virginiamycin and Urinary-Tract-Infections

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci is a worldwide threat not only in hospitals, but also in communities. Community-acquired infections play an important role in spreading VRE because the use of avoparcin, an antimicrobial growth promoter in food animals, is strongly suggested to cause the emergence of VRE. In particular, chickens imported into Japan have been reported to be highly contaminated with VRE, and this may be a key issue in the prevalence of VRE. Nosocomial VRE infections have become a serious problem in immuno-compromised patients throughout the world, and many VREs have been isolated in Japan in the last few years; however, fortunately, nosocomial outbreaks are still rare. VRE can survive for weeks in hospital environments, which makes infection control difficult and complicated, and strains of VRE resistant to almost all antimicrobial agents are a real threat. In outbreaks of VRE, prudent antimicrobial use and prompt effective infection control are important.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Bacteremia; Community-Acquired Infections; Cross Infection; Drug Therapy, Combination; Enterococcus; Gentamicins; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Risk Factors; Urinary Tract Infections; Vancomycin Resistance; Virginiamycin

The comparative study of 44 isolates of Corynebacterium group D2, from urine, most frequently, shows the pathogenic role of these bacteria in urinary tract infection, with or without urinary stones. These microorganisms have an opportunistic behaviour in other non-urinary sites, and become pathogen in immunosuppressed conditions. The rapid tests as urease, glucose acidification, nitrate reductase, associated with multiple resistance to antibiotics (beta-lactams and aminosides) identify easily Corynebacterium group D2, from 48 h cultures under CO2 conditions. The results of MIC determination of 10 antibiotics, show the high activity (100% sensitivity) of vancomycin and pristinamycin, with MIC modes, respectively, 0.5 and 0.03 mg/l. These antibiotics are the most useful for the treatment of non-urinary infections. Among quinolones, the most active agents are ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin (MIC modes: 4 and 2 mg/l), so these antimicrobials could be used for the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by Corynebacterium group D2.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Corynebacterium; Corynebacterium Infections; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enoxacin; Female; Humans; Male; Naphthyridines; Norfloxacin; Ofloxacin; Oxazines; Peptides, Cyclic; Pipemidic Acid; Rifampin; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance; Urinary Tract Infections; Vancomycin; Virginiamycin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Chronic Disease; Drug Evaluation; Female; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Regression Analysis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Urinary Tract Infections; Virginiamycin