virginiamycin and Acute-Disease

Four newer antibiotics are available to treat gram-positive bacterial infections that are resistant to traditional antibiotics and to vancomycin. They should preferably be used with the help of an infectious-disease consultant: specific therapy should be chosen on the basis of the bacteria involved, the site of infection, whether the patient has kidney or liver disease, other medications the patient is taking, and side effects that develop.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Daptomycin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Middle Aged; Vancomycin; Virginiamycin

TWO MAIN GERMS: The risk of severe complications of acute bacterial sinusitis warrants empirical antibiotic therapy targeted against the two main causal agents: S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae.. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized multicentric study conducted with two treatment arms including 310 patients has demonstrated that pristinamycin, 2 g/d for 8 days, has a clinical efficacy equivalent to cefuroxime axetil, 500 mg/d.. Pristinamycin is an interesting alternative to beta-lactams for the first intention treatment of purulent acute sinusitis in adults. Its efficacy against penicillin-resistant pneumococci and H. influenzae is a further reason for its use in case of failure after conventional treatments.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Age Factors; Ambulatory Care; Female; Humans; Male; Placebos; Sinusitis; Treatment Outcome; Virginiamycin

TREATMENT OF SINUSITIS: For both acute rhinosinusitis in patients with no past history where S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae are the main causal agents, or recurrent sinusitis in a chronic background where anaerobic bacteria are increasingly implicated, pristinamycin is one of the rare compounds which can be expected to be effective and is a treatment of choice for an empirical strategy. LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS: Besides high-risk subjects with non-microbiologically proven bronchial infection, where enterobacteriaceae could involve a pristinamycin is a useful alternative to the conventional strategy (i.e.: amoxicillin, macrolides and cotrimoxazole) in the treatment of LRT infection.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Amoxicillin; Bronchial Diseases; Bronchitis; Female; Humans; Macrolides; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinitis; Sinusitis; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Virginiamycin

Acute laminitis has been associated with the overgrowth of gram-positive bacteria within the equine hindgut, causing the release of factor(s) leading to ischemia-reperfusion of the digits. The products of fermentation which trigger acute laminitis are, as yet, unknown; however, vasoactive amines are possible candidates. The objectives of this study were to use an in vitro model of carbohydrate overload to study the change in populations of cecal streptococci and lactobacilli and to establish whether certain species of these bacteria were capable of producing vasoactive amines from amino acids. Cecal contents from 10 horses were divided into aliquots and incubated anaerobically with either corn starch or inulin (fructan; both at 1 g/100 ml). Samples were taken at 6-h intervals over a 24-h period for enumeration of streptococci, lactobacilli, and gram-negative anaerobes by a dilution method onto standard selective growth media. The effects of the antibiotic virginiamycin (1 mg/100 ml) and calcium hydrogen phosphate (CaHPO(4); 0.3 g/100 ml) were also examined. Fermentation of excess carbohydrate was associated with increases in numbers of streptococci and lactobacilli (2- to 3.5-log unit increases; inhibited by virginiamycin) but numbers of gram-negative anaerobes were not significantly affected. A screening agar technique followed by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis enabled the identification of 26 different bacterial strains capable of producing one or more vasoactive amines. These included members of the species Streptococcus bovis and five different Lactobacillus spp. These data suggest that certain bacteria, whose overgrowth is associated with carbohydrate fermentation, are capable of producing vasoactive amines which may play a role in the pathogenesis of acute laminitis.

Topics: Acute Disease; Amines; Animal Feed; Animals; Bacteria; Calcium Phosphates; Cecum; Colony Count, Microbial; Dietary Carbohydrates; Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria; Horse Diseases; Horses; Lactobacillus; Reperfusion Injury; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Streptococcus; Virginiamycin

Acute laminitis can be induced experimentally in horses by the administration of carbohydrate, resulting in fermentation within the cecum and ischemia-reperfusion of the digits. The products of fermentation that trigger acute laminitis are as yet unknown; however, compounds such as amines might play a role due to their potential vasoactive properties. The objectives of this study were to quantify the amines present in equine cecal contents and to use a model of carbohydrate overload in vitro to test the hypothesis that carbohydrate fermentation is associated with increased amine production. Cecal contents from each horse were divided into aliquots and incubated anaerobically with either cornstarch or inulin (a form of fructan carbohydrate; both 1 g/100 mL). The pH was measured and samples were taken at the same time for amine measurement by HPLC at 2-h intervals over a 24-h period. In a second set of experiments, the effects of the antibiotic virginiamycin (1 mg/100 mL), calcium (CaPO4; 0.3 g/100 mL), and plant steroidal saponin (Yucca schidigera extract; 0.1 g/100 mL) were examined on pH and amine concentrations in cecal contents incubated with starch or inulin. Both starch and inulin caused significant time-dependent falls in pH, from 6.7 +/- 0.1 at 0 h to 5.2 +/- 0.1 (starch) and 5.0 +/- 0.1 (inulin) at 24 h. Fermentation of carbohydrate was also associated with increased production of phenylethylamine and isoamylamine (two- to threefold increases) as well as putrescine and cadaverine (1.5- to twofold increases). Virginiamycin inhibited the fall in pH and increases in production of phenylethylamine and isoamylamine, while calcium phosphate moderated the changes in pH only. Yucca schidigera extract was without effect. These data show that fermentation of carbohydrate by equine cecal microbiota may lead to increased production of amines.

Topics: Acute Disease; Amines; Animal Feed; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Calcium Phosphates; Cecum; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dietary Carbohydrates; Fermentation; Foot Diseases; Hoof and Claw; Horse Diseases; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Inflammation; Lameness, Animal; Time Factors; Virginiamycin

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diarrhea; Ear Diseases; Female; Hemorrhage; Humans; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Rectal Diseases; Virginiamycin

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium Infections; Colitis, Ulcerative; Female; Humans; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Middle Aged; Virginiamycin

Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Colitis, Ulcerative; Foot Diseases; Humans; Male; Virginiamycin; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cheek; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Ear Diseases; Ear, External; Facial Dermatoses; Female; Humans; Skin Tests; Virginiamycin

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chronic Disease; Dexamethasone; Ear Canal; Eczema; Humans; Otitis; Otitis Externa; Polymyxins; Virginiamycin