verapamil and Bradyarrhythmia studies

Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.
verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"While verapamil has been proposed as a treatment for reducing electrophysiological remodeling due to atrial fibrillation and atrial tachyarrhythmias, no previous study has tested its effects in brady-tachy patients implanted with a dual-chamber pacemaker."	9.11	A controlled study on the effect of verapamil on atrial tachycaarrhythmias in patients with brady-tachy syndrome implanted with a DDDR pacemaker. ( Bertaglia, E; Biffi, M; Boriani, G; Branzi, A; Carboni, A; Latini, R; Martignani, C; Sciotto, F, 2005)
"If tolerated, continuous intravenous verapamil infusion showed only a modest prophylactic efficacy for the occurrence of atrial fibrillation after lung operations."	9.08	Verapamil as prophylactic treatment for atrial fibrillation after lung operations. ( Demedts, M; Demuynck, K; Deneffe, G; Lacquet, L; Tits, G; Tjandra-Maga, T; Van Mieghem, W, 1996)
"The antihypertensive effect and possible adverse effects of verapamil were assessed in 30 Thai patients with mild to moderate hypertension."	9.06	A multicenter study of verapamil in systemic hypertension in Thailand. ( Intharakoses, A; Jeam-Anukulkit, N; Ngarmukos, P; Nontakanun, S; Polsi, Y; Sansanayudth, P; Sitthisook, S; Sriratanaban, A; Tanprasert, P, 1986)
" Medical history was notable for hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, type 2 diabetes, and a recently diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection for which she was prescribed ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) two days before the presentation."	8.31	Pharmacokinetic interaction between verapamil and ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir: implications for the management of COVID-19 in patients with hypertension. ( Haque, OI; Hussain, S; Mahar, S; Sloane, P, 2023)
" We herein report an elderly patient with CKD who suffered bradycardia shock after the combined use of carteolol eye drops and verapamil for glaucoma and paroxysmal AF."	8.02	Bradycardia Shock Caused by the Combined Use of Carteolol Eye Drops and Verapamil in an Elderly Patient with Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Kidney Disease. ( Akutsu, N; Arai, R; Fukamachi, D; Monden, M; Murata, N; Okumura, Y, 2021)
"The present study evaluated the efficacy of intracoronary administration of verapamil to attenuate the no-reflow phenomenon following the primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with the ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI)."	7.79	Verapamil reverses myocardial no-reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. ( Fu, Q; Huang, YJ; Jiang, SZ; Lu, W; Wang, HB; Wang, LG; Wang, YJ; Wu, Q, 2013)
"Renal failure patients with baseline mild hyperkalaemia are particularly liable to bradyarrhythmias with SR verapamil."	7.78	Junctional bradycardia with verapamil in renal failure--care required even with mild hyperkalaemia. ( Al-Mutairi, S; Aldabie, G; El Sayed, A; Hegazi, MO, 2012)
"The failure of the maximum tolerated dosage to improve seizure control in dogs with phenobarbital-resistant epilepsy argues against the suitability of verapamil add-on treatment to overcome pharmacoresistance."	7.77	Add-on treatment with verapamil in pharmacoresistant canine epilepsy. ( Jambroszyk, M; Potschka, H; Tipold, A, 2011)
"We present a case report describing an interaction between topical timolol maleate, verapamil, and flecainide resulting in symptomatic bradycardia."	7.71	Symptomatic bradycardia secondary to interaction between topical timolol maleate, verapamil, and flecainide: a case report. ( Herd, A; Minish, T, 2002)
"A 65-years-old female patient in chronic use of verapamil who developed bradyarrhythmia and hypotension reverted by endovenous calcium gluconate."	7.69	[Sinus bradycardia with junctional rhythm escape reverted with calcium gluconate]. ( Besen, D; de Brito, FS; de Cleva, R; Gontow, N, 1994)
" Common factors were hyperkalemia and verapamil therapy."	7.68	Effect of hyperkalemia on experimental myocardial depression by verapamil. ( Jolly, SR; Keaton, N; Movahed, A; Reeves, WC; Rose, GC, 1991)
" A long-term, open clinical trial of verapamil therapy was conducted in ninety-three patients with coronary artery disease, selected on the basis of having stable angina pectoris and of being unsuitable for treatment with beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs."	7.66	Verapamil in the long-term treatment of angina pectoris. ( Raftos, J, 1982)
" Long-term use of verapamil has contributed to better control of clinical symptomatology."	5.28	Prinzmetal angina. Multifocal ischemia, recurrent AV block, and bradycardia with patent coronary arteries responsive to verapamil. ( Haywood, LJ; Venkataramen, K, 1991)
"While verapamil has been proposed as a treatment for reducing electrophysiological remodeling due to atrial fibrillation and atrial tachyarrhythmias, no previous study has tested its effects in brady-tachy patients implanted with a dual-chamber pacemaker."	5.11	A controlled study on the effect of verapamil on atrial tachycaarrhythmias in patients with brady-tachy syndrome implanted with a DDDR pacemaker. ( Bertaglia, E; Biffi, M; Boriani, G; Branzi, A; Carboni, A; Latini, R; Martignani, C; Sciotto, F, 2005)
"If tolerated, continuous intravenous verapamil infusion showed only a modest prophylactic efficacy for the occurrence of atrial fibrillation after lung operations."	5.08	Verapamil as prophylactic treatment for atrial fibrillation after lung operations. ( Demedts, M; Demuynck, K; Deneffe, G; Lacquet, L; Tits, G; Tjandra-Maga, T; Van Mieghem, W, 1996)
"Toxicities included hypotension, asymptomatic bradycardia, and mild atrioventricular conduction delays, although one patient had dexverapamil discontinued for grade IV congestive heart failure."	5.08	Phase I/II trial of dexverapamil plus vinblastine for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. ( Cordon-Cardo, C; Fischer, P; Lianes, P; Lyn, P; Motzer, RJ; Ngo, RL; O'Brien, JP, 1995)
"The antihypertensive effect and possible adverse effects of verapamil were assessed in 30 Thai patients with mild to moderate hypertension."	5.06	A multicenter study of verapamil in systemic hypertension in Thailand. ( Intharakoses, A; Jeam-Anukulkit, N; Ngarmukos, P; Nontakanun, S; Polsi, Y; Sansanayudth, P; Sitthisook, S; Sriratanaban, A; Tanprasert, P, 1986)
" Medical history was notable for hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, type 2 diabetes, and a recently diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection for which she was prescribed ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir (Paxlovid) two days before the presentation."	4.31	Pharmacokinetic interaction between verapamil and ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir: implications for the management of COVID-19 in patients with hypertension. ( Haque, OI; Hussain, S; Mahar, S; Sloane, P, 2023)
" We herein report an elderly patient with CKD who suffered bradycardia shock after the combined use of carteolol eye drops and verapamil for glaucoma and paroxysmal AF."	4.02	Bradycardia Shock Caused by the Combined Use of Carteolol Eye Drops and Verapamil in an Elderly Patient with Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Kidney Disease. ( Akutsu, N; Arai, R; Fukamachi, D; Monden, M; Murata, N; Okumura, Y, 2021)
"BackgroundIn the clinical setting, verapamil is contraindicated in neonates and infants, because of the perceived risk of hypotension or bradyarrhythmia."	3.88	Postnatal developmental changes in the sensitivity of L-type Ca ( Ding, WG; Hoshino, S; Maruo, Y; Matsuura, H; Nakagawa, M; Omatsu-Kanbe, M; Sagawa, H; Yoshioka, K, 2018)
"The present study evaluated the efficacy of intracoronary administration of verapamil to attenuate the no-reflow phenomenon following the primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with the ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI)."	3.79	Verapamil reverses myocardial no-reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. ( Fu, Q; Huang, YJ; Jiang, SZ; Lu, W; Wang, HB; Wang, LG; Wang, YJ; Wu, Q, 2013)
"Renal failure patients with baseline mild hyperkalaemia are particularly liable to bradyarrhythmias with SR verapamil."	3.78	Junctional bradycardia with verapamil in renal failure--care required even with mild hyperkalaemia. ( Al-Mutairi, S; Aldabie, G; El Sayed, A; Hegazi, MO, 2012)
"The failure of the maximum tolerated dosage to improve seizure control in dogs with phenobarbital-resistant epilepsy argues against the suitability of verapamil add-on treatment to overcome pharmacoresistance."	3.77	Add-on treatment with verapamil in pharmacoresistant canine epilepsy. ( Jambroszyk, M; Potschka, H; Tipold, A, 2011)
"To report a case of hypotension and bradyarrhythmia caused by verapamil toxicity in a patient prescribed telithromycin."	3.73	Verapamil toxicity resulting from a probable interaction with telithromycin. ( Heun, JM; Hicklin, GA; Reed, M; Shah, NP; Wall, GC, 2005)
"We present a case report describing an interaction between topical timolol maleate, verapamil, and flecainide resulting in symptomatic bradycardia."	3.71	Symptomatic bradycardia secondary to interaction between topical timolol maleate, verapamil, and flecainide: a case report. ( Herd, A; Minish, T, 2002)
"A 65-years-old female patient in chronic use of verapamil who developed bradyarrhythmia and hypotension reverted by endovenous calcium gluconate."	3.69	[Sinus bradycardia with junctional rhythm escape reverted with calcium gluconate]. ( Besen, D; de Brito, FS; de Cleva, R; Gontow, N, 1994)
"We describe two cases of pulmonary edema, bradycardia, and hypotension associated with massive verapamil overdose."	3.69	Massive verapamil overdose complicated by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. ( Brass, BJ; Lipper, BL; Winchester-Penny, S, 1996)
" Common factors were hyperkalemia and verapamil therapy."	3.68	Effect of hyperkalemia on experimental myocardial depression by verapamil. ( Jolly, SR; Keaton, N; Movahed, A; Reeves, WC; Rose, GC, 1991)
" In two elderly manic patients taking the medication in combination with lithium carbonate, profound bradycardia developed and was followed by a fatal myocardial infarction in one case."	3.67	Verapamil: a new antimanic drug with potential interactions with lithium. ( Allen, S; Dubovsky, SL; Franks, RD, 1987)
"Repeated intake of 240-400 mg non-retard verapamil by a 26-year-old male nurse brought about interference dissociation resulting from extreme sinus bradycardia, passive AV nodal rhythm and hypotension."	3.67	[Bradycardia factitia]. ( Eckert, S; Gleichmann, U; Mannebach, H; Mertens, HM, 1988)
"A case on concomitant atenolol-verapamil therapy for hypertension and angina pectoris, developing sinus arrest and life-threatening bradycardia is described."	3.67	Sinus arrest caused by atenolol-verapamil combination. ( Bhandari, K; Misra, M; Thakur, R, 1987)
"Two infants with supraventricular tachycardia were given intravenous verapamil and subsequently suffered life threatening bradycardia and hypotension."	3.66	Side effects of verapamil in infants. ( Radford, D, 1983)
" A long-term, open clinical trial of verapamil therapy was conducted in ninety-three patients with coronary artery disease, selected on the basis of having stable angina pectoris and of being unsuitable for treatment with beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs."	3.66	Verapamil in the long-term treatment of angina pectoris. ( Raftos, J, 1982)
"Three patients with ischaemic heart disease developed profound cardiac failure, hypotension and bradycardia during combined therapy with verapamil and beta-adrenergic blocking drugs."	3.66	Adverse interaction between beta-adrenergic blocking drugs and verapamil--report of three cases. ( Anderson, ST; Federman, J; Harper, RW; Laufer, E; Pitt, A; Wayne, VS, 1982)
" It can also protect against chloroform-adrenaline and ouabain ventricular fibrillation."	3.64	IPROVERATRIL: EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON CORONARY DILATATION AND ANTIARRHYTHMIC ACTION. ( HUQ, S; MELVILLE, KI; SHISTER, HE, 1964)
"She had coronary atherosclerosis, liver cirrhosis and bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome."	2.41	Cardiogenic shock triggered by verapamil and atenolol: a case report of therapeutic experience with intravenous calcium. ( Hattori, K; Hirakawa, Y; Ichihashi, R; Kei, M; Matsubara, K; Saburi, Y; Sakurai, H; Tsukamoto, H; Yokouchi, K, 2000)
"Three hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure treated with slow-release verapamil at the recommended doses for high blood pressure experienced acute deleterious effects shortly after treatment (6 h to 3 days)."	2.39	Verapamil deleterious effects in chronic renal failure. ( Alegría, E; Errasti, P; Huelmos, A; Purroy, A; Váquez, C, 1996)
"Amiodarone is an extremely potent drug which is effective for both supraventricular as well as ventricular arrhythmias."	2.36	New antiarrhythmic drugs. ( Hess, DS; Scheinman, MM, 1983)
"Verapamil intoxication was confirmed, and therapy was adjusted accordingly."	1.43	Severe verapamil intoxication despite correct use of low-dose verapamil. ( Bijlstra, PJ; Bollen, PD; Brands, E; Mandigers, L, 2016)
" Seven (24%) patients presented bradycardia considered as nonserious adverse event (NSAE) and four (14%) patients presented arrhythmia (heart block) considered as serious adverse event (SAE)."	1.37	Cardiac safety in cluster headache patients using the very high dose of verapamil (≥720 mg/day). ( Donnet, A; Lanteri-Minet, M; Piano, V; Silhol, F, 2011)
"Verapamil (2."	1.35	Levosimendan does not improve survival time in a rat model of verapamil toxicity. ( Abraham, MK; Barrueto, F; Meltzer, A; Scott, SB, 2009)
" Long-term use of verapamil has contributed to better control of clinical symptomatology."	1.28	Prinzmetal angina. Multifocal ischemia, recurrent AV block, and bradycardia with patent coronary arteries responsive to verapamil. ( Haywood, LJ; Venkataramen, K, 1991)
"Seizures have not previously been described in association with verapamil therapy or poisoning."	1.27	Verapamil poisoning in an infant. ( Crespin, FH; Passal, DB, 1984)
"Verapamil is a useful drug for treating supraventricular tachycardia; however, severe side effects occasionally have been reported in infants."	1.27	The use of calcium gluconate prior to verapamil in infants with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. ( Berant, M; Blazer, S; Roguin, N; Shapir, Y; Zeltzer, M, 1984)

Research

Studies (92)

Authors

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Number of Participants With Dose Limiting Toxicity

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	46 (50.00)	18.7374
1990's	24 (26.09)	18.2507
2000's	12 (13.04)	29.6817
2010's	6 (6.52)	24.3611
2020's	4 (4.35)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Bannister, BE	1
Parry, DR	1
Pouliot, JD	1
Haque, OI	1
Mahar, S	1
Hussain, S	1
Sloane, P	1
Arai, R	1
Fukamachi, D	1
Monden, M	1
Akutsu, N	1
Murata, N	1
Okumura, Y	1
Jolobe, OMP	1
Sagawa, H	1
Hoshino, S	1
Yoshioka, K	1
Ding, WG	1
Omatsu-Kanbe, M	1
Nakagawa, M	1
Maruo, Y	1
Matsuura, H	1
Fu, Q	1
Lu, W	1
Huang, YJ	1
Wu, Q	1
Wang, LG	1
Wang, HB	1
Jiang, SZ	1
Wang, YJ	1
Mandigers, L	1
Bollen, PD	1
Bijlstra, PJ	1
Brands, E	1
Abraham, MK	1
Scott, SB	1
Meltzer, A	1
Barrueto, F	1
Young, AC	1
Velez, LI	1
Kleinschmidt, KC	1
Jambroszyk, M	1
Tipold, A	1
Potschka, H	1
Lanteri-Minet, M	1
Silhol, F	1
Piano, V	1
Donnet, A	1
Hegazi, MO	1
Aldabie, G	1
Al-Mutairi, S	1
El Sayed, A	1
MELVILLE, KI	1
SHISTER, HE	1
HUQ, S	1
Kostrzewa, A	1
Klimaszyk, D	1
Reed, M	1
Wall, GC	1
Shah, NP	1
Heun, JM	1
Hicklin, GA	1
Boriani, G	1
Bertaglia, E	1
Carboni, A	1
Latini, R	1
Biffi, M	1
Martignani, C	1
Sciotto, F	1
Branzi, A	1
Tanel, RE	1
Leaver, SK	1
Ho, TB	1
Crump, BJ	1
Holt, DW	1
Vale, JA	1
Wayne, VS	1
Harper, RW	1
Laufer, E	1
Federman, J	1
Anderson, ST	1
Pitt, A	1
Wolff, F	1
Breuker, KH	1
Schlensker, KH	1
Bolte, A	1
Sinclair, NI	1
Benzie, JL	1
Seipel, L	1
Breithardt, G	1
Borggrefe, M	1
Scheinman, MM	1
Hess, DS	1
Capucci, A	1
Bassein, L	1
Bracchetti, D	1
Carini, G	1
Maresta, A	1
Magnani, B	1
Roguin, N	1
Shapir, Y	1
Blazer, S	1
Zeltzer, M	1
Berant, M	1
Morris, DL	1
Goldschlager, N	1
Passal, DB	1
Crespin, FH	1
Raftos, J	1
Radford, D	1
Resnekov, L	1
Desnos, M	1
Hagège, A	1
Guérot, C	1
Yamagishi, T	1
Ishii, K	1
Taira, N	1
Motzer, RJ	1
Lyn, P	1
Fischer, P	1
Lianes, P	1
Ngo, RL	1
Cordon-Cardo, C	1
O'Brien, JP	1
Mager, A	1
Strasberg, B	1
Rechavia, E	1
Birnbaum, Y	1
Mazur, A	1
Yativ, N	1
Sclarovsky, S	1
de Cleva, R	1
Gontow, N	1
de Brito, FS	1
Besen, D	1
Zimmers, T	1
Doyon, S	1
Roberts, JR	1
Van Mieghem, W	1
Tits, G	1
Demuynck, K	1
Lacquet, L	1
Deneffe, G	1
Tjandra-Maga, T	1
Demedts, M	1
White, WB	1
Satoh, T	1
Zipes, DP	1
Brass, BJ	1
Winchester-Penny, S	1
Lipper, BL	1
Váquez, C	1
Huelmos, A	1
Alegría, E	1
Errasti, P	1
Purroy, A	1
Tuncok, Y	2
Apaydin, S	2
Kalkan, S	1
Ates, M	2
Guven, H	2
Waxman, MB	1
Asta, JA	1
Gelal, A	1
Breithaupt-Grögler, K	1
Gerhardt, G	1
Lehmann, G	1
Notter, T	1
Belz, GG	1
Kaeser, YA	1
Brunner, F	1
Drewe, J	1
Haefeli, WE	1
Yörükoğlu, D	1
Göktug, A	1
Alanoğlu, Z	1
Tulunay, M	1
Domahidi, J	1
Péter, K	1
Farkas, J	1
Sakurai, H	1
Kei, M	1
Matsubara, K	1
Yokouchi, K	1
Hattori, K	1
Ichihashi, R	1
Hirakawa, Y	1
Tsukamoto, H	1
Saburi, Y	1
Kodama-Takahashi, K	1
Ohshima, K	1
Yamamoto, K	1
Iwata, T	1
Teo, WS	1
Minish, T	1
Herd, A	1
Tornos, P	1
Heddle, W	1
Tonkin, A	1
González Martínez, V	1
Quesada Suescun, A	1
de Faire, U	1
Lundman, T	1
Bernuth, G	1
Lang, D	1
Hofstetter, R	1
Berdeaux, A	1
Coutte, R	1
Giudicelli, J	1
Boissier, J	1
Steinbach, K	1
Ozaki, F	1
Matsukura, M	1
Kabasawa, Y	1
Ishibashi, K	1
Ikemori, M	1
Hamano, S	1
Minami, N	1
Arstall, MA	1
Beltrame, JF	1
Mohan, P	1
Wuttke, RD	1
Esterman, AJ	1
Horowitz, JD	1
Jolly, SR	1
Keaton, N	1
Movahed, A	1
Rose, GC	1
Reeves, WC	1
Quezado, Z	1
Lippmann, M	1
Wertheimer, J	1
Torres, C	1
Altus, P	1
Haywood, LJ	1
Venkataramen, K	1
Mehmel, HC	1
Aronow, WS	1
Murthy, VS	1
Hwang, TF	1
Pringle, SD	1
MacEwen, CJ	1
Dubovsky, SL	1
Franks, RD	1
Allen, S	1
Eckert, S	1
Mertens, HM	1
Mannebach, H	1
Gleichmann, U	1
Nontakanun, S	1
Ngarmukos, P	1
Sitthisook, S	1
Jeam-Anukulkit, N	1
Intharakoses, A	1
Tanprasert, P	1
Sansanayudth, P	1
Sriratanaban, A	1
Polsi, Y	1
Misra, M	1
Thakur, R	1
Bhandari, K	1
Lowe, PA	1
Zatuchni, J	1
Zuck, D	1
Rao, JJ	1
Winniford, MD	1
Fulton, KL	1
Hillis, LD	1
Bruzzese, V	1
Coccia, G	1
Di Bartolomeo, R	1
Fiorini, G	1
Rossi, A	1
Ruggieri, P	1
Purnell, RJ	1
Schmidt-Voigt, J	1
Yilmaz, E	1
Doden, W	1
Hardewig, A	1
Diedrich, R	1
Hartl, O	1
Clodi, PH	1
Bender, F	1
Klepzig, H	1
Krikler, D	1
Hensel, G	1
Vohra, J	1
Peter, T	1
Hunt, D	1
Sloman, G	1
Fujii, J	1
Takahashi, N	1
Kato, K	1
Diewitz, M	1
Baldus, O	1
Ljungström, A	1
Aberg, H	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Phase Ib/II Clinical Trial of Topical Verapamil Hydrochloride for Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps[NCT03102190]	Phase 1	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-06-05	Terminated (stopped due to Phase II funding not available)
Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial of Verapamil in Chronic Rhinosinusitis[NCT02454608]		29 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Terminated (stopped due to Evidence that the dose is insufficient.)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Dose Limiting Toxicity will be defined as a development of 2nd or 3rd degree heart block as measured by an EKG. (Phase Ib primary outcome) (NCT03102190)
Timeframe: 1-8 weeks

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Heart Rate

Objective Sinonasal Symptoms on Lund-Kennedy Score(LKS)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Phase Ib	0

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Treatment	-0.6
Control	1

Intervention	beats per minute (Mean)
Treatment	-1.4
Control	4

Minimum Score: 0 Maximum Score: 12 Higher value represents worse outcome. (NCT02454608)
Timeframe: baseline to week 8

Objective Sinonasal Symptoms on Lund-McKay Score(LMS)

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Treatment	-1.3
Control	-0.25

Minimum Score: 0 Maximum Score: 24 Higher value represents worse outcome. (NCT02454608)
Timeframe: Week 8

Subjective Sinonasal Symptoms on 10cm Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
Treatment	12.5
Control	17.7

Minimum Score: 0 Maximum Score: 100 A higher score indicates a worse outcome. (NCT02454608)
Timeframe: baseline to week 8

Subjective Sinonasal Symptoms on Sinonasal Outcomes Test-22(SNOT-22)

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Treatment	-44.03
Control	-6.07

Minimum Score: 0 Maximum Score: 110 A higher score indicates a worse outcome (NCT02454608)
Timeframe: baseline to week 8

Systolic Blood Pressure

Subjective Sinonasal Symptoms on 10cm Visual Analogue Scale(VAS)

Intervention	units on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Treatment	-27.3
Control	0.4

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Treatment	-4.5
Control	-6.6

Minimum Score: 0 Maximum Score: 100 A higher score indicates a worse outcome. (NCT02454608)
Timeframe: baseline to week 56

Subjective Sinonasal Symptoms on Sinonasal Outcomes Test-22(SNOT-22)

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Medicine Completers, baseline	Medicine Completers, week 56	Surgical Completers, baseline	Surgical Completers, week 12
Open Label	64.3	35.0	90.0	16.7

Minimum Score: 0 Maximum Score: 110 A higher score indicates a worse outcome (NCT02454608)
Timeframe: baseline to week 56

Article	Year
[Anti-arrhythmic therapy with calcium antagonists]. Der Internist, 1983, Volume: 24, Issue:7 Topics: Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Benzazepines; Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Digitalis Glycosides; Dil	1983
New antiarrhythmic drugs. American journal of surgery, 1983, Volume: 145, Issue:6 Topics: Amiodarone; Angina Pectoris; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Blood Circulation; Bradycardia; Diltiazem; Half	1983
Verapamil deleterious effects in chronic renal failure. Nephron, 1996, Volume: 72, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Bradycardia; Delayed-Action Preparations; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Kid	1996
Cardiogenic shock triggered by verapamil and atenolol: a case report of therapeutic experience with intravenous calcium. Japanese circulation journal, 2000, Volume: 64, Issue:11 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Atenolol; Atrial Fibrillation; Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Block	2000
Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS). Singapore medical journal, 2001, Volume: Suppl 1 Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Advanced Cardiac Life Support; Algorithms; Anti	2001
Management of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Comprehensive therapy, 1989, Volume: 15, Issue:4 Topics: Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Atrial Fibrillation; Atrial Flutter; Bradycardia; Huma	1989
[Modern treatment of cardiac arrhythmias]. Munchener medizinische Wochenschrift (1950), 1971, Apr-16, Volume: 113, Issue:16 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bradycardia; Cell Membrane Permeability; Digitali	1971

Article	Year
A controlled study on the effect of verapamil on atrial tachycaarrhythmias in patients with brady-tachy syndrome implanted with a DDDR pacemaker. International journal of cardiology, 2005, Sep-15, Volume: 104, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Atrial Fibrillation; Bradycardia; Cardiac Pacing, A	2005
Propranolol v. verapamil in the treatment of unstable angina. A double-blind cross-over study. European heart journal, 1983, Volume: 4, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Analysis of Variance; Angina Pectoris; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Clinical Trials as Topic;	1983
Phase I/II trial of dexverapamil plus vinblastine for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 1995, Volume: 13, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aged; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; Bradycardia; Carcinoma, Renal	1995
Verapamil as prophylactic treatment for atrial fibrillation after lung operations. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 1996, Volume: 61, Issue:4 Topics: Amiodarone; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Atrial Fibrillation; Bradycardia; Humans; Hypotension; Incidence	1996
Blood pressure and aortic elastic properties--verapamil SR/trandolapril compared to a metoprolol/hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy. International journal of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 1998, Volume: 36, Issue:8 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Aged; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Antihypertensive	1998
Comparison of intravenous metoprolol, verapamil and diltiazem on the attenuation of haemodynamic changes associated with tracheal extubation. European journal of anaesthesiology, 1999, Volume: 16, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Diastole; Dilti	1999
A multicenter study of verapamil in systemic hypertension in Thailand. The American journal of cardiology, 1986, Feb-26, Volume: 57, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Clinical Trials as Topic; Constipation; Female; Humans; Hy	1986

Article	Year
Clinically Significant Bradycardia and Hypotension Following Consumption of Betel Leaf in a Patient Treated for Chronic Atrial Fibrillation. Journal of pharmacy practice, 2023, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Atrial Fibrillation; Bradycardia; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Meto	2023
Pharmacokinetic interaction between verapamil and ritonavir-boosted nirmatrelvir: implications for the management of COVID-19 in patients with hypertension. BMJ case reports, 2023, Jan-13, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Bradycardia; COVID-19; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Hypertens	2023
Bradycardia Shock Caused by the Combined Use of Carteolol Eye Drops and Verapamil in an Elderly Patient with Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Kidney Disease. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 2021, Jan-01, Volume: 60, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Atrial Fibrillation; Bradycardia; Carteolol; Humans; Japan; Ophthalmic Solutions; Renal Insuff	2021
Cardiac and extracardiac side effects of eye drops. The American journal of emergency medicine, 2021, Volume: 46 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Atropine; Bradycardia; Carteolol; Female; Heart Diseases; Humans; Ophth	2021
Postnatal developmental changes in the sensitivity of L-type Ca Pediatric research, 2018, Volume: 83, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Calcium Channels, L-Type; Diltiazem; Disease Models,	2018
Verapamil reverses myocardial no-reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Cell biochemistry and biophysics, 2013, Volume: 67, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atropine; Bradycardia; Coronary Angiography; Female;	2013
Severe verapamil intoxication despite correct use of low-dose verapamil. Drug metabolism and personalized therapy, 2016, Volume: 31, Issue:1 Topics: Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Dose-Response Relationship, D	2016
Levosimendan does not improve survival time in a rat model of verapamil toxicity. Journal of medical toxicology : official journal of the American College of Medical Toxicology, 2009, Volume: 5, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Antidotes; Body Temperature; Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Drug Interactions; Elec	2009
Intravenous fat emulsion therapy for intentional sustained-release verapamil overdose. Resuscitation, 2009, Volume: 80, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Overdose; Electrocar	2009
Add-on treatment with verapamil in pharmacoresistant canine epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2011, Volume: 52, Issue:2 Topics: Age of Onset; Animals; Anticonvulsants; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; Blo	2011
Cardiac safety in cluster headache patients using the very high dose of verapamil (≥720 mg/day). The journal of headache and pain, 2011, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bradycardia; Cluster Headache; Female; Heart Conduction System; Humans;	2011
Cardiac safety in cluster headache patients using the very high dose of verapamil (≥720 mg/day). The journal of headache and pain, 2011, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bradycardia; Cluster Headache; Female; Heart Conduction System; Humans;	2011
Cardiac safety in cluster headache patients using the very high dose of verapamil (≥720 mg/day). The journal of headache and pain, 2011, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bradycardia; Cluster Headache; Female; Heart Conduction System; Humans;	2011
Cardiac safety in cluster headache patients using the very high dose of verapamil (≥720 mg/day). The journal of headache and pain, 2011, Volume: 12, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bradycardia; Cluster Headache; Female; Heart Conduction System; Humans;	2011
Junctional bradycardia with verapamil in renal failure--care required even with mild hyperkalaemia. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2012, Volume: 37, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Delayed-Action Preparations; Female; Humans; Hyperkalem	2012
IPROVERATRIL: EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON CORONARY DILATATION AND ANTIARRHYTHMIC ACTION. Canadian Medical Association journal, 1964, Mar-28, Volume: 90 Topics: Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Anura; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Cats; Chloroform; Coronary Vess	1964
[ECG disturbances as a consequence of cardiac drugs overdose]. Przeglad lekarski, 2003, Volume: 60, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bradycardia; Cardiotonic Agents; Drug Overdose; Electrocardiography; Female; Humans; Ma	2003
Verapamil toxicity resulting from a probable interaction with telithromycin. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2005, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Aged; Bradycardia; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Ketolides; Verapamil	2005
ECGs in the ED. Pediatric emergency care, 2005, Volume: 21, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Electrocardiography; Female; Humans; Hypotension;	2005
Inadvertent toxic drug reaction in the management of atrial fibrillation. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2006, Volume: 99, Issue:3 Topics: Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Atrial Fibrillation; Bradycardia; Digoxin; Drug Interactions; Electrocardiog	2006
Lack of response to intravenous calcium in severe verapamil poisoning. Lancet (London, England), 1982, Oct-23, Volume: 2, Issue:8304 Topics: Adult; Bradycardia; Calcium Gluconate; Female; Gluconates; Humans; Hypotension; Infusions, Parentera	1982
Adverse interaction between beta-adrenergic blocking drugs and verapamil--report of three cases. Australian and New Zealand journal of medicine, 1982, Volume: 12, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Bradycardia; Coronary Disease; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, C	1982
Prenatal diagnosis and therapy of fetal heart rate anomalies: with a contribution on the placental transfer of Verapamil. Journal of perinatal medicine, 1980, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Bradycardia; Cardiac Complexes, Premature; Electrocardiography; Female; Fetal Diseases; Fetal	1980
Timolol eye drops and verapamil--a dangerous combination. The Medical journal of Australia, 1983, Jun-11, Volume: 1, Issue:12 Topics: Bradycardia; Drug Interactions; Heart Arrest; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Ophthalmic Solutions; Propa	1983
The use of calcium gluconate prior to verapamil in infants with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Clinical cardiology, 1984, Volume: 7, Issue:11 Topics: Bradycardia; Calcium Gluconate; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electrocardiography; Gluconates; Heart Ar	1984
Calcium infusion for reversal of adverse effects of intravenous verapamil. JAMA, 1983, Jun-17, Volume: 249, Issue:23 Topics: Bradycardia; Calcium Chloride; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic; Drug Synergism; Female; Humans; Hypoten	1983
Verapamil poisoning in an infant. Pediatrics, 1984, Volume: 73, Issue:4 Topics: Bradycardia; Calcium Chloride; Coma; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Infant; Respiratory Insufficiency;	1984
Verapamil in the long-term treatment of angina pectoris. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology. Supplement, 1982, Volume: 6 Topics: Angina Pectoris; Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Constipation; Coronary Disease; Dose-Respons	1982
Side effects of verapamil in infants. Archives of disease in childhood, 1983, Volume: 58, Issue:6 Topics: Bradycardia; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male;	1983
Calcium ion blocking drugs. Comprehensive therapy, 1982, Volume: 8, Issue:7 Topics: Administration, Oral; Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Diltiazem; Dizziness; Headache; Heart D	1982
[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: place and limitations of medical therapy]. Archives des maladies du coeur et des vaisseaux, 1995, Volume: 88, Issue:4 Suppl Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Amiodarone; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Blocke	1995
Antiarrhythmic and bradycardic drugs inhibit currents of cloned K+ channels, KV1.2 and KV1.4. European journal of pharmacology, 1995, Aug-04, Volume: 281, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Bradycardia; Cloning, Molecular; Disopyramide; Dose-Response Relati	1995
Clinical significance and predisposing factors to symptomatic bradycardia and hypotension after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The American journal of cardiology, 1994, Dec-01, Volume: 74, Issue:11 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Adult; Aged; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; Bradycardia; Coronary Dise	1994
[Sinus bradycardia with junctional rhythm escape reverted with calcium gluconate]. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 1994, Volume: 62, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Bradycardia; Calcium Gluconate; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Infusions, Intravenous; Verapamil	1994
Cases in electrocardiography. The American journal of emergency medicine, 1994, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Bradycardia; Drug Overdose; Electrocardiography; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nicotine; Verapa	1994
The use of glucagon in a case of calcium channel blocker overdose. Annals of emergency medicine, 1993, Volume: 22, Issue:7 Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Bradycardia; Dobutamine; Dopamine; Drug Overdose; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fe	1993
Noctural dosing of a novel delivery system of verapamil for systemic hypertension. The American journal of cardiology, 1996, May-01, Volume: 77, Issue:11 Topics: Bradycardia; Heart Block; Humans; Vasodilator Agents; Verapamil	1996
Rapid rates during bradycardia prolong ventricular refractoriness and facilitate ventricular tachycardia induction with cesium in dogs. Circulation, 1996, Jul-15, Volume: 94, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Bradycardia; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial; Cesium; Dogs; Female; Hear	1996
Massive verapamil overdose complicated by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. The American journal of emergency medicine, 1996, Volume: 14, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Combined Modality Therapy; Critical Care; Drug Overdos	1996
The effects of amrinone and glucagon on verapamil-induced cardiovascular toxicity in anaesthetized rats. International journal of experimental pathology, 1996, Volume: 77, Issue:5 Topics: Amrinone; Animals; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cardiovascular Diseases; D	1996
Verapamil blockade of the paradoxic bradycardia in rats induced by inferior vena cava occlusion during the administration of isoproterenol or calcium: the role of Ca2+. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 1996, Volume: 74, Issue:10 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Calcium; Iso	1996
The effects of 4-aminopyridine and Bay K 8644 on verapamil-induced cardiovascular toxicity in anesthetized rats. Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology, 1998, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl e	1998
Severe hypotension and bradycardia associated with verapamil and clarithromycin. American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 1998, Nov-15, Volume: 55, Issue:22 Topics: Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bradycardia; Clarithromycin; Drug Interactions; Femal	1998
Use of isoptin for counteracting the effect of methol on cardiac activity in experimental animals. Acta physiologica Hungarica, 2000, Volume: 87, Issue:1 Topics: Aminophenols; Animals; Bradycardia; Calcium Channel Blockers; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug	2000
[An elderly case of idiopathic dilatation of the right atrium in which right-sided heart failure was exacerbated by drug-induced bradyarrhythmia]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai zasshi. Japanese journal of geriatrics, 2001, Volume: 38, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atrial Fibrillation; Bradycardia; Cardiomegaly; Cardiotonic Agents; Dilatat	2001
Symptomatic bradycardia secondary to interaction between topical timolol maleate, verapamil, and flecainide: a case report. The Journal of emergency medicine, 2002, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Topical; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Antihypertensive Agent	2002
Sick sinus syndrome and AV node re-entry. Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE, 1979, Volume: 2, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Atrioventricular Node; Bradycardia; Bundle of His; Electrocardiography; Electrophysiology; Hea	1979
[Double tachycardia (hisian and auricular) in a bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (author's transl)]. Medicina clinica, 1979, Jun-10, Volume: 73, Issue:1 Topics: Aortic Valve Insufficiency; Bradycardia; Diagnosis, Differential; Electrocardiography; Female; Human	1979
Serious verapamil poisoning. British medical journal, 1978, Dec-02, Volume: 2, Issue:6151 Topics: Adult; Bradycardia; Female; Humans; Verapamil	1978
[Exercise-induced tachyarrhythmic syncopes with sinus bradycardia and normal QT-interval at rest (author's transl)]. Zeitschrift fur Kardiologie, 1977, Volume: 66, Issue:2 Topics: Bradycardia; Child; Electrocardiography; Female; Humans; Male; Physical Exertion; Pindolol; Practolo	1977
Effects of verapamil on regional myocardial blood flow and ST segment. Role of the induced bradycardia. European journal of pharmacology, 1976, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Coronary Circulation; Coronary Disease; Disease Models, Animal	1976
[Treatment of arrhythmia in general practice]. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1975, Nov-14, Volume: 125, Issue:46 Topics: Ajmaline; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Aprindine; Arrhythmia, Sinus; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bradycardia; H	1975
Synthesis and cardiovascular activity of phenylalkylamine derivatives. I. Potential specific bradycardic agents. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin, 1992, Volume: 40, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Bradycardia; Cardiotonic Agents; Dogs; Female; Guinea Pigs; Male; Verapamil	1992
Incidence of adverse events during treatment with verapamil for suspected acute myocardial infarction. The American journal of cardiology, 1992, Dec-15, Volume: 70, Issue:20 Topics: Bradycardia; Contraindications; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Myocard	1992
Effect of hyperkalemia on experimental myocardial depression by verapamil. American heart journal, 1991, Volume: 121, Issue:2 Pt 1 Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Bradycardia; Calcium; Depression, Chemical; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Dr	1991
Severe cardiac, respiratory, and metabolic complications of massive verapamil overdose. Critical care medicine, 1991, Volume: 19, Issue:3 Topics: Acidosis; Adult; Bradycardia; Electrocardiography; Glucagon; Hemodynamics; Humans; Male; Respiratory	1991
Shock in a woman with chronic pain. Hospital practice (Office ed.), 1991, Apr-15, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Bradycardia; Calcium; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Migraine Disorders; Pain, Postoperative; V	1991
Prinzmetal angina. Multifocal ischemia, recurrent AV block, and bradycardia with patent coronary arteries responsive to verapamil. Journal of electrocardiology, 1991, Volume: 24, Issue:2 Topics: Angina Pectoris, Variant; Bradycardia; Coronary Angiography; Diagnosis, Differential; Electrocardiog	1991
[Therapy of acute myocardial infarct]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1985, May-10, Volume: 110, Issue:19 Topics: Acidosis; Analgesics; Atropine; Bicarbonates; Bradycardia; Cardiac Complexes, Premature; Critical Ca	1985
Antiarrhythmic drugs and the modulation of autonomic control of heart rate in rabbits. Federation proceedings, 1986, Volume: 45, Issue:8 Topics: Adenosine; Amiodarone; Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Bradycardia; Female; Heart Conduction System	1986
Severe bradycardia due to interaction of timolol eye drops and verapamil. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 1987, Jan-17, Volume: 294, Issue:6565 Topics: Bradycardia; Drug Interactions; Glaucoma, Open-Angle; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Ophthalmic Solution	1987
Verapamil: a new antimanic drug with potential interactions with lithium. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1987, Volume: 48, Issue:9 Topics: Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bipolar Disorder; Bradycardia; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combinat	1987
[Bradycardia factitia]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1988, Mar-25, Volume: 113, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Bradycardia; Electrocardiography; Factitious Disorders; Heart Block; Humans; Male; Suicide, A	1988
Sinus arrest caused by atenolol-verapamil combination. Clinical cardiology, 1987, Volume: 10, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Atenolol; Bradycardia; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electrocardiography; Heart	1987
Verapamil-neostigmine interaction? Anaesthesia and intensive care, 1986, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Bradycardia; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Middle Aged; Neostigmi	1986
Bradycardia and hypotension after propranolol HCl and verapamil. Heart & lung : the journal of critical care, 1985, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Bradycardia; Drug Interactions; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Middle Aged; Propranolol; Tachycardia,	1985
Profound bradycardia with verapamil and halothane. Anaesthesia, 1985, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Bradycardia; Female; Halothane; Humans; Intraoperative Complications;	1985
Symptomatic sinus bradycardia during concomitant propranolol-verapamil administration. American heart journal, 1985, Volume: 110, Issue:2 Topics: Angina Pectoris; Bradycardia; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Proprano	1985
[Acute unusual hemodynamic effects of the calcium-antagonists]. La Clinica terapeutica, 1985, Sep-15, Volume: 114, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Asthenia; Bradycardia; Humans; Liver; Liver Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Nifedipine; Verapamil	1985
Bradycardia after verapamil and spinal analgesia. Anaesthesia, 1985, Volume: 40, Issue:12 Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bradycardia; Humans; Intraoperative Complications; Male; Verapamil	1985
[Progress in the therapy of cardiac arrhythmias with special consideration of verapamil]. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1970, Volume: 20 Topics: Adams-Stokes Syndrome; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bradycardia; Cardiac Complexes,	1970
[Cardiac arhythmias in tenomyotomy and their treatment]. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 1971, Volume: 159, Issue:2 Topics: Anesthesia, Endotracheal; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Bradycardia; Cardiac Complexes, Premature; Electroca	1971
[What is assured in the treatment of heart arrhythmia?]. Der Internist, 1972, Volume: 13, Issue:12 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Ajmaline; Atrial Fibrillation; Atrial Flutter; Atropine; Bradycardia; C	1972
[Therapy of arrhythmias]. Wiener Zeitschrift fur innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1973, Volume: 54, Issue:8-9 Topics: Ajmaline; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Atrial Fibrillation; Bradycardia; Caffeine; Cardiac Complexes, Prema	1973
[Modern therapy of cardiac arrhythmias]. Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift, 1973, Feb-24, Volume: 103, Issue:8 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Ajmaline; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Atropine; Brady	1973
[Diagnostic procedure in bradycardia]. Medizinische Klinik, 1974, Jun-21, Volume: 69, Issue:25 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Bradycardia; Carotid Sinus; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Heart Rate; Hu	1974
Verapamil in cardiology. European journal of cardiology, 1974, Volume: 2, Issue:1 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Anura; Arrhythmi	1974
Verapamil induced premature ventricular beats before reversion of supraventricular tachycardia. British heart journal, 1974, Volume: 36, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Blood Pressure; Bradycardia; Digoxin; Electrocardiogr	1974
The bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome. Treatment with cardiac drugs and adrenal corticosteroid. Japanese heart journal, 1973, Volume: 14, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Aged; Atropa belladonna; Bradycardia; Electrocardiography; Female; Heart Block; Heart Co	1973
[Effect of various anti-arrhythmia and sympathomimetic agents on the myocardial stimulus threshold in man]. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1973, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Ajmaline; Amino Alcohols; Bradycardia; Electric Stimulation; Electrophysiology; Heart Conduction Sys	1973
[Interaction between beta receptor blockaders and verapamil]. Lakartidningen, 1973, Oct-10, Volume: 70, Issue:41 Topics: Bradycardia; Drug Interactions; Graves Disease; Humans; Hypotension; Male; Middle Aged; Propranolol;	1973

verapamil and Bradyarrhythmia

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