valproic acid has been researched along with Acrania in 125 studies
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.
valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| " However, a particular association of valproate and carbamazepine with neural tube defects (NTDs)--specifically, with spina bifida aperta (SB)--has been identified." | 8.82 | Management issues for women with epilepsy: neural tube defects and folic acid supplementation. ( Yerby, MS, 2003) |
| "Administration of the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) during early pregnancy can result in a 1-2% incidence of spina bifida aperta, a closure defect of the posterior neural tube in the human." | 8.78 | Valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mouse and human: aspects of chirality, alternative drug development, pharmacokinetics and possible mechanisms. ( Ehlers, K; Hauck, RS; Nau, H, 1991) |
| "Valproic acid (VPA), a widely prescribed antiepileptic drug and an effective treatment for psychiatric disorders, is teratogenic causing neural tube defects (NTDs) and other defects in the exposed embryo." | 7.96 | Gestational exposure to valproic acid upregulates total Stat3 protein expression while downregulating phosphorylated Stat3 in CD-1 mouse embryos with neural tube defects. ( Shafique, S; Winn, LM, 2020) |
| " High dose valproic acid led to significantly higher number of embryos with neural tube defects compared to low-dose valproic acid (p = 0." | 7.91 | Valproic acid effect on neural tube defects is not prevented by concomitant folic acid supplementation: Early chick embryo model pilot study. ( Cakin, H; Kazan, S; Ozak, A; Turgut, U, 2019) |
| " Using the prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-injection model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in rats, which produces social impairrment and altered seizure susceptibility as in human ASD patients as well as mild neural tube defects like crooked tail phenotype, we examined whether chronic administration of red ginseng extract may rescue the social impairment and crooked tail phenotype in prenatally VPA-exposed rat offspring." | 7.79 | Effects of Korean red ginseng extracts on neural tube defects and impairment of social interaction induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid. ( Han, SH; Kim, HJ; Kim, HY; Kim, KC; Kim, P; Kwon, KJ; Lee, JM; Park, JH; Shin, CY, 2013) |
| "Valproic acid (VPA) is a potent inducer of neural tube defects in human and mouse, its teratogenicity is associated with its potential to generation of free radicals and increase oxidative stress." | 7.78 | Spirulina (arthrospira) protects against valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mice. ( Chamorro-Cevallos, G; Escalona-Cardoso, GN; Paniagua-Castro, N; Pérez-Pastén, R, 2012) |
| " Administration of valproic acid (VA) during first trimester of pregnancy causes neural tube defects (NTDs)." | 7.78 | Reduction in valproic acid-induced neural tube defects by maternal immune stimulation: role of apoptosis. ( Hrubec, T; Mallela, M, 2012) |
| "Exposure to the anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA) during the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations including heart defects, craniofacial abnormalities, skeletal and limb defects, and, most frequently, neural tube defects (NTDs)." | 7.77 | Valproic acid increases formation of reactive oxygen species and induces apoptosis in postimplantation embryos: a role for oxidative stress in valproic acid-induced neural tube defects. ( Tung, EW; Winn, LM, 2011) |
| "Valproic acid is a commonly prescribed antiepileptic agent that causes birth defects including neural tube defects." | 7.77 | Valproic acid-induced DNA damage increases embryonic p27(KIP1) and caspase-3 expression: a mechanism for valproic-acid induced neural tube defects. ( Tung, EW; Winn, LM, 2011) |
| " Maternal treatment with valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy induces NTD in susceptible fetuses." | 7.73 | Effect of maternal exposure to homocystine on sodium valproate-induced neural tube defects in the mouse embryos. ( Benedict, S; Nagelkerke, N; Padmanabhan, R; Shafiullah, M, 2006) |
| "Valproic acid, a commonly used antiepileptic agent, is associated with a 1 to 2% incidence of neural tube defects when taken during pregnancy; however, the molecular mechanism by which this occurs has not been elucidated." | 7.73 | Valproic acid increases conservative homologous recombination frequency and reactive oxygen species formation: a potential mechanism for valproic acid-induced neural tube defects. ( Defoort, EN; Kim, PM; Winn, LM, 2006) |
| "In utero exposure to valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects (NTDs)." | 7.73 | Folic acid and pantothenic acid protection against valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in CD-1 mice. ( Dawson, JE; Raymond, AM; Winn, LM, 2006) |
| " Periconceptional folic acid supplementation is reported to protect embryos from developing neural tube defects (NTD)." | 7.72 | Amelioration of sodium valproate-induced neural tube defects in mouse fetuses by maternal folic acid supplementation during gestation. ( Padmanabhan, R; Shafiullah, MM, 2003) |
| "Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the most common of the major anomalies associated with in utero exposure to valproic acid." | 7.70 | Safe use of valproic acid during pregnancy. ( Kennedy, D; Koren, G, 1999) |
| "Neural tube defects were induced dose-dependently by single injections of the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid (VPA) as sodium salt in mice on gestational day 8." | 7.67 | Valproic acid-induced neural tube defects: reduction by folinic acid in the mouse. ( Nau, H; Trotz, M; Wegner, C, 1987) |
| "The teratogenic effects of valproic acid and its 4-propyl-4-pentenoic acid (4-en) metabolite were investigated in three inbred mouse strains that were known to possess differing sensitivity to heat-induced neural tube defects." | 7.67 | Common hierarchies of susceptibility to the induction of neural tube defects in mouse embryos by valproic acid and its 4-propyl-4-pentenoic acid metabolite. ( Bennett, GD; Finnell, RH; Karras, SB; Mohl, VK, 1988) |
| "Exposure in pregnancy is associated with approximately three-fold increase in the rate of major anomalies, mainly spina bifida and only rarely anencephaly (NTD), cardiac, craniofacial, skeletal and limb defects and a possible set of dysmorphic features, the "valproate syndrome" with decreased intrauterine growth." | 6.45 | Valproic acid in pregnancy: how much are we endangering the embryo and fetus? ( Ornoy, A, 2009) |
| "Epilepsy is a common medical problem and many studies have demonstrated that infants of women with epilepsy (WWE) have a two to threefold higher risk of congenital malformations compared with the background population." | 6.43 | Recent advances on neural tube defects with special reference to Valproic Acid. ( Chiarelli, F; Latini, G; Pelliccia, P; Tana, M; Verrotti, A, 2006) |
| " An appropriate dosing regimen (consecutive doses of VPA on Day 9 of gestation) can also result in a low incidence of spina bifida aperta and a high incidence of spina bifida occulta in the mouse." | 6.39 | Valproic acid-induced neural tube defects. ( Nau, H, 1994) |
| "PTA significantly reduced VPA-induced exencephaly, while none of the other external malformations such as open eyelid or skeletal malformations such as fused, absent, or bifurcated ribs and fused thoracic vertebrae and fused sternebrae were reduced." | 5.29 | Pantothenic acid decreases valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mice (I). ( Nagao, T; Sato, M; Shirota, M, 1995) |
| "Fetuses were examined for exencephaly, resorption, and fetal weight retardation on day 18 of gestation." | 5.28 | Methotrexate increases valproic acid-induced developmental toxicity, in particular neural tube defects in mice. ( Elmazar, MM; Nau, H, 1992) |
| " In the general population, it is well established that periconceptual folic acid reduces the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) and possibly other congenital abnormalities." | 5.05 | Valproate and folate: Congenital and developmental risks. ( Green, R; Reynolds, EH, 2020) |
| "Valproic acid (VPA) use during pregnancy increases fetal risk of major congenital malformations and cognitive impairment." | 4.93 | Guideline adherence for mentally ill reproductive-aged women on treatment with valproic acid: a retrospective chart review. ( Gotlib, D; Kurlander, J; Muzik, M; Perelstein, E; Riba, M; Zivin, K, 2016) |
| " However, a particular association of valproate and carbamazepine with neural tube defects (NTDs)--specifically, with spina bifida aperta (SB)--has been identified." | 4.82 | Management issues for women with epilepsy: neural tube defects and folic acid supplementation. ( Yerby, MS, 2003) |
| "Administration of the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) during early pregnancy can result in a 1-2% incidence of spina bifida aperta, a closure defect of the posterior neural tube in the human." | 4.78 | Valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mouse and human: aspects of chirality, alternative drug development, pharmacokinetics and possible mechanisms. ( Ehlers, K; Hauck, RS; Nau, H, 1991) |
| "Chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate (MTX), raltitrexed (RTX), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), hydroxyurea (HU), and retinoic acid (RA), and valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic drug, all can cause malformations in the developing central nervous system (CNS), such as neural tube defects (NTDs)." | 4.12 | Unraveling the Mechanisms of Clinical Drugs-Induced Neural Tube Defects Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analysis. ( Guan, Z; Li, S; Liang, Y; Niu, B; Wang, J; Wang, X; Yang, A; Yu, J; Zhu, Z, 2022) |
| "Fetal exposure to the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid (VPA), used to treat certain types of epilepsy, increases the risk for birth defects, including neural tube defects, as well as learning difficulties and behavioral problems." | 4.02 | Folic acid supplementation rescues valproic acid-induced developmental neurotoxicity and behavioral alterations in zebrafish embryos. ( Bondesson, M; Garyfalidis, E; Gustafsson, JÅ; Kondamadugu, VS; Muhsen, M; Riu, A; Youngs, J, 2021) |
| "Valproic acid (VPA), a widely prescribed antiepileptic drug and an effective treatment for psychiatric disorders, is teratogenic causing neural tube defects (NTDs) and other defects in the exposed embryo." | 3.96 | Gestational exposure to valproic acid upregulates total Stat3 protein expression while downregulating phosphorylated Stat3 in CD-1 mouse embryos with neural tube defects. ( Shafique, S; Winn, LM, 2020) |
| " High dose valproic acid led to significantly higher number of embryos with neural tube defects compared to low-dose valproic acid (p = 0." | 3.91 | Valproic acid effect on neural tube defects is not prevented by concomitant folic acid supplementation: Early chick embryo model pilot study. ( Cakin, H; Kazan, S; Ozak, A; Turgut, U, 2019) |
| " This limitation and high risks of neural tube and other major teratogenic effects, especially of valproate, indicate the need for great caution in the use of valproate and carbamazepine to treat bipolar disorder in women of child-bearing age." | 3.88 | Mood-Stabilizing Anticonvulsants, Spina Bifida, and Folate Supplementation: Commentary. ( Baldessarini, RJ; Patel, N; Viguera, AC, 2018) |
| " Using the prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-injection model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in rats, which produces social impairrment and altered seizure susceptibility as in human ASD patients as well as mild neural tube defects like crooked tail phenotype, we examined whether chronic administration of red ginseng extract may rescue the social impairment and crooked tail phenotype in prenatally VPA-exposed rat offspring." | 3.79 | Effects of Korean red ginseng extracts on neural tube defects and impairment of social interaction induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid. ( Han, SH; Kim, HJ; Kim, HY; Kim, KC; Kim, P; Kwon, KJ; Lee, JM; Park, JH; Shin, CY, 2013) |
| " Administration of valproic acid (VA) during first trimester of pregnancy causes neural tube defects (NTDs)." | 3.78 | Reduction in valproic acid-induced neural tube defects by maternal immune stimulation: role of apoptosis. ( Hrubec, T; Mallela, M, 2012) |
| "Valproic acid (VPA) is a potent inducer of neural tube defects in human and mouse, its teratogenicity is associated with its potential to generation of free radicals and increase oxidative stress." | 3.78 | Spirulina (arthrospira) protects against valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mice. ( Chamorro-Cevallos, G; Escalona-Cardoso, GN; Paniagua-Castro, N; Pérez-Pastén, R, 2012) |
| " Microarray studies in P19 mouse embryocarcinoma cells and mouse embryos have indicated that valproic acid (VPA), an inducer of neural tube defects, deregulates the expression of many genes, including those critically involved in neural tube development." | 3.77 | Short-time gene expression response to valproic acid and valproic acid analogs in mouse embryonic stem cells. ( Dencker, L; Forsberg, M; Gustafson, AL; Jergil, M; Salter, H; Stigson, M; Stockling, K, 2011) |
| "Exposure to the anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA) during the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations including heart defects, craniofacial abnormalities, skeletal and limb defects, and, most frequently, neural tube defects (NTDs)." | 3.77 | Valproic acid increases formation of reactive oxygen species and induces apoptosis in postimplantation embryos: a role for oxidative stress in valproic acid-induced neural tube defects. ( Tung, EW; Winn, LM, 2011) |
| "Prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) induces neural tube defects and impairment in social behaviors related to autistic spectrum disorder in newborns, which make it a useful animal model of autism." | 3.77 | The critical period of valproate exposure to induce autistic symptoms in Sprague-Dawley rats. ( Cheong, JH; Choi, CS; Go, HS; Kim, KC; Kim, P; Ko, KH; Shin, CY; Yang, SI, 2011) |
| "Valproic acid is a commonly prescribed antiepileptic agent that causes birth defects including neural tube defects." | 3.77 | Valproic acid-induced DNA damage increases embryonic p27(KIP1) and caspase-3 expression: a mechanism for valproic-acid induced neural tube defects. ( Tung, EW; Winn, LM, 2011) |
| "Exposure to the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid (VPA) in utero is associated with a 1-2% increase in neural tube defects (NTDs), however the molecular mechanisms by which VPA induces teratogenesis are unknown." | 3.76 | Epigenetic modifications in valproic acid-induced teratogenesis. ( Tung, EW; Winn, LM, 2010) |
| " We point out that during the pregnancy 4 of these 5 women with epilepsy had taken valproates, and the other one--carbamazepine." | 3.75 | [Fetal malformations in women with epilepsy]. ( Bozhinov, P; Bozhinova, C; Markova, C, 2009) |
| "Folic acid supplementation reduces the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs); however, it is not clear whether it protects against teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs." | 3.74 | Plasma vitamin values and antiepileptic therapy: case reports of pregnancy outcomes affected by a neural tube defect. ( Boisson, C; Candito, M; Gaucherand, P; Guéant, JL; Luton, D; Naimi, M; Rudigoz, JC; Van Obberghen, E, 2007) |
| "Valproic acid, a drug commonly used to treat seizures and other psychiatric disorders, causes neural tube defects (NTDs) in exposed fetuses at a rate 20 times higher than in the general population." | 3.73 | Valproic acid-induced fetal malformations are reduced by maternal immune stimulation with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or interferon-gamma. ( Holladay, SD; Hrubec, TC; Salafia, CM; Yan, M; Ye, K, 2006) |
| "In utero exposure to valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects (NTDs)." | 3.73 | Folic acid and pantothenic acid protection against valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in CD-1 mice. ( Dawson, JE; Raymond, AM; Winn, LM, 2006) |
| "Structure-activity relationship studies of valproic acid (VPA) derivatives have revealed a quantitative correlation between histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition and induction of neural tube defects (NTDs) in the NMRI-exencephaly-mouse model, but this correlation has been, so far, limited to congeners with a carboxylic acid function." | 3.73 | S-2-pentyl-4-pentynoic hydroxamic acid and its metabolite s-2-pentyl-4-pentynoic acid in the NMRI-exencephaly-mouse model: pharmacokinetic profiles, teratogenic effects, and histone deacetylase inhibition abilities of further valproic acid hydroxamates an ( Eikel, D; Hoffmann, K; Lampen, A; Nau, H; Zoll, K, 2006) |
| "Valproic acid, a commonly used antiepileptic agent, is associated with a 1 to 2% incidence of neural tube defects when taken during pregnancy; however, the molecular mechanism by which this occurs has not been elucidated." | 3.73 | Valproic acid increases conservative homologous recombination frequency and reactive oxygen species formation: a potential mechanism for valproic acid-induced neural tube defects. ( Defoort, EN; Kim, PM; Winn, LM, 2006) |
| " Maternal treatment with valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy induces NTD in susceptible fetuses." | 3.73 | Effect of maternal exposure to homocystine on sodium valproate-induced neural tube defects in the mouse embryos. ( Benedict, S; Nagelkerke, N; Padmanabhan, R; Shafiullah, M, 2006) |
| " Periconceptional folic acid supplementation is reported to protect embryos from developing neural tube defects (NTD)." | 3.72 | Amelioration of sodium valproate-induced neural tube defects in mouse fetuses by maternal folic acid supplementation during gestation. ( Padmanabhan, R; Shafiullah, MM, 2003) |
| "In the current study, we wanted to extend our findings and test the hypothesis that Folbp2(-/-) mice are more susceptible to the teratogenic effects of valproic acid (VPA), a commonly used antiepileptic drug that is known to induce neural tube defects (NTDs) in both humans and laboratory animals." | 3.72 | Valproate-induced neural tube defects in folate-binding protein-2 (Folbp2) knockout mice. ( Finnell, RH; Merriweather, MY; Spiegelstein, O; Wicker, NJ, 2003) |
| " The antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) is a potent inducer of neural tube defects (NTDs) in human and mouse embryos." | 3.72 | Valproic acid teratogenicity: a toxicogenomics approach. ( Dencker, L; Gustafson, AL; Kultima, K; Nyström, AM; Scholz, B; Stigson, M, 2004) |
| "Clinical and epidemiologic studies have indicated that maternal use of valproic acid during early pregnancy causes an increased risk for spina bifida." | 3.70 | Developmental toxicity of valproic acid during embryonic chick vertebral chondrogenesis. ( Basu, A; Wezeman, FH, 2000) |
| "Teratogenic chemicals (2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [TCDD], ethyl carbamate [urethane], methylnitrosourea [MNU], or valproic acid [VA]) were given to pregnant mice to induce cleft palate (TCDD, urethane), digital defects (urethane, MNU), or exencephaly (VA)." | 3.70 | Nonspecific stimulation of the maternal immune system. I. Effects On teratogen-induced fetal malformations. ( Blaylock, BL; Gogal, RM; Holladay, SD; Sharova, L; Smith, BJ; Ward, DL, 2000) |
| "Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the most common of the major anomalies associated with in utero exposure to valproic acid." | 3.70 | Safe use of valproic acid during pregnancy. ( Kennedy, D; Koren, G, 1999) |
| "Ingestion of the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid and of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril during pregnancy has been associated with abnormal fetal outcome in humans." | 3.69 | Evaluation of the rat embryo culture system as a predictive test for human teratogens. ( Buttar, HS; Guest, I; Smith, S; Varma, DR, 1994) |
| " In a search for protection against neural tube defects, we investigated the effect of methionine on the incidence of VPA-induced spina bifida in the mouse." | 3.69 | Methionine reduces the valproic acid-induced spina bifida rate in mice without altering valproic acid kinetics. ( Ehlers, K; Elmazar, MM; Nau, H, 1996) |
| "The molecular basis for the well-established hierarchy of susceptibility to valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in inbred mouse strains was examined using in situ transcription and anti-sense RNA amplification methodologies with both univariate and multivariate analyses of the resulting gene expression data." | 3.69 | Strain-dependent alterations in the expression of folate pathway genes following teratogenic exposure to valproic acid in a mouse model. ( Bennett, GD; Craig, JC; Finnell, RH; Piedrahita, JA; Wlodarczyk, BC, 1997) |
| "The anticonvulsant drug valproic acid (VPA) is suspected to be a developmental toxicant in humans, inducing primarily neural tube defects." | 3.68 | Lack of attenuation of valproic acid-induced effects by folinic acid in rat embryos in vitro. ( Grafton, TF; Hansen, DK, 1991) |
| " Before 1000 when the ratios of folate metabolites were stable, the rate of valproic acid-induced neural tube defects was reduced from 49% of living fetuses to 12% by coapplication of folinic acid via subcutaneously implanted minipumps." | 3.68 | Diurnal variation of folate concentrations in mouse embryo and plasma: the protective effect of folinic acid on valproic-acid-induced teratogenicity is time dependent. ( Nau, H; Wegner, C, 1991) |
| "Fetal exposure to valproic acid has recently been associated with an increased incidence of neural tube defects." | 3.67 | Prenatal detection of a neural tube defect after fetal exposure to valproic acid. ( Campbell, WA; Cassidy, SB; Ciarleglio, L; Nochimson, DJ; Vintzileos, AM; Weinbaum, PJ, 1986) |
| "Neural tube defects were induced dose-dependently by single injections of the anticonvulsant drug valproic acid (VPA) as sodium salt in mice on gestational day 8." | 3.67 | Valproic acid-induced neural tube defects: reduction by folinic acid in the mouse. ( Nau, H; Trotz, M; Wegner, C, 1987) |
| "The teratogenic effects of valproic acid and its 4-propyl-4-pentenoic acid (4-en) metabolite were investigated in three inbred mouse strains that were known to possess differing sensitivity to heat-induced neural tube defects." | 3.67 | Common hierarchies of susceptibility to the induction of neural tube defects in mouse embryos by valproic acid and its 4-propyl-4-pentenoic acid metabolite. ( Bennett, GD; Finnell, RH; Karras, SB; Mohl, VK, 1988) |
| "Exposure in pregnancy is associated with approximately three-fold increase in the rate of major anomalies, mainly spina bifida and only rarely anencephaly (NTD), cardiac, craniofacial, skeletal and limb defects and a possible set of dysmorphic features, the "valproate syndrome" with decreased intrauterine growth." | 2.45 | Valproic acid in pregnancy: how much are we endangering the embryo and fetus? ( Ornoy, A, 2009) |
| "Epilepsy is a common medical problem and many studies have demonstrated that infants of women with epilepsy (WWE) have a two to threefold higher risk of congenital malformations compared with the background population." | 2.43 | Recent advances on neural tube defects with special reference to Valproic Acid. ( Chiarelli, F; Latini, G; Pelliccia, P; Tana, M; Verrotti, A, 2006) |
| "Neural tube defects were seen in 3% of the sample." | 2.41 | Valproic acid embryopathy: report of two siblings with further expansion of the phenotypic abnormalities and a review of the literature. ( Kozma, C, 2001) |
| " An appropriate dosing regimen (consecutive doses of VPA on Day 9 of gestation) can also result in a low incidence of spina bifida aperta and a high incidence of spina bifida occulta in the mouse." | 2.39 | Valproic acid-induced neural tube defects. ( Nau, H, 1994) |
| "Neural tube defects (NTDs), including anencephaly and spina bifida, are common major malformations of fetal development resulting from incomplete closure of the neural tube." | 1.91 | A Shared Pathogenic Mechanism for Valproic Acid and ( Huang, J; Luo, J; Parent, JM; Sexton, JZ; Sudyk, R; Takla, TN; Tidball, AM; Vora, NL; Walker, JC, 2023) |
| "Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely prescribed drug to treat epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and migraine." | 1.72 | Aberrant induction of p19Arf-mediated cellular senescence contributes to neurodevelopmental defects. ( Keyes, WM; Klein, A; Knauer-Meyer, T; Plassat, JL; Rhinn, M; Zapata-Bodalo, I, 2022) |
| "Exencephaly/anencephaly is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and the most extreme open neural tube defect with no current treatments and limited mechanistic understanding." | 1.51 | Cell necrosis, intrinsic apoptosis and senescence contribute to the progression of exencephaly to anencephaly in a mice model of congenital chranioschisis. ( Duru, S; Fernandez-Alonso, I; Fernandez-Martin, A; Figueira, RL; Marotta, M; Oria, M; Peiro, JL; Sbragia, L; Scorletti, F; Shaaban, AF; Turner, LE, 2019) |
| " Furthermore, it was possible to discriminate toxicants acting at different time points during embryonic development and, therefore, responsible for distinct adverse effects on neural tube formation." | 1.51 | Accuracy, discriminative properties and reliability of a human ESC-based in vitro toxicity assay to distinguish teratogens responsible for neural tube defects. ( De Geyter, C; Feutz, AC, 2019) |
| "Significant decreases in pregnancy weight gain and the number of live fetuses were observed when VPA was administered at the high dose, whereas the percentage of exencephalic fetuses was significantly increased in VPA treated compared with an equivalent VCD dosage group." | 1.51 | Teratogenicity of valproic acid and its constitutional isomer, amide derivative valnoctamide in mice. ( Bialer, M; Cabrera, RM; Finnell, RH; Lin, YL; Wlodarczyk, BJ, 2019) |
| "If these data translate to the overall transport and subsequent bioavailability of folates, noncompetitive inhibition of the folate receptors by VPA may serve to lower the bioavailable folates in VPA treated mothers." | 1.40 | Brief report novel mechanism for valproate-induced teratogenicity. ( Fathe, K; Finnell, RH; Palacios, A, 2014) |
| " Comparative pharmacokinetic analysis showed that α-Cl-TMCD is less susceptible to liver first-pass effect than α-F-TMCD because of lower total (metabolic) clearance and liver extraction ratio." | 1.36 | Comparative pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of two anticonvulsant halo derivatives of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide, an amide of a cyclic analog of valproic acid. ( Bialer, M; Finnell, RH; Hen, N; Kaufmann, D; Pessah, N; Wlodarczyk, B; Yagen, B, 2010) |
| " No stereoselective pharmacokinetics was observed following intraperitoneal dosing of racemic-VCU to rats." | 1.36 | Evaluation of stereoselective anticonvulsant, teratogenic, and pharmacokinetic profile of valnoctylurea (capuride): a chiral stereoisomer of valproic acid urea derivative. ( Bialer, M; Finnell, RH; Schurig, V; Shimshoni, JA; Wlodarczyk, B; Yagen, B, 2010) |
| " It showed a beneficial pharmacokinetic profile in rats, having a high oral bioavailability of 75% and satisfactory values of clearance and volume of distribution." | 1.34 | Anticonvulsant activity, neural tube defect induction, mutagenicity and pharmacokinetics of a new potent antiepileptic drug, N-methoxy-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxamide. ( Bialer, M; Finnell, RH; Lamb, JG; Sobol, E; White, HS; Wlodarczyk, BJ; Yagen, B, 2007) |
| "Non-treated homozygous polydactyly/arhinencephaly (Pdn/Pdn) mouse fetuses exhibited exencephaly in 16." | 1.33 | Exencephaly induction by valproic acid in the genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse, Pdn/Pdn. ( Katagiri, R; Maekawa, M; Naruse, I; Ohta, K; Ueta, E, 2005) |
| "Valproic acid (VPA) is an anticonvulsant drug that is widely used therapeutically for a variety of neurological conditions." | 1.33 | Myo-inositol enhances teratogenicity of valproic acid in the mouse. ( Finnell, RH; Giavini, E; Massa, V; Wlodarczyk, B, 2006) |
| "Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic drug used clinically." | 1.32 | Effect of valproic acid on fetal and maternal organs in the mouse: a morphological study. ( Emmanouil-Nikoloussi, EN; Foroglou, NG; Kerameos-Foroglou, CH; Thliveris, JA, 2004) |
| "Significant increases in fetal loss and exencephaly rate were observed with VPA at 800 mg/kg compared to the vehicle control." | 1.32 | Amidic modification of valproic acid reduces skeletal teratogenicity in mice. ( Aoki, Y; Bialer, M; Fujiwara, M; Kurihara, H; Okada, A, 2004) |
| "PTA significantly reduced VPA-induced exencephaly, while none of the other external malformations such as open eyelid or skeletal malformations such as fused, absent, or bifurcated ribs and fused thoracic vertebrae and fused sternebrae were reduced." | 1.29 | Pantothenic acid decreases valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mice (I). ( Nagao, T; Sato, M; Shirota, M, 1995) |
| "Fetuses were examined for exencephaly, resorption, and fetal weight retardation on day 18 of gestation." | 1.28 | Methotrexate increases valproic acid-induced developmental toxicity, in particular neural tube defects in mice. ( Elmazar, MM; Nau, H, 1992) |
| " Using whole rat embryo cultures, the simultaneous addition of methionine and sodium valproate to the medium provided no protection from neural tube defects, nor did the addition of methionine to a medium of serum obtained from rats previously dosed with sodium valproate." | 1.28 | Methionine decreases the embryotoxicity of sodium valproate in the rat: in vivo and in vitro observations. ( Klein, NW; Nosel, PG, 1992) |
| "The rate of neural tube defects (exencephaly) produced by the S-enantiomer was about 4 times higher than that produced by the R-enantiomer." | 1.28 | Asymmetric synthesis and enantioselective teratogenicity of 2-n-propyl-4-pentenoic acid (4-en-VPA), an active metabolite of the anticonvulsant drug, valproic acid. ( Hauck, RS; Nau, H, 1989) |
| "Phenobarbital pretreatment of the dams (previously shown to reduce VPA serum concentrations and induce the omega- and omega-1 oxidation pathways) reduced the embryotoxicity of VPA." | 1.27 | Valproic acid teratogenicity in mice after various administration and phenobarbital-pretreatment regimens: the parent drug and not one of the metabolites assayed is implicated as teratogen. ( Nau, H, 1986) |
| " It was found that both the dosage and timing of VPA administration were crucial in the development of lesions which are similar to human spina bifida aperta." | 1.27 | New animal model for the study of neural tube defects. ( McCollough, D; Michejda, M, 1987) |
| "VPA-induced exencephaly in mice may provide an animal model to further investigate biochemical markers for prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects." | 1.27 | Amniotic fluid cholinesterase of valproate-induced exencephaly in the mouse: an animal model for prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects. ( Elmazar, MM; Spielmann, H; Vogel, R, 1988) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 21 (16.80) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 30 (24.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 35 (28.00) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 30 (24.00) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 9 (7.20) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Hen, N | 5 |
| Bialer, M | 12 |
| Wlodarczyk, B | 7 |
| Finnell, RH | 20 |
| Yagen, B | 9 |
| Hansen, JM | 1 |
| Lucas, SM | 1 |
| Ramos, CD | 1 |
| Green, EJ | 1 |
| Nuttall, DJ | 1 |
| Clark, DS | 1 |
| Marchant, ED | 1 |
| Hancock, CR | 1 |
| Piorczynski, TB | 1 |
| Błaszczyk, B | 1 |
| Miziak, B | 1 |
| Pluta, R | 1 |
| Czuczwar, SJ | 1 |
| Rhinn, M | 1 |
| Zapata-Bodalo, I | 1 |
| Klein, A | 1 |
| Plassat, JL | 1 |
| Knauer-Meyer, T | 1 |
| Keyes, WM | 1 |
| Guan, Z | 1 |
| Liang, Y | 1 |
| Wang, X | 1 |
| Zhu, Z | 1 |
| Yang, A | 1 |
| Li, S | 1 |
| Yu, J | 1 |
| Niu, B | 1 |
| Wang, J | 1 |
| Takla, TN | 1 |
| Luo, J | 1 |
| Sudyk, R | 1 |
| Huang, J | 1 |
| Walker, JC | 1 |
| Vora, NL | 1 |
| Sexton, JZ | 1 |
| Parent, JM | 1 |
| Tidball, AM | 1 |
| Feutz, AC | 1 |
| De Geyter, C | 1 |
| Oria, M | 1 |
| Duru, S | 1 |
| Figueira, RL | 1 |
| Scorletti, F | 1 |
| Turner, LE | 1 |
| Fernandez-Alonso, I | 1 |
| Fernandez-Martin, A | 1 |
| Marotta, M | 1 |
| Sbragia, L | 1 |
| Shaaban, AF | 1 |
| Peiro, JL | 1 |
| Shafique, S | 2 |
| Winn, LM | 7 |
| Reynolds, EH | 1 |
| Green, R | 1 |
| Muhsen, M | 1 |
| Youngs, J | 1 |
| Riu, A | 1 |
| Gustafsson, JÅ | 1 |
| Kondamadugu, VS | 1 |
| Garyfalidis, E | 1 |
| Bondesson, M | 1 |
| Patel, N | 1 |
| Viguera, AC | 1 |
| Baldessarini, RJ | 1 |
| Hughes, A | 1 |
| Greene, NDE | 1 |
| Copp, AJ | 1 |
| Galea, GL | 1 |
| Sher, J | 1 |
| Frank, JW | 1 |
| Doi, L | 1 |
| de Caestecker, L | 1 |
| Lin, YL | 1 |
| Cabrera, RM | 2 |
| Wlodarczyk, BJ | 4 |
| Turgut, U | 1 |
| Kazan, S | 1 |
| Cakin, H | 1 |
| Ozak, A | 1 |
| Onishi, Y | 1 |
| Okada, A | 4 |
| Noyori, H | 2 |
| Okamura, A | 1 |
| Fujiwara, M | 4 |
| Denny, KJ | 1 |
| Jeanes, A | 1 |
| Fathe, K | 2 |
| Taylor, SM | 1 |
| Woodruff, TM | 1 |
| Shekh-Ahmad, T | 1 |
| McDonough, JH | 1 |
| Hsieh, CL | 1 |
| Chen, KC | 1 |
| Ding, CY | 1 |
| Tsai, WJ | 1 |
| Wu, JF | 1 |
| Peng, CC | 1 |
| Palacios, A | 1 |
| Tiboni, GM | 1 |
| Ponzano, A | 1 |
| Balon, R | 1 |
| Riba, M | 2 |
| Gotlib, D | 1 |
| Perelstein, E | 1 |
| Kurlander, J | 1 |
| Zivin, K | 1 |
| Muzik, M | 1 |
| Akimova, D | 1 |
| Lin, Y | 1 |
| Ross, ME | 1 |
| Chen, Q | 1 |
| Gross, SS | 1 |
| Jergil, M | 2 |
| Kultima, K | 2 |
| Gustafson, AL | 3 |
| Dencker, L | 3 |
| Stigson, M | 3 |
| Ornoy, A | 1 |
| Bozhinov, P | 1 |
| Bozhinova, C | 1 |
| Markova, C | 1 |
| Martínez-Frías, ML | 1 |
| Shimshoni, JA | 4 |
| Schurig, V | 1 |
| Tung, EW | 3 |
| Pessah, N | 3 |
| Kaufmann, D | 1 |
| de Jong, E | 1 |
| Doedée, AM | 1 |
| Reis-Fernandes, MA | 1 |
| Nau, H | 15 |
| Piersma, AH | 1 |
| Kim, KC | 2 |
| Kim, P | 2 |
| Go, HS | 1 |
| Choi, CS | 1 |
| Yang, SI | 1 |
| Cheong, JH | 1 |
| Shin, CY | 2 |
| Ko, KH | 1 |
| Forsberg, M | 1 |
| Salter, H | 1 |
| Stockling, K | 1 |
| Umur, AS | 1 |
| Selcuki, M | 1 |
| Bursali, A | 1 |
| Umur, N | 1 |
| Kara, B | 1 |
| Vatansever, HS | 1 |
| Duransoy, YK | 1 |
| Mallela, M | 1 |
| Hrubec, T | 1 |
| Park, JH | 1 |
| Kwon, KJ | 1 |
| Kim, HJ | 1 |
| Lee, JM | 1 |
| Kim, HY | 1 |
| Han, SH | 1 |
| Escalona-Cardoso, GN | 1 |
| Paniagua-Castro, N | 1 |
| Pérez-Pastén, R | 1 |
| Chamorro-Cevallos, G | 1 |
| Davidson, DL | 1 |
| Padmanabhan, R | 2 |
| Shafiullah, MM | 1 |
| Yerby, MS | 1 |
| Duchowny, M | 1 |
| Spiegelstein, O | 1 |
| Merriweather, MY | 1 |
| Wicker, NJ | 1 |
| Kurihara, H | 1 |
| Aoki, Y | 2 |
| Lundberg, YW | 1 |
| Greer, KA | 1 |
| Zhao, J | 1 |
| Garg, R | 1 |
| Emmanouil-Nikoloussi, EN | 1 |
| Foroglou, NG | 1 |
| Kerameos-Foroglou, CH | 1 |
| Thliveris, JA | 1 |
| Nyström, AM | 1 |
| Scholz, B | 1 |
| Alsdorf, R | 1 |
| Wyszynski, DF | 1 |
| Kushima, K | 1 |
| Dawson, JE | 1 |
| Raymond, AM | 1 |
| Maekawa, M | 1 |
| Ohta, K | 1 |
| Katagiri, R | 1 |
| Ueta, E | 1 |
| Naruse, I | 2 |
| Defoort, EN | 1 |
| Kim, PM | 1 |
| Eikel, D | 1 |
| Hoffmann, K | 1 |
| Zoll, K | 1 |
| Lampen, A | 1 |
| Massa, V | 1 |
| Giavini, E | 1 |
| Verrotti, A | 1 |
| Tana, M | 1 |
| Pelliccia, P | 1 |
| Chiarelli, F | 1 |
| Latini, G | 1 |
| Shafiullah, M | 1 |
| Benedict, S | 1 |
| Nagelkerke, N | 1 |
| Sobol, E | 1 |
| Lamb, JG | 1 |
| White, HS | 1 |
| Hrubec, TC | 1 |
| Yan, M | 1 |
| Ye, K | 1 |
| Salafia, CM | 1 |
| Holladay, SD | 2 |
| Candito, M | 1 |
| Naimi, M | 1 |
| Boisson, C | 1 |
| Rudigoz, JC | 1 |
| Gaucherand, P | 1 |
| Guéant, JL | 1 |
| Luton, D | 1 |
| Van Obberghen, E | 1 |
| Singh, NK | 1 |
| Nagendra, S | 1 |
| Robert, E | 1 |
| Guibaud, P | 1 |
| Leck, I | 1 |
| Philbert, A | 1 |
| Pedersen, B | 1 |
| Graf, WD | 1 |
| Pippenger, CE | 1 |
| Shurtleff, DB | 1 |
| Oakeshott, P | 1 |
| Hunt, G | 1 |
| Guest, I | 1 |
| Buttar, HS | 1 |
| Smith, S | 1 |
| Varma, DR | 1 |
| Thurston, JH | 1 |
| Hauhart, RE | 1 |
| Van Waes, M | 1 |
| Bennett, GD | 6 |
| Eberwine, JH | 2 |
| Clayton-Smith, J | 1 |
| Donnai, D | 1 |
| Ehlers, K | 2 |
| Elmazar, MM | 3 |
| Sato, M | 1 |
| Shirota, M | 1 |
| Nagao, T | 1 |
| Espinasse, M | 1 |
| Manouvrier, S | 1 |
| Boute, O | 1 |
| Farriaux, JP | 1 |
| Ubeda, N | 1 |
| Alonso, E | 1 |
| Martín-Rodríguez, JC | 1 |
| Varela-Moreiras, G | 1 |
| Puerta, J | 1 |
| Pérez-Miguelsanz, J | 1 |
| Wlodarczyk, BC | 2 |
| Craig, JC | 3 |
| Calvin, JA | 1 |
| Piedrahita, JA | 2 |
| Hishida, R | 1 |
| Koren, G | 1 |
| Kennedy, D | 1 |
| Craig, J | 1 |
| Morrison, P | 1 |
| Morrow, J | 1 |
| Patterson, V | 1 |
| Miranda, RC | 1 |
| Mackler, SA | 1 |
| Basu, A | 1 |
| Wezeman, FH | 1 |
| Al Deeb, S | 1 |
| Al Moutaery, K | 1 |
| Arshaduddin, M | 1 |
| Tariq, M | 1 |
| Gelineau-van Waes, J | 1 |
| Barber, RC | 1 |
| Shaw, GM | 1 |
| Lammer, EJ | 1 |
| Sharova, L | 1 |
| Smith, BJ | 1 |
| Gogal, RM | 1 |
| Ward, DL | 1 |
| Blaylock, BL | 1 |
| Kozma, C | 1 |
| Duncan, S | 1 |
| Mercho, S | 1 |
| Lopes-Cendes, I | 1 |
| Seni, MH | 1 |
| Benjamin, A | 1 |
| Dubeau, F | 1 |
| Andermann, F | 1 |
| Andermann, E | 1 |
| Isojärvi, J | 1 |
| Oberemm, A | 1 |
| Kirschbaum, F | 1 |
| Nosel, PG | 1 |
| Klein, NW | 1 |
| Chadwick, D | 1 |
| Lindhout, D | 2 |
| Omtzigt, JG | 1 |
| Cornel, MC | 1 |
| Wegner, C | 3 |
| Kelly, PG | 1 |
| Regan, CM | 1 |
| Hauck, RS | 2 |
| Orrell, RW | 1 |
| Hansen, DK | 1 |
| Grafton, TF | 1 |
| Seegmiller, RE | 1 |
| Harris, C | 2 |
| Luchtel, DL | 1 |
| Juchau, MR | 2 |
| Markovitz, PJ | 1 |
| Calabrese, JR | 1 |
| Schmidt, D | 1 |
| Weinbaum, PJ | 1 |
| Cassidy, SB | 1 |
| Vintzileos, AM | 1 |
| Campbell, WA | 1 |
| Ciarleglio, L | 1 |
| Nochimson, DJ | 1 |
| Löscher, W | 1 |
| Brown, EG | 1 |
| Trotz, M | 1 |
| Michejda, M | 1 |
| McCollough, D | 1 |
| Stark, KL | 1 |
| Collins, MD | 1 |
| Scott, WJ | 1 |
| Vogel, R | 1 |
| Spielmann, H | 1 |
| Karras, SB | 1 |
| Mohl, VK | 1 |
| Tein, I | 1 |
| MacGregor, DL | 1 |
| Garden, AS | 1 |
| Benzie, RJ | 1 |
| Hutton, EM | 1 |
| Gare, DJ | 1 |
| Wolf, H | 1 |
| Leschot, NJ | 1 |
12 reviews available for valproic acid and Acrania
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Epilepsy in Pregnancy-Management Principles and Focus on Valproate.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Autism | 2022 |
Valproate and folate: Congenital and developmental risks.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Nervous System Malformations; Neural Tube Defect | 2020 |
Neural tube defects, folate, and immune modulation.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Autoantibodies; Chemokine CCL2; Complement System Proteins; Female; Folate Receptor | 2013 |
Guideline adherence for mentally ill reproductive-aged women on treatment with valproic acid: a retrospective chart review.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Contraception Behavior; Female; Folic Acid; Guideline Adherence; Humans | 2016 |
Valproic acid in pregnancy: how much are we endangering the embryo and fetus?
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adolescent; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Autistic Disorder; Child; Child D | 2009 |
Potency ranking of valproic acid analogues as to inhibition of cardiac differentiation of embryonic stem cells in comparison to their in vivo embryotoxicity.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animal Testing Alternatives; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; | 2011 |
Management issues for women with epilepsy: neural tube defects and folic acid supplementation.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cleft Lip; Cleft Palate; Epilepsy; Female; Folic Aci | 2003 |
Teratogenicity of sodium valproate.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abnormalities, Multiple; Adult; Animals; Autistic Disorder; Cleft Lip; | 2005 |
Recent advances on neural tube defects with special reference to Valproic Acid.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Epoxide Hydrolases; Female; Folic Acid; Folic Acid Defici | 2006 |
Valproic acid-induced neural tube defects.
Topics: Animals; Embryo, Mammalian; Folic Acid; Humans; Neural Tube Defects; Species Specificity; Structure- | 1994 |
Valproic acid embryopathy: report of two siblings with further expansion of the phenotypic abnormalities and a review of the literature.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abnormalities, Multiple; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Face; Female | 2001 |
Valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mouse and human: aspects of chirality, alternative drug development, pharmacokinetics and possible mechanisms.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Maternal-Fetal Exchang | 1991 |
113 other studies available for valproic acid and Acrania
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Syntheses and evaluation of anticonvulsant profile and teratogenicity of novel amide derivatives of branched aliphatic carboxylic acids with 4-aminobenzensulfonamide.
Topics: Anilides; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Convulsants; Electroshock; Mice; Neural Tube Defects; Pentylenet | 2010 |
Valproic acid promotes SOD2 acetylation: a potential mechanism of valproic acid-induced oxidative stress in developing systems.
Topics: Acetylation; Antioxidants; Female; Glutathione; Glutathione Disulfide; Humans; Neural Tube Defects; | 2021 |
Aberrant induction of p19Arf-mediated cellular senescence contributes to neurodevelopmental defects.
Topics: Animals; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Cellular Senescence; Female; Mice; Microcephaly; Neural Tube Defe | 2022 |
Unraveling the Mechanisms of Clinical Drugs-Induced Neural Tube Defects Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Analysis.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Antineoplastic Agents; Class I Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; ErbB Recept | 2022 |
A Shared Pathogenic Mechanism for Valproic Acid and
Topics: Anencephaly; Animals; Brain; Female; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Humans; Mice; Mice, Knockout; | 2023 |
Accuracy, discriminative properties and reliability of a human ESC-based in vitro toxicity assay to distinguish teratogens responsible for neural tube defects.
Topics: Embryonic Development; Embryonic Stem Cells; Humans; Mycophenolic Acid; Neural Tube Defects; Ochrato | 2019 |
Cell necrosis, intrinsic apoptosis and senescence contribute to the progression of exencephaly to anencephaly in a mice model of congenital chranioschisis.
Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Anencephaly; Animals; Apoptosis; Brain; Caspase 3; Caspase 9; Cellular Senescence; C | 2019 |
Gestational exposure to valproic acid upregulates total Stat3 protein expression while downregulating phosphorylated Stat3 in CD-1 mouse embryos with neural tube defects.
Topics: Animals; Female; Mice; Neural Tube Defects; Neurulation; Pregnancy; STAT3 Transcription Factor; Tera | 2020 |
Role of Cbp, p300 and Akt in valproic acid induced neural tube defects in CD-1 mouse embryos.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; CREB-Binding Protein; Down-Regulation; E1A-Associated p300 Pro | 2020 |
Folic acid supplementation rescues valproic acid-induced developmental neurotoxicity and behavioral alterations in zebrafish embryos.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Genetically Modified; Anticonvulsants; Behavior, Animal; Dietary Supplements; Embr | 2021 |
Mood-Stabilizing Anticonvulsants, Spina Bifida, and Folate Supplementation: Commentary.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Antimanic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Carbamazepine; Dietary Supplements; Female; Fol | 2018 |
Valproic acid disrupts the biomechanics of late spinal neural tube closure in mouse embryos.
Topics: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Disease Models, Animal; Embryo, Mammalian; Humans; Mice; Neural Tu | 2018 |
Failures in reproductive health policy: overcoming the consequences and causes of inaction.
Topics: Female; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders; Flour; Folic Acid; Food, Fortified; Health Policy; Humans; | 2019 |
Teratogenicity of valproic acid and its constitutional isomer, amide derivative valnoctamide in mice.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Amides; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Female; Fetal Death; Fetus; Mice; Neu | 2019 |
Valproic acid effect on neural tube defects is not prevented by concomitant folic acid supplementation: Early chick embryo model pilot study.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Chick Embryo; Female; Folic Acid; Neural Tube Defects; Pilot Projects; Val | 2019 |
Teratology study of amide derivatives of branched aliphatic carboxylic acids with 4-aminobenzensulfonamide in NMRI mice.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Carboxylic Acids; Congenital Abnormalities; Embryo, Mammalian; | 2013 |
Stereoselective anticonvulsant and pharmacokinetic analysis of valnoctamide, a CNS-active derivative of valproic acid with low teratogenic potential.
Topics: Amides; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Male; Mice; Neural Tube Defects | 2014 |
Valproic acid substantially downregulated genes folr1, IGF2R, RGS2, COL6A3, EDNRB, KLF6, and pax-3, N-acetylcysteine alleviated most of the induced gene alterations in chicken embryo model.
Topics: Acetylcysteine; Animals; Avian Proteins; Chick Embryo; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Collage | 2013 |
Brief report novel mechanism for valproate-induced teratogenicity.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Biological Availability; Cell Line; Embryonic Development; Female; Fola | 2014 |
Prevention of valproic acid-induced neural tube defects by sildenafil citrate.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Bone and Bones; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relation | 2015 |
Should women of childbearing potential be prescribed valproate? a call to action.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Bipolar Disorder; Contraception Behavior; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Inf | 2016 |
Metabolite profiling of whole murine embryos reveals metabolic perturbations associated with maternal valproate-induced neural tube closure defects.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Carnitine; Dietary Supplements; Disease Models, Animal; Embryo, Mammalian; Fem | 2017 |
Valproic acid-induced deregulation in vitro of genes associated in vivo with neural tube defects.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmen | 2009 |
[Fetal malformations in women with epilepsy].
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Bulgaria; Carbamazepine; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Inf | 2009 |
Topiramate in pregnancy: preliminary experience from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; DNA Damage; Female; Fructose; Histone Deacetylase Inhi | 2009 |
Evaluation of stereoselective anticonvulsant, teratogenic, and pharmacokinetic profile of valnoctylurea (capuride): a chiral stereoisomer of valproic acid urea derivative.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Behavior, Animal; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug | 2010 |
Anticonvulsant profile and teratogenic evaluation of potent new analogues of a valproic acid urea derivative in NMRI mice.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Bone and Bones; Deep Sedation; Differential T | 2009 |
Epigenetic modifications in valproic acid-induced teratogenesis.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Acetylation; Animals; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Histones; Mice; Neur | 2010 |
Comparative pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic analysis of two anticonvulsant halo derivatives of 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxamide, an amide of a cyclic analog of valproic acid.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Amides; Analgesics; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Cyclopropanes; Disease Mo | 2010 |
The critical period of valproate exposure to induce autistic symptoms in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Autistic Disorder; Disease Models, Animal; Electroshock; Female; Fetus; Gl | 2011 |
Short-time gene expression response to valproic acid and valproic acid analogs in mouse embryonic stem cells.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Butyrates; Cell Line; Embryonic Development; Embryonic Stem Ce | 2011 |
Valproic acid-induced DNA damage increases embryonic p27(KIP1) and caspase-3 expression: a mechanism for valproic-acid induced neural tube defects.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Apoptosis; Caspase 3; Cell Cycle Checkpoints; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhi | 2011 |
Valproic acid increases formation of reactive oxygen species and induces apoptosis in postimplantation embryos: a role for oxidative stress in valproic acid-induced neural tube defects.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Embryonic Development; Female; Mice; Neural Tu | 2011 |
Design and pharmacological activity of glycinamide and N-methoxy amide derivatives of analogs and constitutional isomers of valproic acid.
Topics: Amides; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Convulsants; Disease Models, Animal; Electroshock; Female; Isomeri | 2011 |
Simultaneous folate intake may prevent adverse effect of valproic acid on neurulating nervous system.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Chick Embryo; Embryonic Development; Folic Acid; Nervous System; Neural Tu | 2012 |
Reduction in valproic acid-induced neural tube defects by maternal immune stimulation: role of apoptosis.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Immunity; Interferon-gamma; Male; Maternal Exposure; | 2012 |
Effects of Korean red ginseng extracts on neural tube defects and impairment of social interaction induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Child; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive; Disease Models, Animal; Fe | 2013 |
Spirulina (arthrospira) protects against valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mice.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Antioxidants; Female; Fetus; Lipid Peroxidation; Mice; Mice, I | 2012 |
Letter to the editor. Discordant twins for neural tube defect on treatment with sodium valproate.
Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure | 2002 |
Amelioration of sodium valproate-induced neural tube defects in mouse fetuses by maternal folic acid supplementation during gestation.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Brain; Dietary Supplements; Disease Models, Animal; Enzyme Inh | 2003 |
Neurobehavioral teratogenicity in antiepileptic drugs: the new Pandora's box.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Child; Developmental Disabilities; Dose-Respons | 2004 |
Valproate-induced neural tube defects in folate-binding protein-2 (Folbp2) knockout mice.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Carrier Proteins; Diet; Disease Models, Anima | 2003 |
Amidic modification of valproic acid reduces skeletal teratogenicity in mice.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Amides; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Bone and Bones; Cartilage; Cesarean S | 2004 |
Mapping a chromosomal locus for valproic acid-induced exencephaly in mice.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Chromosome Mapping; Crosses, Genetic; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Di | 2004 |
Effect of valproic acid on fetal and maternal organs in the mouse: a morphological study.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abnormalities, Multiple; Animals; Female; Fetus; Gestational Age; Growt | 2004 |
Valproic acid teratogenicity: a toxicogenomics approach.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Apoptosis; Biological Assay; Biomarkers; Cell Culture Techniques; Embryoni | 2004 |
Identification of early-responsive genes correlated to valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mice.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Amides; Animals; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Gene Expression; Gene Expre | 2005 |
Folic acid and pantothenic acid protection against valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in CD-1 mice.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Feta | 2006 |
Exencephaly induction by valproic acid in the genetic polydactyly/arhinencephaly mouse, Pdn/Pdn.
Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Animals; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Down-Regulation; Fibroblast Growth Fac | 2005 |
Valproic acid increases conservative homologous recombination frequency and reactive oxygen species formation: a potential mechanism for valproic acid-induced neural tube defects.
Topics: Animals; Blotting, Southern; Cell Death; CHO Cells; Cricetinae; DNA; Neural Tube Defects; Oxidation- | 2006 |
S-2-pentyl-4-pentynoic hydroxamic acid and its metabolite s-2-pentyl-4-pentynoic acid in the NMRI-exencephaly-mouse model: pharmacokinetic profiles, teratogenic effects, and histone deacetylase inhibition abilities of further valproic acid hydroxamates an
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Blood-Brain Barrier; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Rel | 2006 |
Myo-inositol enhances teratogenicity of valproic acid in the mouse.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Administration, Oral; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Drug Synergism; Embryo | 2006 |
Effect of maternal exposure to homocystine on sodium valproate-induced neural tube defects in the mouse embryos.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Dru | 2006 |
Anticonvulsant activity, neural tube defect induction, mutagenicity and pharmacokinetics of a new potent antiepileptic drug, N-methoxy-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane carboxamide.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Cyclopropanes; Female; Male; Mice; Mutagenesi | 2007 |
Valproic acid-induced fetal malformations are reduced by maternal immune stimulation with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or interferon-gamma.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Dose-Response Relatio | 2006 |
Plasma vitamin values and antiepileptic therapy: case reports of pregnancy outcomes affected by a neural tube defect.
Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Female; Folic Acid; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Homocystein | 2007 |
Anticonvulsant profile and teratogenicity of 3,3-dimethylbutanoylurea: a potential for a second generation drug to valproic acid.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Behavior, Animal; Electrodes, Implanted; Half-Life; Hippocampus; Kindling, | 2008 |
Reversible neutrophil abnormalities related to supratherapeutic valproic acid levels.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neural Tube Defects; Neutrophils; Valproic Acid | 2008 |
Maternal valproic acid and congenital neural tube defects.
Topics: Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnancy; Valproic Acid | 1982 |
Sodium valproate and neural tube defects.
Topics: Adult; Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Meningocele | 1982 |
Spina bifida and anencephaly: fewer patients, more problems.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anencephaly; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Neural Tube Defects; Preg | 1983 |
[Fertile women and valproate. Reactions to information about the possible teratogenic effect].
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnancy; Risk | 1984 |
Erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in children with myelomeningocele.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Erythrocytes; Female; Glutathione Peroxidase; | 1995 |
Prevention of neural tube defects.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Carbamazepine; Female; Folic Acid; Humans; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnan | 1994 |
Evaluation of the rat embryo culture system as a predictive test for human teratogens.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Captopril; Diphenhydramine; DNA; Embryo, Mammalian; False Nega | 1994 |
Vitamins to prevent neural-tube defects.
Topics: Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Neural Tube Defects; Pantothenic Acid; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; | 1993 |
Lack of concordance between heat shock proteins and the development of tolerance to teratogen-induced neural tube defects.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Female; Gene Expression; Gene | 1993 |
Fetal valproate syndrome.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abnormalities, Multiple; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Face; Female; Human | 1995 |
Methionine reduces the valproic acid-induced spina bifida rate in mice without altering valproic acid kinetics.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Disease Models, Animal; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Incidence | 1996 |
Pantothenic acid decreases valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mice (I).
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Bone and Bones; Embryo, Mammalian; Eyelids; F | 1995 |
[Embryofetopathy due to valproate: a pathology only little known. Apropos of 4 cases].
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Child, Preschool; Cleft Lip; Epilepsy; Face; Female; F | 1996 |
Valproate-induced developmental modifications maybe partially prevented by coadministration of folinic acid and S-adenosylmethionine.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Bone and Bones; Female; Fetus; Leucovorin; Li | 1996 |
Valproic acid-induced changes in gene expression during neurulation in a mouse model.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Models, Biological; Multivariate Analysis; Ner | 1996 |
Strain-dependent alterations in the expression of folate pathway genes following teratogenic exposure to valproic acid in a mouse model.
Topics: 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (FADH2); Animals; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Mice; M | 1997 |
VPA-induced neural tube defects in mice. I. Altered metabolism of sulfur amino acids and glutathione.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Amino Acids; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Female; Folic Acid; Glutathione; | 1998 |
Safe use of valproic acid during pregnancy.
Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complica | 1999 |
Failure of periconceptual folic acid to prevent a neural tube defect in the offspring of a mother taking sodium valproate.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy, Generalized; Female; Folic Acid; Huma | 1999 |
Ribonucleotide reductase subunit R1: a gene conferring sensitivity to valproic acid-induced neural tube defects in mice.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Devel | 2000 |
Developmental toxicity of valproic acid during embryonic chick vertebral chondrogenesis.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Age Factors; Aggrecans; Animals; Cell Survival; Chick Embryo; Chondroge | 2000 |
Vitamin E decreases valproic acid induced neural tube defects in mice.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Crown-Rump Length; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Fetal We | 2000 |
Genetic basis of susceptibility to environmentally induced neural tube defects.
Topics: Animals; Carrier Proteins; Cell Cycle; Disease Models, Animal; DNA Fingerprinting; Embryonic and Fet | 2000 |
Nonspecific stimulation of the maternal immune system. I. Effects On teratogen-induced fetal malformations.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Abnormalities, Multiple; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; BCG Vaccine; | 2000 |
Repeated neural tube defects and valproate monotherapy suggest a pharmacogenetic abnormality.
Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Gravidity; Humans; Neur | 2001 |
[The dangers of valproate in women].
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anticonvulsants; Cholesterol, HDL; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Hyperandro | 1998 |
Methotrexate increases valproic acid-induced developmental toxicity, in particular neural tube defects in mice.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Drug Synergism; Encephalocele; Female; Folic Acid; Methotrexat | 1992 |
Valproic acid induced abnormal development of the central nervous system of three species of amphibians: implications for neural tube defects and alternative experimental systems.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Ambystoma mexicanum; Amphibians; Animals; Central Nervous System; Neura | 1992 |
Methionine decreases the embryotoxicity of sodium valproate in the rat: in vivo and in vitro observations.
Topics: Animals; Culture Techniques; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Fetal Resor | 1992 |
Neural tube defects in association with epilepsy and its treatment.
Topics: Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Valproic Acid | 1992 |
Spectrum of neural-tube defects in 34 infants prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, | 1992 |
Alteration of embryonic folate metabolism by valproic acid during organogenesis: implications for mechanism of teratogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Circadian Rhythm; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Fetus; Folic Acid; Leucovorin; Mice | 1992 |
Studies on valproate-induced perturbations of neurulation in the explanted chick embryo.
Topics: Animals; Cells, Cultured; Chick Embryo; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Heart; Microscopy, Electro | 1992 |
Diurnal variation of folate concentrations in mouse embryo and plasma: the protective effect of folinic acid on valproic-acid-induced teratogenicity is time dependent.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Circadian Rhythm; Decidu | 1991 |
Sodium valproate in pregnancy.
Topics: Epilepsy; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; V | 1991 |
Lack of attenuation of valproic acid-induced effects by folinic acid in rat embryos in vitro.
Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Fetal Death; In Vitro Techniqu | 1991 |
Morphological differences elicited by two weak acids, retinoic and valproic, in rat embryos grown in vitro.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Branchial Region; Cell Differentiation; Culture Techniques; DNA; Dose-Response Relat | 1991 |
Use of anticonvulsants for manic depression during pregnancy.
Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Valproic | 1990 |
Asymmetric synthesis and enantioselective teratogenicity of 2-n-propyl-4-pentenoic acid (4-en-VPA), an active metabolite of the anticonvulsant drug, valproic acid.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Animals; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Mice; Neural Tube Defect | 1989 |
In-utero exposure to valproate and neural tube defects.
Topics: Anticonvulsants; Epilepsy; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Neural T | 1986 |
Prenatal detection of a neural tube defect after fetal exposure to valproic acid.
Topics: Abortion, Therapeutic; Adolescent; Epilepsy; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Hydrocephalus; Meningom | 1986 |
Valproic acid teratogenicity in mice after various administration and phenobarbital-pretreatment regimens: the parent drug and not one of the metabolites assayed is implicated as teratogen.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Biotransformation; Female; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, S | 1986 |
Pharmacologic evaluation of various metabolites and analogs of valproic acid: teratogenic potencies in mice.
Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Female; Mice; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnancy; Protein Binding; Structure-A | 1986 |
Transfer of valproic acid and its main active unsaturated metabolite to the gestational tissue: correlation with neural tube defect formation in the mouse.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Fatty Acids, Unsaturat | 1986 |
Prescribing in pregnancy.
Topics: Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Valproic Acid | 1987 |
Valproic acid-induced neural tube defects: reduction by folinic acid in the mouse.
Topics: Animals; Female; Leucovorin; Mice; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnancy; Teratogens; Valproic Acid | 1987 |
New animal model for the study of neural tube defects.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Gestational Age; Lumbar Vertebrae; Macaca mulatta; Neural T | 1987 |
Glutathione status and the incidence of neural tube defects elicited by direct acting teratogens in vitro.
Topics: 2-Acetylaminofluorene; Animals; Cytochalasin D; Cytochalasins; Female; Glutathione; Hydroxyacetylami | 1988 |
Strain differences in the teratogenicity induced by sodium valproate in cultured mouse embryos.
Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Injections, Intraperitoneal; M | 1988 |
Amniotic fluid cholinesterase of valproate-induced exencephaly in the mouse: an animal model for prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects.
Topics: Amniotic Fluid; Animals; Brain; Cholinesterases; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fetal Diseases; Mic | 1988 |
Common hierarchies of susceptibility to the induction of neural tube defects in mouse embryos by valproic acid and its 4-propyl-4-pentenoic acid metabolite.
Topics: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Fetal Resorption; Male; Mice; | 1988 |
Possible valproate teratogenicity.
Topics: Abnormalities, Multiple; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Neural | 1985 |
Valproic acid therapy and neural tube defects.
Topics: Abortion, Induced; Adult; Amniocentesis; Female; Genetic Counseling; Humans; Neural Tube Defects; Pr | 1985 |
Teratogenic valproic acid concentrations: infusion by implanted minipumps vs conventional injection regimen in the mouse.
Topics: Animals; Female; Fetal Resorption; Injections, Subcutaneous; Mice; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnancy; T | 1985 |
[Prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects in use of valproic acid].
Topics: Female; Humans; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Neural Tube Defects; Pregnancy; Prenatal Diagnosis; Valproi | 1985 |