus low-K ration induced a significant decrease in plasma vitamin B12 during the first 6 weeks, but thereafter the values in the high-K group rose to those seen in the low-K group. The mechanism by which dietary K may interact with Co-vitamin B12 metabolism in sheep is unknown.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Energy Intake; Male; Potassium, Dietary; Sheep; Vitamin B 12

A number of causes of malnutrition after total gastrectomy have been proposed. The purpose of this study was to assess nutritional status and to determine the cause of malnutrition after total gastrectomy. We studied 20 gastric cancer patients who had undergone total gastrectomy and immunochemotherapy and 6 normal controls. Nutritional status was assessed by dietary history, anthropometric methods, and serologic measurements. Malabsorption tests included the fecal fat excretion test, D-xylose absorption test, glucose tolerance test, vitamin B12 absorption test using dual isotopes, bacterial culture of jejunal aspirates, and jejunal biopsy. Weight loss was compared to the preoperative status in all patients (average 15%: 59.0 +/- 9.9 vs. 50.2 +/- 7.8 kg, preoperatively vs. postoperatively). Average daily calorie intake was 1586.2 kcal, which is lower than the normal intake of Korean adults (1838 kcal). Malnutrition of skeletal and visceral protein was not found. There was, however, severe fat malnutrition and a deficit of body fat. Postoperatively the body mass index was considerably lower than that preoperatively (22.2 +/- 0.4 vs. 18.9 +/- 0.4 kg/m2; preoperatively vs. postoperatively). With malabsorption tests, the daily excreted amount of fecal fat was 28.6 +/- 3.4 g (mean +/- SD) in patients and 6.9 +/- 0.2 g in controls. There was no significant malabsorption of carbohydrates. In 64.3% (9/14) of patients, vitamin B12 absorption was abnormal; and the serum concentration of vitamin B12, which was significantly related to malabsorption of this vitamin, was lower than normal in 73.7% (14/19). Bacterial overgrowth was not found, and there were no abnormal histologic findings in the jejunal mucosa. These results suggest that poor oral intake and fat malabsorption following total gastrectomy cause malnutrition and that fat malabsorption may be related to relative pancreatic insufficiency.

Topics: Body Weight; Energy Intake; Female; Gastrectomy; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Jejunum; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Status; Postoperative Complications; Stomach Neoplasms; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Seven cases of total colonic aganglionosis were reviewed with a follow-up period of 10 to 26 years, focusing on the relationship between the length of aganglionic ileum and postoperative metabolic disorders. Pulled-through ileum ranged from 0 to 65 cm from the ileocecal valve, and suprapelvic side-to-side anastomosis was performed between the pulled-through ileum and 17 to 40 cm of aganglionic colon (left side and transverse colon, four; right side colon, one; no colonic patch, two). Hemoglobin level in three out of four patients with ileal involvement of more than 25 cm was below 11 g/dL (10.9, 7.7, 6.6 g/dL, respectively). Serum iron level was less than 30 micrograms/dL (27, 21, 20, 18 micrograms/dL, respectively) in four out of five patients with ileal involvement of more than 10 cm. Serum vitamin B12 level was below 100 (100, 46 pg/dL, respectively) in two patients whose pulled-through ileum was 45 cm and 65 cm, respectively from the ileocecal valve. One patient needs periodical parenteral iron therapy and one was treated as megaloblastic anemia. In the patients with ileal involvement of more than 25 cm, both weight and height for age are very low at less than the fifth percentile, except for one patient whose side patch was at the right colon. One patient still needs parenteral nutritional support. Severe iron deficiency anemia, low level of B12, and growth retardation are apparent in the patients with total colonic aganglionosis with ileal involvement. Colonic side-to-side anastomosis does not substitute for the loss of terminal ileum.

Topics: Anastomosis, Surgical; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Anemia, Megaloblastic; Body Height; Body Weight; Colon; Follow-Up Studies; Growth Disorders; Hemoglobins; Hirschsprung Disease; Humans; Ileal Diseases; Infant; Iron; Male; Parenteral Nutrition; Postoperative Complications; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Relationships of nutritional status with ethanol consumption and diet were studied in 33 chronic alcoholics with no clinical or laboratory evidence of liver disease.. Nutritional assessment included subjective global assessment, weight-height index, body mass index, and serum albumin measurements. Dietary intake included estimates of daily intake of substrates, folic acid, vitamins B1, B5, B6, and B12. Circulating concentrations of folate, pyridoxal-phosphate and vitamin B12 were evaluated as well.. Only 18.1% of patients were considered malnourished, with body mass indices lower than those with an average or good nutritional status (p < 0.0001). Body weight was under 90% of the ideal in 8/33 (24%) patients. Serum albumin values were within normal range in all patients. In terms of calories provided by nonalcoholic substrates, protein, or vitamin intake, we observed no differences between well and poorly nourished individuals. However, malnourished alcoholics consumed significantly more ethanol (p = 0.01) and an inverse correlation was found between ethanol intake and weight-height index (r = -0.35; p = 0.03). Low circulating concentrations of pyridoxal-phosphate and red blood cell folate were found in 51.5% and 60.6% of alcoholics, respectively. These were not correlated with vitamin dietary intake or ethanol consumption, but there was a trend toward malnourished patients to present lower concentrations of red blood cell folate (p = 0.13).. Although over malnutrition is infrequent in this group of chronic alcoholics, specific vitamin deficiencies are present in a substantial proportion of patients and are more likely related to alcohol consumption.

Topics: Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholism; Avitaminosis; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Energy Intake; Erythrocytes; Ethanol; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Assessment; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional Status; Prospective Studies; Pyridoxal Phosphate; Pyridoxine; Serum Albumin; Thiamine; Vitamin B 12

The effect of cobalt supplementation on serum vitamin B12, growth rate and survival rate was measured in controlled field experiments with Texel twin lambs of the same sex, grazing cobalt-deficient pastures. The non-supplemented lambs had lower serum vitamin B12 concentrations than their supplemented brothers or sisters. During the experiments more lambs died in the non-supplemented than in the supplemented group. At the end of the experiments supplemented lambs weighed (mean live weight) 7.2, 9.5, and 11.0 kg more than non-supplemented lambs in 1991, 1992, and 1993, respectively. Sex-related differences in weight gain and survival rate were observed.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; Female; Liver Diseases; Male; Netherlands; Sex Characteristics; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Survival Rate; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Weight Gain

Based on localization studies of the GH receptor/binding protein (BP) in the gastrointestinal tract, we have recently demonstrated growth hormone regulation of gastric intrinsic factor. In order to define the role of GH in the submandibular gland (SMG) we have investigated the effect of GH on SMG structure and function with particular reference to haptocorrin. Bovine GH (65 micrograms/100 g body weight) was administered twice daily to adult male dwarf rats for 6 days (DW+) while control animals received vehicle (DW-). Administration of GH produced a significant increase in body weight (P < 0.001) and allometric increase in SMG weight (P = 0). There was no change in RNA or protein content per g SMG and GH administration produced a small decrease in DNA content normalized to SMG weight. Morphometric analysis of the SMG revealed a significant increase in the percentage area of the gland occupied by tubular (GH receptor/BP expressing) structures and a significant increase in the diameter of both the intralobular striated and granular convoluted tubules. The effect of GH on cellular proliferation in the ductular and acinar components was determined by the immunohistochemical detection of nuclear 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporated during a 2-h pulse of BrdU. GH treatment induced a 5.5-fold increase in the labelling index of tubular cells whereas the acinar cell labelling index increased only 3.3-fold. Soluble extracts of SMG were prepared for estimation of 57Co-cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) binding. GH administration resulted in an increase in total 57Co-cyanocobalamin (CBL) binding per mg SMG protein. To determine the contribution of haptocorrin (R-protein) the amount of cobinamide dicyanide (CD) displaceable binding was calculated. GH administration produced a 70% increase in CD displaceable CBL binding per mg SMG indicating GH regulation of haptocorrin. A comparison of total SMG CBL binding and CD displaceable CBL binding between male and female rats detected no sex difference. Therefore sex-specific GH secretory profiles are unlikely to be of importance in the regulation of haptocorrin. In conclusion we have demonstrated that GH stimulates hypertrophy and hyperplasia of components of the SMG in the dwarf rat. The observed upregulation of haptocorrin may synergize with the GH-stimulated increase in intrinsic factor to facilitate absorption of CBL during the anabolic state.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; DNA; Growth Disorders; Growth Hormone; Male; Nuclear Proteins; Organ Size; Protein Binding; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; RNA; Submandibular Gland; Vitamin B 12

The deterioration of functional and mental capacity is one of the major problems of the elderly. This deterioration may be caused or worsened by folate deficiency. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the relationship between mental and functional capacities and folate status in a group of 177 elderly Spanish people. Folate deficiency is common in the Spanish population. In this study, 48.6% of the elderly subjects had folate intakes below recommended values (200 microg/day), 34.9% had serum concentrations < 14 nmol/L and 6.6% had <360 nmol/L erythrocyte folate. Subjects took part in a series of tests: Katz' scale of activities of daily living, Lawton's scale of instrumental activities of daily living, Pfeiffer's mental status questionnaire, Folstein's Mini-Mental State Test and the Geriatric Depression scale of Yesavage. The results for Lawton's scale of instrumental activities of daily living were significantly better (indicating greater independence and capacity) when folate intake and serum or erythrocyte folate concentrations were adequate (i.e., folate intake no less than recommended, > or = 14 nmol/L serum folate or > or = 360 nmol/L erythrocyte folate). Subjects with adequate Mini-Mental State Exam results (> or = 28 points) had serum and erythrocyte folate concentrations significantly higher than those with less adequate results (<28 points). Thus, there is evidence to suggest that the folate status of the elderly should be monitored and, if possible, improved.

Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Anthropometry; Body Height; Body Weight; Eating; Erythrocytes; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Intelligence Tests; Iron; Male; Prospective Studies; Social Class; Spain; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vitamin B 12

Because vitamin B12 and Ni are known to interact and because of the similar metabolic roles of vitamin B12 and folate, an experiment was performed to determine the effect of dietary folate on Ni deprivation in rats. A 2 x 2 factorially arranged experiment used groups of nine weanling Sprague-Dawley rats. Dietary variables were Ni, as NiCl(2) 6H(2)0, 0 or 1 mu g/g; and folic acid, 0 or 2 mg/kg. The basal diet, based on skim milk, contained less than 20 ng Ni/g. After 54 d, an interaction between dietary Ni and folate affected several variables including erythrocyte folate, plasma amino acids, and femur trace elements. For example, folate deprivation decreased erythrocyte folate; folate supplementation to the Ni-supplemented rats caused a larger increase in erythrocyte folate concentration than did folate supplementation to the Ni-deprived rats. Also, dietary Ni affected several plasma amino acids important in one-carbon metabolism (e.g., Ni deprivation increased the plasma concentrations of glycine and serine). This study shows that dietary Ni, folate, and their interaction can affect variables associated with one-carbon metabolism. This study does not show a specific site of action of Ni but it indicates that Ni may be important in processes related to the vitamin B12-dependent pathway in methionine metabolism, possibly one-carbon metabolism.

Topics: 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase; Amino Acids; Animals; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Creatine; Diet; Erythrocytes; Femur; Folic Acid; Hematinics; Hemoglobins; Kidney; Liver; Male; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); Methylmalonyl-CoA Mutase; Nickel; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Trace Elements; Triglycerides; Vitamin B 12

Purdue University, as well as the Johnson and Kennedy Space Centers and NASA Ames Research Center, are investigating approximately 5-10 plants that will be grown hydroponically to provide not only the energy and nutrients, but also the oxygen for humans habitating in Mars and lunar bases. The growth and nutritional status of rats fed either a control diet (adequate in all macro- and micronutrients) or a strict vegetarian diet consisting of 5 (vegan-5) or 10 (vegan-10) candidate crop species were investigated. In addition, vegan-10 diets were supplemented with mineral and/or vitamin mix at a level similar to the control diets to assess the effect of supplementation on nutrient status. The assessment of inedible plant material as an alternative food source was also investigated. Results of this study demonstrated that consumption of the vegan-10 diet significantly improved weight gain of rats compared to that for rats fed the vegan-5 diet. Mineral supplementation, at a level present in the control diet, to the vegan-10 diet improved growth and nutrient status, but growth was significantly lower compared to the control-fed rats. Inclusion of inedible plant material, high in ash content, improved some indices of nutrient status, without improving growth.

Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Body Weight; Diet, Vegetarian; Dietary Fiber; Ecological Systems, Closed; Edible Grain; Fabaceae; Iron; Micronutrients; Nutritive Value; Plant Proteins, Dietary; Plants, Medicinal; Pyridoxine; Rats; Vegetables; Vitamin B 12; Zinc

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of dietary intake in 16 female heavyweight rowers during the sprint racing phase of the season. Caloric intake for the rowers was 2,633 kcal/day, lower than expected given the training regimen of these athletes. On average, rowers consumed below-optimal levels of carbohydrate. Protein intake was satisfactory but fat intake was higher than recommended. For the majority of rowers, micronutrient intake met the RDA. However, calcium, zinc, B6, and B12 fell short of meeting two-thirds of the RDA for a significant percentage of rowers. The preevent meal consumed both 15 hr and 2 hr before the event provided less carbohydrate and fluid but more fat than desirable. Female heavyweight rowers would benefit from nutritional counseling that provides strategies for increasing complex carbohydrates, calcium, zinc, B6, and B12 while reducing dietary fat. Adequate fluid intake is also essential.

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Calcium; Diet; Diet Records; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Energy Intake; Female; Humans; Nutritional Requirements; Pyridoxine; Sports; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12; Zinc

Ninety-nine consecutive unmedicated outpatients with a major depressive illness had blood drawn for measurement of serum folate (SF), red cell folate (RCF), and vitamin B12 within 24 hours of completion of ratings of severity of depression at the beginning and ending of a 5-week trial of desmethylimipramine (mean dose = 149.2 mg/day, range = 75-225 mg). As compared with nonresponders, responders had a significantly higher mean SF at baseline (nonresponders = 13.8 nmol/l; responders = 17.7 nmol/l) and RCF showed a significant inverse correlation with severity of depression and a significant positive correlation with age of onset of illness. At week 5, change in severity of depression was significantly correlated with change in RCF, and significantly more responders than nonresponders had an increase in RCF. The possible role of folate status in the regulation of mood and response to treatment is discussed.

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depressive Disorder; Desipramine; Erythrocytes; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Personality Assessment; Vitamin B 12

Despite intensive searches for therapeutic agents, few substances have been convincingly shown to enhance nerve regeneration in patients with peripheral neuropathies. Recent biochemical evidence suggests that an ultra-high dose of methylcobalamin (methyl-B12) may up-regulate gene transcription and thereby protein synthesis. We examined the effects of ultra-high dose of methyl-B12 on the rate of nerve regeneration in rats with acrylamide neuropathy, using the amplitudes of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) after tibial nerve stimulation as an index of the number of regenerating motor fibers. After intoxication with acrylamide, all the rats showed equally decreased CMAP amplitudes. The animals were then divided into 3 groups; rats treated with ultra-high (500 micrograms/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) and low (50 micrograms/kg) doses of methyl-B12, and saline-treated control rats. Those treated with ultra-high dose showed significantly faster CMAP recovery than saline-treated control rats, whereas the low-dose group showed no difference from the control. Morphometric analysis revealed a similar difference in fiber density between these groups. Ultra-high doses of methyl-B12 may be of clinical use for patients with peripheral neuropathies.

Topics: Acrylamide; Acrylamides; Action Potentials; Animals; Body Weight; Male; Nerve Regeneration; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Tibial Nerve; Vitamin B 12

An experiment was performed to ascertain whether changing the dietary intake of two substances, cystine and margaric acid (heptadecanoic acid), that affect the flux through pathways involving the two vitamin B12-dependent enzymes, methionine synthase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, would affect the interaction between nickel and vitamin B12. Rats were assigned to treatment groups of six in a fully crossed, four-factorial arrangement. The independent variables, or factors, were: per kg of fresh diet, nickel analyzed at 25 and 850 micrograms; vitamin B12 supplements of 0 and 50 micrograms; margaric acid supplements of 0 and 5 g; and L-cystine supplements of 0 and 12 g. The diet without cystine was marginally deficient in sulfur amino acids. Nickel affected growth, liver wt/body wt ratio (LB/BW), and a number of variables associated with iron, calcium, zinc, copper, and magnesium metabolism. Most of the effects of nickel were modified by the vitamin B12 status of the rat. In numerous cases, the interaction between nickel and vitamin B12 was dependent on, or altered by, the cystine or margaric acid content of the diet. Thus, the findings showed that the extent and the direction of changes in numerous variables in response to nickel deprivation varied greatly with changes in diet composition. These variables include those previously reported to be affected by nickel deprivation, including growth and the distribution or functioning of iron, calcium, zinc, copper, and magnesium. The findings also support the hypothesis that nickel has a biological function in a metabolic pathway in which vitamin B12 is important.

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cystine; Diet; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Male; Metals; Nickel; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vitamin B 12

The effect of cobalamin (vitamin B12) on the survival time of mice bearing P388 leukemia has been examined. Among the three cobalamins studied, the enzymatically active derivatives, methylcobalamin and 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin, were able to significantly increase the survival time of mice implanted intraperitoneally with the tumor cells. The pharmaceutical form, cyanocobalamin, was not active. The antitumor activity of these cobalamins may be associated with their functions in metabolism.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cobamides; Female; Lethal Dose 50; Leukemia P388; Mice; Mice, Inbred DBA; Mice, Inbred Strains; Structure-Activity Relationship; Vitamin B 12

Thirty short-horned East African goats were divided into two groups (treatments 1 and 2) consisting of fifteen goats each. All the goats were fed on a cobalt deficient diet containing 0.02 mg Co/kg of dry matter for a period of twenty three weeks. Goats in treatment 1 were supplemented with an oral cobalt chloride drench. Cobalt deficiency developed in goats in treatment 2 after ten weeks when their serum vitamin B12 concentration fell below 200-250 pg/ml. Between the third and the twenty-third weeks of the experiment, the mean serum concentration of vitamin B12 was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in cobalt supplemented (289.6 +/- 40.76 pg/ml) than deficient (142.8 +/- 28.27 pg/ml) goats. Total dry matter intake, intake per metabolic body weight and liveweight changes were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between goats in the two treatments. Although packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, and erythrocyte count were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in cobalt adequate than deficient goats, these blood parameters were within the normal range for goats. It is suggested that although serum vitamin B12 standard for sheep is applied for goats, the latter species is likely to be more resistant to low dietary cobalt intake than sheep.

Topics: Africa, Eastern; Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; Eating; Female; Goats; Hematologic Tests; Male; Vitamin B 12

From 1977 to 1983 ileocecal resection was done in five neonates and three infants who were admitted to our pediatric surgical units. Their growth, hematology, and serum biochemistry were examined and compared with that of an ileal resection group without ileocecal resection. The body weight and height of all patients of the ileocecal resection group were within normal ranges. All patients undergoing ileocecal resection in neonates had moderate diarrhea but condition of fecal evacuation improved after age 6. None of the control ileal resection group had diarrhea since age 2. No significant differences were noted in hematology and serum biochemistry (protein metabolism, lipid metabolism, bile acid, and vitamin B12) data between the ileocecal resection groups and the control group. Our findings show that after ileocecal resection without extensive ileal resection in neonates and infants, adequate nutritional status can be maintained.

Topics: Bile Acids and Salts; Body Height; Body Weight; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Hemoglobins; Humans; Ileocecal Valve; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Male; Nutritional Status; Vitamin B 12

Vitamin deficiency may be related to carcinogenesis. Cytologic examinations of sputum have already found that the administration of folate and vitamin B12 suppressed the development of squamous metaplasia and atypia in smokers' airways. The authors investigated the effect of folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin A on the formation of metaplasia and hyperplasia in methylcholanthrene (MCA)-treated rats.. The SD strain of rats received 10 mg of MCA intratracheally and was divided into six groups as follows: (1) vitamin A; (2) folic acid; (3) vitamin B12; (4) vitamin B12 with folic acid; (5) a combination of vitamin A, folic acid, and vitamin B12; and (6) no vitamins. The Lower respiratory tract epithelia of the rats were examined histologically 20, 32, and 36 weeks after MCA administration and at the end of the experiment.. A clear difference was detected between the group receiving folic acid and that receiving vitamin A. In the former group, metaplasia was found in only one rat, atypia was not found, and hyperplasia with marked changes was present in less than 50% of other groups. In the latter group, atypia was found in all of the metaplastic foci.. It was suggested that the epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia of respiratory tract induced by MCA can be suppressed by the administration of folic acid.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bronchi; Epithelium; Folic Acid; Hyperplasia; Metaplasia; Methylcholanthrene; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12

In a recent study we identified GH receptor/binding protein in cells of the gastric mucosa. In order to define the role of the GH receptor/binding protein in gastric function, we have investigated the effect of GH on gastric structure and function in the GH-deficient Lewis (dwarf) rat. Bovine GH, 65 micrograms/100 g body wt, was administered twice daily to adult male dwarf rats for 6 days (DW+) while control animals received vehicle only (DW-). Administration of GH produced a significant increase in body wt (P less than 0.001), stomach wt (P less than 0.01), and stomach to body wt ratio (P less than 0.05). GH administration also resulted in increased total gastric DNA, RNA, and protein content but did not produce significant differences in DNA, RNA, or protein content when normalized to stomach wt. Morphometric analysis of the gastric mucosa revealed a significantly (P less than 0.05) increased gastric epithelial height and mucosal surface area along with an increase in the proportion of nuclei with multiple nucleoli (P less than 0.01). The number of gastric mucosal cells in S-phase was determined by immunohistochemical detection of nuclear 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporated during a 2 h pulse of BrdU. GH treatment resulted in a 74% increase (P less than 0.05) in the number of BrdU-labeled nuclei/mm2 mucosa relative to vehicle-injected control animals. A modification of Zimmerman's method for the differential staining of gastric mucosa was used to delineate cell type for morphometric analysis. This showed that the density of differentiated (parietal and chief) cell types was not significantly different between DW- and to DW+ animals. Soluble extracts of gastric mucosa were prepared for estimation of pepsinogen content and [57Co]cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) binding. GH administration produced no significant change in pepsinogen content per mg protein and did not affect the relative levels of pepsinogen isoenzymes as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. GH administration did however result in an 86% increase (P less than 0.01) in [57Co]cyanocobalamin binding per mg protein. The increase in binding was totally displaceable by 1 microgram/ml unlabeled cyanocobalamin but not by 1 microgram/ml cobinamide dicyanide indicating it was the result of increased intrinsic factor rather than R protein. Sephadex S-300 gel filtration of mucosal extracts revealed an elution profile for [57Co]cyanocobalamin identical to that of purified porcine intri

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; DNA; Dwarfism; Gastric Mucosa; Growth Hormone; Isoenzymes; Male; Organ Size; Pepsinogens; Proteins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Lew; Rats, Mutant Strains; Receptors, Somatotropin; Recombinant Proteins; RNA; S Phase; Stomach; Vitamin B 12; Weight Gain

The effect of vitamin B12 on learning disturbance was tested in rats. Rats were fed a choline-enriched, choline-deficient, and choline-deficient diet with vitamin B12. Concentrations of acetylcholine in the brain were significantly lower in rats fed a choline-deficient diet than rats fed a choline-enriched diet. Passive avoidance learning shows that rats on a choline-deficient diet showed significantly impaired learning compared to rats on a choline-enriched diet. However, there was no significant difference of acetylcholine in the brain or in the passive avoidance learning between rats fed a choline-enriched and a choline-deficient with vitamin B12 diet. We, therefore, suggest that vitamin B12 potentiates learning in an acetylcholine-deprived brain.

Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Body Weight; Brain Chemistry; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Cognition; Diet; Male; Motor Activity; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vitamin B 12

Nutritional deficiencies in patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass operations have been mainly attributed to dietary restriction. However, most of these studies have been performed during the period of greatest caloric restriction.. Two hundred patients who were morbidly obese were followed for 6 to 8 years (mean, 6.7 years) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Each underwent a thorough physical examination and behavioral and nutritional assessments, including hemoglobin, red blood cell indices, serum iron content, iron binding capacity, and serum vitamin B12 and folic acid concentrations.. Data obtained from blood tests disclosed a significant gradual decrease of the mean serum hemoglobin (p less than or equal to 0.0000), mean corpuscular volume (p less than 0.001), and iron saturation (p less than or equal to 0.0000). Mean vitamin B12 concentration improved during the last 3 years of follow-up. The mean values of iron saturation and vitamin B12 were not correlated with the patients' weight loss. Meat intolerance was observed in 51%, 60.3%, 59.5%, and 55.1% of the patients during the 0 to 12 months, 13 to 24 months, 25 to 72 months, and 73 to 96 months after surgery, respectively. A significant correlation was found between the eating habits and the laboratory values. The mean serum iron saturation, vitamin B12, and folic acid were significantly higher in patients who eat meat than in patients who do not eat meat (piron less than 0.0046, pB12 less than 0.0052, folate less than 0.01). In addition, oral vitamin and mineral supplements significantly improved the nutritional status of the patients. The patients had no caloric malnutrition or protein deficiency.. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass induces long-term changes in eating habits, independent of caloric intake. Iron continuously declines 6 to 8 years after surgery, depending (significantly) on the eating behavior, but not on the caloric intake.

Topics: Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y; Body Weight; Diet; Feeding Behavior; Folic Acid; Gastric Bypass; Humans; Iron; Nutritional Status; Postoperative Period; Vitamin B 12

An 11-year-old boy who presented with anemia, premature grey hair, hyperpigmented skin, paresthesia, recurrent aphthous ulcers and epistaxis was eventually proved to be a case of vitamin B12 deficiency. Due to the paucity of this deficiency, the diagnosis may easily be delayed and overlooked resulting in unfavorable consequences. Therapeutic response to vitamin B12 was dramatic in this reported case.

Topics: Blood Cell Count; Body Weight; Child; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Reproductive performance and lamb viability in cobalt sufficient and subclinically deficient ewes, and from ewes experiencing repletion from and depletion into cobalt deficiency, were investigated in two experiments. The sheep were fed a cobalt deficient ration and supplementation was by oral dose according to treatment. The treatments had a significant effect (P less than 0.001) on ewe serum vitamin B12 and methylmalonic acid concentrations. There were no significant effects on ewe liveweight, condition score or conception rate. Cobalt deficient ewes produced fewer lambs and had more stillbirths and neonatal mortalities than cobalt sufficient controls. Lambs from deficient ewes were slower to start suckling (P less than 0.05), had reduced concentrations of serum immunoglobulin G and zinc sulphate turbidity levels (P less than 0.05), and had lower serum vitamin B12 and higher methylmalonic acid concentrations (P less than 0.05), than lambs from cobalt sufficient dams. Cobalt supplementation in either the first or second half of pregnancy only did not fully alleviate these adverse effects.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; Colostrum; Female; Fetal Death; Immunoglobulin G; Methylmalonic Acid; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vitamin B 12

Ninety-five apparently healthy people, aged 80 years or above, living in the Stockholm County Council of Sweden, participated in a pilot study in 1984. Reference values were obtained for routine haematological and biochemical analyses. Deviations from expected levels were confined to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), vitamin B12 and calcium. It is noteworthy that a low-risk cholesterol level characterized this elderly population. It is suggested that in order to evaluate the influence of age, a dynamic aspect should be added using functional tests of various organs.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Calcium; Female; Humans; Male; Thyrotropin; Vitamin B 12

Introduction of a radioactive gastrointestinal marker (51CrCl3) into a combined study (75SeHCAT + 58CoB12) of ileal function by whole body counting has been undertaken. The technique was assessed in 23 subjects (15 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, six on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for rheumatoid arthritis, and two normal subjects). Mean (SD) 51CrCl3 retention was only 4.1 (6.0)% on day 4, and was similar on day 7 in subjects given a second dose of 51CrCl3 on day 4. Only one subject had more than 20% of 51CrCl3 retention after four days. A 51CrCl3 correction method adequately corrected for colonic hold up of 58CoB12, when compared with final equilibrium values of 58CoB12 retention. Use of the non-absorbed 58CoB12 fraction as a gastrointestinal marker gave good agreement with the 51CrCl3 method in correcting 75SeHCAT values. In all subjects studied, corrections for colonic retention of 75SeHCAT on day 4, were small (less than 7% of dose) and did not affect the assessment of any subject. In conclusion, an additional gastrointestinal marker such as 51CrCl3 is unnecessary in our combined study since that role can be effected, when indicated by the non-absorbed 58CoB12 fraction.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Chlorides; Chromium; Chromium Compounds; Chromium Radioisotopes; Cobalt Radioisotopes; Humans; Ileum; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Middle Aged; Selenium Radioisotopes; Taurocholic Acid; Vitamin B 12; Whole-Body Counting

Supplementation of the diet with valine or isoleucine protects the fruit bat from neurological impairment associated with experimentally induced vitamin B12 deficiency. Valine and isoleucine are precursors in the vitamin B12 dependent propionic acid pathway and it is proposed that they exert their protective effect through stimulation of this pathway. This suggests that the previously observed protective effect of methionine may be mediated also through this pathway, since methionine may be metabolised via the transsulfuration pathway to propionyl CoA. The results of this study refocus attention on the propionic acid pathway, and specifically on the methylmalonyl CoA mutase reaction, as central to the biochemical basis of the vitamin B12 neuropathy.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chiroptera; Isoleucine; Nervous System Diseases; Valine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations are elevated in plasma as a result of vitamin B12 deficiency. This study reports the sequential changes in plasma MMA in lambs maintained on a cobalt-deficient pasture compared with supplemented controls. The results indicate that MMA is elevated in the early stages of deficiency, preceding the onset of loss of production and clinical signs of disease. It remains elevated as long as the lambs are unsupplemented with cobalt (Co). The most striking clinical sign was a loss of body condition as opposed to weight. The defect in the methylmalonyl CoA mutase is obviously an early defect in cobalt deficiency.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; Diet; Malonates; Methylmalonic Acid; Poaceae; Sheep; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

As little as 5% of pectin added to a fiber-free diet elevates urinary methylmalonic acid (MMA) severalfold in vitamin B-12--deprived rats. The present study examines whether increased urinary MMA reflects lower vitamin B-12 status or occurs only because of fermentation of pectin by intestinal bacteria and increased production of propionate, a precursor of MMA. By monitoring urinary and fecal excretion of 57Co after a tracer dose of [57Co]vitamin B-12, we found the biologic half-life of vitamin B-12 to be 59 d for rats fed a fiber-free diet and only 19 d for rats fed a 5% pectin diet. Also, pectin-fed rats oxidized only 12% of a 1-mmol dose of [14C]propionate to 14CO2 in 2 h, whereas rats fed the fiber-free diet expired 33% of the dose. Finally, high urinary MMA persisted even after the removal of pectin from the diet. We conclude that dietary pectin accelerates vitamin B-12 depletion in rats, possibly by interfering with enterohepatic recycling of vitamin B-12. By stimulating microbial propionate production, pectin and other fermentable fibers may also contribute to increased urinary MMA in vitamin B-12 deficiency, but a larger propionate pool does not account for the other effects of pectin on vitamin B-12 status.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt Radioisotopes; Dietary Fiber; Feces; Half-Life; Kidney; Liver; Male; Methylmalonic Acid; Oxidation-Reduction; Pectins; Propionates; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Vitamin B 12

Bodyweight, plasma vitamin B12 and blood selenium concentrations were monitored in prime lambs given different forms of supplementation at 2 sites in separate years. At the first site treatment groups comprised control, vitamin B12 injection, selenium given orally and a combination of vitamin B12 and selenium. At the second site cobalt and selenium supplied in a glass bullet was compared with an untreated group. Significant sex-related responses were observed to treatment in terms of bodyweight and at site 2 in plasma vitamin B12 concentrations. A marked bodyweight response to glass bullet supplementation was observed in castrated male lambs but not in ewe lambs. These studies show that sex differences should be considered when investigating trace element deficiencies.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Female; Male; Selenium; Sex Characteristics; Sheep; Vitamin B 12

Eight lambs were fed on a cobalt-deficient whole-barley diet supplemented with urea, vitamins and minerals. Four control lambs were fed on the same diet which had been further supplemented with Co. Plasma vitamin B12 levels in the Co-depleted group declined rapidly, falling below the normal range within 5 weeks. Differences between the live weights of the animals in the two groups approached statistical significance by week 14. However, methylmalonic acid (MMA) rose above normal levels in the Co-depleted group within 7 weeks. This suggested that an elevated plasma concentration of MMA is a comparatively early indicator of functional vitamin B12 deficiency. It is recommended that 10 mumol/l be the upper level of normality for plasma MMA concentration in barley-fed animals, in contrast with the level of 5 mumol/l for grass-fed animals. Changes in the plasma concentrations of MMA and ethylmalonic acid associated with feeding the barley-based diet per se did not significantly affect the validity of the gas-liquid chromatographic assay for MMA.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; Diet; Female; Hordeum; Male; Malonates; Methylmalonic Acid; Sheep; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

The effects of carnitine and cobamamide were studied at the unspecific stage of anorexia nervosa treatment. Carnitine and cobamamide accelerated the amelioration of the patients' somatic state (body weight gain, gastrointestinal functions normalization). Experimental psychological technique of involved deciphering discovered that latent fatigue disappeared and mental performance sharply increased under carnitine and cobamamide treatment. Experimental model of anorexia nervosa was used for electron microscopy and morphometry of neocortical tissue structure after starvation period and in feeding rehabilitation with carnitine and cobamamide. These drugs were shown to promote cerebral mass growth, increase in neocortical layers thickness, pyramidal neurons volume, that led to full restoration of normal structure of neocortex. The data provide a basis suitable to recommend carnitineand cobamamide to treat patients with relevant anorexia.

Topics: Animals; Anorexia Nervosa; Body Weight; Carnitine; Cerebral Cortex; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Mice; Mice, Inbred CBA; Microscopy, Electron; Organ Size; Vitamin B 12

Effects of ascorbic acid ingestion on the severity of vitamin B-12 deficiency were investigated by feeding weanling rats experimental diets containing 0-100 micrograms of vitamin B-12 activity per kg of diet, with or without 6.0 mg of ascorbic acid per ml supplied in drinking water for 15 wk. This daily consumption of up to 150 mg of ascorbic acid did not impair growth, but did result in significantly higher concentrations of ascorbic acid in plasma, liver, adrenal glands and feces. When rats were fed diets deficient or marginally deficient in vitamin B-12, liver concentrations of vitamin B-12 were markedly lower than in liver of rats fed adequate vitamin B-12. Ascorbic acid ingestion raised values significantly in the vitamin B-12-deficient diet group. Urinary methylmalonic acid was significantly elevated in the deficient rats. However, it was significantly reduced to more normal values by ascorbic acid in rats with both low and marginal vitamin B-12 status, as defined by dietary and liver concentrations of vitamin B-12 activity. Although coprophagy was not prevented, rats showed no increased consumption of feces with the higher ascorbic acid content. Thus, the results of this research indicate that vitamin C ingestion partially protects rats from vitamin B-12 deficiency.

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Coprophagia; Diet; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Feces; Liver; Male; Methylmalonic Acid; Random Allocation; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Inositol; Male; Neural Conduction; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sciatic Nerve; Sorbitol; Vitamin B 12

The vitamin E, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, and folate status of 22 gastric bypass subjects aged 23 to 60 years was evaluated before surgery and at 6 and 12 months after surgery. Before surgery, 77% of subjects had adequate plasma vitamin E levels; 36%, adequate plasma pyridoxal phosphate levels; 100%, adequate plasma vitamin B-12 levels; and 45%, adequate plasma folate levels. The food intake of all subjects was sharply reduced after surgery. After surgery, subjects were classified into three vitamin supplement groups on the basis of average daily vitamin supplement intake. Subjects taking higher levels of supplements containing the vitamins in question had significantly higher plasma concentrations of the vitamins than those taking low or moderate levels. The mean plasma vitamin values in the moderate supplement group were indicative of adequate status for all vitamins, but plasma vitamin B-12 levels at 12 months post-surgery were significantly lower than pre-surgery levels. In the low supplement group, mean plasma vitamin levels were in or near marginal or deficient ranges. The majority of subjects consuming supplements of vitamin E, vitamin B-6, and folate near the US RDA maintained normal vitamin status. Subjects taking more than 100 micrograms vitamin B-12 daily had adequate vitamin B-12 status. Significant correlations (r = .67 to .94) were observed between vitamin supplement levels and the respective plasma vitamin concentrations.

Topics: Adult; Anastomosis, Roux-en-Y; Body Weight; Energy Intake; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Obesity, Morbid; Postoperative Period; Pyridoxine; Stomach; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E; Vitamins

The efficacy of the selenium and cobalt contents of a trace element supplemented anthelmintic was evaluated in a series of trials with lambs in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The product was compared with other methods of supplementation and was found to be an adequate source of selenium when administered at monthly intervals. Its cobalt content was shown to be of some nutritional benefit on four of five sites but not as effective as the monthly 250 mg oral cobalt dose, vitamin B12 injection or intraruminal soluble glass bolus treatments also used. No growth responses were obtained and unsupplemented animals generally had an adequate cobalt and selenium status. No toxicity problems were encountered from either element.

Topics: Animals; Benzimidazoles; Body Weight; Cobalt; Drug Combinations; Female; Fenbendazole; Glutathione Peroxidase; Helminthiasis; Helminthiasis, Animal; Selenium; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vitamin B 12

By studying 516 healthy adults normal reference intervals were established for the Coulter "S" haematological indices with the plasma ferritin, B12, folate and red cell folate in a subgroup of 306. Significant sex related differences were found for all measurements other than MCV, MCH and B12. After allowing for these sex related differences, the effects of age, body size, fasting, smoking, alcohol, exercise and contraceptive pill usage on the parameters studied was defined.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Blood Cell Count; Body Weight; Erythrocytes; Female; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Humans; Male; Reference Values; Sex Factors; Smoking; Vitamin B 12

We studied the nutritional status and the prevalence of malabsorption in 12 patients one to three years after total gastrectomy (TG) for gastric neoplasm. The Roux-en Y technique was used for reconstruction. A correct dietary regimen according to the recommended daily allowance was suggested and patients were seen quarterly on an out patient basis. The nutritional status was evaluated by measuring serum albumin levels, total iron binding capacity, cholinesterase, area muscular circumference, triceps skinfold and delayed hypersensitivity response. Work-up studies for the small intestine included: stool fat, D-xylose and glucose tolerance tests, Schilling test (phase II and III), serum iron levels, serum vitamin B12 levels and biopsy of the jejunum. Malnutrition, defined as the occurrence of two or more abnormal nutritional parameters, was observed in one patient; glucose and D-xylose tolerance tests were normal in all. A mild degree of steatorrhea was observed in four patients. The second phase of the Schilling test was abnormal in eight patients, but urinary excretion of vitamin B12 increased in three of four patients after use of antibiotics. Low serum vitamin B12 levels were common after the twentieth postoperative month. Serum iron levels were initially low and returned to normal six months after TG. All patients had normal jejunal histologic findings. These data indicate that malnutrition after TG is not common if an adequate dietary intake is maintained. Malabsorption, possibly due to bacterial overgrowth, is not a major clinical problem.

Topics: Aged; Body Weight; Celiac Disease; Female; Gastrectomy; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Iron; Jejunum; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Disorders; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

Six experiments with male broiler chicks were conducted to study responses to dietary supplements of L-methionine, L-cystine, choline, sulfate, and vitamin B12. A corn-soy-poultry oil-based diet calculated to contain .38% methionine, .74% total sulfur containing amino acids, 23% protein, 3,265 kcal metabolizable energy/kg, and 1.39 mg/g of choline was fed. Analysis indicated an average of .38% Methionine (.35 to .45) .77% Methionine + Cysteine (.72 TO .92), and 1.23 mg choline/g feed (.99 to 1.56) in the basal diet. Chicks fed the basal diets gained an average of 508 g in 21 days and had average feed conversion ratios (FCR) of 1.55. Chicks fed diets supplemented with .2% L-methionine gained significantly more (P less than .05) than those fed the basal diet in each experiment (average gain = 551 g; FCR = 1.44). Chicks fed choline-supplemented diets gained as well as those fed L-methionine in five of six experiments (P greater than .05) (average gain = 541 g; FCR = 1.48). Chicks fed sodium sulfate-supplemented diets gained as well as those fed L-methionine in two of four experiments when adequate sodium was fed (average gain = 536; FCR = 1.50). Chicks fed choline and sulfate supplements together did no better than those fed choline supplements only, with adequate sodium levels in the basal diet. The same basal diet was fed in the last two experiments. In one trial, a response to vitamin B12 was observed; in the other there was no response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Choline; Cystine; Diet; Glycine max; Male; Methionine; Sulfates; Vitamin B 12; Zea mays

A 7-month-old male presented with lethargy and failure to thrive. The child was exclusively breast-fed from birth by a mother who was a strict vegetarian. Laboratory data revealed macrocytic anemia and methylmalonic acid in the urine, consistent with vitamin B12 deficient anemia. The patient responded well to supplementation with B12 alone and was developmentally normal by 11 months of age. This study emphasizes the need for assuring maternal dietary adequacy during pregnancy and after birth.

Topics: Adult; Body Height; Body Weight; Breast Feeding; Diet, Vegetarian; Failure to Thrive; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Monensin in ruminant diets increases production of propionic acid. We have tested the hypothesis that propionic acid may be elevated to such an extent by monensin that it cannot be optimally metabolized by the methyl malonyl-CoA pathway requiring vitamin B12 (B12) in the liver. Thus, the effects of weekly B12 injections (10 mg X head-1 X wk-1, intramuscularly) with and without dietary monensin (25 mg/kg diet) on average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed to gain ration (F/G), liver and serum B12 concentrations and liver activity of propionate metabolizing enzymes were examined in an 84-d trial. Sixteen lambs (27.5 kg average initial wt) were assigned randomly to one of four treatments in a factorial arrangement: monensin plus B12, monensin without B12, no monensin plus B12 and no monensin without B12. Lambs were fed an 80% concentrate diet and slaughtered at the end of the trial. Liver samples were obtained by biopsy on d 0 and at slaughter on d 84 to determine activity of propionate metabolizing enzymes and B12 concentrations. Serum samples were taken on d 0, 28, 56 and 84 to determine serum B12 concentration. Neither monensin nor B12 affected (P greater than .10) ADG, DMI or F/G. Lambs receiving B12 had higher (P less than .01) serum B12 concentrations, but this was not reflected (P greater than .10) in higher liver B12 concentrations. No difference (P greater than .10) in liver propionate metabolizing activity among treatments was detected; however, monensin decreased (P less than .05) fumarate and malate formation by liver homogenates. Liver B12 concentrations were highly correlated with endogenous propionate metabolizing activity at d 0 (r = .73, P less than .01) and d 84 (r = .51, P less than .05). Results suggest no advantage to providing supplemental B12 to lambs fed monensin-supplemented, high-concentrate diets.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Furans; Liver; Monensin; Propionates; Sheep; Vitamin B 12

Experiments were conducted to investigate a possible interference by raw soybean meal (RSM) with B12 nutriture of chickens. In Experiment 1, day-old chicks were fed B12-free isonitrogenous and equienergetic diets containing 0 or 40% RSM to determine if RSM accelerated storage losses of B12. After 42 days, RSM decreased growth (P less than .01), decreased hepatic (P less than .01) and blood (P less than .05) concentrations of glutathione (GSH), and increased (P less than .01) pancreas and liver weights. However, statistically significant differences due to treatment were not detected in hepatic B12 concentration, indicating that RSM does not enhance B12 turnover in chicks. To ascertain the effect of RSM on B12 absorption, 9 micrograms B12/kg diet was added to diets containing 0 or 40% RSM and fed to chicks to 42 days of age. Raw soybean meal depressed growth (P less than .001) and hepatic GSH (P less than .01) and increased (P less than .001) pancreas weights. The RSM had no effect on hepatic B12 concentration, suggesting that RSM trypsin inhibition does not impair B12 absorption in chicks. A third experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that vitamin B12 stimulates egg production or feed intake of hens fed a diet with 27% RSM. Vitamin B12-depleted hens were fed RSM or heat-treated soybean meal (HSM) diets containing equivalent amounts of soybean protein, oil, and hulls. Hens received either 26 micrograms B12/kg BW per os or 13 micrograms B12/kg BW intramuscularly twice within a 30-day period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Female; Glutathione; Glycine max; Liver; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Organ Size; Pancreas; Trypsin Inhibitors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

The effect of cobalamin deficiency on whole body cobalamin content and its turnover was examined in the rat. Quantitative and qualitative changes in hepatic cobalamin were also followed and the effect of deficiency on the turnover of this cobalamin was determined in the isolated perfused liver. As cobalamin deficiency developed after total gastrectomy, whole body cobalamin content declined at a constant rate, indicating no attempt to conserve total body cobalamin stores even when depleted (5% of normal). In contrast, the cobalamin concentration of liver declined more slowly, indicating conservation of hepatic cobalamin. Furthermore, the methylcobalamin (MeCbl) content of liver was maintained or even increased. Measurement of the rate of release of cobalamin by the isolated perfused liver at varying times after gastrectomy showed that as depletion of whole body and hepatic cobalamin stores proceeded, the rates of release of hepatic cobalamin into plasma and bile decreased. Regression analysis showed that the fractional rates of release of hepatic cobalamin into plasma (r = 0.9, P less than 0.001, n = 15) and bile (r = 0.65, P less than 0.01, n = 15) were significantly correlated with hepatic cobalamin content. It is concluded that conservation of hepatic cobalamin in deficiency is achieved, at least in part, by a specific decrease in the rate of release of hepatic cobalamin.

Topics: Animals; Bile; Body Weight; Gastrectomy; Kidney; Liver; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Rats raised on a vitamin B12-deficient or -sufficient diet were either exposed or not exposed to nitrous oxide for 3 hours before sacrifice. Bone marrow cells were assayed for thymidylate synthetase activity by the deoxyuridine suppression test. A synergistic interaction between vitamin B12 deficiency and nitrous oxide exposure was observed.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Examination; Deoxyuridine; DNA; Drug Interactions; Male; Nitrous Oxide; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

A soy protein-based experimental diet for woodchucks (Marmota monax) is described. The diet supported growth of juvenile woodchucks for 12 wk. With this diet, the effects on both woodchucks and rats of increasing dietary corn oil from 5 to 15% and of deleting supplemental lipotropic factors (choline, methionine, folic acid and vitamin B-12) were studied in a 2 X 2 factorial experiment. Both increased lipid and lipotrope deletion resulted in decreased growth in rats, but only increased lipid caused growth depression in woodchucks. Lipotrope depletion resulted in elevated serum markers of hepatic injury and hepatic lipid accumulation in rats but not in woodchucks. Hematological changes induced by the low lipotrope diets included decreased packed cell volume, total hemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in rats but increased MCV in woodchucks. The woodchuck appears to be more resistant than the rat to induction of hepatic injury by lipotrope deficiency.

Topics: Animals; Blood Cell Count; Body Weight; Choline; Diet; Dietary Fats; Folic Acid; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Male; Marmota; Methionine; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Sciuridae; Vitamin B 12

24 normocyclic East African short-horned goats were made vitamin B12-deficient through feeding cobalt-deficient Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay. The deficiency was confirmed by controls of the blood level, by the occurrence of anaemia, by increased cortisol levels, and by hypertrophy of the fasciculata and reticulata zones in the adrenal cortex. The oestrogen level increased initially, and then decreased markedly from the 3rd cycle on, and reached levels below those of the control. Ovulations finally ceased. It is suggested that ovarian dysfunctions during vitamin B12 deficiency are caused by changes in the endocrine profile.

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anemia, Macrocytic; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; Estrogens; Estrus; Female; Goats; Kenya; Organ Size; Ovary; Pregnancy; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Supplementation of the diets of rats with branched chain amino acids (BCAA: leucine, isoleucine, valine) did not alter their susceptibility to chronic poisoning by tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), which contains hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA). Phenobarbital in the diet, which alters liver microsomal enzyme activity, also did not alter susceptibility to PA poisoning. A combination of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), cysteine and BCAA did increase (P less than .05) survival time of rats fed tansy ragwort. Dietary BHA and cysteine increased the survival time of rats injected with the PA monocrotaline, with evidence that addition of vitamin B12 and folic acid improved the effectiveness of this treatment. In a chronic feeding trial with tansy ragwort, a combination of BHA and cysteine increased (P less than .05) the survival times of rats, showing protective activity against PA poisoning. A mixture of B-complex vitamins, or vitamin B12-folic acid, was not effective in improving the response.

Topics: Amino Acids; Animal Feed; Animals; Anisoles; Body Weight; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Cysteine; Folic Acid; Food, Fortified; Male; Monocrotaline; Plant Poisoning; Plants, Toxic; Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Rodent Diseases; Senecio; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Over the first three months of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) the level of hemoglobin (Hb) rises significantly in most patients. To elucidate this further we studied the hematological response over 3 months of 8, previously non-transfused new patients treated with CAPD. Mean Hb rose by +2.78 g/dl (P less than 0.02). Mean RCM rose by 284 ml (37.7%) (P less than 0.05) and 3.7 ml/kg (29.6%) (P less than 0.05). PV fell relative to BW only, by -8.6 ml/kg (P less than 0.05). There was no significant change in serum vitamin B12 or folate concentrations or evidence of hemolysis. Plasma ferritin fell in all patients, but hematological changes of iron deficiency appeared in only one. Bio-assayable erythropoietin (EPO) levels were generally in the normal range, but inappropriately low for the degree of anemia. EPO did not change significantly apart from in two patients, one with polycystic disease. These results indicate that over the initial 3 months of therapy the majority of CAPD patients have a rise in Hb, due mainly to a rise in RCM, unrelated to changes in serum EPO level.

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Erythrocyte Indices; Erythropoietin; Female; Ferritins; Folic Acid; Hemoglobins; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Middle Aged; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; Plasma Volume; Vitamin B 12

We studied 41 patients who had gastric bypass for obesity from 1974-1979. The procedure was well received by patients and most achieved adequate weight loss, but most subjects consumed inadequate diets and many developed iron and/or vitamin B12 deficiencies. Ten were anemic and 13 had been treated previously for postbypass anemia. Severely vitamin B12-deficient subjects did not respond to 50 micrograms oral vitamin B12 tablets, but those with milder deficiencies usually did. Schilling tests were usually abnormal and corrected when intrinsic factor was given. Many subjects developed manifestations compatible with osteoporosis due to inadequate calcium intake and absorption, and some also developed abnormal laboratory tests suggesting coexisting osteomalacia. Hematopoietic complications of gastric bypass can usually be prevented and are relatively easy to treat, but musculoskeletal complications may be more difficult to prevent and treat.

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Hypochromic; Body Weight; Diet; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Iron; Jejunum; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Osteoporosis; Postoperative Complications; Schilling Test; Stomach; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Six middle-aged lactovegetarians (three men and three women) collected copies of four 24-h diets using the duplicate portion sampling technique. By chemical analyses, the nutrient composition of the lactovegetarian diet was determined in detail and compared with that of a mixed Swedish diet (normal) and a vegan diet (vegan) studied previously. The nutrient composition of the lactovegetarian diet expressed per 1000 kcal represented an average between normal and vegan diets. It was in closer agreement with Swedish recommended dietary allowances than the normal Swedish diet. Thus, the lactovegetarian diet contained 35% of the energy as fat and was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid, which resulted in a polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio of 0.6. The lactovegetarian diet had a cholesterol concentration only half of that of a normal diet. Protein content and amino acid composition were well above recommendations. The lactovegetarian diets contained less sucrose than normal and vegan diets, but the sum of the intake of low molecular weight carbohydrates was comparable to normal and vegan diets. Dietary fiber was three times higher than in a normal diet. Essential minerals and trace elements, ie, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, satisfied current requirements. The intake of vitamin B12 by the lactovegetarians was around 1.4 micrograms daily, which is below the recommendations. The intake of folates was high, 300 to 400 micrograms daily. The clinical and biochemical investigation of the subjects revealed no signs of nutritional deficiency. Their plasma lipoproteins and the blood pressures were low for their age, in agreement with observations made earlier in a group of vegans.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Diet, Vegetarian; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Energy Metabolism; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Milk; Nitrates; Nitrites; Sterols; Trace Elements; Vitamin B 12

The potential promoting and/or complete carcinogenic activity of a methyl group-deficient (MD) diet lacking methionine, choline, vitamin B12, and folate on liver tumor induction in weanling male F344/NCr rats was examined. Each of 50 rats per group received one injection 20 mg diethylnitrosamine [(DENA) CAS: 55-18-5; N-nitrosodiethylamine]/kg body weight at 4 weeks of age, and then each was maintained on a methyl group-adequate (MA) diet for 52 weeks (groups 2 and 5) or on an MD diet for 15 weeks followed by the MA diet for 37 weeks (group 4). Controls received injections of saline and were maintained on the same two respective diet regimens (groups 1 and 3, respectively). Histologic results from sacrifices at 6, 10, 15, 22, 39, and 52 weeks revealed early development of foci of eosinophilic gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)-positive hepatocytes by week 6 in DENA-MD diet-treated rats, with subsequent development of a diffuse hyperplasia of hepatocytes, oval cell proliferation, cholangiofibrosis, nodular cirrhosis, and neoplastic nodule (NN) formation and, at 52 weeks, hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) in 13 of 15 rats. Similar but significantly fewer lesions were observed at slightly later sacrifice times in the livers of saline-MD diet-treated rats, with development of NN in 5 of 12 rats and an HCC in 1 of 12 rats at 52 weeks. DENA-treated rats on MA diets developed relatively few GGT-positive foci, and none developed any neoplastic lesions. Except for basophilic foci, areas and foci of cellular alteration containing glycogen-rich hepatocytes frequently exhibited diminished uptake of injected iron and decreased glucose-6-phosphatase and ATPase contents focally or throughout. This study indicates that a relatively brief exposure of both untreated and DENA-treated weanling rats to a severely MD diet produces classical preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in their livers.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Choline; Diet; Diethylnitrosamine; Drug Synergism; Folic Acid Deficiency; Liver; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Male; Methionine; Nitrosamines; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

After starting treatment with vitamin B12, a 32-year-old woman with pernicious anaemia and secondary infertility became pregnant again and gave birth to a healthy child. It has been found that pernicious anaemia, which is rare during childbearing age, usually leads to infertility in men and women. This is reversible by treatment with vitamin B12.

Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Pregnancy; Vitamin B 12

The effect was followed up of dextrofer-100 and dextrofer-100 with B12 on the growth and fertility of minks. It was found that the i/m injection of dextrofer-100 at the rate of 0.5 cm3 per head (50 mg Fe3+), twice, at the interval of 45 days to a total of 45-day-old minks did not effect essentially their growth. The i/m application of dextrofer-100 with vitamin B12 at 0.5 cm3 per animal (50 mg Fe3+ and 40 mcg B12), singly in the beginning of the mating period to young female minks (at the age of 11 months) resulted in raising the number of offsprings from 3.4 to 4.68 (with impregnated females), and from 4.05 to 5.13 (with those that gave birth), and in lowering the number of those of the males that did not give birth as well as of those that gave birth but ate their offsprings. The weight of the obtained offsprings of the test and control males did not differ essentially between the age of 40 days and the age of 24 weeks.

Topics: Anemia; Animals; Body Weight; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation; Female; Fertility; Growth; Iron-Dextran Complex; Male; Mink; Pregnancy; Vitamin B 12

Ewes fed a diet containing .06 ppm cobalt prior to and after parturition were used to examine effects of hydroxycobalamin supplementation upon production of milk. Four ewes were assigned to each of three treatments after hand milking at 3 wk postpartum. At 7 wk postpartum, B12 concentrations in liver were enhanced in the group receiving intramuscular injections of 200 micrograms on alternate days (750 ng/g wet liver) relative to low groups that received 20 and 0 micrograms on alternate days (190 and 200 ng/g wet liver). Following 1 wk of treatment, B12-enhanced ewes had greater daily intake of feed and increased live weight. Vitamin B12 status was without significant effect on production of milk, total solids, fat, and solids-not-fat at 4, 5, and 6-wk milkings; however, production of milk protein was increased for B12-enhanced ewes. After lactations were terminated and feed intakes standardized, slices of liver obtained from B12-enhanced ewes incorporated 2-carbon 14-labeled propionate into glucose at rates greater than did slices from low B12 ewes. Subclinical changes affecting production may occur in lactating sheep when B12 status is at the lower end of what usually is considered the normal range.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Female; Gluconeogenesis; Hydroxocobalamin; In Vitro Techniques; Injections, Intramuscular; Lactation; Liver; Milk; Milk Proteins; Pregnancy; Propionates; Sheep; Vitamin B 12

Plant lectins or carbohydrate binding proteins interact with membrane receptors on cellular surfaces but their antinutritional effects are poorly defined. Studies were conducted to determine the effects of phytohemagglutinin, a lectin derived from raw red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), on small intestinal absorptive function and morphology, and on the intestinal microflora. Phytohemagglutinin was isolated in purified form by thyroglobulin-sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. Red kidney bean and phytohemagglutinin (6% and 0.5%, respectively, of dietary protein) were fed in a purified casein diet to weanling rats for up to 21 days. Weight loss, associated with malabsorption of lipid, nitrogen, and vitamin B12, developed in comparison with animals pair-fed isonitrogenous casein diets. Antinutritional effects of red kidney bean were reversible on reinstitution of a purified casein diet. An increase in bacterial colonization of the jejunum and ileum occurred in red kidney bean- and phytohemagglutin-fed animals. When antibiotics were included in the diet, malabsorption of [3H]triolein and 57Co-vitamin B12 in red kidney bean-fed animals was partially reversed and, in germ-free animals, purified phytohemagglutinin had no demonstrable antinutritional effect. Mucosal disaccharidase activity was reduced in red kidney bean- and phytohemagglutinin-fed animals, but intestinal mucosal morphology was unchanged. Dietary administration of phytohemagglutinin, alone or as a component of red kidney bean, caused intestinal dysfunction, which was associated with, and dependent upon, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Adherence of enteric bacteria to the mucosal surface was enhanced by phytohemagglutinin which may have facilitated small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Germ-Free Life; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Kanamycin; Lipid Metabolism; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Metronidazole; Nitrogen; Phytohemagglutinins; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; Diet; Formiminoglutamic Acid; Glutarates; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

1. Control, folate-deficient and vitamin B12-supplemented chickens were given [3', 5', 9 (n)-3H] pteroylglutamic acid by intraperitoneal injection. After various time intervals (1.5 h-8d) the incorporation of radioactivity into hepatic folate derivatives was measured. 2. The results confirm that avian species have a faster assimilation of folate than most mammalian species. 3. Folate deficiency increased the incorporation and retention of [3H] pteroylglutamic acid. The degree of folate conjugation was unaffected by folate deficiency but the formyl to methyl folate ratio was decreased. 4. Vitamin B12 supplementation had no effect on the uptake or conjugation of [3H] pteroylglutamic acid, but increased the formyl to methyl folate ratio.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Liver; Pteroylpolyglutamic Acids; Vitamin B 12

Bodyweight responses to subcutaneous injections of vitamin B12 and copper were investigated using Hereford calves in the southeast of South Australia, an area known to produce cobalt and copper deficient sheep. Calves were allocated to one of four groups: control; copper; vitamin B12; copper plus vitamin B12. Responses in bodyweight gain to vitamin B12, and to copper were obtained during the trial of one year. The results of biochemical analysis of blood, hair and faeces from calves and of dam's milk are reported. It is concluded that calves raised on cobalt-deficient pastures will require cobalt or vitamin B12 supplementation prior to weaning.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Copper; Female; Glycine; Male; Milk; Organometallic Compounds; Vitamin B 12

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of choline supplementation on corn-soy-meat-based grower and laying hen diets. Diets contained 2.5% and 3% meat and bone meal in the growing and laying diets, respectively, and on chemical analysis contained 1005 and 1041 ppm of choline respectively. In the first experiment, 1000 ppm of choline were added to the basal growing and laying diets, and in the second experiment the laying diet was supplemented with 550 ppm or 1000 ppm of choline. In both trials, choline supplementation did not increase gains or feed efficiency for pullets from 8 to 20 weeks. However, choline supplementation during the laying period resulted in a statistically significant improvement of egg production and egg size. Supplementation of choline in the growing phase did not affect the laying performance. Laying performance was not improved by 2 micrograms/kg of supplementary vitamin B12 in a 1000 ppm choline supplement diet (78% vs. 76% hen-day production). In the second trial, added levels of choline (0, 500, and 1000 ppm) resulted in egg production from 24 to 64 weeks of 73, 76, and 76% hen-day production, respectively. Egg weights were 59, 61, and 61 g, respectively. This suggests that the total choline requirement of laying hens on a corn-soy-meat diet, and in absence of supplementary methionine, is greater than 1000 ppm but no more than 1500 ppm.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Choline; Diet; Female; Mortality; Oviposition; Vitamin B 12

1. Copper concentrations were low in many organs of Moblo/Y mice, but very high in the gut. Absorption of 64Cu was seen to be very low when related to the absorption of cyano[57Co]cobalamin. The results in Moblo/+ mice were intermediate. 2. Copper therapy temporarily ameliorated many effects of the mutation in Moblo/Y mice, but did not improve the rate of weight gain as has been achieved previously in Mobr/Y mice. Lower capacity for a 'depot dose' effect at the site of injection may explain the difference. 3. The distribution of 64Cu after administration into the bloodstream of Moblo/Y mice altered from an initially normal state to one that resembled the abnormal distribution of pre-existing copper by 48 h. This indicated that the later mechanisms of copper distribution were at fault. Moblo/+ mice were equally affected. 4. The alteration of copper homoeostasis in blotchy mice was similar to that observed in brindled mice previously and in the present studies, although generally less severe. This is consistent with allelism of the two mutations.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Ceruloplasmin; Copper; Female; Heart; Hemoglobins; Humans; Injections; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Menkes Kinky Hair Syndrome; Mice; Mice, Mutant Strains; Tissue Distribution; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone Marrow; Brain; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Liver; Male; Malonates; Methylmalonic Acid; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

A comparative experimentation between treatment with large amounts of vitamin B12 alone and associations of intrinsic factor with different concentrations of vitamin B12 in the gastrectomised dog and rat subjected to digestive stress induced by phenylbutazone is reported. This study served to examine the possible therapeutic role of vitamin B12 passive diffusion occurring with large amounts of cyanocobalamine in the digestive tract, and to verify the utility and efficacy of the intrinsic factor contained in the marketed Gastropylore, the composition of which associates an original lyophilisate of suckling lamb gastric mucosa (LLGM) with vitamin B12. Treatments with either of the components alone exerted no protective effect against phenylbutazone-induced ulcerations whereas Gastropylore gave very significant protection (p less than 0.00001). Enhancement of the vitamin did not yield any significant improvement. Weight increase after gastrectomy was clear in the three groups of animals treated with Gastropylore or LLGM containing vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 passive diffusion appears to play no important therapeutic role while the intrinsic factor contained in a lyophilised preparation of lamb gastric mucosa seems to prove useful.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Female; Freeze Drying; Gastrectomy; Gastric Mucosa; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Phenylbutazone; Rats; Sheep; Stomach Ulcer; Tissue Extracts; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Anthropometry; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Diet; Diet, Vegetarian; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Iron; Male; Nutrition Surveys; Riboflavin; Vitamin B 12

Supplementation of squirrel monkeys with folic acid improved hematologic and folate status, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, and infant birth weight. Thus the folate content in the stock diet (1.4 microgram/g) did not meet the requirement for pregnancy. Low plasma vitamin B12 values suggest that vitamin B12 in the stock diet (22 ng/g) also was not adequate. Changes with folic acid supplementation are similar to those for human subjects, indicating that the squirrel monkey is an appropriate model for folic acid deficiency in pregnancy in man.

Topics: Animals; Birth Weight; Body Weight; Cebidae; Female; Folic Acid; Hematocrit; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal; Saimiri; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Zinc

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Body Weight; Citric Acid Cycle; Hydro-Lyases; Intracellular Membranes; Liver; Mitochondria, Liver; Organ Size; Oxidoreductases; Oxygen Consumption; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vitamin B 12

To better define the course of Crohn's disease, certain clinical, laboratory, and radiological features were studied prospectively in a representative group of 25 patients at intervals of up to 77 months. Eleven variables of potential use in assessing the course were analyzed for clinician preference, and the statistical relationship of one variable, the Crohn's disease activity index, to the other 10 was determined. Modest improvement was documented in three clinical variables, as well as in anemia, serum albumin, intestinal protein loss, and radiological extent of disease. Variables most frequently ranked high as reflections of the course of Crohn's disease were hematocrit and extent of disease, followed by body weight, stools per day, B12 absorption, serum albumin, and intestinal protein loss. The highest intervariable correlation was between improvement in protein loss and decrease in radiological extent (r = 0.75).

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Hypochromic; Body Weight; Child; Colon; Crohn Disease; Defecation; Female; Hematocrit; Humans; Intestine, Small; Iron; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Proteins; Radiography; Serum Albumin; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; Female; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vitamin B 12

Twenty-seven cases of long-term survival after total gastrectomy were clinically evaluated. From the standpoint of general nutrition and rehabilitation, the patients appeared to be in satisfactory condition. However, hyperchromic anemia, serum vitamin B12 deficiency, and osteoporosis were noted in some patients.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Gastrectomy; Humans; Japan; Middle Aged; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Osteoporosis; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Postoperative Care; Radiography; Stomach Neoplasms; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cellulose; Dietary Fiber; Feces; Intestinal Absorption; Methylmalonic Acid; Pectins; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Body Weight; Female; Gastrectomy; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Humans; Infant; Vitamin B 12

Rats were deprived of vitamin B12 in order to study the effect of this deprivation on the metabolism of lipids in the liver and the nervous system. Serum vitamin B12 concentrations of 102.7 and 78 pg/ml were found at sacrifice after 5 and 6 months, respectively. Neurological testing failed to reveal signs of neuropathy. The total liver lipids were decreased in the vitamin-B12-deprived animals, but no changes were detected in the lipid concentration or in the phospholipid composition of the nervous system. Some animals were given propionate, and in these, contrary to expectations, pentadecanoic acid and heptadecanoic acid were found in smaller amounts in the liver triglycerides of the vitamin B12-deprived rats than in the control rats. This could be due to the inhibitory effect of methylmalonyl CoA on fatty-acid synthesis, demonstrated by others in vitro.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Central Nervous System; Decanoic Acids; Female; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Phospholipids; Propionates; Rats; Sciatic Nerve; Triglycerides; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Rats were subjected to deprivation of vitamin B12 in order to induce neuropathy and to study effect on folate metabolism. Plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were maintained at about 100 pg/ml for 5 months. Neurological testing failed to reveal signs of neuropathy. Vitamin B12 deprivation induced high plasma folate levels but had no effects on the levels of total folate in the liver or the nervous system, probably because of an adequate methionine supply. If the rats were starved, a smaller proportion of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate was found both in liver and brain of the vitamin-B12-deprived animals. The folate concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid was lower than in the plasma but the values were correlated. There was a striking similarity between the liver and the brain in the way of handling 3H-folic acid and 14C-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. However, both substances showed a higher specific activity in the brain than in the liver, indicating a more dynamic state of brain folate.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Central Nervous System; Female; Folic Acid; Liver; Male; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

1. The effect of vitamin B12 on growth was studied in young male and female rats fed on diets sufficient (+B12) or deficient (-B12) in vitamin B12 containing 30% of the dietary energy as fat, either maize oil (CO) or triundecanoin (TUD). 2. Vitamin B12 deficiency severely depressed growth. After 6 weeks the weight gain of CO(-B12) rats was only 72% of that of CO(+B12) rats and the gain of TUD(-B12) rats was only 47% of TUD(+B12) rats. 3. After fasting 24 or 96 h TUD-fed rats, both +B12 and -B12, had greater glycogen reserves and higher plasma glucose levels than CO-fed rats. 4. It is concluded that vitamin B12 is required for the metabolism and utilization of both an odd-carbon-number medium-chain fat, TUD, and an even-C-number long-chain fat, CO, during growth in rats.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Female; Growth; Liver Glycogen; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Starvation; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Various cobalt-containing agents (cyanocobalamin, sodium cobaltinitrite, and cobaltous chloride), which formerly had been shown to prevent the onset of cleft palate in CF-1 mice injected with cortisone, were studied to determine whether they would afford similar protection against phenytoin. Phenytoin, however, failed to cause cleft palate in the mouse fetus when given to pregnant animals alone; and cortisone, on the contrary, induced this anomaly in the presence of the so-called cobalt antagonists as well as when administered in their absence. It is suggested from these results that high dietary intake of cobalt prevents cleft palate caused by phenytoin challenge and also negates the protective effects associated with the acute administration of cobalt compounds. Therefore, it is concluded that these well-known teratogens inhibit palatal closure in mice by different mechanisms.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; Cortisone; Female; Fetus; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Mice; Organ Size; Phenytoin; Pregnancy; Sex Ratio; Teratogens; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Sedimentation; Body Weight; Colon; Crohn Disease; Female; Folic Acid; Follow-Up Studies; Hemoglobins; Humans; Ileum; Iron; Male; Middle Aged; Serum Albumin; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Proteins; Rats; Vitamin B 12

The effect of a vitamin B12 and folic acid deficient diet on juvenile and adolescent baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) was studied. The baboons developed clinical and hematological signs characteristics of folacin deficiency, although they were less severe in juvenile baboons. The signs disappeared when folic acid was replaced in the diet. The serum vitamin B12 levels increased in all baboons fed the vitamin B12 and folic acid deficient diet. When folic acid was added to the diet, the levels gradually decreased in adolescent baboons, liver vitamin B12 levels decreased to a lesser extent when fed a vitamin B12 and folic acid deficient diet than when fed a vitamin B12 deficient diet. In juvenile baboons fed a vitamin B12 and folic acid deficient diet, for 7 months and a vitamin B12 deficient diet for a further 11 months, liver vitamin B12 levels did not decrease at any time but were similar to those in baboons fed a vitamin B12 and folic acid supplemented diet.

Topics: Aging; Animals; Blood Cells; Body Weight; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Haplorhini; Liver; Male; Papio; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Erythrocytes; Female; Folic Acid; Hemoglobins; Humans; Infant; Iron; Lebanon; Male; Milk; Nutritional Requirements; Prostaglandins A; Serum Albumin; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Dietary Proteins; Eggs; Female; Fertility; Male; Poultry Diseases; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

The respective roles of reduced dietary intake and malabsorption in the pathogenesis of weight loss in persons with chronic tropical sprue have been evaluated . Dietary intake was found to be significantly (P less than 0.001) less in a group of 45 patients with tropical sprue, all of whom had anorexia due to deficiency of folate and/or vitamin B12, than in a group of 51 healthy Puerto Ricans. Weight loss was equally prominent in those patients with tropical sprue who had normal absorption of fat and protein as in those who had excessive fecal loss and reduced absorption of these nutrients. Treatment of five sprue patients with folic acid or vitamin B12 for 2 weeks resulted in improved appetite and increased in dietary intake with weight gain in the absence of significant improvement in intestinal absorption. Treatment with oral tetracycline for a similar period of time in five other patients was not associated with vitamin repletion, return of appetite or weight gain. These observations indicate that reduced dietary intake resulting from anorexia caused by vitamin deficiency is a significant, and sometimes the most important, factor in the pathogenesis of weight loss in persons with chronic tropical sprue.

Topics: Anorexia; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Fats; Folic Acid; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Lipid Metabolism; Nitrogen; Sprue, Tropical; Tetracycline; Vitamin B 12

Hepatic citrate synthase activity has been shown to be increased 2- to 3-fold in vitamin B12 deficiency. Immunochemical titrations of the affinity chromatography-purified enzyme obtained from liver of animals with B12 deprivation demonstrated that this increase in activity was the result of a true increase in enzyme protein content. When fixed ratios of aliquots of normal and B12-deprived rat liver homogenates were mixed, the activity measured showed no change from the expected total citrate synthase activity based on the admixture ratios. Partial purification of the enzyme resulted in the expected recovery of the enzyme at each of the purification steps. Thus, it is unlikely that the change in enzyme activity in B12 deprivation was due to the presence of a soluble or easily dissociable normally occurring activator or inhibitor. Ouchterlony double diffusion studies, immunochemical titration, and determination of Km vlaues for exalacetate and acetyl-CoA (substrates for citrate synthase) and Ki values for ATP (inhibitor of citrate synthase) all indicated that the enzyme from the B12-deprived livers was structurally the same as that from normal liver. Hepatic citrate synthase degradation rate constants were shown to be essentially unchanged in B12deficiency. The rate of hepatic citrate synthase synthesis, under steady state conditions, was shown to be 2.8-fold greater in the B12-deficient animal than in the normal animal. The increased rate of synthesis appeared to explian the increased enzyme content. Finally, no change in specific activity of the enzyme was seen in brain, heart, or kidney in the B12-deprived animal.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Citrate (si)-Synthase; Enzyme Activation; Immunodiffusion; Kinetics; Liver; Organ Size; Organ Specificity; Oxo-Acid-Lyases; Precipitin Tests; Propionates; Rats; Spleen; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

The studies were carried out with 2287 broilers aged from 3 to 56 days, divided when one-day-old into four equal groups. The first group were fed the common ration and served as controls. The remaining three groups were experimental, the broilers of the second group being offered the basic common ration enriched with 0.2 per cent betaine. The third group were also given the ordinary ration, however, they received in the drinking water some 10 mug vitamin BUI per one kilogram feed each. The fourth group received both betaine and vitamin B12 at the rates indicated. Results showed that betaine hydrochloride offered either alone or in combination with vitamin B12 contributes to increasing the liveweight gain of broilers in the course of the starter period, but its use in doses of 0.2 per cent in the finishing period is not effective.

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Betaine; Body Weight; Chickens; Drug Interactions; Vitamin B 12

Various metabolic changes were observed in male hamsters fed vitamin B-12-deficient diets with or without supplements of cobalt, methionine, and a previously untested cobalt-free pseudovitamin B-12. The effects observed after 31 weeks of consuming the vitamin B-12-deficient diets included a marked increase in the urinary excretion of both methylmalonic acid and formiminoglutamic acid, slight increases in red blood cell mean corpuscular volume, and higher tissue levels of glutathione and activities of glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Vitamin B-12 in the diet prevented these changes, as did inorganic cobalt. The cobalt-free pseudovitamin B-12 showed no vitamin B-12 activity, neither did it have any potent antagonistic effect. Methionine supplementation reversed some of the metabolic changes. Addition of inorganic cobalt to the diet resulted in a significant increase in tissue stores of vitamin B-12.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; Cricetinae; Erythrocyte Count; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; Glutathione; Glutathione Reductase; Hematocrit; Kidney; Liver; Male; Methionine; Organ Size; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Twelve children who have survived resection of more than 45 cm of ileum (eight during the neonatal period and four later in childhood) have been reassessed at periods ranging from 3 to 16 years. No child had persistent diarrhea for longer than one year after a resection, and only two children had a restricted fat intake for more than two years. These two children showed no advantage in growth compared with the ten who had normal diet within two years of the resection. The weights of individual children are appropriate for their heights. Their heights tend to be less than those of their siblings, but only two are less than the third percentile compared to height expected in relation to that of parents. The older children still have marked steatorrhea but no diarrhea, and serum levels of vitamins A, D, and E are normal. These observations suggest that two years after extensive resection ileum some children may tolerate a normal diet and grow well despite persisting defects in absorption. Infants with more extensive resections are now surviving and may require special diets and vitamin supplements for longer periods of time.

Topics: Adolescent; Body Height; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Dietary Fats; Fats; Feces; Growth; Humans; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Prothrombin Time; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E

1. L-histidine (20 g/kg) added to vitamin B12-deficient and cyanocobalamin-supplemented diets based on soya-bean flour reduced the growth of rats given the vitamin B12-deficient diet but stimulated growth of rats given the cyanocobalamin-supplemented diet. Liver weight (g/kg body-weight)increased, but the protein content of the livers decreased, in rats given histidine supplements. The histidine was associated with significantly higher folate concentrations in the livers of cyanocobalamin-supplemented rats.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Female; Folic Acid; Histidine; Homocystine; Liver; Male; Methionine; Proteins; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

The development of cobalt deficiency was studied in 30 Scottish Blackface lambs grazing pasture on a soil containing 0-17 ppm cobalt. By the end of an eight-week period 50 per cent of lambs were subjectively appraised as showing signs of cobalt deficiency. After a further period lasting four weeks, during which three groups of lambs were studied (one group, least affected by cobalt deficiency, acted as control, the second received a single cobalt bullet and the third received oral doses of 200 mg cobalt chloride at the beginning of the period and three weeks later). Mean urinary formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) concentrations were inversely related to serum vitamin B12 concentrations and increased from 0-08 to 0-20 mumole per ml in group 1, and decreased to virtually zero within one week of treatment in groups 2 and 3. The use of serum vitamin B12 and urinary FIGLU concentrations in the diagnosis of cobalt deficiency in sheep are discussed.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; FIGLU Test; Seasons; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Soil; Vitamin B 12

1. Haematological investigation and blood volume measurements were carried out on forty male middle and long distance runners and twelve non-athletes. 2. The distribution of haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, erythrocyte count, total ironbinding capacity, serum and erythrocyte folate and serum vitamin B12 concentrations were essentially the same in atheletes and non-athletes. The mean serum iron concentration was higher in non-athletes than in athletes. There was no difference in the above measurements between athletes taking iron and/or folate and athletes not taking these supplements. 3. Blood volume and total body haemoglogin were on average 20% higher in the atheletes than in the non-athletes. 4. There was no correlation between haemoglobin concentration and blood volume in athletes. The evidence of this study suggests that haemoglobin concentration and blood volume are independently controlled. 5. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate concentration in the erythrocytes was higher in the athletes than in the non-athletes; the mean values were 15-9 and 14-2 mumol/g of haemoglobin respectively.

Topics: Adult; Blood Volume; Body Height; Body Weight; Diphosphoglyceric Acids; Erythrocyte Count; Erythrocytes; Folic Acid; Hematology; Hemoglobins; Humans; Iron; Male; Oxygen Consumption; Skin; Sports Medicine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adenine; Animal Feed; Animals; Benzimidazoles; Body Weight; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Liver; Medicago sativa; Riboflavin; Rumen; Sheep; Vitamin B 12; Zea mays

Idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency in a young man was associated with achlorhydria and a severe intestinal malabsorption syndrome that did not respond to conventional therapy. Combined therapy with high doses of prednisone and tetracycline hydrochloride resulted in weight gain, cessation of diarrhea, improved absorption of water, fat, and vitamin B12, and production of gastric acid after stimulation with histamine. Serum immunoglobulin levels, however, did not increase.

Topics: Achlorhydria; Adult; Age Factors; Body Weight; Celiac Disease; Cholecystokinin; Diarrhea; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Prednisone; Tetracycline; Vitamin B 12

1. Vitamin B12 metabolism was studied in bats of the species Rousettus aegyptiacus, which live on an all-fruit diet in the wild. 2. There was a wide range in values for the serum vitamin B12 concentration of newly captured bats, but bats captured in the early spring had significantly higher mean serum vitamin B12 levels than bats captured in the early autumn. 3. There was an exponential decrease in serum vitamin B12 concentration with time in captivity for bats fed on a vitamin B12-deficient, all-fruit diet; the biological half-life was 80 d in serum, 109 d in liver and 164 d in kidney. 4. The main storage organ for vitamin B12 in the bats was the liver, mean content 1067 ng vitamin B12. After 50 d, injected [57Co]cyanocobalamin had equilibrated with body vitamin B12 stores, and 17% of the retained radioactivity was present in the liver. From these results it was calculated that the total body vitamin B12 content of the bat was c. 6500 ng. 5. The biological half-life of injected [57Co]cyanocobalamin was 70--88 d and the calculated daily requirement was 50--60 ng (0-2 mug/kg body-weight per d). 6. As serum vitamin B12 levels decreased, serum folate levels increased. The erythrocyte folate concentration increased significantly after 130 d on the all-fruit diet and then decreased to the initial values after 190 d. 7. Vitamin B12 metabolism in the fruit bat is similar in many respects to that of man, but on a 'weight-for-weight' basis the bat has a 5- to 15-fold greater requirement for this vitamin. 8. Vitamin B12 deficiency may be induced fairly rapidly in fruit bats fed on an all-fruit diet.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chiroptera; Diet; Erythrocytes; Folic Acid; Fruit; Humans; Liver; Nutritional Requirements; Physiology, Comparative; Seasons; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Choline; Diet; Female; Folic Acid; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Inositol; Lipids; Lipotropic Agents; Liver; Male; Niacinamide; Phospholipids; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Choline; Dietary Fats; Eggs; Female; Glycine max; Inositol; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Lipotropic Agents; Liver; Oviposition; Selenium; Triticum; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E; Zea mays

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Bone Marrow Cells; Demyelinating Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Erythrocyte Count; Erythrocytes; Folic Acid; Haplorhini; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Leukocyte Count; Liver; Macaca; Male; Malonates; Nervous System; Spinal Cord Diseases; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Azo Compounds; Biopsy; Blood Cell Count; Body Weight; Disease Models, Animal; FIGLU Test; Folic Acid; Glutarates; Growth; Haplorhini; Hematocrit; Hepatectomy; Histidine; Liver; Male; Malonates; Papio; Propionates; Sodium; Valine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chromium Radioisotopes; Cobalt Radioisotopes; Euglena gracilis; Fasting; Gastrointestinal Motility; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Jejunum; Ligation; Rats; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aminobutyrates; Animal Feed; Animals; Betaine; Biotin; Body Weight; Chickens; Cystine; Diet; Ethers; Female; Foot Dermatoses; Glycine max; Homocystine; Male; Methionine; Niacinamide; Poultry Diseases; Sulfates; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Amylases; Bile Acids and Salts; Body Weight; Celiac Disease; Colectomy; Crohn Disease; Diarrhea; Disability Evaluation; Duodenum; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Ileostomy; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Secretions; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Middle Aged; Pancreas; Postoperative Complications; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Achlorhydria; Anemia, Megaloblastic; Anorexia Nervosa; Body Weight; Bone Marrow Cells; Celiac Disease; Diarrhea; Gastritis; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Jejunum; Malabsorption Syndromes; Sprue, Tropical; Tetracycline; Vitamin B 12; Zimbabwe

Topics: Animals; Azo Compounds; Body Weight; Diet; FIGLU Test; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Glutarates; Growth; Homocysteine; Liver; Male; Methionine; Methods; Rats; Tetrahydrofolates; Thyroid (USP); Thyroid Hormones; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Disability Evaluation; Duodenal Ulcer; Dyspepsia; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Neurologic Examination; Neurologic Manifestations; Pain; Peptic Ulcer; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Postural Balance; Sensation; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Dyspepsia; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Neurologic Examination; Peptic Ulcer; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Postural Balance; Sensation; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Pressure; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Cobalt Radioisotopes; Creatinine; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Hematocrit; Hemodialysis, Home; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Iothalamic Acid; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kidneys, Artificial; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Biological; Phosphates; Time Factors; Uric Acid; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Diet; Fats; Feces; Glucose; Growth; Malonates; Methionine; Propionates; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Biopsy; Body Weight; Dumping Syndrome; Duodenal Ulcer; Dyspepsia; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gastrectomy; Gastric Mucosa; Hemoglobins; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intrinsic Factor; Iron; Male; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Schilling Test; Stomach Ulcer; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Anemia, Macrocytic; Animals; Asthenia; Body Weight; Diarrhea; Feeding and Eating Disorders; FIGLU Test; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Gingivitis; Humans; Leukopenia; Liver; Male; Malonates; Papio; Thrombocytopenia; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Amides; Animals; Biological Assay; Blood Cell Count; Body Weight; Carboxylic Acids; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Dicarboxylic Acids; Escherichia coli; Isomerism; Mutation; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tricarboxylic Acids; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Acetyl Coenzyme A; Acetyltransferases; Animals; Body Weight; Carbon Radioisotopes; Carnitine; Citrates; Citric Acid Cycle; Coenzyme A; Escherichia coli; Liver; Malates; Malonates; Organ Size; Propionates; Rats; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Spleen; Succinates; Sulfurtransferases; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Brain Chemistry; Caseins; Cobalt Radioisotopes; Dietary Proteins; Glutens; Hemoglobins; Kidney; Liver; Nitrogen; Organ Size; Protein Deficiency; Rats; Spleen; Starch; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Brain; Dihydroxyphenylalanine; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Kidney; Liver; Male; Methionine; Organ Size; Organ Specificity; Rats; S-Adenosylmethionine; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

Thirty-four cases of malabsorption are described in young adults after brief periods of overland travel to India. Symptoms included diarrhoea, abdominal distension, and weight loss. Investigation revealed fat, xylose, and vitamin B(12) malabsorption with marked morphological changes in the mucosa. Lower levels of serum folate and vitamin B(12) were observed in those with protracted diarrhoea, but no anaemia developed. Malabsorption may persist for many months after return to the U.K. Most patients responded initially to antibiotics, but some subsequently relapsed. The reasons why these patients developed tropical sprue are discussed.

Topics: Adult; Asia, Western; Biopsy; Body Weight; Celiac Disease; Diarrhea; Fats; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; India; Intestinal Absorption; Jejunum; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Tetracycline; Travel; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Colectomy; Colon; Diarrhea; Dogs; Ileum; Intestine, Small; Methods; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Appetite; Body Weight; Chickens; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Energy Metabolism; Glucose; Glycine max; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Methionine; Nutritional Requirements; Plant Proteins; Proteins; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Composition; Body Weight; Chickens; Deficiency Diseases; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Energy Metabolism; Glucose; Glycine max; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Methionine; Nutritional Requirements; Plant Proteins; Proteins; Vitamin B 12

1. Methods are described for the extraction, separation by ion-exchange chromatography and estimation by microbiological assay of the folates in sheep liver. 2. Injection of [2-(14)C]-pteroylglutamate into a sheep fed on a stock diet led to extensive labelling of chromatographically separable liver folates. About 12% of the label in the liver could not be extracted by the method used. 3. Liver folates were examined in five ewes fed on restricted amounts of a diet of wheaten hay-chaff and gluten and injected weekly with vitamin B(12). Chromatographic separation was followed by microbiological assay with Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecalis R. and Pediococcus cerevisiae both before and after treatment of fractions with conjugase (gamma-glutamylcarboxypeptidase). Evidence was obtained that the folates present were predominantly polyglutamate forms of tetrahydropteroylglutamate, 5-methyltetrahydropteroylglutamate and 5- (and 10-) formyltetrahydropteroylglutamates. Differences in the responses of the assay organisms permitted quantitative distinction between these three main classes of folates. 4. Methyltetrahydrofolates were eluted in seven successive peaks that were separated by constant increments in the logarithm of eluant [P(i)]. A similar relationship existed for seven successive peaks of tetrahydrofolate and may also have existed for each of the two series of formyltetrahydrofolates. 5. Based on these and other observations it is proposed that sheep liver folates consist predominantly of the mono- to hepta-glutamates of each of the reduced pteroates identified. The methods employed allowed quantitative determinations to be made of most of the folates present. The predominant forms were hexaglutamates. 6. Four components active for L. casei were detected that could not be identified. Three of them were polyglutamates.

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Carboxypeptidases; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Enterococcus faecalis; Female; Folic Acid; Glutamates; Glutens; Kidney; Lactobacillus; Leucovorin; Liver; Pediococcus; Radioisotopes; Sheep; Swine; Tetrahydrofolates; Triticum; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aminopyrine N-Demethylase; Animals; Birth Weight; Body Weight; Diet; Female; Gestational Age; Glucose-6-Phosphatase; Liver; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Rats; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Pressure; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Child; Creatinine; Diatrizoate; Electromyography; Female; Humans; Male; Mathematics; Middle Aged; Molecular Weight; Muscular Atrophy; Nephrectomy; Neural Conduction; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Postoperative Complications; Potassium; Renal Dialysis; Ultrafiltration; Vitamin B 12

Thirteen cases are described of temporary malabsorption in adults presenting after an episode of apparent infective enteritis. Clinical features included diarrohea, anorexia, and weight loss. Investigations indicated diffuse impairment of function in the small bowel, including the ileum, with well-preserved mucosal morphology in the upper jejunum and a tendency to rapid folate depletion. Spontaneous recovery usually occurred within weeks but two cases ran a more prolonged and severe course.The clinical features of this syndrome are those of tropical sprue, but the outcome of the illness is probably influenced by nutritional as well as environmental factors. There may be a gradation of severity of illness from megaloblastic anaemia to florid malabsorption syndrome.

Topics: Adult; Agglutination Tests; Anemia, Macrocytic; Body Weight; Diarrhea; Enteritis; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Folic Acid Deficiency; Humans; Ileum; Intestine, Small; Jejunum; Malabsorption Syndromes; Middle Aged; Sprue, Tropical; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose; Coenzymes; FIGLU Test; Folic Acid; Glutamates; Homocysteine; Liver; Male; Malonates; Methionine; Methyltransferases; Oligopeptides; Rats; Tetrahydrofolates; Tritium; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Acetates; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Creatinine; Diet; Heme; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Levulinic Acids; Male; Nicotinic Acids; Phenylhydrazines; Pyridoxine; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamins

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chromium Isotopes; Cobalt Isotopes; Gastrointestinal Motility; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Jejunum; Male; Rats; Transplantation, Autologous; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia; Biopsy; Body Weight; Celiac Disease; Child; Chromium Isotopes; Crohn Disease; Fatty Acids; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Hypocalcemia; Hypoproteinemia; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Iron; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Proteins; Radiography; Rectum; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Proteins; Food, Fortified; Glycine max; Humans; Liver; Male; Malonates; Methionine; Rats; Sex Factors; Threonine; Tyrosine; Valine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Deficiency Diseases; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hemoglobins; Liver; Male; Nicotinic Acids; Nutritional Requirements; Pantothenic Acid; Pyridoxine; Rats; Riboflavin; Thiamine; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex; Zinc

Topics: Anabolic Agents; Body Weight; Diet Therapy; Drug Therapy, Combination; Emaciation; Humans; Male; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Brain; Carbon Radioisotopes; Cobamides; Diet; Disease Models, Animal; Liver; Malonates; Organ Size; Propionates; Rats; Spleen; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Aged; Ascorbic Acid; Asia; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Calcium; Cholesterol; England; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Male; Nutrition Surveys; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Blood Cell Count; Body Weight; Bone Marrow; Dexamethasone; Female; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Phenylbutazone; Rats; Rheumatic Diseases; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Agar; Anemia; Blind Loop Syndrome; Body Weight; Diet; Escherichia coli; Feces; Female; Gastrectomy; Gastroenterostomy; Hemoglobins; Humans; Indican; Intestine, Small; Iron; Lipids; Male; Peptic Ulcer; Postoperative Complications; Tryptophan; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anemia, Hypochromic; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Bone Diseases; Calcium; Drainage; Dumping Syndrome; Duodenal Ulcer; Female; Folic Acid; Follow-Up Studies; Gastrectomy; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Postoperative Complications; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vagotomy; Vitamin B 12; Vomiting

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Choline; Cobalt; Diet; Fatty Liver; Female; Hemorrhage; Inositol; Lipids; Liver; Methionine; Poultry Diseases; Selenium; Syndrome; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E

Topics: Adult; Aminohippuric Acids; Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Blood Cell Count; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Cellulose; Child; Creatinine; Dogs; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Mathematics; Membranes, Artificial; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Permeability; Phosphates; Renal Dialysis; Sulfobromophthalein; Ultrafiltration; Uric Acid; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aging; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Creatinine; Deficiency Diseases; FIGLU Test; Germ-Free Life; Glutamates; Imidazoles; Intestines; Male; Malonates; Methionine; Rats; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

The effect of partial pancreatectomy (80-90%) on vitamin B(12) absorption was studied in the rat. The absorption of 5 ng of (57)Co-labeled vitamin B(12) was significantly reduced from 70 +/-2.5% (mean +/-SE) in control and sham-operated rats to 32 +/-2.6% in partially pancreatectomized rats. Hog pancreatic extract (0.17 g/kg) improved vitamin B(12) absorption from 30.0 to 61.0% in partially pancreatectomized rats but did not alter vitamin B(12) absorption in control rats. Chloramphenicol did not enhance vitamin B(12) absorption in partially pancreatectomized rats with pancreatic extract-improved vitamin B(12) malabsorption. The partially pancreatectomized rats with pancreatic extract-improved vitamin B(12) malabsorption were sacrificed and the stomach and small bowel studied in vitro to further define the pathogenesis of the vitamin B(12) malabsorption. Rat gastric intrinsic factor stimulated vitamin B(12) uptake by intestinal sacs prepared from partially pancreatectomized rats 3.1-fold. Gastric intrinsic factor prepared from partially pancreatectomized rats was as effective in promoting vitamin B(12) uptake by rat intestinal sacs as intrinsic factor prepared from control rats. These data indicate that partially pancreatectomized rats develop an abnormality in the absorption of labeled vitamin B(12) which can be corrected by pancreatic extract. The vitamin B(12) malabsorption is due to neither an alteration in gastric intrinsic factor activity nor an impairment of the intrinsic factor-vitamin B(12) receptor in the intestine. It is suggested that in the partially pancreatectomized rats the intrinsic factor-vitamin B(12) complex exists in a form which is not available for absorption.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chloramphenicol; Cobalt Isotopes; Disease Models, Animal; Gastric Mucosa; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Intrinsic Factor; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Pancreas; Pancreatectomy; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biopsy; Body Weight; Carotenoids; Cholesterol; Female; Folic Acid; Follow-Up Studies; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Intestines; Iron; Male; Puerto Rico; Serum Albumin; Sprue, Tropical; Sulfathiazoles; Tetracycline; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Body Weight; Copper; Female; Ferritins; Fetus; Folic Acid; Gestational Age; Humans; Iron; Liver; Nitrogen; Organ Size; Pregnancy; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Water

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Animal Feed; Animals; Body Weight; Cholestyramine Resin; Depression, Chemical; Diet; Duodenum; Female; Folic Acid; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Liver; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Spleen; Statistics as Topic; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Blood Proteins; Blood Sedimentation; Body Height; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Cholesterol; Densitometry; Diet; Diet, Vegetarian; Female; Fingers; Folic Acid; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoporosis; Phosphates; Radiography; Urea; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anemia; Asthenia; Body Weight; Cachexia; Chronic Disease; Cytidine; Diabetes Complications; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Liver Diseases; Liver Extracts; Male; Middle Aged; Nucleosides; Uridine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Intrinsic Factor; Jejunum; Male; Rats; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Amino Acids; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Coenzymes; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Body Weight; Diet Therapy; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Malonates; Metabolism, Inborn Errors; Proteins; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amino Acids; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Bilirubin; Body Weight; Chronic Disease; Citric Acid Cycle; Drug Combinations; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Liver Diseases; Liver Extracts; Male; Middle Aged; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Administration, Oral; Body Weight; Cobamides; Coenzymes; Drug Tolerance; Growth; Humans; Infant Nutrition Disorders; Infant, Newborn; Jaundice, Neonatal; Organometallic Compounds; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Anabolic Agents; Androstanes; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Coenzymes; Cyclopentanes; Female; Genitalia; Humans; Ketosteroids; Male; Sex Characteristics; Skinfold Thickness; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Bile Acids and Salts; Body Weight; Celiac Disease; Crohn Disease; Diarrhea; Diet Therapy; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Humans; Hypoproteinemia; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Jejunum; Lipid Metabolism; Nutrition Disorders; Serum Albumin; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Chickens; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Liver; Polyribosomes; Protein Biosynthesis; Rats; Ribosomes; Species Specificity; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Chlortetracycline; Choline; Dietary Fats; Drug Combinations; Fatty Liver; Folic Acid; Inositol; Lipids; Lipotropic Agents; Liver; Liver Extracts; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Amino Acids; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Arginine; Betaine; Body Weight; Chickens; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Creatine; Cystine; Deficiency Diseases; Depression, Chemical; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Glycine; Glycine max; Guanidines; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Methionine; Muscles; Ornithine; Stimulation, Chemical; Urea; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency; Zea mays

Topics: Blood Cell Count; Body Weight; Digestion; Gastrectomy; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestines; Iodine Radioisotopes; Oleic Acids; Serum Albumin; Serum Albumin, Radio-Iodinated; Triolein; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Amino Acids; Anemia, Hemolytic; Animals; Blood Cell Count; Blood Platelets; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Caseins; Diet; Erythrocytes; Folic Acid; Germ-Free Life; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Intestines; Leukocytes; Minerals; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Pancreatic Diseases; Rats; Reticulocytes; Solutions; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E; Vitamins

Topics: Aged; Body Height; Body Weight; Dental Health Surveys; Dentition; Eating; Female; Folic Acid; Geriatric Dentistry; Hematocrit; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Male; Mastication; Nutrition Surveys; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Psychological Tests; Skinfold Thickness; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anabolic Agents; Androstanes; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Coenzymes; Humans; Infant; Proteins; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Choline; Cysteine; Drug Synergism; FIGLU Test; Flour; Glutamates; Glycine max; Hot Temperature; Liver; Male; Malonates; Methionine; Propionates; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Appetite; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anabolic Agents; Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Body Weight; Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning; Drug Synergism; Female; Guinea Pigs; Injections, Subcutaneous; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Nicotinic Acids; Organ Size; Prednisone; Sex Factors; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Gastrointestinal Motility; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Ileum; Intestinal Absorption; Jejunum; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Body Weight; Brain Diseases; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Folic Acid; Humans; Hypoglycemia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Intellectual Disability; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Radiography; Stomach; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anemia, Hypochromic; Body Weight; Calcium; Duodenal Ulcer; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gastroenterostomy; Hemoglobins; Humans; Male; Metabolism; Middle Aged; Osteomalacia; Sex Factors; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vagotomy; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Biological Assay; Body Weight; Depression, Chemical; Diet; Enterococcus faecalis; Feces; Folic Acid; Germ-Free Life; Glutamates; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Lactobacillus; Liver; Male; Rats; Stimulation, Chemical; Time Factors; Transferases; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Intestinal Absorption; Liver; Nutritional Requirements; Rumen; Sheep; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Basal Metabolism; Body Weight; Carbon Dioxide; Cobalt; Diet; Digestion; Feces; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Injections; Methane; Nitrogen; Oxygen Consumption; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Asthenia; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Coenzymes; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Metabolism; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Albumins; Antibodies; Body Weight; Dietary Fats; Feces; Female; Glucose; Glutens; Histamine; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunum; Lactoglobulins; Lactose; Magnesium; Malabsorption Syndromes; Mast Cells; Middle Aged; Urticaria Pigmentosa; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bilirubin; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Central Nervous System; Cholesterol; Coronary Disease; Diet, Vegetarian; Dietary Proteins; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Sex Factors; Smoking; Time Factors; Urea; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Body Weight; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Colon; Diarrhea; Digestive System Surgical Procedures; Electrolytes; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Ileum; Jejunum; Lipid Metabolism; Liver Diseases; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Methods; Obesity; Postoperative Complications; Preoperative Care; Proteins; Prothrombin; Stomach; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Crohn Disease; Diarrhea; Diet Therapy; Feces; Female; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Lipid Metabolism; Liver Function Tests; Male; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Glycine max; Kidney; Liver; Male; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Deficiency

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Biological Assay; Biological Products; Blood; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Calcium; Chlorides; Dairy Products; Female; Kidney; Lactobacillus; Lipids; Liver; Magnesium; Minerals; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Organ Size; Phosphates; Potassium; Rats; Saccharomyces; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Anabolic Agents; Body Weight; Calorimetry; Chronic Disease; Depression, Chemical; Diet Therapy; Feces; Food Analysis; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Liver Diseases; Nitrogen; Prednisone; Proteins; Pyridoxine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Benzimidazoles; Body Weight; Chickens; Diet; Growth; Liver; Organ Size; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Burns; Folic Acid; Liver; Male; Mice; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cattle; Growth; Mice; Propionibacterium; Rumen; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; FIGLU Test; Flour; Glutathione; Glutathione Reductase; Glycine max; Histidine; Kidney; Liver; Malonates; Methionine; Nutritional Requirements; Propionates; Rats; Sulfates; Vitamin B 12

The concentrations of CoA in the livers of severely vitamin B(12)-deficient ewes were about 2.6 times those in pair-fed animals treated with vitamin B(12). When the feeding rates of the pair-fed animals were closely similar, the concentrations of methylmalonic acid in deficient livers were about twice those in vitamin B(12)-sufficient livers. The molar concentrations of CoA present were more than three times those of methylmalonic acid in both deficient and treated animals, and it is concluded that the elevated concentrations of CoA in the deficient livers were not primarily due to accumulation of methylmalonyl-CoA.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Carbon Isotopes; Cobalt; Coenzyme A; Deficiency Diseases; Diet; Female; Liver; Malonates; Organ Size; Radioisotope Dilution Technique; Sheep; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Citrates; Copper; Dyspepsia; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Iron; Manganese; Nucleotides; Respiratory Tract Infections; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Alcoholism; Body Weight; Coenzymes; Deficiency Diseases; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aniline Compounds; Biopsy; Body Weight; Bone Marrow Cells; Feces; Folic Acid; Guanidines; Hemoglobins; Humans; Jejunum; Lipids; Puerto Rico; Sprue, Tropical; Succinates; Sulfaguanidine; Sulfathiazoles; Sulfonamides; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Adult; Aged; Biopsy; Body Weight; Folic Acid; Hemoglobins; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Jejunum; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Serum Albumin; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Animals; Biotin; Body Weight; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Isotopes; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Coenzyme A; Dietary Fats; Female; Linoleic Acids; Male; Malonates; Mitochondria, Muscle; Muscles; Myocardium; Oils; Palmitic Acids; Rats; Succinates; Vitamin B 12; Zea mays

Topics: Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Lipids; Metformin; Obesity; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Deficiency; Gastrectomy; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Middle Aged; Postgastrectomy Syndromes; Radiography; Vagotomy; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Weight; Duodenal Ulcer; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Gastroenterostomy; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Iron; Jejunum; Male; Middle Aged; Vagotomy; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Anemia; Autoanalysis; Blood Cell Count; Blood Proteins; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Chlorides; Fasting; Female; Headache; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Humans; Hypokalemia; Hyponatremia; Ketone Bodies; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Nausea; Obesity; Time Factors; Uric Acid; Vitamin B 12; Vitamins; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Albuminuria; Anemia, Macrocytic; Body Height; Body Weight; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Proteinuria; Schilling Test; Thrombocytopenia; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Amylases; Body Weight; Diarrhea; Digestive System; Gastrectomy; Glucose Tolerance Test; Hemoglobins; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Lipase; Malabsorption Syndromes; Pancreas; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aflatoxins; Animals; Autoradiography; Body Weight; Choline; Diet; DNA; Hyperplasia; Kidney; Lipids; Lipotropic Agents; Liver; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Methionine; Rats; Thymidine; Tritium; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Aged; Anemia, Pernicious; Autoantibodies; Body Height; Body Weight; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gastric Acidity Determination; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Gastritis; Histamine; Humans; Intrinsic Factor; Iron; Ischemia; Male; Middle Aged; Peptic Ulcer; Polycythemia Vera; Stomach Ulcer; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cats; Colonic Diseases; Dogs; Haplorhini; Humans; Ileocecal Valve; Intestinal Absorption; Muscle, Smooth; Parasympathomimetics; Sympathomimetics; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Calcium; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Codeine; Fats; Gastric Juice; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Magnesium; Magnesium Oxide; Male; Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion; Minerals; Proteins; Serum Albumin; Vitamin B 12; Vitamins

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anorexia Nervosa; Blood; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Cobamides; Coenzymes; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Liver Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Choline; Creatine; Creatine Kinase; Creatinine; Folic Acid; Hemoglobins; Hemolysis; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Injections, Intramuscular; Malonates; Reticulocytes; Serum Albumin; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Body Height; Body Weight; Calcium, Dietary; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Stability; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Iron; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Pregnancy; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin E; Vitamins

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Body Weight; Centrifugation; Dietary Proteins; Gastric Acidity Determination; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Male; Nicotinic Acids; Protein Deficiency; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Deficiency

Topics: Anemia, Hypochromic; Avitaminosis; Body Weight; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Diarrhea; Disaccharides; Edema; Feces; Folic Acid; Glucose; Humans; Hypocalcemia; Hypokalemia; Hypoproteinemia; Intestinal Absorption; Intestine, Small; Iron; Malabsorption Syndromes; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin K; Xylose

Topics: Anemia, Macrocytic; Anemia, Pernicious; Body Height; Body Weight; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Diet Therapy; Female; Genes, Recessive; Growth; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intellectual Disability; Intelligence Tests; Intrinsic Factor; Male; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Body Weight; Chlortetracycline; Cholesterol; Choline Deficiency; Cystine; Diet; Feces; Germ-Free Life; Hematocrit; Kidney Diseases; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Neomycin; Rats; Stimulation, Chemical; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anabolic Agents; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Proteins; Erythropoiesis; Female; Gastrectomy; Humans; Iron; Male; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Child; Cholesterol; Cobalt Isotopes; Deficiency Diseases; Diarrhea; Folic Acid; Haiti; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Iron; Jejunum; Malabsorption Syndromes; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Protein Deficiency; Rural Health; Serum Albumin; Sprue, Tropical; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt; Coccidiosis; Hemoglobinometry; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Leukocyte Count; Liver; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Strongyloidiasis; Trichostrongyloidiasis; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chickens; Coenzymes; Growth; Hydroxocobalamin; Liver; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Anemia; Animals; Body Weight; Congenital Abnormalities; Diet; Female; Germ-Free Life; Kidney; Liver; Pregnancy; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Benzimidazoles; Body Weight; Chickens; Cobalt; Growth; Male; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Blood Volume Determination; Body Weight; Gastric Acidity Determination; Gastric Juice; Oxygen Consumption; Rats; Secretory Rate; Stomach; Thyroid Gland; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt Isotopes; Diet; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Ethanol; Feces; Female; Growth; Guinea Pigs; Male; Rats; Skin Absorption; Vitamin B 12; Water

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Eating; Erythromycin; Feces; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Intestine, Large; Intestine, Small; Liver; Male; Malonates; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Rats; Streptomycin; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Body Weight; Choline; Choline Deficiency; Diet; FIGLU Test; Folic Acid; Growth; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Kidney; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Methionine; Organ Size; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Deficiency

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Body Weight; Choline; Cystine; Diet; Fatty Liver; Growth; Homocystine; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Male; Methionine; Organ Size; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Drug Tolerance; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Hyperkinesis; Male; Middle Aged; Niacinamide; Parkinson Disease; Pulse; Pyridoxine; Testosterone; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Proteins; Endocrine Glands; Growth; Hormones; Male; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Blood Group Antigens; Body Weight; Gastric Juice; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Rats; Saliva; Temperature; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Anorexia Nervosa; Body Weight; Child, Preschool; Cobalt; Coenzymes; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Female; Humans; Imidazoles; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Proteins; Rabbits; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Body Weight; Calcium; Duodenal Ulcer; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Iron; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Phosphates; Statistics as Topic; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Amylases; Body Weight; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Child, Preschool; Folic Acid; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Lipase; Nutrition Disorders; Pancreatic Juice; Trypsin; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Birth Weight; Blood Cell Count; Body Weight; Coenzymes; Female; Gestational Age; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Time Factors; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chloramphenicol; Cobalt Isotopes; Male; Penicillin G Procaine; Rats; Streptomycin; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Australia; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Cobalt; Copper; Deficiency Diseases; Heart; Kidney; Liver; Male; Minerals; Muscles; Myocardium; Protein Deficiency; Selenium; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Thyroid Gland; Vitamin B 12; Wool

Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Body Weight; Fats; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans; Intestine, Small; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Proteins; Rats; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Ascorbic Acid; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Female; Flavonoids; Folic Acid; Hydroxocobalamin; Islets of Langerhans; Male; Niacinamide; Organ Size; ortho-Aminobenzoates; Pyridoxine; Rats; Thiamine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cobalt Isotopes; Leukocyte Count; Liver Extracts; Niacinamide; Rats; Sarcoma, Experimental; Spleen; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Diet; Folic Acid; Liver; Organ Size; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Zea mays

Topics: Adult; Body Weight; Folic Acid; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Malabsorption Syndromes; Pakistan; Social Conditions; Tetracycline; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Fats; Gastric Mucins; Hemoglobinometry; Hexosamines; Hypothermia, Induced; In Vitro Techniques; Intestinal Absorption; Iron; Rats; Secretory Rate; Stomach; Vitamin B 12; Xylose

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Body Weight; Diethylstilbestrol; Female; Heart; Kidney; Liver; Male; Organ Size; Ovary; Pituitary Gland; Rats; Seminal Vesicles; Spleen; Testis; Thyroid Gland; Uterus; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Caseins; FIGLU Test; Folic Acid; Formates; Methionine; Rats; Thyroxine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Biological Assay; Blood Cell Count; Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Cobalt; Diet; Feces; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Kidney; Liver; Pharmacology; Rabbits; Research; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Topics: Body Weight; Choline; Dietary Fats; Folic Acid; Leucovorin; Lipotropic Agents; Liver; Organ Size; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamins

Topics: Altitude; Anemia; Anemia, Hypochromic; Blood Cell Count; Blood Platelets; Body Height; Body Weight; Dextrans; Diet; Folic Acid; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Japan; Occupations; Periodicity; Reference Values; Reticulocytes; Seasons; Sex; Sports; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Body Weight; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Body Weight; Diaphragm; Female; Humans; Intestinal Fistula; Intestine, Small; Intestines; Liver; Malabsorption Syndromes; Middle Aged; Radiography; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Blood Chemical Analysis; Body Weight; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cobalt Isotopes; Duodenal Ulcer; Feces; Gastric Bypass; Gastroenterostomy; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Intestines; Iron; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Nutritional Sciences; Vagotomy; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Body Weight; Corrinoids; Emaciation; Geriatrics; Hematinics; Inositol; Lysine; Vitamin B 12

This series presents further evidence for an association between reticulosis of the intestine and steatorrhoea. Although some patients have a definite past history of gluten enteropathy, it seems likely that in certain patients the reticulosis itself is the primary cause of the steatorrhoea.

Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Blood Transfusion; Body Weight; Bone Marrow Examination; Celiac Disease; Diet; Diet Therapy; Fats; Feces; Folic Acid; Humans; Intestinal Neoplasms; Intestinal Perforation; Intestine, Small; Iron; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Nandrolone; Neomycin; Neoplasms; Pathology; Prednisone; Sarcoma; Steatorrhea; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Vitamin A; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex; Vitamins; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Alkylation; Biotin; Body Weight; Growth; Liver; Metabolism; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Transferases; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Mice; Pharmacology; Radiation Injuries; Radiation Injuries, Experimental; Radiation-Protective Agents; Research; Vitamin B 12; Whole-Body Irradiation

Topics: Appetite; Body Weight; Cobalt; Copper; Corrinoids; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy; Geriatrics; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Iron; Liver Extracts; Lung Neoplasms; Lysine; Manganese; Tissue Extracts; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Anatomy; Androgens; Animals; Body Weight; Corrinoids; Cortisone; Incidence; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Mice; Myocardium; Necrosis; Pericarditis; Testosterone; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Animals; Blood; Body Weight; Diet; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Rats; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Body Weight; Cattle; Molecular Weight; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Body Weight; Choline; Diet; Eggs; Food; Methionine; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Body Weight; Corrinoids; Humans; Malnutrition; Nutrition Disorders; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Child; Corrinoids; Pediatrics; Penicillins; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Body Weight; Convalescence; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Body Weight; Child; Corrinoids; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Growth; Humans; Infant; Pediatrics; Vitamin B 12

Topics: Body Weight; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B Complex

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Body Weight; Liver; Rats; Thymus Gland; Thyroid Gland; Vitamin B 12