valproic acid has been researched along with Tremor in 45 studies
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.
valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.
Tremor: Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| "Valproic acid is associated with increased risks of tremor and parkinsonism." | 8.31 | A Case of Long-Term Exposure to Valproic Acid Mimicking Tremor-Dominant Parkinson's Disease. ( Fujimoto, S; Kawai, K; Koide, R; Mashiko, T; Sekiguchi, K; Tanaka, R, 2023) |
| "Investigation of associated risk factors of valproic acid (VPA)-induced tremor helped in increasing tolerance and optimizing treatment scheme individually." | 8.12 | Investigation of the risk of valproic acid-induced tremor: clinical, neuroimaging, and genetic factors. ( Huang, S; Jian, S; Kang, H; Kirsch, HE; Lan, L; Li, C; Wang, M; Zhao, X; Zhou, Q; Zhu, S, 2022) |
| " Reversible dystonia may occasionally be precipitated by phenytoin or carbamazepine; asterixis by phenytoin, barbiturates or carbamazepine; and, more commonly, tremor by valproate." | 4.77 | Adverse neuropsychiatric effects of anticonvulsant drugs. ( Reynolds, EH; Trimble, MR, 1985) |
| "Valproic acid is associated with increased risks of tremor and parkinsonism." | 4.31 | A Case of Long-Term Exposure to Valproic Acid Mimicking Tremor-Dominant Parkinson's Disease. ( Fujimoto, S; Kawai, K; Koide, R; Mashiko, T; Sekiguchi, K; Tanaka, R, 2023) |
| "Investigation of associated risk factors of valproic acid (VPA)-induced tremor helped in increasing tolerance and optimizing treatment scheme individually." | 4.12 | Investigation of the risk of valproic acid-induced tremor: clinical, neuroimaging, and genetic factors. ( Huang, S; Jian, S; Kang, H; Kirsch, HE; Lan, L; Li, C; Wang, M; Zhao, X; Zhou, Q; Zhu, S, 2022) |
| "We made accelerometric recordings of the tremor induced by valproic acid." | 3.66 | Valproate tremors. ( Bauman, AW; Hammond, EJ; Karas, BJ; Wilder, BJ, 1982) |
| "To assess changes in seizure frequency, medication side-effects (especially tremor) and formulation preference after switching patients overnight from immediate-release to extended-release divalproex sodium." | 2.74 | Seizure control and side-effect profile after switching adult epileptic patients from standard to extended-release divalproex sodium. ( Brannegan, RT; Evans, AT; Pierre-Louis, SJ, 2009) |
| "Twelve adult patients with seizures controlled by an individualized fixed dosage of valproate participated in the study." | 2.69 | Lack of a clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interaction between tiagabine and valproate. ( Boellner, SW; Granneman, GR; Guenther, HJ; Gustavson, LE; Sommerville, KW; Witt, GF, 1998) |
| "Amantadine was moderately effective, but cyproheptadine, diphenhydramine, and benztropine gave little or no relief." | 2.65 | Treatment of valproate tremors. ( Bauman, AW; Hammond, EJ; Karas, BJ; Wilder, BJ, 1983) |
| "Drug-induced tremor has often been seen as a complication of antipsychotic therapy, but its occurrence has also been described in response to a great diversity of compounds such as antidepressants, sympathomimetics, antiarrhythmics, antiepileptics and other drugs." | 2.47 | [Drug-induced tremor]. ( Block, F; Dafotakis, M, 2011) |
| "Familial adult myoclonus epilepsy (FAME) is a genetic condition characterized by the occurrence of cortical tremor, myoclonus, and epilepsy." | 1.91 | Current treatment options for familial adult myoclonus epilepsy. ( Bilo, L; Carreno, M; Coppola, A; Cuccurullo, C; Dubbioso, R; Hirsch, E; Licchetta, L, 2023) |
| "Tremor and parkinsonism are recognized side effects of valproate; however, the relationship between rest tremor and other signs of parkinsonism has not been addressed in patients taking valproate." | 1.62 | Valproate-induced rest tremor and parkinsonism. ( Alonso-Juarez, M; Baizabal-Carvallo, JF, 2021) |
| "Tremor is a common movement disorder that can be induced by medications, including valproate, which is used for the treatment of epilepsy." | 1.62 | Clinical and Kinematic Features of Valproate-Induced Tremor and Differences with Essential Tremor. ( Angelini, L; Berardelli, A; Bologna, M; Cannavacciuolo, A; Colella, D; De Biase, A; Di Bonaventura, C; Giallonardo, AT; Paparella, G, 2021) |
| "He was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, started treatment with empagliflozin, and his body weight decreased gradually." | 1.56 | Valproate intoxication in a patient with bipolar I disorder due to SGLT2 inhibitor-induced weight reduction. ( Miyauchi, T, 2020) |
| "PWE with tremor were evaluated by The Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor (CRST) and Tremor Related Activities of Daily Living (TRADL) questionnaire." | 1.51 | The clinical characteristics and related factors of tremor in patients with epilepsy. ( Chen, J; Jiang, X; Lu, L; Xiao, Y; Xiong, W; Zhang, Y; Zhou, D, 2019) |
| "Such tremors are usually postural or action in nature with infrequent resting nature." | 1.48 | Disabling Resting Tremors Induced by the Short-term Infusion of Valproate: A Reversible Phenomenon. ( Gupta, A; Kushwaha, S, 2018) |
| "Tremor is frequently observed in patients taking valproate and is severe enough to require treatment in about 24% of cases." | 1.46 | The clinical features and functional impact of valproate-induced tremor. ( Alonso-Juarez, M; Baizabal-Carvallo, JF; Crespo-Morfin, P; Torres-Russotto, D, 2017) |
| "Intermittent action tremors in both hands were reported in 31 (41." | 1.46 | The relationship between valproate induced tremors and circulating neurotransmitters: a preliminary study. ( Abdellah, MM; Hamed, SA, 2017) |
| " We report a 17-year-old man with epilepsy and Down's syndrome who experienced tremor during the treatment with a low dosage of sodium valproate." | 1.39 | Sodium valproate induced tremor in a patient with epilepsy and Down's syndrome. ( De Sarro, G; Gallelli, L; Loizzo, S; Russo, E; Siniscalchi, A; Tiziana, A, 2013) |
| "Valproic acid-associated hyperammonemic encephalopathy (VHE) has been described in the neurology and emergency medicine literature, but the case reports identified therein are rarely derived from the psychiatric use of this medication." | 1.33 | Valproic acid-associated hyperammonemic encephalopathy: a case report from the psychiatric setting. ( Irwin, SA; Kimmel, RJ; Meyer, JM, 2005) |
| "Gabapentin is an antiepileptic agent that is indicated for use as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures." | 1.30 | A case of sustained massive gabapentin overdose without serious side effects. ( Radtke, RA; St Clair, EW; Verma, A, 1999) |
| "Orthostatic tremor, sometimes known as "shaky legs syndrome," is a disorder of middle-aged or elderly people characterized by feelings of unsteadiness in the legs and a fear of falling when standing." | 1.29 | Orthostatic tremor: clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics. ( McManis, PG; Sharbrough, FW, 1993) |
| "Mild signs of HPNS (e." | 1.28 | Sodium valproate interactions with the HPNS: EEG and behavioral observations. ( Clarke, D; Doré, CJ; Halsey, MJ; Luff, NP; Maclean, CJ; Pearce, PC, 1989) |
| " Twenty-three patients complained of various long-term adverse effects, while the other 17 remained symptom-free." | 1.27 | Long-term treatment with sodium valproate: monitoring of venous ammonia concentrations and adverse effects. ( Arnetoli, G; Campostrini, R; Messori, A; Paganini, M; Valenza, T; Zaccara, G; Zappoli, R, 1987) |
| " Tremor was ameliorated in two cases when the dosage was reduced." | 1.26 | Tremor due to sodium valproate. ( Dennis, PD; Hyman, NM; Sinclair, KG, 1979) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 15 (33.33) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 8 (17.78) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 5 (11.11) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 11 (24.44) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 6 (13.33) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Lan, L | 1 |
| Zhao, X | 1 |
| Jian, S | 1 |
| Li, C | 1 |
| Wang, M | 1 |
| Zhou, Q | 1 |
| Huang, S | 1 |
| Zhu, S | 1 |
| Kang, H | 1 |
| Kirsch, HE | 1 |
| Coppola, A | 1 |
| Dubbioso, R | 1 |
| Cuccurullo, C | 1 |
| Licchetta, L | 1 |
| Carreno, M | 1 |
| Hirsch, E | 1 |
| Bilo, L | 1 |
| Sekiguchi, K | 1 |
| Mashiko, T | 1 |
| Koide, R | 1 |
| Kawai, K | 1 |
| Fujimoto, S | 1 |
| Tanaka, R | 1 |
| Baizabal-Carvallo, JF | 3 |
| Alonso-Juarez, M | 3 |
| Miyauchi, T | 1 |
| Paparella, G | 1 |
| Angelini, L | 1 |
| De Biase, A | 1 |
| Cannavacciuolo, A | 1 |
| Colella, D | 1 |
| Di Bonaventura, C | 1 |
| Giallonardo, AT | 1 |
| Berardelli, A | 1 |
| Bologna, M | 1 |
| Torres-Russotto, D | 1 |
| Crespo-Morfin, P | 1 |
| Giza, E | 1 |
| Dagklis, IE | 1 |
| Kimiskidis, V | 1 |
| Katsarou, Z | 1 |
| Bostantjopoulou, S | 1 |
| Gupta, A | 1 |
| Kushwaha, S | 1 |
| Xiao, Y | 1 |
| Xiong, W | 1 |
| Lu, L | 1 |
| Chen, J | 1 |
| Zhang, Y | 1 |
| Jiang, X | 1 |
| Zhou, D | 1 |
| Siniscalchi, A | 1 |
| Gallelli, L | 1 |
| Loizzo, S | 1 |
| Tiziana, A | 1 |
| Russo, E | 1 |
| De Sarro, G | 1 |
| Kakisaka, Y | 1 |
| Ito, S | 1 |
| Ohara, T | 1 |
| Hino-Fukuyo, N | 1 |
| Uematsu, M | 1 |
| Kure, S | 1 |
| Hamed, SA | 1 |
| Abdellah, MM | 1 |
| Pierre-Louis, SJ | 1 |
| Brannegan, RT | 1 |
| Evans, AT | 1 |
| Farkas, Z | 1 |
| Gulyás, S | 1 |
| Molnár, R | 1 |
| Szirmai, I | 1 |
| Kamondi, A | 1 |
| Block, F | 1 |
| Dafotakis, M | 1 |
| Rovers, JM | 1 |
| Roks, G | 1 |
| Thibault, M | 1 |
| Blume, WT | 1 |
| Saint-Hilaire, JM | 1 |
| Zakhari, R | 1 |
| Sommerville, KW | 2 |
| Kimmel, RJ | 1 |
| Irwin, SA | 1 |
| Meyer, JM | 1 |
| Rinnerthaler, M | 1 |
| Luef, G | 1 |
| Mueller, J | 1 |
| Seppi, K | 1 |
| Wissel, J | 1 |
| Trinka, E | 1 |
| Bauer, G | 1 |
| Poewe, W | 1 |
| Bichard, AR | 1 |
| Little, HJ | 1 |
| Karas, BJ | 2 |
| Wilder, BJ | 2 |
| Hammond, EJ | 2 |
| Bauman, AW | 2 |
| Cowan, A | 1 |
| Boeckh, E | 1 |
| Mattson, RH | 1 |
| Cramer, JA | 1 |
| Dugas, M | 1 |
| Brunod, R | 1 |
| Masson, M | 1 |
| Ishii, K | 1 |
| Hayashi, A | 1 |
| Tamaoka, A | 1 |
| Usuki, S | 1 |
| Mizusawa, H | 1 |
| Shoji, S | 1 |
| Lancman, ME | 1 |
| Asconapé, JJ | 1 |
| Walker, F | 1 |
| Reutens, DC | 1 |
| Duncan, JS | 1 |
| Patsalos, PN | 1 |
| McManis, PG | 1 |
| Sharbrough, FW | 1 |
| Takigawa, T | 1 |
| Mima, T | 1 |
| Saida, K | 1 |
| Kawasaki, J | 1 |
| Shibasaki, H | 1 |
| Gustavson, LE | 1 |
| Boellner, SW | 1 |
| Witt, GF | 1 |
| Guenther, HJ | 1 |
| Granneman, GR | 1 |
| Verma, A | 1 |
| St Clair, EW | 1 |
| Radtke, RA | 1 |
| Bertoldo, M | 1 |
| Nagao, T | 1 |
| Ohshimo, T | 1 |
| Mitsunobu, K | 1 |
| Sato, M | 1 |
| Otsuki, S | 1 |
| Hyman, NM | 1 |
| Dennis, PD | 1 |
| Sinclair, KG | 1 |
| Yu, PH | 1 |
| Davis, BA | 1 |
| Pearce, PC | 1 |
| Clarke, D | 1 |
| Doré, CJ | 1 |
| Halsey, MJ | 2 |
| Luff, NP | 1 |
| Maclean, CJ | 1 |
| Reynolds, EH | 1 |
| Trimble, MR | 1 |
| Gram, L | 1 |
| Bentsen, KD | 1 |
| Rostain, JC | 1 |
| Wardley-Smith, B | 1 |
| Forni, C | 1 |
| Zaccara, G | 1 |
| Campostrini, R | 1 |
| Paganini, M | 1 |
| Messori, A | 1 |
| Valenza, T | 1 |
| Arnetoli, G | 1 |
| Zappoli, R | 1 |
| Goulden, KJ | 1 |
| Dooley, JM | 1 |
| Camfield, PR | 1 |
| Fraser, AD | 1 |
3 reviews available for valproic acid and Tremor
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
[Drug-induced tremor].
Topics: Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antidepr | 2011 |
Adverse neuropsychiatric effects of anticonvulsant drugs.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates; Benzodiazepines; Biogenic Amines; Carba | 1985 |
Valproate: an updated review.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Brain Diseases; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Coma; Dyskinesi | 1985 |
5 trials available for valproic acid and Tremor
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Seizure control and side-effect profile after switching adult epileptic patients from standard to extended-release divalproex sodium.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Body Weight; Cohort Studies; Data Interpretation | 2009 |
Divalproex extended-release versus the original divalproex tablet: results of a randomized, crossover study of well-controlled epileptic patients with primary generalized seizures.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Asthenia; Child; Cross-Over Studies; Delayed-Action Prepara | 2002 |
Computerized tremor analysis of valproate-induced tremor: a comparative study of controlled-release versus conventional valproate.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Delayed-Action Preparations; D | 2005 |
Treatment of valproate tremors.
Topics: Amantadine; Cyproheptadine; Diphenhydramine; Humans; Propranolol; Tremor; Valproic Acid | 1983 |
Lack of a clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interaction between tiagabine and valproate.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Dizziness; Drug Interactions; Drug Monitoring; Drug Therapy, Com | 1998 |
37 other studies available for valproic acid and Tremor
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Investigation of the risk of valproic acid-induced tremor: clinical, neuroimaging, and genetic factors.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Female; Humans; Neuroimaging; Tremor; Valproic Acid | 2022 |
Current treatment options for familial adult myoclonus epilepsy.
Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Myoclonic; Epilepsy; Humans; Myoclonus; Tremor; Valproic Acid | 2023 |
A Case of Long-Term Exposure to Valproic Acid Mimicking Tremor-Dominant Parkinson's Disease.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Male; Parkinson Disease; Parkinsonian Disorders; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single | 2023 |
Valproate-induced rest tremor and parkinsonism.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Parkinsonian | 2021 |
Valproate intoxication in a patient with bipolar I disorder due to SGLT2 inhibitor-induced weight reduction.
Topics: Aged; Antimanic Agents; Benzhydryl Compounds; Bipolar Disorder; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Inte | 2020 |
Clinical and Kinematic Features of Valproate-Induced Tremor and Differences with Essential Tremor.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Biomechanical Phenomena; Diagnosis, Differential; E | 2021 |
The clinical features and functional impact of valproate-induced tremor.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nervous System Dise | 2017 |
Distinguishing features between valproate-induced tremor and essential tremor.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Essential Tremor; Female; GABA Agents; Humans; Male; Middle Ag | 2018 |
Functional rhythmic tongue movements.
Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Biperiden; Humans; Male; Tongue Diseases; Tremor; Valproic Acid | 2019 |
Disabling Resting Tremors Induced by the Short-term Infusion of Valproate: A Reversible Phenomenon.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Time Factors; Tremor; Va | 2018 |
The clinical characteristics and related factors of tremor in patients with epilepsy.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Case-Control Studies; Drug-Related Side Effects | 2019 |
Sodium valproate induced tremor in a patient with epilepsy and Down's syndrome.
Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Down Syndrome; Epilepsy; GABA Agents; Humans; Male; Tremor; Valproic Ac | 2013 |
Asymmetric drug-induced tremor: rare feature of a common event.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Tremor; Valproic Acid | 2013 |
The relationship between valproate induced tremors and circulating neurotransmitters: a preliminary study.
Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neurotransmitter Agents; Seizures; Statis | 2017 |
Quantitative analysis of motor performance in epilepsy patients treated with valproate.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Skills; Reaction Ti | 2010 |
Electroconvulsive therapy-induced migraine successfully treated with valproic acid.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Depressive Disorder, Major; Electroconvulsive Therapy; GABA Agents; Humans; Male; | 2012 |
Valproic acid-associated hyperammonemic encephalopathy: a case report from the psychiatric setting.
Topics: Antimanic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Brain Diseases; Confusion; Female; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Middl | 2005 |
Drugs that increase gamma-aminobutyric acid transmission protect against the high pressure neurological syndrome.
Topics: Anesthetics; Animals; Bicuculline; Body Temperature; Flurazepam; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Male; Mice | 1982 |
Side effects of sodium valproate.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Rats; Tremor; Valproic Acid | 1980 |
[The alcohol withdrawal syndrome and its therapy].
Topics: Adult; Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium; Alcoholism; Humans; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Psychomotor | 1980 |
Tremor due to sodium valproate.
Topics: Humans; Propranolol; Tremor; Valproic Acid | 1981 |
[Tremor in the course of sodium valproate treatment].
Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Tremor; Valproic Acid | 1981 |
Valproate tremors.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Humans; Middle Aged; Parkinson | 1982 |
Case report: thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced myoclonus and tremor in a patient with Hashimoto's encephalopathy.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Menstrual Cycle; Myoclonus; Phenytoin; Prolactin; Thyroid Gland; Thyroiditis, | 1995 |
Acetazolamide appears effective in the management of valproate-induced tremor.
Topics: Acetazolamide; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motor | 1994 |
Disabling tremor after lamotrigine with sodium valproate.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Drug Interactions; Epilepsy, Generalized; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Humans; Lamotrigi | 1993 |
Orthostatic tremor: clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics.
Topics: Acceleration; Arm; Clonazepam; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Electrophysiology; Evoked P | 1993 |
[A case of cortical reflex myoclonus manifesting tremor].
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Cerebral Cortex; Clonazepam; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory; Female; Humans; Isox | 1997 |
A case of sustained massive gabapentin overdose without serious side effects.
Topics: Acetates; Adult; Amines; Anticonvulsants; Cognition; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Drug Overdose; Epi | 1999 |
Valproic acid and risperidone.
Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Antipsychotic Agents; Drug Interactions; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Psyc | 2002 |
Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites and cyclic nucleotides in chronic schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia or drug-induced tremor.
Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Cyclic AMP; Cyclic GMP; Cyproheptadine; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Female; Ho | 1979 |
Tremor due to sodium valproate.
Topics: Adult; Electrophysiology; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Transducers; Tremor; Valproic Acid | 1979 |
Simultaneous delivery of valproic acid and glycine to the brain. Deamination of 2-propylpentylglycinamide by monoamine oxidase B.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Deamination; Glycine; In Vitro Techniques; Kinetics; Male; Mice; Monoamine Oxidase; | 1991 |
Sodium valproate interactions with the HPNS: EEG and behavioral observations.
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System Diseases; Electroencephalography; Female; High Pressure Neurological | 1989 |
Gamma-aminobutyric acid and the high pressure neurological syndrome.
Topics: Alanine; Aminobutyrates; Animals; Atmospheric Pressure; Central Nervous System Diseases; Electrodes, | 1986 |
Long-term treatment with sodium valproate: monitoring of venous ammonia concentrations and adverse effects.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alopecia; Ammonia; Body Weight; Child; Epilepsy; Female; Gastrointestinal Disease | 1987 |
Clinical valproate toxicity induced by acetylsalicylic acid.
Topics: Adolescent; Aspirin; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Interactions; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Female; Hu | 1987 |