Page last updated: 2024-10-26

valproic acid and Pain

valproic acid has been researched along with Pain in 38 studies

Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.
valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.

Pain: An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Four patients had pancreatitis associated with valproic acid therapy."7.67Pancreatitis associated with valproic acid therapy. ( Cruse, RP; Erenberg, G; Rothner, AD; Wyllie, E; Wyllie, R, 1984)
" For treating trigeminal neuralgia, carbamazepine had a combined number needed to treat of 2."6.17Anticonvulsant drugs for management of pain: a systematic review. ( Carroll, D; Jadad, AR; McQuay, H; Moore, A; Wiffen, P, 1995)
"Chronic pain is a multifactorial disease comprised of both inflammatory and neuropathic components that affect ∼20% of the world's population."5.46sec-Butylpropylacetamide (SPD), a new amide derivative of valproic acid for the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. ( Bialer, M; Brennan, KC; Devor, M; Kaufmann, D; Smith, MD; West, PJ; White, HS; Yagen, B, 2017)
"This review was designated to evaluate the efficacy of parenteral ketorolac in treating acute migraine headache."5.22Efficacy of ketorolac in the treatment of acute migraine attack: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Abu Bakar, MA; Baharuddin, KA; Norhayati, MN; Nurathirah, MN; Yazid, MB, 2022)
" Examining antiepileptic prescribing to residents with ADRD who had disruptive behaviors and/or reported pain suggests that two of the most common antiepileptics, valproic acid and gabapentin, are being used in clinically distinct ways."4.31Antiepileptic prescribing to persons living with dementia residing in nursing homes: A tale of two indications. ( Candon, M; Gerlach, LB; Maust, DT; Strominger, J, 2023)
" The initial anticonvulsant screening was performed in mice (ip) using the 'classical' maximal electroshock (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ) tests as well as in the six-Hertz (6Hz) model of pharmacoresistant limbic seizures."3.83New hybrid molecules with anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activity derived from 3-methyl- or 3,3-dimethyl-1-[1-oxo-1-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)propan-2-yl]pyrrolidine-2,5-diones. ( Abram, M; Andres-Mach, M; Kamiński, K; Obniska, J; Rapacz, A; Zagaja, M; Łuszczki, JJ, 2016)
" A number of VPA analogues and their amide, N-methylamide and urea derivatives, were synthesized and evaluated in animal models of neuropathic pain and epilepsy."3.75Synthesis and evaluation of antiallodynic and anticonvulsant activity of novel amide and urea derivatives of valproic acid analogues. ( Bialer, M; Devor, M; Kaufmann, D; Shimshoni, JA; Yagen, B, 2009)
"Four patients had pancreatitis associated with valproic acid therapy."3.67Pancreatitis associated with valproic acid therapy. ( Cruse, RP; Erenberg, G; Rothner, AD; Wyllie, E; Wyllie, R, 1984)
"Valproic acid is used in first case as an antiepileptic; own clinical observance and references from the literature show other indication-fields outside of the group of cerebral fits; so Convulex was employed successfully also in the therapy of perioral dyskinesia of variable etiology and in the medical treatment of therapy-resistant pains within the bounds of Polyneuropathy-Polyneuritis Syndrome."3.67[Further therapeutic possibilities with valproic acid (Convulex)]. ( Auff, E; Holzner, F; Wessely, P, 1985)
"Migraine is a common primary headache disorder diagnosed in the emergency department (ED)."2.82Sodium Valproate Versus Dopamine Antagonists for Acute Migraine in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review. ( Cheng, W; Cortel-LeBlanc, M; Nath, A; Patel, D; Perry, JJ; Viau, JA, 2022)
"Thirty-six patients established on migraine prophylaxis were administered 500 mg sodium valproate intravenously against acute migraine attacks."2.73Safety and efficacy of intravenous sodium valproate in the treatment of acute migraine. ( Marková, J; Mastík, J; Waberzinek, G, 2007)
"Pain was assessed using a pain scale based on the Brief Pain Inventory at days 0, 8 and 15."2.70A phase II study to establish the efficacy and toxicity of sodium valproate in patients with cancer-related neuropathic pain. ( A'Hern, R; Broadley, K; Gwilliam, B; Hardy, JR; Ling, J; Rees, EA, 2001)
"Chronic central pain is a frequent complication after spinal cord injury."2.67Valproate for treatment of chronic central pain after spinal cord injury. A double-blind cross-over study. ( Andreasen, A; Drewes, AM; Poulsen, LH, 1994)
"Comorbid diagnosis of headache predicted use of topiramate and VPA, bipolar disease predicted use of LMT and VPA, pain predicted gabapentin, and schizophrenia was associated with VPAs use."1.91Prescribing Trends of Antiseizure Drugs in Women Veterans With Epilepsy. ( Amuan, ME; Henion, A; Lopez, MR; Panahi, S; Pugh, MJ; VanCott, AC, 2023)
"Lamotrigine was the most frequently initiated drug in psychiatry, in both boys and girls."1.48Utilization of Antiepileptic Medicines in Swedish Children and Adolescents with Different Diagnoses. ( Karlsson Lind, L; von Euler, M; Wettermark, B; Wide, K, 2018)
"Chronic pain is a multifactorial disease comprised of both inflammatory and neuropathic components that affect ∼20% of the world's population."1.46sec-Butylpropylacetamide (SPD), a new amide derivative of valproic acid for the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. ( Bialer, M; Brennan, KC; Devor, M; Kaufmann, D; Smith, MD; West, PJ; White, HS; Yagen, B, 2017)
"Idiopathic stabbing headache is a primary headache defined as "transient stabs of pain in the head that occur spontaneously in the absence of underlying organic disease."1.40Pediatric-onset extracephalic stabbing pain. ( Hino-Fukuyo, N; Kakisaka, Y; Kano, S; Kure, S; Uematsu, M, 2014)
"Valproic acid (VA) is a major antiepileptic drug, used for several therapeutic indications."1.39Valproic acid: an anticonvulsant drug with potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. ( Correia, AO; da Graça Naffah-Mazzacorati, M; de Castro Brito, GA; de Oliveira Gonçalves, D; Félix, FH; Leal, LK; Neves, KR; Santos Cerqueira, G; Siqueira, RM; Viana, GS; Ximenes, JC, 2013)
" Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis showed that α-Cl-TMCD is less susceptible to liver first-pass effect than α-F-TMCD because of lower total (metabolic) clearance and liver extraction ratio."1.36Comparative pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of two anticonvulsant halo derivatives of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide, an amide of a cyclic analog of valproic acid. ( Bialer, M; Finnell, RH; Hen, N; Kaufmann, D; Pessah, N; Wlodarczyk, B; Yagen, B, 2010)

Research

Studies (38)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19907 (18.42)18.7374
1990's4 (10.53)18.2507
2000's11 (28.95)29.6817
2010's9 (23.68)24.3611
2020's7 (18.42)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Kaufmann, D3
Bialer, M5
Shimshoni, JA1
Devor, M4
Yagen, B5
Kamiński, K2
Zagaja, M1
Rapacz, A2
Łuszczki, JJ1
Andres-Mach, M1
Abram, M2
Obniska, J2
Nurathirah, MN1
Yazid, MB1
Norhayati, MN1
Baharuddin, KA1
Abu Bakar, MA1
Günay, Ç1
Edem, P1
Hız-Kurul, AS1
Yaşar, E1
Yiş, U1
Imado, E1
Sun, S1
Abawa, AR1
Tahara, T1
Kochi, T1
Huynh, TNB1
Asano, S1
Hasebe, S1
Nakamura, Y1
Hisaoka-Nakashima, K1
Kotake, Y1
Irifune, M1
Tsuga, K1
Takuma, K1
Morioka, N1
Kiguchi, N1
Ago, Y1
Candon, M1
Strominger, J1
Gerlach, LB1
Maust, DT1
Lopez, MR1
VanCott, AC1
Amuan, ME1
Panahi, S1
Henion, A1
Pugh, MJ1
Góra, M1
Sałat, K1
Rybka, S1
Jakubiec, M1
Viau, JA1
Patel, D1
Cheng, W1
Cortel-LeBlanc, M1
Nath, A1
Perry, JJ1
Karlsson Lind, L1
Wide, K1
Wettermark, B1
von Euler, M1
Ximenes, JC1
de Oliveira Gonçalves, D1
Siqueira, RM1
Neves, KR1
Santos Cerqueira, G1
Correia, AO1
Félix, FH1
Leal, LK1
de Castro Brito, GA1
da Graça Naffah-Mazzacorati, M1
Viana, GS1
Kakisaka, Y1
Kano, S1
Hino-Fukuyo, N1
Uematsu, M1
Kure, S1
Barragan-Martinez, D1
Urbanos-Nunez, A1
Martinez-Salio, A1
West, PJ1
Smith, MD1
White, HS1
Brennan, KC1
Agrawal, RP1
Goswami, J1
Jain, S1
Kochar, DK2
Pessah, N1
Hen, N1
Wlodarczyk, B1
Finnell, RH1
El-Azab, MF1
Moustafa, YM1
Coulter, DW1
Walko, C1
Patel, J1
Moats-Staats, BM1
McFadden, A1
Smith, SV1
Khan, WA1
Bridges, AS1
Deal, AM1
Oesterheld, J1
Davis, IJ1
Blatt, J1
Jain, N1
Agarwal, RP1
Srivastava, T1
Agarwal, P1
Gupta, S1
Schneider, T1
Turczak, J1
Przewłocki, R1
Winkler, I2
Blotnik, S1
Shimshoni, J1
Sobol, E1
Steinman, A1
Waberzinek, G1
Marková, J1
Mastík, J1
Savica, R1
Beghi, E1
Mazzaglia, G1
Innocenti, F1
Brignoli, O1
Cricelli, C1
Caputi, AP1
Musolino, R1
Spina, E1
Trifirò, G1
Wyllie, E1
Wyllie, R1
Cruse, RP1
Erenberg, G1
Rothner, AD1
Swerdlow, M2
Cundill, JG1
McQuay, H1
Carroll, D1
Jadad, AR1
Wiffen, P1
Moore, A1
Drewes, AM1
Andreasen, A1
Poulsen, LH1
Zachariah, SB1
Borges, EF1
Varghese, R1
Cruz, AR1
Ross, GS1
Anderson, GD1
Lin, Y1
Temkin, NR1
Fischer, JH1
Winn, HR1
Hardy, JR1
Rees, EA1
Gwilliam, B1
Ling, J1
Broadley, K1
A'Hern, R1
Sinnott, C1
Raftery, H1
Frenk, H1
Bossut, D1
Mayer, DJ1
Aley, KO1
Kulkarni, SK1
Auff, E1
Holzner, F1
Wessely, P1

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Erenumab as a Therapeutic Approach for the Management of Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain (TNP)[NCT05142228]Phase 25 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-04-01Terminated (stopped due to Low enrollment rate)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Reviews

3 reviews available for valproic acid and Pain

ArticleYear
Efficacy of ketorolac in the treatment of acute migraine attack: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 2022, Volume: 29, Issue:9

    Topics: Caffeine; Dexamethasone; Diclofenac; Humans; Ketorolac; Metoclopramide; Migraine Disorders; Pain; Ph

2022
Sodium Valproate Versus Dopamine Antagonists for Acute Migraine in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review.
    The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques, 2022, Volume: 49, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Dopamine Antagonists; Emergency Service, Hospital; Humans; Migraine Disorders; Pain; Valproic

2022
Anticonvulsant drugs for management of pain: a systematic review.
    BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 1995, Oct-21, Volume: 311, Issue:7012

    Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Clonazepam; Diabetic Neuropathies; Humans; Pain; Phenytoin; Treatmen

1995

Trials

7 trials available for valproic acid and Pain

ArticleYear
Management of diabetic neuropathy by sodium valproate and glyceryl trinitrate spray: a prospective double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study.
    Diabetes research and clinical practice, 2009, Volume: 83, Issue:3

    Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Neuropathies;

2009
Valproic acid reduces the tolerability of temsirolimus in children and adolescents with solid tumors.
    Anti-cancer drugs, 2013, Volume: 24, Issue:4

    Topics: Adolescent; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Child; Child, Preschool; Diphenhydramine

2013
Sodium valproate in the management of painful neuropathy in type 2 diabetes - a randomized placebo controlled study.
    Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 2002, Volume: 106, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Neuropathies; Double-Blind Method;

2002
Safety and efficacy of intravenous sodium valproate in the treatment of acute migraine.
    Neuro endocrinology letters, 2007, Volume: 28, Issue:1

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Middle Aged; Migrain

2007
Anticonvulsant drugs for management of pain: a systematic review.
    BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 1995, Oct-21, Volume: 311, Issue:7012

    Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Clonazepam; Diabetic Neuropathies; Humans; Pain; Phenytoin; Treatmen

1995
Valproate for treatment of chronic central pain after spinal cord injury. A double-blind cross-over study.
    Paraplegia, 1994, Volume: 32, Issue:8

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chronic Disease; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; M

1994
A phase II study to establish the efficacy and toxicity of sodium valproate in patients with cancer-related neuropathic pain.
    Journal of pain and symptom management, 2001, Volume: 21, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Nervous System Diseases;

2001

Other Studies

29 other studies available for valproic acid and Pain

ArticleYear
Synthesis and evaluation of antiallodynic and anticonvulsant activity of novel amide and urea derivatives of valproic acid analogues.
    Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2009, Nov-26, Volume: 52, Issue:22

    Topics: Amides; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Electroshock; Isomerism; Male; Mice; Pain; Pentylenetetrazole; Rat

2009
New hybrid molecules with anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activity derived from 3-methyl- or 3,3-dimethyl-1-[1-oxo-1-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)propan-2-yl]pyrrolidine-2,5-diones.
    Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 2016, Feb-15, Volume: 24, Issue:4

    Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Elec

2016
Recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy: a report of two new pediatric cases.
    The Turkish journal of pediatrics, 2022, Volume: 64, Issue:3

    Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Headache; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Ophthalmoplegia; Opht

2022
Prenatal exposure to valproic acid causes allodynia associated with spinal microglial activation.
    Neurochemistry international, 2022, Volume: 160

    Topics: Animals; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Calcium; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Hyperalgesia; Ma

2022
Antiepileptic prescribing to persons living with dementia residing in nursing homes: A tale of two indications.
    Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2023, Volume: 71, Issue:1

    Topics: Aged; Alzheimer Disease; Analgesics, Opioid; Anticonvulsants; Antipsychotic Agents; Gabapentin; Huma

2023
Prescribing Trends of Antiseizure Drugs in Women Veterans With Epilepsy.
    Military medicine, 2023, 11-03, Volume: 188, Issue:11-12

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Female; Gabapentin; Humans; Lamotrigine; Levetiracetam

2023
Synthesis, anticonvulsant, and antinociceptive activity of new 3-(3-methyl-2,5-dioxo-3-phenylpyrrolidin-1-yl)propanamides and 3-phenyl-butanamides.
    Archiv der Pharmazie, 2021, Volume: 354, Issue:1

    Topics: Amides; Analgesics; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Disease Models, Animal; Electroshock; Male; Mice; Pain

2021
Utilization of Antiepileptic Medicines in Swedish Children and Adolescents with Different Diagnoses.
    Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2018, Volume: 123, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Prescriptions; Drug Utilization; Epilepsy

2018
Valproic acid: an anticonvulsant drug with potent antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties.
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology, 2013, Volume: 386, Issue:7

    Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anticonvulsants; Butyric Acid; Carrageenan; Drug Syne

2013
Pediatric-onset extracephalic stabbing pain.
    Journal of child neurology, 2014, Volume: 29, Issue:8

    Topics: Child; Electroencephalography; Functional Laterality; GABA Agents; Headache Disorders, Primary; Huma

2014
[Red ear syndrome: a case report with good therapeutic response].
    Revista de neurologia, 2015, Sep-01, Volume: 61, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Ear Auricle; Ear Diseases; Female; Humans; Pain; Recurrence; Remission Induction; Syndrome; V

2015
sec-Butylpropylacetamide (SPD), a new amide derivative of valproic acid for the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain.
    Pharmacological research, 2017, Volume: 117

    Topics: Amides; Amines; Analgesics; Animals; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Disease Models, Animal; Gabapentin

2017
Comparative pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of two anticonvulsant halo derivatives of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide, an amide of a cyclic analog of valproic acid.
    Epilepsia, 2010, Volume: 51, Issue:10

    Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Amides; Analgesics; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Cyclopropanes; Disease Mo

2010
Influence of calcium channel blockers on anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities of valproic acid in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice.
    Pharmacological reports : PR, 2012, Volume: 64, Issue:2

    Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Calcium Channel Blockers; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Synergi

2012
Environmental enrichment reverses behavioral alterations in rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid: issues for a therapeutic approach in autism.
    Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2006, Volume: 31, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Anxiety; Autistic Disorder; Behavior, Animal; Environment; Exploratory Beh

2006
Efficacy of antiepileptic isomers of valproic acid and valpromide in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
    British journal of pharmacology, 2005, Volume: 146, Issue:2

    Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Hyperalgesia; Isomerism; Ligation; Male; Pain; Pain Measuremen

2005
Efficacy of antiepileptic tetramethylcyclopropyl analogues of valproic acid amides in a rat model of neuropathic pain.
    Neuropharmacology, 2005, Volume: 49, Issue:8

    Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Pain; Pain Measurement; Peripheral

2005
Prescribing patterns of antiepileptic drugs in Italy: a nationwide population-based study in the years 2000-2005.
    European journal of neurology, 2007, Volume: 14, Issue:12

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Amines; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Catchment Area, H

2007
Pancreatitis associated with valproic acid therapy.
    American journal of diseases of children (1960), 1984, Volume: 138, Issue:10

    Topics: Abdomen; Adolescent; Adult; Amylases; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Child; Child, Preschool; Female;

1984
The treatment of "shooting" pain.
    Postgraduate medical journal, 1980, Volume: 56, Issue:653

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamazepine; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pain; Phenytoin; V

1980
Anticonvulsant drugs used in the treatment of lancinating pain. A comparison.
    Anaesthesia, 1981, Volume: 36, Issue:12

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Chronic Disease; Clonazepam; Female; Humans

1981
Positive response to oral divalproex sodium (Depakote) in patients with spasticity and pain.
    The American journal of the medical sciences, 1994, Volume: 308, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle Spasticity; Pain; Valproic Acid

1994
[Injectionable valproate: experiences in neurology pediatrics and psychiatry. Workshop at Hamburg, 8 November 1997].
    Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS, 1998, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Suppl An

    Topics: Analgesics; Anticonvulsants; Antimanic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Child; Critical Care; Female; Human

1998
Incidence of intravenous site reactions in neurotrauma patients receiving valproate or phenytoin.
    The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2000, Volume: 34, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Brain Injuries; Chi-Square Distribution; Double-Blind Method; Female;

2000
Problems recruiting cancer patients to a comparative clinical trial of drug treatments for neuropathic pain in palliative care.
    Journal of pain and symptom management, 2002, Volume: 23, Issue:4

    Topics: Amitriptyline; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Humans; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Neoplasms; Ne

2002
The management of post herpetic pain using sodium valproate and amitriptyline.
    Irish medical journal, 1979, Sep-28, Volume: 72, Issue:9

    Topics: Amitriptyline; Herpes Zoster; Humans; Pain; Valproic Acid

1979
Is substance P a primary afferent neurotransmitter for nociceptive input? III. Valproic acid and chlordiazepoxide decrease behaviors elicited by intrathecal injection of substance P and excitatory compounds.
    Brain research, 1988, Jul-12, Volume: 455, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Chlordiazepoxide; Injections, Spinal; Kainic Acid; Male; Morphine; Nocicep

1988
GABAergic agents-induced antinociceptive effect in mice.
    Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology, 1989, Volume: 11, Issue:10

    Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Baclofen; Bicuculline; Female; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Male; Mice; Morphine; M

1989
[Further therapeutic possibilities with valproic acid (Convulex)].
    Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 1985, Sep-15, Volume: 135, Issue:17

    Topics: Aged; Blepharospasm; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced; Female; Foot Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myo

1985