verlukast and Neoplasm-Metastasis

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its primary enzymatic product, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), are associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. In order to elucidate the factors contributing to intratumoral PGE2 levels, we evaluated the expression of COX-2/PGE2 pathway members MRP4, the prostaglandin transporter PGT, 15-PGDH (PGE2 metabolism), the prostaglandin E receptor EP4, COX-1, and COX-2 in normal, luminal, and basal breast cancer cell lines. The pattern of protein expression varied by cell line reflecting breast cancer heterogeneity. Overall, basal cell lines expressed higher COX-2, higher MRP4, lower PGT, and lower 15-PGDH than luminal cell lines resulting in higher PGE2 in the extracellular environment. Genetic or pharmacologic suppression of MRP4 expression or activity in basal cell lines led to less extracellular PGE2. The key finding is that xenografts derived from a basal breast cancer cell line with stably suppressed MRP4 expression showed a marked decrease in spontaneous metastasis compared to cells with unaltered MRP4 expression. Growth properties of primary tumors were not altered by MRP4 manipulation. In addition to the well-established role of high COX-2 in promoting metastasis, these data identify an additional mechanism to achieve high PGE2 in the tumor microenvironment; high MRP4, low PGT, and low 15-PGDH. MRP4 should be examined further as a potential therapeutic target in basal breast cancer.

Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Biological Transport; Cell Movement; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Dinoprostone; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases; MCF-7 Cells; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, SCID; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins; Neoplasm Metastasis; Organic Anion Transporters; Propionates; Quinazolines; Quinolines; Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype; RNA Interference; Signal Transduction; Time Factors; Transfection; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment; Tyrphostins