valproic acid and Abdominal Epilepsy studies

Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.
valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Participants with focal epilepsy were randomised to receive lamotrigine, levetiracetam or zonisamide."	9.41	Lamotrigine versus levetiracetam or zonisamide for focal epilepsy and valproate versus levetiracetam for generalised and unclassified epilepsy: two SANAD II non-inferiority RCTs. ( Appleton, R; Baker, G; Balabanova, S; Brown, R; Burnside, G; Hindley, D; Howell, S; Hughes, DA; Leach, JP; Maguire, M; Marson, AG; Mohanraj, R; Plumpton, CO; Sills, G; Smith, D; Smith, PE; Taylor, C; Tudur-Smith, C; Williamson, PR, 2021)
" Adults with partial-onset seizures must have been taking either carbamazepine/oxcarbazepine (CBZ/OXC), lamotrigine (LTG), levetiracetam (LEV), or valproic acid (VPA)."	9.20	Efficacy and safety of ezogabine/retigabine as adjunctive therapy to specified single antiepileptic medications in an open-label study of adults with partial-onset seizures. ( Brandt, C; Daniluk, J; DeRossett, S; Edwards, S; Lerche, H; Lotay, N, 2015)
"For a retrospective observational investigation based on real clinical practice of relative efficacy of valpoic acid (VPA), carbamazepine (CBZ) and topiramate (TPM) we have selected 106 patients with age of seizure onset before 17 years with a undoubted diagnosis of symptomatic or cryptogenic occipital lobe epilepsy (OLE), who had received treatment according to ILAE recommendations, and observation time since the last treatment change was from 2 to 10 years."	9.14	[Comparative efficacy of carbamazepine, valproic acid and topiramate in symptomatic and cryptogenic occipital lobe epilepsy in children]. ( , 2010)
" This paper presents an analysis of body weight data gathered during a randomized trial comparing valproate with carbamazepine in 260 children aged 4-15 years with newly-diagnosed epilepsy."	9.08	Weight gain with valproate or carbamazepine--a reappraisal. ( Easter, D; O'Bryan-Tear, CG; Verity, C, 1997)
"Taltrimide was compared with valproate and placebo in 17 patients with intractable epilepsy being on carbamazepine monotherapy."	9.06	A controlled study with taltrimide and sodium valproate: valproate effective in partial epilepsy. ( Allonen, H; Iivanainen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Parantainen, J; Tamminen, M; Tokola, O; Waltimo, O, 1990)
"To review the time to withdrawal, remission and first seizure of phenytoin compared to valproate when used as monotherapy in people with partial onset seizures or generalised tonic-clonic seizures (with or without other generalised seizure types)."	8.93	Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures: an individual participant data review. ( Marson, AG; Nolan, SJ; Tudur Smith, C; Weston, J, 2016)
"To review the best evidence comparing phenobarbitone and phenytoin when used as monotherapy in participants with partial onset seizures or generalised tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalised seizure types."	8.89	Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Nolan, SJ; Pulman, J; Tudur Smith, C, 2013)
"To review the best evidence comparing phenytoin and valproate when used as monotherapy in individuals with partial onset seizures or generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalised seizure types."	8.89	Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Nolan, SJ; Pulman, J; Tudur Smith, C, 2013)
"To review the best evidence comparing phenytoin and valproate when used as monotherapy in subjects with partial onset seizures, or generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalized seizure types."	8.81	Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Tudur Smith, C; Williamson, PR, 2001)
"To evaluate the changes of epileptiform activity index (EAI) as a measure of the efficacy and tolerability of treatment with valproic acid (VA) in patients with newly-diagnosed generalized and focal epilepsy."	7.96	[Dynamics of epileptiform activity, efficacy and tolerability of valproic acid in adults and adolescents with newly-diagnosed epilepsy]. ( Karlov, VA; Kozhokaru, AB; Orlova, AS; Pushkar, TN; Vlasov, PN, 2020)
"We report on a 4-year 8-month-old boy with Panayiotopoulos syndrome who showed atypical evolution with newly developed absence seizures and EEG exacerbation induced by carbamazepine."	7.73	EEG and seizure exacerbation induced by carbamazepine in Panayiotopoulos syndrome. ( Akiyama, T; Endoh, F; Ito, M; Kikumoto, K; Ohtsuka, Y; Oka, M; Yoshinaga, H, 2006)
"Participants with focal epilepsy were randomised to receive lamotrigine, levetiracetam or zonisamide."	5.41	Lamotrigine versus levetiracetam or zonisamide for focal epilepsy and valproate versus levetiracetam for generalised and unclassified epilepsy: two SANAD II non-inferiority RCTs. ( Appleton, R; Baker, G; Balabanova, S; Brown, R; Burnside, G; Hindley, D; Howell, S; Hughes, DA; Leach, JP; Maguire, M; Marson, AG; Mohanraj, R; Plumpton, CO; Sills, G; Smith, D; Smith, PE; Taylor, C; Tudur-Smith, C; Williamson, PR, 2021)
"We report a patient with focal epilepsy and latent hereditary coproporphyria who had exacerbation of clinical symptoms of porphyria under treatment with valproate and primidone and was then treated with levetiracetam without exacerbation of clinically latent porphyria."	5.32	Levetiracetam in focal epilepsy and hepatic porphyria: a case report. ( Meencke, HJ; Paul, F, 2004)
"We observed two patients who developed coma following administration of valproate in dosages of 32 to 40 mg/kg per day."	5.28	Valproate-induced coma with ketosis and carnitine insufficiency. ( Bohan, TP; Lin, SN; Triggs, WJ; Willmore, LJ, 1990)
" Adults with partial-onset seizures must have been taking either carbamazepine/oxcarbazepine (CBZ/OXC), lamotrigine (LTG), levetiracetam (LEV), or valproic acid (VPA)."	5.20	Efficacy and safety of ezogabine/retigabine as adjunctive therapy to specified single antiepileptic medications in an open-label study of adults with partial-onset seizures. ( Brandt, C; Daniluk, J; DeRossett, S; Edwards, S; Lerche, H; Lotay, N, 2015)
"To explore the efficacy and safety of the combined therapy of valproic acid (VPA) and lamotrigine (LTG) for various types of epilepsy."	5.16	[Efficacy and safety of the combined therapy of valproic acid and lamotrigine for epileptics]. ( Hu, Q; Kang, HC; Li, X; Liu, XY; Liu, ZG; Wang, M; Xu, F; Zeng, Z; Zhu, SQ, 2012)
"For a retrospective observational investigation based on real clinical practice of relative efficacy of valpoic acid (VPA), carbamazepine (CBZ) and topiramate (TPM) we have selected 106 patients with age of seizure onset before 17 years with a undoubted diagnosis of symptomatic or cryptogenic occipital lobe epilepsy (OLE), who had received treatment according to ILAE recommendations, and observation time since the last treatment change was from 2 to 10 years."	5.14	[Comparative efficacy of carbamazepine, valproic acid and topiramate in symptomatic and cryptogenic occipital lobe epilepsy in children]. ( , 2010)
" This paper presents an analysis of body weight data gathered during a randomized trial comparing valproate with carbamazepine in 260 children aged 4-15 years with newly-diagnosed epilepsy."	5.08	Weight gain with valproate or carbamazepine--a reappraisal. ( Easter, D; O'Bryan-Tear, CG; Verity, C, 1997)
"Taltrimide was compared with valproate and placebo in 17 patients with intractable epilepsy being on carbamazepine monotherapy."	5.06	A controlled study with taltrimide and sodium valproate: valproate effective in partial epilepsy. ( Allonen, H; Iivanainen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Parantainen, J; Tamminen, M; Tokola, O; Waltimo, O, 1990)
" All the patients had epilepsy that had previously been untreated, and had been randomly assigned to receive carbamazepine, phenytoin, or sodium valproate."	5.06	Withdrawal of anticonvulsant drugs in patients free of seizures for two years. A prospective study. ( Callaghan, N; Garrett, A; Goggin, T, 1988)
"Eighty-eight patients with the onset of epilepsy in adult life were randomly allocated to treatment with sodium valproate (600 mg/day), or phenytoin (300 mg/day), and followed up for at least 12 months."	5.05	A comparison of phenytoin and valproate in previously untreated adult epileptic patients. ( Chadwick, DW; Rawlins, MD; Turnbull, DM; Weightman, D, 1982)
" The point estimates of carbamazepine and lamotrigine efficacy showed their superiority with respect to all comparator antiepileptic drugs for the treatment of newly diagnosed focal epilepsy."	4.98	Comparative efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in children and adolescents: A network meta-analysis. ( Crescioli, G; De Masi, S; Guerrini, R; Ilvento, L; Lucenteforte, E; McGreevy, KS; Mugelli, A; Pugi, A; Rosati, A; Virgili, G, 2018)
"To review the time to treatment failure, remission and first seizure of sodium valproate compared to phenytoin when used as monotherapy in people with focal onset seizures or generalised tonic-clonic seizures (with or without other generalised seizure types)."	4.98	Sodium valproate versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review. ( Marson, AG; Nevitt, SJ; Tudur Smith, C; Weston, J, 2018)
"To review the time to withdrawal, remission and first seizure of phenytoin compared to valproate when used as monotherapy in people with partial onset seizures or generalised tonic-clonic seizures (with or without other generalised seizure types)."	4.93	Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures: an individual participant data review. ( Marson, AG; Nolan, SJ; Tudur Smith, C; Weston, J, 2016)
"To review the best evidence comparing phenobarbitone and phenytoin when used as monotherapy in participants with partial onset seizures or generalised tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalised seizure types."	4.89	Phenobarbitone versus phenytoin monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Nolan, SJ; Pulman, J; Tudur Smith, C, 2013)
"To review the best evidence comparing phenytoin and valproate when used as monotherapy in individuals with partial onset seizures or generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalised seizure types."	4.89	Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalised onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Nolan, SJ; Pulman, J; Tudur Smith, C, 2013)
"To review the best evidence comparing phenytoin and valproate when used as monotherapy in subjects with partial onset seizures, or generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures with or without other generalized seizure types."	4.81	Phenytoin versus valproate monotherapy for partial onset seizures and generalized onset tonic-clonic seizures. ( Marson, AG; Tudur Smith, C; Williamson, PR, 2001)
"To evaluate the changes of epileptiform activity index (EAI) as a measure of the efficacy and tolerability of treatment with valproic acid (VA) in patients with newly-diagnosed generalized and focal epilepsy."	3.96	[Dynamics of epileptiform activity, efficacy and tolerability of valproic acid in adults and adolescents with newly-diagnosed epilepsy]. ( Karlov, VA; Kozhokaru, AB; Orlova, AS; Pushkar, TN; Vlasov, PN, 2020)
"Patients ≥13 years old with uncontrolled partial epilepsy receiving monotherapy with valproate or a noninducing antiepileptic drug were converted to once-daily LTG XR (250 mg or 300 mg) as monotherapy and were followed up for 12 additional weeks."	3.86	Lamotrigine XR conversion to monotherapy: first study using a historical control group. ( Caldwell, PT; French, JA; Hammer, AE; Messenheimer, JA; Shneker, BF; Temkin, NR, 2012)
"Valproate (VPA) interferes with mitochondrial metabolism causing hyperammonemia, thereby shifting the balance reaction of glutamine (Gln)/glutamate (Glu) toward Gln."	3.75	Valproate-induced metabolic changes in patients with epilepsy: assessment with H-MRS. ( Buechert, M; Garcia, M; Huppertz, HJ; Mader, I; Schumacher, M; Ziyeh, S, 2009)
"A child with Sturge-Weber syndrome and a left occipital leptomeningeal angioma developed focal seizures at 6 years of age that responded initially to oxcarbazepine."	3.74	Myoclonic-astatic epilepsy in a child with Sturge-Weber syndrome. ( Comi, AM; Ewen, JB; Kossoff, EH, 2007)
"We report on a 4-year 8-month-old boy with Panayiotopoulos syndrome who showed atypical evolution with newly developed absence seizures and EEG exacerbation induced by carbamazepine."	3.73	EEG and seizure exacerbation induced by carbamazepine in Panayiotopoulos syndrome. ( Akiyama, T; Endoh, F; Ito, M; Kikumoto, K; Ohtsuka, Y; Oka, M; Yoshinaga, H, 2006)
"The study aimed at a comparative analysis of safety and efficacy of valproic acid (valproate) and barbiturates in the treatment of epilepsy in children."	3.72	[Efficacy and safety of antiepileptic therapy in children (a comparative analysis of valproates and barbiturates)]. ( Petrukhin, AS; Pylaeva, OA; Voronkova, KV, 2004)
" The second patient complained of impotence after a rash while taking phenytoin and carbamazepine."	3.70	Improved sexual function in three men taking lamotrigine for epilepsy. ( Carwile, ST; Husain, AM; Miller, PP; Radtke, RA, 2000)
"Carbamazepine and valproate were used as anticonvulsive drugs."	2.77	[Concentrations of urine 6-sulfatoxymelatonin during the treatment of patients with epilepsy: a pilot clinical trial]. ( Avakian, GG; Avakian, GN; Bogomazova, MA; Kareva, EN; Lagutin, IuV; Oleĭnikova, OM, 2012)
"Patients, aged 8-58 years, with partial epilepsy who did not become seizure free on CBZ were randomized to either VPA add-on or PRM add-on."	2.74	Comparison of add-on valproate and primidone in carbamazepine-unresponsive patients with partial epilepsy. ( Deckers, CL; Liu, YX; Sun, MZ; Wang, W, 2009)
" The most common treatment-emergent adverse events in the 169 study patients were typical childhood illnesses: pyrexia (18%), cough (17%), and nasopharyngitis (14%)."	2.74	Divalproex sodium in children with partial seizures: 12-month safety study. ( Elterman, RD; Lenz, RA; Robieson, WZ; Saltarelli, MD; Vigna, NV, 2009)
"Levetiracetam was initiated at 20 mg/(kg day) and titrated at 2-week intervals to 40 and then 60 mg/(kg day)."	2.73	Prospective assessment of levetiracetam pharmacokinetics during dose escalation in 4- to 12-year-old children with partial-onset seizures on concomitant carbamazepine or valproate. ( Conry, JA; Coupez, R; Fountain, NB; Gutierrez-Moctezuma, J; Lu, ZS; Rodríguez-Leyva, I; Salas, E; Stockis, A, 2007)
"Oxcarbazepine treatment over 6 months does not display any differential effects on cognitive function and intelligence in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed partial seizures relative to standard antiepileptic drug therapy."	2.73	The cognitive effects of oxcarbazepine versus carbamazepine or valproate in newly diagnosed children with partial seizures. ( Aldenkamp, AP; Campistol, J; Daehler, M; Donati, F; Gobbi, G; Rapatz, G; Sturm, Y, 2007)
"Lamotrigine XR was more effective than placebo with respect to median percent reduction from baseline in weekly partial seizure frequency (primary endpoint-entire 19-week treatment phase: 46."	2.73	Lamotrigine extended-release as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures. ( Borgohain, R; Evers, S; Guekht, AB; Karlov, VA; Lee, BI; Messenheimer, JA; Naritoku, DK; Pohl, LR; Warnock, CR, 2007)
"Patients with refractory partial epilepsy were enrolled in this double-blind, multicenter, concentration-response trial that evaluated the efficacy and safety of high versus low trough plasma VPA concentrations following administration of divalproex sodium as monotherapy."	2.73	Valproate-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective monotherapy study. ( Beydoun, A; Nasreddine, W, 2008)
"Lamotrigine was well tolerated, with an adverse event profile comparable to that observed in older pediatric patients."	2.73	Adjunctive lamotrigine for partial seizures in patients aged 1 to 24 months. ( Conklin, HS; Gucuyener, K; Levisohn, P; Messenheimer, J; Mikati, MA; Piña-Garza, JE; Warnock, CR, 2008)
"had a 50% or greater decrease in seizure frequency compared with baseline (P<0."	2.71	Tiagabine as add-on therapy may be more effective with valproic acid--open label, multicentre study of patients with focal epilepsy. ( Jedrzejczak, J, 2005)
" The rate of patients discontinuing treatment due to adverse events or a lack of efficacy was 19% with CBZ compared to 9% with LTG (not statistically different)."	2.71	The LAM-SAFE Study: lamotrigine versus carbamazepine or valproic acid in newly diagnosed focal and generalised epilepsies in adolescents and adults. ( Bergmann, L; Kurlemann, G; Schmitz, B; Siemes, H; Steinhoff, BJ; Ueberall, MA, 2005)
"Gabapentin was started at 400 mg/day and was individually titrated to effective tolerable dose up to 2400 mg/day."	2.69	Outcome evaluation of gabapentin as add-on therapy for partial seizures. "NEON" Study Investigators Group. Neurontin Evaluation of Outcomes in Neurological Practice. ( Bruni, J, 1998)
"Carbamazepine or phenytoin was withdrawn over the next 4 weeks; then patients entered a 12-week monotherapy period."	2.69	An active-control trial of lamotrigine monotherapy for partial seizures. ( Chang, GY; Gilliam, F; Messenheimer, J; Nyberg, J; Risner, ME; Rudd, GD; Sackellares, JC; Vazquez, B, 1998)
" TPM is introduced at 25 mg and increased with weekly 25mg/d increments to a minimum dosage of 200 mg/d."	2.69	A multicenter, randomized clinical study to evaluate the effect on cognitive function of topiramate compared with valproate as add-on therapy to carbamazepine in patients with partial-onset seizures. ( Aldenkamp, AP; Baker, G; Chadwick, D; Cooper, P; de Haan, GJ; Doelman, J; Duncan, R; Gassmann-Mayer, C; Hughson, C; Hulsman, J; Mulder, OG; Overweg, J; Pledger, G; Rentmeester, TW; Riaz, H; Wroe, S, 2000)
" Adverse events that occurred significantly more frequently in the high group included tremors, thrombocytopenia, alopecia, asthenia, diarrhea, vomiting, and anorexia."	2.68	Safety and efficacy of divalproex sodium monotherapy in partial epilepsy: a double-blind, concentration-response design clinical trial. Depakote Monotherapy for Partial Seizures Study Group. ( Beydoun, A; Sackellares, JC; Shu, V, 1997)
" Recommendations are made for a higher initial dosage regime for sodium valproate in partial seizures."	2.67	A multicentre comparative trial of sodium valproate and carbamazepine in adult onset epilepsy. Adult EPITEG Collaborative Group. ( Cartlidge, NE; Davidson, DL; Easter, DJ; Richens, A, 1994)
"Felbamate (FBM) is a new antiepileptic drug (AED) that has been tested in open and controlled studies in patients with therapy-refractory partial-onset seizures."	2.67	Felbamate in the treatment of refractory partial-onset seizures. ( Jensen, PK, 1993)
"A prospective clinical pharmacokinetic study was carried out in 10 adult patients with primary or secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures on the efficacy of valproic acid (VPA) administered as a single daily dose in comparison with divided doses thrice daily."	2.67	[A single daily dose with valproic acid. A pharmacodynamic and clinical study]. ( Mamoli, B; Pelzl, G, 1992)
"Ninety four patients of generalised and partial epilepsy were randomly assigned to treatment with sodium valproate (49 cases) or phenytoin (45 cases)."	2.67	Comparison of sodium valproate and phenytoin as single drug treatment in generalised and partial epilepsy. ( Agarwala, RK; Mehrotra, TN; Rastogi, P; Singh, VS, 1991)
"The efficacy of sodium valproate in partial epilepsy remains controversial."	2.65	[Efficacy of sodium valproate in partial epilepsy. Crossed study of valproate and carbamazepine]. ( Cohadon, S; Dartigues, JF; Jogeix, M; Legroux, M; Loiseau, P, 1984)
"Epilepsy is a common neurological condition with a worldwide prevalence of around 1%."	2.55	Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. ( Marson, AG; Nevitt, SJ; Sudell, M; Tudur Smith, C; Weston, J, 2017)
"Epilepsy is a common neurological condition with a worldwide prevalence of around 1%."	2.55	Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. ( Marson, AG; Nevitt, SJ; Sudell, M; Tudur Smith, C; Weston, J, 2017)
"Reflex epileptic seizures can often be prevented by avoidance or modification of triggers or by prophylactic benzodiazepine administration."	2.53	Reflex epileptic mechanisms in ictogenesis and therapeutic consequences. ( Guaranha, M; Lin, K; Wolf, P, 2016)
"Valproic acid has clear efficacy in the treatment of partial epilepsies."	2.42	The efficacy of divalproex for partial epilepsies. ( Smith, MC, 2003)
"Status epilepticus is an emergency situation that can often lead to death or neurocognitive deficits despite adequate therapy is conducted."	2.41	[Status epilepticus and its treatment]. ( Futó, J; Katalin, T, 2002)
"We review the various forms of partial epilepsy that appear in childhood and adolescence, emphasizing the most common forms."	2.39	[The diagnosis and treatment of partial epilepsy in childhood and adolescence]. ( Martínez Bermejo, Z; Pascual-Castroviejo, I, 1996)
"Neocortical focal seizures are characterized by motor jerks in one limb (Jacksonian type), head turning (adversive attack), or localized sensory manifestations, and limbic or psychomotor attacks by brief impairment of consciousness and often by motor automatisms."	2.37	[Therapy of brain-related minor seizures]. ( Hess, CW, 1988)
"Valproic acid is a new antiepileptic drug."	2.36	Valproic acid. Review of a new antiepileptic drug. ( Bruni, J; Wilder, BJ, 1979)
"Valproate (VPA) is an effective treatment for epilepsy and also used in bipolar disorder."	1.72	National compliance with UK wide guidelines for usage of valproate in women of childbearing potential. ( Eriksson, SH; Sisodiya, SM; Tittensor, P, 2022)
"Specific antiseizure medications (ASM) would improve the outcome in post-stroke epilepsy (PSE)."	1.72	Efficacy and safety of antiseizure medication in post-stroke epilepsy. ( Groppa, S; Klimpe, S; Sandner, K; Stuckrad-Barre, SV; Uphaus, T; Winter, Y, 2022)
"Four (80%) had a referral diagnosis of focal epilepsy based on historical focal features with exacerbation of seizures on oxcarbazepine."	1.62	Unmasking the entity of 'drug-resistant' perioral myoclonia with absences: the twitches, darts and domes! ( Er, S; Menon, RN; Radhakrishnan, A; Rudrabhatla, PK, 2021)
"Levetiracetam was preferred as an add-on therapy for both generalized and focal epilepsy."	1.56	Treatment of epilepsy in adults: Expert opinion in South Korea. ( Byun, JI; Cho, YW; Kang, KW; Kim, D; Kim, DW; Kim, JM; Kim, KT; Lee, ST; No, YJ; Seo, JG; Yang, KI, 2020)
"Topiramate was more likely prescribed for those with comorbid headache or migraine (incident: 335 of 1251 [26."	1.51	Antiepileptic Drug Treatment Patterns in Women of Childbearing Age With Epilepsy. ( Faught, E; Fishman, J; Kalilani, L; Kim, H; Thurman, DJ, 2019)
"Ataxia was observed in 7/34 cases."	1.48	Defining the phenotypic spectrum of SLC6A1 mutations. ( Abi-Warde, MT; Afenjar, A; Bird, LM; Carvill, GL; Chae, JH; Chelly, J; Choi, M; Christensen, J; Courage, C; Czapansky-Beilman, D; de Saint Martin, A; Devinsky, O; Doummar, D; Dubbs, H; Gardella, E; Gleeson, JG; Helbig, I; Helbig, KL; Hopkins, S; Johannesen, KM; Keren, B; Lehesjoki, AE; Lesca, G; Linnankivi, T; Mecarelli, O; Mefford, HC; Merritt, JL; Mignot, C; Millichap, JJ; Myers, CT; Møller, RS; Nava, C; Nespeca, M; Pal, DK; Pendziwiat, M; Pisani, L; Piton, A; Reichert, SC; Rodan, LH; Rubboli, G; Schaefer, E; Schelhaas, HJ; Shaw, JE; Specchio, N; Striano, P; Tan, WH; Tang, S; Trivisano, M; Verhoeven, JS; Weber, YG; Yoo, Y, 2018)
"Three study groups: - 1) juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (N=40) [drug naïve (N=20); On sodium valproate (SVA) (N=20)]; 2) symptomatic partial epilepsy (N=40) [drug naïve (N=20); On carbamazepine (CBZ) (N=20)]; 3) healthy controls (N=40) completed 3 standardized sleep questionnaires - Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and NIMHANS Comprehensive Sleep Disorders Questionnaire."	1.46	Comparing sleep profiles between patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and symptomatic partial epilepsy: Sleep questionnaire-based study. ( Nagappa, M; Nayak, C; Saraswati, N; Sinha, S; Taly, AB; Thennarasu, K, 2017)
"Valproic acid was prescribed most frequently as first and second treatment, followed by vigabatrin."	1.42	Epilepsy in children with tuberous sclerosis complex: Chance of remission and response to antiepileptic drugs. ( Bindels-de Heus, K; de Wit, MC; Moll, HA; Overwater, IE; Rietman, AB; Ten Hoopen, LW; Vergouwe, Y, 2015)
"Adult patients with focal epilepsy, who were prescribed with carbamazepine (CBZ), valproate (VPA), lamotrigine (LTG), topiramate (TPM), or oxcarbazepine (OXC) as monotherapy, during the period from January 2004 to June 2012 registered in Wenzhou Epilepsy Follow Up Registry Database (WEFURD), were included in the study."	1.42	Comparative Long-Term Effectiveness of a Monotherapy with Five Antiepileptic Drugs for Focal Epilepsy in Adult Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study. ( Bao, YX; Fan, TT; He, RQ; Xu, HQ; Zeng, QY; Zheng, RY; Zhu, P, 2015)
"Patients with partial epilepsy who received monotherapy with one of six AEDs, namely, CBZ, VPA, topiramate (TPM), oxcarbazepine (OXC), lamotrigine (LTG), or levetiracetam (LEV), were identified and followed up from May 2007 to October 2014, and time to first seizure after treatment, 12-month remission rate, retention rate, reasons for treatment discontinuation, and adverse effects were evaluated."	1.42	Long-term Effectiveness of Antiepileptic Drug Monotherapy in Partial Epileptic Patients: A 7-year Study in an Epilepsy Center in China. ( Chen, YN; Lang, SY; Ma, YF; Shi, XB; Wang, XQ; Zhang, JT; Zhang, X; Zhu, F, 2015)
"Partial epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy in CdLS patients."	1.39	Epilepsy in patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome: a clinical series. ( Agostinelli, S; Capovilla, G; Chiarelli, F; Coppola, G; Curatolo, P; Foiadelli, T; Grosso, S; Parisi, P; Prezioso, G; Romeo, A; Savasta, S; Spalice, A; Striano, P; Verrotti, A, 2013)
"Malignant migrating partial seizures in infancy (MMPSI) or Coppola-Dulac syndrome is a rare epilepsy syndrome with the onset in the first 6 months of life, characterized by multiple continuous electroencephalographic and electroclinical focal ictal patterns due to the involvement of different independent areas of both hemispheres with the arrest of psychomotor development."	1.39	[The syndrome of malignant migrating partial seizures in infancy or Coppola-Dulac syndrome (19 cases)]. ( Kholin, AA, 2013)
"Among those with Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy (46%), generalized tonic clonic seizure was encountered in 74% and absence seizure was observed in 13%."	1.39	Antiepileptic drug utilization in Bangladesh: experience from Dhaka Medical College Hospital. ( Chowdhury, AH; Chowdhury, RN; Ghose, SK; Habib, M; Haque, B; Hasan, AT; Hoque, A; Khan, SU; Mohammad, QD; Mondal, BA; Rahman, KM, 2013)
" In the process of introduction and increase in the dosage of VPA, an aggravation of epileptic discharges, especially a dramatic increase in diffuse spike-waves during sleep, was observed."	1.37	[Aggravation of epilepsy by valproate sodium in a child with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy]. ( Ohtsuka, Y; Watanabe, K; Watanabe, Y, 2011)
"Epilepsy was confirmed in 58 cases."	1.37	[Epilepsy in elderly]. ( Kotov, AS; Rudakova, IG, 2011)
"The child had a family history of benign partial epilepsy of childhood with rolandic spikes, and the paroxysmal events remitted after valproic acid treatment."	1.36	Partial seizures with affective semiology versus pavor nocturnus. ( Beghi, M; Boni, A; Cornaggia, CM; Giovannini, S; Gobbi, G, 2010)
"Sex, age, familial history, type of seizures and AED treatment were noted and EEG monitoring, MRI and CT scanning, and developmental and psychomotor evolution were investigated."	1.36	Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep: a new epileptic syndrome or a variant of benign focal epilepsy? ( Caraballo, R; Cersósimo, R; Flesler, S; Sakr, D, 2010)
"The aggravation of habitual seizures and interictal discharges indicate ENM."	1.35	A study on epileptic negative myoclonus in atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood. ( Bao, X; Chang, X; Liu, X; Qin, J; Wang, S; Wu, Y; Xiong, H; Yang, Z; Zhang, Y, 2009)
" The observed cerebellar ataxia might be due to long-term administration of phenytoin."	1.35	[Case of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy misdiagnosed as simple partial seizure for more than 60 years]. ( Komori, T; Mizoi, Y; Shimazu, K; Sumita, N; Tamura, N; Yamamoto, T, 2009)
" Adverse drug reactions (hair loss and tremor) were recorded in <20% of patients, mostly affecting adults."	1.34	Short-term efficacy and safety of valproate sustained-release formulation in newly diagnosed partial epilepsy VIPe-study. A multicenter observational open-label study. ( Al-Hail, H; Deleu, D; Mahmoud, HA; Mesraoua, B, 2007)
" Likewise, PGB steady-state pharmacokinetic parameter values were similar among patients receiving CBZ, PHT, LTG, or VPA and, in general, were similar to those observed historically in healthy subjects receiving PGB alone."	1.33	Pregabalin drug interaction studies: lack of effect on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, and valproate in patients with partial epilepsy. ( Alvey, CW; Bockbrader, HN; Brodie, MJ; Bron, NJ; Gibson, GL; Hounslow, NJ; Posvar, EL; Randinitis, EJ; Wesche, DL; Wilson, EA, 2005)
" A final dosage of 60 mg/kg was used."	1.32	Acute psychosis associated with levetiracetam. ( Karagianni, J; Lazopoulou, D; Michelakou, D; Youroukos, S, 2003)
"Carbamazepine (CBZ) was used in seven patients at the onset of AS."	1.32	Absence seizures in patients with localization-related epilepsy. ( Hayakawa, F; Nakai, Y; Negoro, T; Okumura, A; Sofue, A; Toyota, N; Watanabe, K, 2003)
"One hundred seventy-eight men had focal epilepsy (117 of these had temporal lobe epilepsy [TLE]) and 22 idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE)."	1.32	Epilepsy syndrome, focus location, and treatment choice affect testicular function in men with epilepsy. ( Bauer, J; Blumenthal, S; Reuber, M; Stoffel-Wagner, B, 2004)
"Men with epilepsy have reduced fertility, and antiepileptic drugs may affect semen quality."	1.32	Effect of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs on male reproductive health. ( Isojärvi, JI; Juntunen, KS; Löfgren, E; Päivänsalo, M; Pakarinen, AJ; Rautakorpi, I; Tuomivaara, L, 2004)
"Valproic acid (VPA) is a commonly used anticonvulsant with multiple systemic effects."	1.32	Valproic acid blood genomic expression patterns in children with epilepsy - a pilot study. ( Ficker, DM; Gilbert, DL; Glauser, TA; Hershey, AD; Privitera, MD; Sharp, FR; Szaflarski, JP; Tang, Y, 2004)
"We report a patient with focal epilepsy and latent hereditary coproporphyria who had exacerbation of clinical symptoms of porphyria under treatment with valproate and primidone and was then treated with levetiracetam without exacerbation of clinically latent porphyria."	1.32	Levetiracetam in focal epilepsy and hepatic porphyria: a case report. ( Meencke, HJ; Paul, F, 2004)
"Acute intermittent porphyria is an autosomal dominant inborn error of heme biosynthesis."	1.30	[Acute intermittent porphyria associated with epilepsy in a child: diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties]. ( Carrière, JP; Chaix, Y; Gencourt, C; Grouteau, E, 1997)
"Epilepsy is a relatively common problem in children, adults and the elderly."	1.30	Treatment of the epileptic patient in the dental office. ( Haller, JS; Kennedy, BT, 1998)
"The treatment with valproic acid (VPA) and clonazepam (CZP), has been very effective."	1.30	[Atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood. Clinical follow-up EEG study of 3 patients]. ( Bauzano-Poley, E; Delgado-Marqués, MP; Mora-Ramírez, MD; Rodríguez-Barrionuevo, AC; Tosina-García, E, 1998)
"Three patients aged 16, 19, and 65 years with a 13- to 36-year history of partial epilepsy were receiving a therapeutic dosage of carbamazepine or phenobarbital plus either clobazam (CLB) or valproate (VPA)."	1.30	Negative myoclonic status due to antiepileptic drug tapering: report of three cases. ( Aguglia, U; Gambardella, A; Oliveri, RL; Quattrone, A; Russo, C; Zappia, M, 1997)
"We report four patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy who had generalized spike or polyspike and wave discharges on EEG in addition to clinical and EEG evidence of focality."	1.30	Electroencephalogram and clinical focalities in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. ( Riviello, JJ; Sanger, T; Schmid, R; So, GM; Thiele, EA, 1998)
"Vigabatrin acts as an inhibitor of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase."	1.30	Outer retinal dysfunction in patients treated with vigabatrin. ( Arndt, CF; Defoort-Dhellemmes, S; Derambure, P; Hache, JC, 1999)
"Gabapentin is an antiepileptic agent that is indicated for use as adjunctive therapy for partial seizures."	1.30	A case of sustained massive gabapentin overdose without serious side effects. ( Radtke, RA; St Clair, EW; Verma, A, 1999)
"Carbamazepine treatment resulted in prolongation of peak latencies of waves I-III-V and interpeak intervals I-III and I-V."	1.29	Effects of carbamazepine and valproate on brainstem auditory evoked potentials in epileptic children. ( Cenani, A; Dirican, A; Keskin, G; Senocak, D; Sozuer, D; Yalcin, E; Yuksel, A, 1995)
"Treatment of phenytoin responders and nonresponders with other primary antiepileptic drugs showed that valproate and phenobarbital induced much smaller increases in focal seizure threshold in phenytoin nonresponders than in responders, whereas carbamazepine induced about the same threshold increase in both groups."	1.29	Pharmacological characterization of phenytoin-resistant amygdala-kindled rats, a new model of drug-resistant partial epilepsy. ( Hönack, D; Löscher, W; Rundfeldt, C, 1993)
"We observed two patients who developed coma following administration of valproate in dosages of 32 to 40 mg/kg per day."	1.28	Valproate-induced coma with ketosis and carnitine insufficiency. ( Bohan, TP; Lin, SN; Triggs, WJ; Willmore, LJ, 1990)
"Phenytoin continues to be a very popular drug for most types of seizures, but carbamazepine, used adjunctively until recently, is effective as monotherapy for the control of partial seizures, particularly those of the complex partial variety."	1.27	Treatment of the nonconvulsive epilepsies. ( Dreifuss, FE, 1983)
"Only when the epilepsy is uncontrolled despite high plasma concentrations which cannot be raised because of side effects, a second drug should be given."	1.27	[Pharmacotherapy of epilepsy--current problems and controversies]. ( Schmidt, D, 1983)
" The dosage of VPA was adjusted to attain the level of 100-150 micrograms/ml."	1.27	A trial of discontinuation of barbiturates in patients with secondary generalized epilepsy. ( Hosokawa, K; Kugoh, T, 1986)
"He developed a massive cerebral edema, as proved by computerized tomography (CT)."	1.27	A case of valproate intoxication with excessive brain edema. ( Hintze, G; Klein, HH; Kreuzer, H; Prange, H, 1987)
"The diagnosis of functional seizures is difficult and emotional factors may be important in the cause and triggering of seizures."	1.26	Differentiating between organic and functional seizures: a common diagnostic problem. ( Chambers, BR; Vajda, FJ, 1981)
"Only 21% of those with myoclonic astatic epilepsy have become free from seizures."	1.26	Sodium valproate: monotherapy and polytherapy. ( Covanis, A; Gupta, AK; Jeavons, PM, 1982)

Research

Studies (254)

Authors

Clinical Trials (8)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change From Baseline at Week 19 in the Continuity of Attention T-score in the Randomization Phase (Core Study)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	59 (23.23)	18.7374
1990's	60 (23.62)	18.2507
2000's	73 (28.74)	29.6817
2010's	52 (20.47)	24.3611
2020's	10 (3.94)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Marson, AG	11
Burnside, G	1
Appleton, R	1
Smith, D	1
Leach, JP	1
Sills, G	1
Tudur-Smith, C	1
Plumpton, CO	1
Hughes, DA	1
Williamson, PR	3
Baker, G	2
Balabanova, S	1
Taylor, C	1
Brown, R	1
Hindley, D	1
Howell, S	1
Maguire, M	1
Mohanraj, R	1
Smith, PE	2
Eriksson, SH	1
Tittensor, P	1
Sisodiya, SM	1
Winter, Y	1
Uphaus, T	1
Sandner, K	1
Klimpe, S	1
Stuckrad-Barre, SV	1
Groppa, S	1
Leuschner, UV	1
Kleinle, S	1
Holzinger, A	1
Neef, J	1
Andreasson, AC	1
Sigurdsson, GV	1
Pegenius, G	1
Thordstein, M	1
Hallböök, T	1
Byun, JI	1
Kim, DW	1
Kim, KT	1
Yang, KI	1
Lee, ST	1
Seo, JG	1
No, YJ	1
Kang, KW	1
Kim, D	1
Kim, JM	2
Cho, YW	1
Altenmüller, DM	1
Hebel, JM	1
Deniz, C	1
Volz, S	1
Zentner, J	1
Feuerstein, TJ	1
Moser, A	1
Karlov, VA	3
Kozhokaru, AB	1
Vlasov, PN	2
Pushkar, TN	1
Orlova, AS	1
Rudrabhatla, PK	1
Er, S	1
Radhakrishnan, A	1
Menon, RN	1
Hakami, T	1
Tountopoulou, M	1
Weschke, B	1
Kaindl, AM	1
Nevitt, SJ	3
Sudell, M	2
Weston, J	4
Tudur Smith, C	7
Diaz-Rangel, M	1
Grande-Martin, A	1
Monsalve-Naharro, JA	1
Domingo-Chiva, E	1
Cuesta-Montero, P	1
Lopez-Perez, A	1
Rosati, A	1
Ilvento, L	1
Lucenteforte, E	1
Pugi, A	1
Crescioli, G	1
McGreevy, KS	1
Virgili, G	1
Mugelli, A	1
De Masi, S	1
Guerrini, R	1
Johannesen, KM	1
Gardella, E	1
Linnankivi, T	1
Courage, C	1
de Saint Martin, A	1
Lehesjoki, AE	1
Mignot, C	1
Afenjar, A	1
Lesca, G	1
Abi-Warde, MT	1
Chelly, J	1
Piton, A	1
Merritt, JL	1
Rodan, LH	1
Tan, WH	1
Bird, LM	1
Nespeca, M	1
Gleeson, JG	1
Yoo, Y	1
Choi, M	1
Chae, JH	1
Czapansky-Beilman, D	1
Reichert, SC	1
Pendziwiat, M	1
Verhoeven, JS	1
Schelhaas, HJ	1
Devinsky, O	1
Christensen, J	1
Specchio, N	1
Trivisano, M	1
Weber, YG	1
Nava, C	1
Keren, B	1
Doummar, D	1
Schaefer, E	1
Hopkins, S	1
Dubbs, H	1
Shaw, JE	2
Pisani, L	1
Myers, CT	1
Tang, S	2
Pal, DK	1
Millichap, JJ	1
Carvill, GL	1
Helbig, KL	1
Mecarelli, O	1
Striano, P	2
Helbig, I	1
Rubboli, G	1
Mefford, HC	1
Møller, RS	1
Lv, Y	1
Zhang, N	1
Liu, C	1
Shi, M	1
Sun, L	1
Kim, H	1
Faught, E	2
Thurman, DJ	1
Fishman, J	1
Kalilani, L	1
Nolan, SJ	3
Pulman, J	2
Verrotti, A	1
Agostinelli, S	1
Prezioso, G	1
Coppola, G	1
Capovilla, G	2
Romeo, A	1
Parisi, P	2
Grosso, S	1
Spalice, A	1
Foiadelli, T	1
Curatolo, P	1
Chiarelli, F	1
Savasta, S	1
Jones, GL	1
Popli, GS	1
Silvia, MT	1
Kholin, AA	2
Sonmez, FM	1
Serin, HM	1
Alver, A	1
Aliyazicioglu, R	1
Cansu, A	1
Can, G	1
Zaman, D	1
Tanaka, S	1
Tanaka, T	1
Habib, M	1
Khan, SU	1
Hoque, A	1
Mondal, BA	1
Hasan, AT	1
Chowdhury, RN	1
Haque, B	1
Rahman, KM	1
Chowdhury, AH	1
Ghose, SK	1
Mohammad, QD	1
Skrijelj, FE	1
Mulić, M	1
Huang, DH	1
Zheng, JO	1
Chen, J	1
Yu, L	1
El-Farahaty, RM	1
El-Mitwalli, A	1
Azzam, H	1
Wasel, Y	1
Elrakhawy, MM	1
Hasaneen, BM	1
Galer, S	1
Urbain, C	1
De Tiège, X	1
Emeriau, M	1
Leproult, R	1
Deliens, G	1
Nonclerq, A	1
Peigneux, P	1
Van Bogaert, P	1
Overwater, IE	1
Bindels-de Heus, K	1
Rietman, AB	1
Ten Hoopen, LW	1
Vergouwe, Y	1
Moll, HA	1
de Wit, MC	1
Zeng, QY	1
Fan, TT	1
Zhu, P	1
He, RQ	1
Bao, YX	1
Zheng, RY	1
Xu, HQ	1
Lerche, H	1
Daniluk, J	1
Lotay, N	1
DeRossett, S	1
Edwards, S	1
Brandt, C	1
Zhu, F	1
Lang, SY	1
Wang, XQ	1
Shi, XB	1
Ma, YF	1
Zhang, X	1
Chen, YN	1
Zhang, JT	1
Meador, KJ	2
Yang, H	1
Piña-Garza, JE	2
Laurenza, A	1
Kumar, D	1
Wesnes, KA	1
Lin, K	1
Guaranha, M	1
Wolf, P	1
Saraswati, N	1
Nayak, C	1
Sinha, S	1
Nagappa, M	1
Thennarasu, K	1
Taly, AB	1
Yang, Z	1
Liu, X	1
Qin, J	1
Zhang, Y	1
Bao, X	1
Chang, X	1
Wang, S	1
Wu, Y	1
Xiong, H	1
Sun, MZ	1
Deckers, CL	1
Liu, YX	1
Wang, W	1
Deleu, D	2
Mesraoua, B	2
Al Hail, H	1
Dsouza, A	1
Mahmoud, HA	2
Moeller, JJ	1
Rahey, SR	1
Sadler, RM	1
Bondarenko, II	2
Mizoi, Y	1
Sumita, N	1
Yamamoto, T	1
Komori, T	1
Tamura, N	1
Shimazu, K	1
Garcia, M	1
Huppertz, HJ	1
Ziyeh, S	1
Buechert, M	1
Schumacher, M	1
Mader, I	1
García, C	1
Rubio, G	1
Lenz, RA	1
Elterman, RD	1
Robieson, WZ	1
Vigna, NV	1
Saltarelli, MD	1
Lagae, L	1
Zheleznova, EV	2
Kalinin, VV	1
Zemlyanaya, AA	1
Sokolova, LV	2
Medvedev, IL	1
Cornaggia, CM	1
Beghi, M	1
Giovannini, S	1
Boni, A	1
Gobbi, G	3
Belaizi, M	1
Mehssani, J	1
Yahyaoui, M	1
Fajri, A	1
Flesler, S	1
Sakr, D	1
Cersósimo, R	1
Caraballo, R	1
Il'ina, ES	1
Lemeshko, ID	1
Mukhin, KIu	1
Petrukhin, AS	2
Hu, Y	2
Huang, Y	1
Quan, F	1
Lu, Y	1
Wang, XF	1
Boldyreva, SR	1
Ermakov, AIu	2
Watanabe, Y	1
Watanabe, K	2
Ohtsuka, Y	4
Cantarin-Extremera, V	1
Gutierrez-Solana, LG	1
Duat-Rodriguez, A	1
Lopez-Marin, L	1
Ruiz-Falco, ML	1
Leon-Gonzalez, M	1
Perez-Villena, A	1
Ufer, M	1
von Stülpnagel, C	1
Muhle, H	1
Haenisch, S	1
Remmler, C	1
Majed, A	1
Plischke, H	1
Stephani, U	1
Kluger, G	1
Cascorbi, I	1
Aggarwal, A	1
Rastogi, N	1
Mittal, H	1
Chillar, N	1
Patil, R	1
Kotov, AS	1
Rudakova, IG	1
French, JA	1
Temkin, NR	1
Shneker, BF	1
Hammer, AE	1
Caldwell, PT	1
Messenheimer, JA	2
Papaseit, E	1
Farré, M	1
López, MJ	1
Clemente, C	1
Campodarve, I	1
Ermolenko, NA	1
Buchneva, IA	1
Voronkova, KV	2
Zakharova, EI	1
Gekht, AB	1
Avakian, GN	1
Oleĭnikova, OM	1
Kareva, EN	1
Bogomazova, MA	1
Lagutin, IuV	1
Avakian, GG	1
Kang, HC	1
Hu, Q	1
Liu, XY	1
Xu, F	1
Li, X	1
Liu, ZG	1
Zeng, Z	1
Wang, M	1
Zhu, SQ	1
Trinka, E	1
Van Paesschen, W	1
Kälviäinen, R	1
Marovac, J	1
Duncan, B	1
Buyle, S	1
Hallström, Y	1
Hon, P	1
Muscas, GC	1
Newton, M	1
Meencke, HJ	2
Pohlmann-Eden, B	1
Beghi, E	1
Sönnichsen, AC	1
Arndt, CF	2
Salle, M	1
Derambure, PH	1
Defoort-Dhellemmes, S	2
Hache, JC	2
Clough, HE	1
Hutton, JL	2
Chadwick, DW	5
Gilbert, TH	2
Corley, SM	1
Teskey, GC	2
Banerjea, MC	1
Diener, W	1
Kutschke, G	1
Schneble, HJ	1
Korinthenberg, R	1
Sutor, AH	1
Maksutova, EL	1
Benetello, P	1
Furlanut, M	2
Baraldo, M	1
Tonon, A	1
Shahar, E	1
Barak, S	1
Loring, DW	1
Hulihan, JF	1
Kamin, M	1
Karim, R	1
Youroukos, S	1
Lazopoulou, D	1
Michelakou, D	1
Karagianni, J	1
Sofue, A	1
Okumura, A	1
Negoro, T	1
Hayakawa, F	1
Nakai, Y	1
Toyota, N	1
Shimono, KK	1
Imai, K	1
Shimakawa, S	2
Tamai, H	2
Araki, A	1
Sugimoto, T	1
Ikeda, HK	1
Kawawaki, H	1
Morimoto, K	1
Hattori, H	1
Okada, S	1
Yukselen, V	1
Yasa, MH	1
Karaoglu, AO	1
Bolukbasi, O	1
Bumb, A	1
Diederich, N	1
Beyenburg, S	1
Gates, JR	1
Bauer, J	1
Blumenthal, S	1
Reuber, M	1
Stoffel-Wagner, B	1
Isojärvi, JI	3
Löfgren, E	1
Juntunen, KS	1
Pakarinen, AJ	3
Päivänsalo, M	1
Rautakorpi, I	1
Tuomivaara, L	1
Tang, Y	1
Glauser, TA	1
Gilbert, DL	1
Hershey, AD	1
Privitera, MD	1
Ficker, DM	1
Szaflarski, JP	1
Sharp, FR	1
Smith, MC	1
Paul, F	1
Yoshinaga, H	2
Tamai, K	1
Tamura, I	1
Ito, M	3
Ohmori, I	2
Oka, E	2
Beccaria, F	1
Cagdas, S	1
Montagnini, A	1
Segala, R	1
Paganelli, D	1
Pylaeva, OA	1
Murakami, N	1
Ogino, T	1
Kobayashi, K	1
Akiyama, T	2
Jedrzejczak, J	2
Gupta, M	1
Aneja, S	1
Kohli, K	1
Brodie, MJ	4
Wilson, EA	1
Wesche, DL	1
Alvey, CW	1
Randinitis, EJ	1
Posvar, EL	1
Hounslow, NJ	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Investigating the Effect of Closed-loop Auditory Stimulation on Sleep and Behavior in Patients With Epilepsy and Healthy Controls: a Developmental Study[NCT04716673]		120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-29	Recruiting
Effect of Melatonin on Seizure Outcome, Neuronal Damage and Quality of Life in Patients With Generalized Epilepsy: A Randomized, add-on Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial[NCT03590197]	Phase 4	104 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-08-06	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study With an Open-label Extension Phase to Evaluate the Effect of Perampanel (E2007) on Cognition, Growth, Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics When Administered as an Adjunctive Therap[NCT01161524]	Phase 2	133 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized Conversion to Monotherapy Comparison of Two Doses of Lamotrigine for the Treatment of Partial Seizures[NCT00355082]	Phase 3	226 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-05-31	Completed
A Therapeutic Confirmatory, Open-label, Multi-center, Randomized 2 Parallel Groups, Community-based Trial Studying the Efficacy and Safety of Levetiracetam (1000 to 3000 mg/Day Oral Tablets 250-500 mg b.i.d.) Compared to Sodium Valproate (1000 to 2000 mg/[NCT00175903]	Phase 3	1,701 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-02-28	Completed
A Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Parallel-group Evaluation of LAMICTAL Extended-release Adjunctive Therapy in Subjects With Partial Seizures[NCT00113165]	Phase 3	244 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-10-31	Completed
Verapamil as Adjunctive Seizure Therapy for Children and Young Adults With Dravet Syndrome[NCT01607073]	Phase 2	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Completed
Medications After Adolescent Bariatric Surgery Protocol for Inadequate Weight Loss Following Sleeve Gastrectomy in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Pilot Feasibility Study[NCT04572217]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-06-30	Withdrawn (stopped due to No available funding)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

The Continuity of Attention domain (one of the 5 CDR System cognitive domains) was a measure of sustained attention, comprised of the accuracy scores from 2 of the CDR System attention tasks: choice reaction time and digit vigilance. Z-scores were calculated for this domain using normative data from the CDR System database for the age range of the study population. Specifically, Z-scores were calculated by subtracting each participant's domain score from the normative population mean of that domain and dividing the result by the SD of the normative population mean. Z-scores were converted into T-scores by multiplying by 50 and adding 50. Greater T-scores reflected superior cognitive function and a negative change from baseline reflects impairment compared to baseline. T-scores ranged from 0 to 100, with a mean of 50 and an SD of 10. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 19

Change From Baseline at Week 19 in the Power of Attention T-score in the Randomization Phase (Core Study)

Intervention	T-score (Least Squares Mean)
Perampanel (Core Study)	-1.7
Placebo (Core Study)	1.6

The Power of Attention domain (one of the 5 CDR System cognitive domains) was a measure of focused attention and information processing, comprised of the 3 CDR System attention tasks: the simple reaction time, choice reaction time and digit vigilance tasks. Z-scores were calculated for each domain by subtracting each participant's domain score from the normative population mean of that domain and dividing the result by the standard deviation (SD) of the normative population mean. Z-scores were converted into T-scores by multiplying by 50 and adding 50. Power of Attention were also multiplied by -1, so that for all domains, greater T-scores reflected superior cognitive function. T-scores ranged from 0 to 100, with a mean of 50 and an SD of 10. The CDR System Global Cognition score was created by adding the T-scores for the five domains. A decrease in the score of Power of Attention indicated improvement in cognitive function and a negative change reflects impairment from baseline. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 19

Change From Baseline at Week 19 in the Quality of Episodic Secondary Memory T-score in the Randomization Phase (Core Study)

Intervention	T-score (Least Squares Mean)
Perampanel (Core Study)	-6.9
Placebo (Core Study)	-2.7

The Quality of Episodic Secondary Memory domain was a measure of the capability of individuals to encode, store, and subsequently retrieve verbal and nonverbal information in episodic (or declarative) memory; what was meant by memory in everyday terminology. This measure was derived by summing the scores from the 4 tasks: immediate and delayed word recall, word recognition, and picture recognition. Z-scores were calculated by subtracting each participant's domain score from the normative population mean of that domain and dividing the result by the SD of the normative population mean. Z-scores were converted into T-scores by multiplying by 50 and adding 50. Greater T-scores reflected superior cognitive function. T-scores ranged from 0 to 100, with a mean of 50 and an SD of 10. A high score reflects a good ability to store, hold and retrieve information of an episodic nature (i.e. an event or a name) and a negative change from baseline reflects impairment compared to baseline. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 19

Change From Baseline at Week 19 in the Quality of Working Memory (Short Term) T-score in the Randomization Phase (Core Study)

Intervention	T-score (Least Squares Mean)
Perampanel (Core Study)	3.0
Placebo (Core Study)	-1.2

The Quality of Working Memory domain (one of the 5 CDR System cognitive domains) was a measure of reflecting how well individuals can hold numeric and spatial information 'on line' in working memory. Z-scores were calculated by subtracting each participant's domain score from the normative population mean of that domain and dividing the result by the SD of the normative population mean. Z-scores were converted into T-scores by multiplying by 50 and adding 50. Greater T-scores reflected superior cognitive function. T-scores ranged from 0 to 100, with a mean of 50 and an SD of 10. A higher score reflects a good working memory and a negative change from baseline reflects impairment compared to the baseline assessment. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 19

Change From Baseline at Week 19 in the Speed of Memory T-score in the Randomization Phase (Core Study)

Intervention	T-score (Least Squares Mean)
Perampanel (Core Study)	1.1
Placebo (Core Study)	2.0

The Speed of Memory domain (one of the 5 CDR System cognitive domains) was a measure, which reflects the time taken to accurately retrieve information from working and episodic memory. Z-scores were calculated for this domain using normative data from the CDR System database for the age range of the study population. Specifically, Z-scores were calculated by subtracting each participant's domain score from the normative population mean of that domain and dividing the result by the SD of the normative population mean. Z-scores were converted into T-scores by multiplying by 50 and adding 50. Speed of Memory were also multiplied by -1, so that for all domains, greater T-scores reflected superior cognitive function and a negative change from baseline reflects impairment compared to the baseline assessment. T-scores ranged from 0 to 100, with a mean of 50 and an SD of 10. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 19

Change From Baseline to Week 19 in Cognition Drug Research (CDR) System Global Cognition Score (Core Study)

Intervention	T-score (Least Squares Mean)
Perampanel (Core Study)	0.3
Placebo (Core Study)	7.0

The CDR System Global Cognitive score was derived from the average of 5 CDR System cognitive domain scores (Power of Attention, Continuity of Attention, Quality of Episodic Memory, Quality of Working Memory, and Speed of Memory). The domain scores were normalized to mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10 before taking the average. The scale ranged from 0 - 100. An increase in the Global Cognitive Score indicates improvement, while a decrease indicates worsening in cognitive function. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Baseline (Visit 2/Week 0 Evaluation) and Week 19 LOCF (last observation carried forward)

Percent Change From Baseline in Seizure Frequency Per 28 Days During the Treatment Duration of the Randomization Phase (Core Study)

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
Perampanel (Core Study)	-1.0
Placebo (Core Study)	1.1

Seizure frequency was based on overall number of seizures obtained by summing the 4 seizure types (all partial seizure types, that is, simple partial without motor signs, simple partial with motor signs, complex partial, and complex partial with secondary generalization) collected via the patient diary over a particular time interval and re-scaled to 28 days window. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 19 LOCF

Percentage of Participants Who Experienced 50% or More Decrease in Seizure Frequency (Core Study)

Intervention	Percent change (Median)
Perampanel (Core Study)	-58.0
Placebo (Core Study)	-24.0

A responder was a participant who experienced a 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency compared to the baseline of the Randomization Phase. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: From Baseline up to Week 19 LOCF

Change From Baseline to End of Treatment (EOT) for the Tanner Stage

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
Perampanel (Core Study)	53.0
Placebo (Core Study)	34.8

The effect of perampanel on growth and development in adolescents (male and female), including sexual development was measured using Tanner scale. The scale defined physical measurements of development based on external primary and secondary sex characteristics, such as the size of the breasts, genitals, testicular volume and development of pubic hair. Tanner scale consisted of 5 scales from I to V (1: pre-pubertal to 5: adult). Data is reported as the change from Baseline to End of Treatment for the Tanner Stage. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: From Baseline up to Week 52 or EOT (defined as the last nonmissing value after date of first dose up to 14 days after date of last dose)

Change From Baseline to End of Treatment in Controlled Oral Word Association Test Scores (COWAT) (Extension Phase)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Baseline Tanner stage II to EOT Tanner stage II	Baseline Tanner stage II to EOT Tanner stage III	Baseline Tanner stage II to EOT Tanner stage IV	Baseline Tanner stage III to EOT Tanner stage III	Baseline Tanner stage III to EOT Tanner stage IV	Baseline Tanner stage III to EOT Tanner stage V	Baseline Tanner stage IV to EOT Tanner stage IV	Baseline Tanner stage IV to EOT Tanner stage V	Baseline Tanner stage V to EOT Tanner stage V
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	5	2	3	8	12	3	22	19	40

The COWAT test measured the executive function of the frontal lobe and consisted of examinations of category/meaning fluency and letter/phoneme fluency. It consisted of 2 parts which included the Letter Fluency task and the Category Fluency task. For the Letter Fluency task, the participant was given one minute to list as many words as they could which began with a given letter from the following set of 3 letters: F, A, and L. The number of correct words from the 3 sets comprised the Letter Fluency score. For the Category Fluency task, the participant was given one minute to list as many words as they could which belonged to a given category. The number of correct words comprised the Category Fluency score. Total score was calculated as sum of acceptable words generated. The scale ranged from 0-90, with higher scores indicating improvement in language. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: From Baseline up to Week 52 or up to EOT (defined as the last nonmissing value after date of first dose up to 14 days after date of last dose)

Change From Baseline to End of Treatment in Time to Complete Lafayette Grooved Pegboard Test (LGPT) (Extension Phase)

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Letter Fluency Score; N=110	Category Fluency Score; N=110
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	2.2	-0.3

The LGPT test measured visuomotor skills. This test was a manipulative dexterity test that consisted of a metal matrix of 25 holes with randomly positioned slots. The participant was required to insert 25 grooved pegs into the holes. The task was completed once for each hand; firstly, using the dominant hand followed by the non-dominant hand. The task was timed and the scores were the time taken for the participant to complete all 25 pegs for each hand. If the test cannot be completed within 300 seconds, 300 seconds were recorded for the time. An increase in score (longer time) indicated worsening of visuomotor skills. The time to complete test is presented as mean seconds +/- SD. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: From Baseline up to Week 52 or up to EOT (defined as the last nonmissing value after date of first dose up to 14 days after date of last dose)

Mean Change From Baseline by Visits in CDR System Domain T-Scores (Extension Phase)

Intervention	Seconds (Mean)
	Dominant Hand	Non-Dominant Hand
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	0.5	-3.3

The Cognitive measure scores are presented as T-Scores. T-Scores were normalized standard scores with mean of 50 and SD of 10 with an absolute range of 0-100. The T-Scores are based on the norms from healthy age-matched controls from the CDR System database. Cohen's d-effect sizes were used to estimate the clinical relevance of a change in a parameter. A change in a score of 0.2 SD was defined by Cohen as a small effect size, 0.5 SD a medium effect size and 0.8 SD was considered a large effect size. An increase in the T-scores indicates improvement while a decrease in T-scores indicates worsening. Wk = Week and EOT=End of Treatment. The perampanel exposure duration starts from the first perampanel dose (in the Core Study for subjects previously randomized to perampanel or Extension Phase for subjects previously randomized to placebo) to the last perampanel dose in the Extension Phase. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 9, Week 19, Week 30, Week 39, Week 52, and EOT (defined as the last nonmissing value after date of first dose up to 14 days after date of last dose)

Mean Change From Baseline in Bone Age Minus Age (Months) From Hand X-ray (Extension Phase)

Intervention	T-score (Mean)
	Power of Attention: Week 9 (N=112)	Power of Attention: Week 19 (N=105)	Power of Attention: Week 30 (N=105)	Power of Attention: Week 39 (N=73)	Power of Attention: Week 52 (N=62)	Power of Attention: End of treatment (N=112)	Continuity of Attention: Week 9 (N=112)	Continuity of Attention: Week 19 (N=105)	Continuity of Attention: Week 30 (N=105)	Continuity of Attention: Week 39 (N=73)	Continuity of Attention: Week 52 (N=62)	Continuity of Attention: End of treatment (N=112)	Quality of episodic secondary Memory:Wk 9 (N=112)	Quality of episodic secondary Memory:Wk 19 (N=105)	Quality of episodic secondary Memory:Wk 30 (N=104)	Quality of episodic secondary Memory:Wk 39 (N=73)	Quality of episodic secondary Memory:Wk 52 (N=63)	Quality of episodic secondary Memory: EOT (N=112)	Quality of working memory (short term):Wk 9(N=112)	Quality of working memory (short term):Wk19(N=105)	Quality of working memory (short term):Wk30(N=105)	Quality of working memory (short term):Wk 39(N=73)	Quality of working memory (short term):Wk 52(N=63)	Quality of working memory (short term):EOT (N=112)	Speed of memory: Week 9 (N=111)	Speed of memory: Week 19 (N=105)	Speed of memory: Week 30 (N=104)	Speed of memory: Week 39 (N=73)	Speed of memory: Week 52 (N=63)	Speed of memory: Week EOT (N=112)
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	-12.1	-6.5	-8.5	-11.7	-7.5	-8	-3.1	-1.7	-0.9	-1.7	-0.9	-0.9	1.3	3.0	2.5	1.8	2.4	2	-1.8	1	1.4	-1.2	1.4	0.5	-3.5	-1.3	-1.4	1.8	3.9	1

"Bone age was measured using hand X-ray. The mean change from Baseline in bone age (months) minus age (months) from the hand x-ray was assessed. + means bone age is older than age and - means bone age is younger than age." (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: From Baseline up to Week 52 or up to EOT (defined as the last nonmissing value after date of first dose up to 14 days after date of last dose)

Mean Change From Baseline in CDR System Domain T-Score Over Time: Continuity of Attention (Extension Phase)

Intervention	Months (Mean)
	Baseline	Change from Baseline at EOT
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	3.3	-2.0

The Cognitive measure scores are presented as T-Scores at specific intervals (Week 9 for subjects with exposure of more than 9 weeks, Week 19 for subjects with exposure of more than 19 weeks, Week 30 for subjects with exposure of more than 26 weeks, Week 39 for subjects with exposure of more than 39 weeks, and Week 52 for subjects with exposure of more than 52 weeks). T-Scores were normalized standard scores with mean of 50 and SD of 10 with an absolute range of 0-100. The T-Scores are based on the norms from healthy age-matched controls from the CDR System database. Cohen's d-effect sizes were used to estimate the clinical relevance of a change in a parameter. A change in a score of 0.2 SD was defined by Cohen as a small effect size, 0.5 SD a medium effect size and 0.8 SD was considered a large effect size. An increase in the T-scores indicates improvement while a decrease in T-scores indicates worsening. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 9, Week 19, Week, 30, Week 39, and Week 52

Mean Change From Baseline in CDR System Domain T-Score Over Time: Power of Attention (Extension Phase)

Intervention	T-score (Mean)
	Week 9 (at least 9 weeks of exposure); N=109	Week 9 (at least 19 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 9 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 9 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=90	Week 9 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=67	Week 19 (at least 19 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 19 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 19 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=88	Week 19 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=65	Week 30 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 30 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=89	Week 30 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=66	Week 39 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=72	Week 39 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=52	Week 52 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=48
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	-3.1	-3	-3	-2.8	-3.6	-1.7	-1.7	-1.7	-2.3	-0.9	-1.1	-1.0	-1.8	-1.4	-0.5

Mean Change From Baseline in CDR System Domain T-Score Over Time: Quality of Episodic Secondary Memory (Extension Phase)

Intervention	T-score (Mean)
	Week 9 (at least 9 weeks of exposure); N=109	Week 9 (at least 19 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 9 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 9 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=90	Week 9 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=67	Week 19 (at least 19 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 19 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 19 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=88	Week 19 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=65	Week 30 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 30 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=89	Week 30 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=66	Week 39 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=72	Week 39 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=52	Week 52 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=48
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	-12.3	-11.7	-11.7	-9.5	-9.2	-6.5	-6.5	-4.9	-5.5	-8.5	-7.9	-7.6	-11.8	-12.3	-8.9

Mean Change From Baseline in CDR System Domain T-Score Over Time: Quality of Working Memory (Short Term) (Extension Phase)

Intervention	T-score (Mean)
	Week 9 (at least 9 weeks of exposure); N=109	Week 9 (at least 19 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 9 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 9 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=90	Week 9 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=67	Week 19 (at least 19 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 19 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 19 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=88	Week 19 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=65	Week 30 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=104	Week 30 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=88	Week 30 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=65	Week 39 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=72	Week 39 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=52	Week 52 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=49
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	1.2	1.4	1.4	1.9	2.0	3.0	3.0	2.8	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.3	1.9	2.9	2.0

The cognitive measure scores are presented as T-Scores at specific intervals (Week 9 for participants with exposure of more than 9 weeks, Week 19 for participants with exposure of more than 19 weeks, Week 30 for participants with exposure of more than 26 weeks, Week 39 for participants with exposure of more than 39 weeks, and Week 52 for participants with exposure of more than 52 weeks). T-Scores were normalized standard scores with mean of 50 and SD of 10 with an absolute range of 0-100. The T-Scores are based on the norms from healthy age-matched controls from the CDR System database. Cohen's d-effect sizes were used to estimate the clinical relevance of a change in a parameter. A change in a score of 0.2 SD was defined by Cohen as a small effect size, 0.5 SD a medium effect size and 0.8 SD was considered a large effect size. An increase in the T-scores indicates improvement while a decrease in T-scores indicates worsening. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 9, Week 19, Week, 30, Week 39, and Week 52

Mean Change From Baseline in CDR System Domain T-Score Over Time: Speed of Memory (Extension Phase)

Intervention	T-score (Mean)
	Week 9 (at least 9 weeks of exposure); N=109	Week 9 (at least 19 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 9 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 9 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=90	Week 9 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=67	Week 19 (at least 19 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 19 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 19 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=88	Week 19 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=65	Week 30 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 30 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=89	Week 30 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=66	Week 39 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=72	Week 39 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=52	Week 52 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=49
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	-2.0	-1.9	-1.9	-1.2	-0.6	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.4	1.5	1.1	-1.1	-0.1	2.9

Mean Change From Baseline in CDR System Global Cognition Score Over Time (Extension Phase)

Intervention	T-score (Mean)
	Week 9 (at least 9 weeks of exposure); N=108	Week 9 (at least 19 weeks of exposure); N=106	Week 9 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=106	Week 9 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=89	Week 9 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=67	Week 19 (at least 19 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 19 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 19 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=88	Week 19 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=65	Week 30 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=104	Week 30 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=88	Week 30 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=65	Week 39 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=72	Week 39 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=52	Week 52 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=49
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	-3.7	-3.1	-3.1	-1.6	-4.3	-1.3	-1.3	-1.1	-2.4	-1.4	-0.7	-1.0	1.6	-0.5	1.8

The CDR System Global Cognitive was derived from the average of 5 CDR System cognitive domain scores (Power of Attention, Continuity of Attention, Quality of Episodic Memory, Quality of Working Memory, and Speed of Memory). Domain scores were normalized to mean of 50 and SD of 10 before taking the average. The scale ranged from 0 to 100. An increase in the Global Cognitive Score indicates improvement, while a decrease indicates worsening in cognitive function. The data is presented as CDR System Global Cognitive scores at specific intervals (Week 9 for subjects with exposure of more than 9 weeks, Week 19 for subjects with exposure of more than 19 weeks, Week 30 for subjects with exposure of more than 26 weeks, Week 39 for subjects with exposure of more than 39 weeks, and Week 52 for subjects with exposure of more than 52 weeks). (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 9, Week 19, Week, 30, Week 39, and Week 52

Mean Change From Baseline to End of Treatment in Cognition Drug Research (CDR) System Global Cognition Score (Extension Phase)

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Week 9 (at least 9 weeks of exposure); N=109	Week 9 (at least 19 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 9 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 9 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=90	Week 9 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=67	Week 19 (at least 19 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 19 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 19 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=88	Week 19 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=65	Week 30 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=105	Week 30 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=89	Week 30 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=66	Week 39 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=72	Week 39 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=52	Week 52 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=49
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	-3.9	-3.7	-3.7	-2.6	-3.1	-1.1	-1.1	-0.8	-1.3	-1.3	-1.0	-1.1	-2.3	-2.3	-0.6

The CDR System Global Cognitive was derived from the average of 5 CDR System cognitive domain scores (Power of Attention, Continuity of Attention, Quality of Episodic Memory, Quality of Working Memory, and Speed of Memory). Domain scores were normalized to mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10 before taking the average. The scale ranged from 0 to 100. An increase in the Global Cognitive Score indicates improvement, while a decrease indicates worsening in cognitive function. The perampanel exposure duration starts from the first perampanel dose (in the Core Study for subjects previously randomized to perampanel or Extension Phase for subjects previously randomized to placebo) to the last perampanel dose in the Extension Phase. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 9, Week 19, Week, 30, Week 39, Week 52, and End of Treatment (defined as the last nonmissing value after date of first perampanel dose up to 14 days after date of last dose)

Number of Participants Who Achieved Seizure-Free Status During the Maintenance Period and the Last 28 Days of the Maintenance Period During the Randomization Phase (Core Study)

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
	Change from Baseline at Week 9	Change from Baseline at Week 19	Change from Baseline at Week 30	Change from Baseline at Week 39	Change from Baseline at Week 52	Change from Baseline at End of Treatment
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	-3.8	-1.1	-1.3	-2.2	-0.2	-1.0

Number of Participants who were seizure free, were assessed. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: 13 Week Maintenance Period

Percent Change From Baseline in Seizure Frequency Per 28 Days Over the Perampanel Duration Exposure (Extension Phase)

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Complete Maintenance Period	Last 28 Days of Maintenance Period
Perampanel (Core Study)	18	31
Placebo (Core Study)	7	13

The median percent change in total partial onset seizure frequency per 28 days during the Extension Phase relative to the Pre-perampanel Baseline from Week 1 of perampanel treatment through successive 13-week intervals (Weeks 1 to 13 for subjects with any data, Weeks 1 to 26 for subjects with exposure of more than 13 weeks, Weeks 1 to 39 for subjects with exposure of more than 26 weeks, and Week 1 to 52 for subjects with exposure of more than 52 weeks) are presented. The perampanel exposure duration starts from the first perampanel dose (in the Core Study for subjects previously randomized to perampanel or Extension Phase for subjects previously randomized to placebo) to the last perampanel dose in the Extension Phase. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Week 1-13, Week 14-26, Week 27-39, and Week 40-52

Percentage of Participants Who Experienced 50% or More Decrease in Seizure Frequency Over the Perampanel Duration Exposure (Extension Phase)

Intervention	Percent change (Median)
	Week 1-13 (any exposure duration); N=114	Week 1-13 (at least 13 weeks of exposure); N=109	Week 1-13 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 1-13 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=90	Week 1-13 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=67	Week 14-26 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 14-26 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=90	Week 14-26 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=67	Week 27-39 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=90	Week 27-39 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=67	Week 40-52 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=53
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	-59.1	-60.4	-60.9	-54.2	-60.9	-63.7	-58.8	-61.3	-73.1	-74.1	-74.1

A responder was a participant who experienced a 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency per 28 days from pre-perampanel. The percentage of responders from Week 1 of perampanel treatment through successive 13-week intervals (Weeks 1 to 13 for subjects with any data, Weeks 1 to 26 for subjects with exposure of more than 13 weeks, Weeks 1 to 39 for subjects with exposure of more than 26 weeks, and Week 1 to 52 for subjects with exposure of more than 52 weeks) are presented. The perampanel exposure duration starts from the first perampanel dose (in the Core Study for subjects previously randomized to perampanel or Extension Phase for subjects previously randomized to placebo) to the last perampanel dose in the Extension Phase. (NCT01161524)
Timeframe: Week 1-13, Week 14-26, Week 27-39, and Week 40-52

Number of Seizure-free Participants During the Last 12 Weeks of Treatment of the Treatment Phase

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
	Week 1-13 (any exposure duration); N=114	Week 1-13 (at least 13 weeks of exposure); N=109	Week 1-13 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 1-13 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=90	Week 1-13 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=67	Week 14-26 (at least 26 weeks of exposure); N=107	Week 14-26 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=90	Week 14-26 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=67	Week 27-39 (at least 39 weeks of exposure); N=90	Week 27-39 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=67	Week 40-52 (at least 52 weeks of exposure); N=53
Perampanel (Extension Phase)	54.4	55.0	56.1	51.1	53.7	59.8	56.7	55.2	58.9	62.7	66.0

The number of participants who had no seizures during the treatment period was calculated. The last 12 weeks of treatment were either Weeks 11-22 or 12-23 depending on which background AED was being withdrawn (NCT00355082)
Timeframe: The last 12 weeks of treatment of the Treatment phase (Monotherapy phase - approximately Week 11 through Week 23)

Percent Change From Baseline in the Average Seizure Frequency Measured at the End of Participation in the Continuation Phase

Intervention	participants (Number)
Lamotrigine Extended-release (LTG XR), 300 mg	22
LTG XR, 250 mg	8

Change from baseline was calculated as the average seizure frequency at the end of the Continuation Phase minus the average seizure frequency at Baseline. The number of seizures during the Continuation phase divided by the number of weeks was compared to the number of seizures at Baseline. A positive number indicates a reduction in seizure frequency. (NCT00355082)
Timeframe: Baseline and start of Continuation phase through Week 24 or end of participation in the Continuation phase

Percent Change From Baseline in Weekly Seizure Frequency Between Study Visits 3 (Start of Dosing) and 9 (End of the Treatment Phase)

Intervention	percent change in seizures (Median)
Lamotrigine Extended-release (LTG XR), 300 mg	72.2
Baseline Failures	68.8

Change from Baseline was measured as the number of seizures at Visits 3 through 9 minus the number of seizures at Baseline. The number of partial seizures during treatment divided by the number of weeks of treatment was compared to the weekly seizure frequency during Baseline. A positive number equals a reduction in seizure frequency. (NCT00355082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Study Visit 3 through Visit 9 of the Treatment phase (Treatment Week 0 through Week 23)

Percentage of Participants Meeting Escape Criteria in the Treatment Phase

Intervention	percent change in seizures (Median)
Lamotrigine Extended-release (LTG XR), 300 mg	54.8
LTG XR, 250 mg	52.2

The percentage of participants meeting Escape Criteria was calculated as the number of participants who met an Escape Criterion divided by the number who had reached Visit 5 minus major protocol violators. Escape Criteria are: (1) doubling of average monthly seizure frequency; (2) doubling of the highest consecutive 2-day seizure total; (3) occurrence of a new, more severe seizure type; or (4) worsening of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. (NCT00355082)
Timeframe: Study Visit 5 through Visit 9 of the Treatment phase (approximately Week 7 through Week 23)

The Percentage of Participants in the 250 mg/Day Dose Group Who Prematurely Discontinued the Study Between Study Visit 5 (Approximately Week 7) and Visit 9 (End of the Treatment Phase)

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Lamotrigine Extended-release (LTG XR), 300 mg	4
LTG XR, 250 mg	6

The percentage of participants prematurely discontinuing the study was calculated as the number of participants who discontinued the study divided by the number who had reached Visit 5 minus major protocol violators. The Control group was composed of data from other similar studies and is not part of this study. (NCT00355082)
Timeframe: From Study Visit 5 through Visit 9 of the Treatment phase (approximately Week 7 through Week 23)

The Percentage of Participants in the 300 mg/Day Dose Group Who Prematurely Discontinued the Study Between Study Visit 5 (Approximately Week 7) and Visit 9 (End of the Treatment Phase)

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
LTG XR, 250 mg	16

The percentage of participants prematurely discontinuing the study was calculated as the number of participants who discontinued the study divided by the number who reached Visit 5 minus major protocol violators. The Control group is composed of data from other similar studies and is not part of this study. (NCT00355082)
Timeframe: From Study Visit 5 through Visit 9 of the Treatment Phase (approximately Week 7 through Week 23)

Time to Discontinuation in the Treatment Phase

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Lamotrigine Extended-release (LTG XR), 300 mg	12

Time (days) until the participant discontinued the study (NCT00355082)
Timeframe: From Study Visit 5 through Visit 9 of the Treatment phase (approximately Week 7 through Week 23)

The Number of Participants With at Least the Specified Change in Seizure Frequency, Compared to Baseline, at the End of Participation in the Continuation Phase (Maximum of 24 Weeks)

Intervention	Days (Mean)
Lamotrigine Extended-release (LTG XR), 300 mg	147.3
LTG XR, 250 mg	133.2

Change in seizure frequency was calculated as the average seizure frequency during the Continuation Phase minus the seizure frequency at Baseline. (NCT00355082)
Timeframe: Baseline and entire Continuation phase (24 Weeks)

Change in Number of Absence Seizures From Week 8 (Baseline) to Week 12

Intervention	participants (Number)
	At least a 25% reduction in seizures	At least a 50% reduction in seizures	At least a 75% reduction in seizures	100% reduction in seizures	At least a 50% increase in seizures
Baseline Failures	7	6	3	2	3
Lamotrigine Extended-release (LTG XR), 300 mg	169	137	85	38	6

The secondary outcome measure is the change in number of absence seizures from Week 8 (Baseline) to Week 12 (NCT01607073)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 12

Change in Number of General Tonic-clonic Seizures From Week 8 (Baseline) Visit to Week 12 Visit

Intervention	Abscence seizures (Number)
Week 8 Baseline	165
Week 12 Verapamil 4mg/kg/Day	101

The primary study endpoint is the change in number of seizures from baseline. Since we only had one participant finish the study, the endpoint was changed to Week 12 visit. Participants were on verapamil for 4 weeks at Week 12. (NCT01607073)
Timeframe: Week 8 (baseline) to Week 12

Change in Number of Myoclonic Seizures From Week 8 (Baseline) to Week 12

Intervention	General tonic-clonic seizures (Number)
Week 8 Baseline	39
Week 12 Verapamil 4mg/kg/Day	14

The secondary outcome is the change in number of myoclonic seizures between baseline Week 8 visit and Week 12 visit. (NCT01607073)
Timeframe: Week 8 (baseline) to Week 12

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Neuropharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs. Neuropsychopharmacology reports, 2021, Volume: 41, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Generalized; Humans; Neuropharmacology; Ph	2021
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A prospective study between carbamazepine, phenytoin and sodium valproate as monotherapy in previously untreated and recently diagnosed patients with epilepsy. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 1985, Volume: 48, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dose-Resp	1985

Article	Year
National compliance with UK wide guidelines for usage of valproate in women of childbearing potential. Seizure, 2022, Volume: 98 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Infant; Pregnancy; United Kingdom; V	2022
Efficacy and safety of antiseizure medication in post-stroke epilepsy. Seizure, 2022, Volume: 100 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Humans; Lacosamide; Lamotrigine; Levetiracetam; Seiz	2022
Novel SYN1 Variant in Two Brothers with Focal Epilepsy and Their Prompt Response to Valproate. Neuropediatrics, 2023, Volume: 54, Issue:3 Topics: Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Humans; Male; Mammals; Siblings; Synapsins; Valproic Acid	2023
Cortical excitability measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation in children with epilepsy before and after antiepileptic drugs. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2020, Volume: 62, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Cortical Excitability; Electroencephalography;	2020
Treatment of epilepsy in adults: Expert opinion in South Korea. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2020, Volume: 105 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Absence; Epilepsy, Generalized; Expert	2020
Electrocorticographic and neurochemical findings after local cortical valproate application in patients with pharmacoresistant focal epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2020, Volume: 61, Issue:6 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Drug Resistant Epilepsy; Electrocorticography; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans;	2020
[Dynamics of epileptiform activity, efficacy and tolerability of valproic acid in adults and adolescents with newly-diagnosed epilepsy]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2020, Volume: 120, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Epilepsy,	2020
Unmasking the entity of 'drug-resistant' perioral myoclonia with absences: the twitches, darts and domes! Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 2021, Apr-01, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Myoclonic; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Abs	2021
Lacosamide Lowers Valproate and Levetiracetam Levels. Neuropediatrics, 2017, Volume: 48, Issue:3 Topics: Acetamides; Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Brain Neoplasms; Drug Interactions; Epilepsies, Partial; Hu	2017
[Valproate-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy]. Revista de neurologia, 2017, Dec-16, Volume: 65, Issue:12 Topics: Acetamides; Anticonvulsants; Brain Diseases, Metabolic; Carnitine; Coma; Drug Therapy, Combination;	2017
Defining the phenotypic spectrum of SLC6A1 mutations. Epilepsia, 2018, Volume: 59, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Ataxia; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Electroencephal	2018
Occipital epilepsy versus progressive myoclonic epilepsy in a patient with continuous occipital spikes and photosensitivity in electroencephalogram: A case report. Medicine, 2018, Volume: 97, Issue:15 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Atrophy; Cerebral Cortex; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Progression; Electroence	2018
Antiepileptic Drug Treatment Patterns in Women of Childbearing Age With Epilepsy. JAMA neurology, 2019, 07-01, Volume: 76, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Anxiety Disorders; Comorbidity; Dissociative Disorders; Epilepsi	2019
Epilepsy in patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome: a clinical series. Seizure, 2013, Volume: 22, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; De Lange Syndrome; Electroencephalography; Epile	2013
Lacosamide-induced valproic acid toxicity. Pediatric neurology, 2013, Volume: 48, Issue:4 Topics: Acetamides; Anticonvulsants; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Partial; Femal	2013
[The syndrome of malignant migrating partial seizures in infancy or Coppola-Dulac syndrome (19 cases)]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2013, Volume: 113, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Disease Progression; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Follow-Up	2013
Blood levels of cytokines in children with idiopathic partial and generalized epilepsy. Seizure, 2013, Volume: 22, Issue:7 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Cytokines; Disease Progression; Electroencephalogra	2013
Levetiracetam add-on therapy in Japanese patients with refractory partial epilepsy. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 2013, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Clobazam; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Partial; E	2013
Antiepileptic drug utilization in Bangladesh: experience from Dhaka Medical College Hospital. BMC research notes, 2013, Nov-18, Volume: 6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Bangladesh; Carbamazepine; Child; Drug Combinations; Epilepsies,	2013
Aggravation of symptomatic occipital epilepsy of childhood by carbamazepine. Vojnosanitetski pregled, 2014, Volume: 71, Issue:4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain; Carbamazepine; Child; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Humans; M	2014
Treatment gaps of epilepsy and retention rates of sodium valproate in rural Guangxi, China. Genetics and molecular research : GMR, 2014, Aug-15, Volume: 13, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Child; China; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Absence; Fema	2014
Atherosclerotic effects of long-term old and new antiepileptic drugs monotherapy: a cross-sectional comparative study. Journal of child neurology, 2015, Volume: 30, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Carotid Arteries; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cross-	2015
Impaired sleep-related consolidation of declarative memories in idiopathic focal epilepsies of childhood. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2015, Volume: 43 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Child; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Rolandic; Female; Hum	2015
Epilepsy in children with tuberous sclerosis complex: Chance of remission and response to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia, 2015, Volume: 56, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Diet, Ketogenic; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy	2015
Comparative Long-Term Effectiveness of a Monotherapy with Five Antiepileptic Drugs for Focal Epilepsy in Adult Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study. PloS one, 2015, Volume: 10, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsies, Partial; Fem	2015
Long-term Effectiveness of Antiepileptic Drug Monotherapy in Partial Epileptic Patients: A 7-year Study in an Epilepsy Center in China. Chinese medical journal, 2015, Nov-20, Volume: 128, Issue:22 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; China; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Fructose; Hum	2015
Comparing sleep profiles between patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and symptomatic partial epilepsy: Sleep questionnaire-based study. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 2017, Volume: 66 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Male; Myoclo	2017
A study on epileptic negative myoclonus in atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood. Brain & development, 2009, Volume: 31, Issue:4 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonazepam;	2009
Sustained-release valproate in partial epilepsy: comparison between VIPe and Gulf VIPe study findings. European journal of neurology, 2008, Volume: 15, Issue:8 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Delayed-Action Preparations; Epilepsies, Partial; Humans; Middle East; Racial Group	2008
Lamotrigine-valproic acid combination therapy for medically refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2009, Volume: 50, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age of Onset; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Dose-Response Relationshi	2009
[Use of anticonvulsant pregabalin as an add-on therapy in patients with partial epilepsy with polymorphic seizures]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2008, Volume: 108, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Partial; F	2008
[Case of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy misdiagnosed as simple partial seizure for more than 60 years]. Brain and nerve = Shinkei kenkyu no shinpo, 2009, Volume: 61, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Cerebellar Ataxia; Diagnostic Errors; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Epilepsies, Pa	2009
Valproate-induced metabolic changes in patients with epilepsy: assessment with H-MRS. Epilepsia, 2009, Volume: 50, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Aspartic Acid; Choline; Creatine; Energy Metabolism; Epilepsies,	2009
Efficacy and safety of levetiracetam in the treatment of Panayiotopoulos syndrome. Epilepsy research, 2009, Volume: 85, Issue:2-3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Fema	2009
Rational treatment options with AEDs and ketogenic diet in Landau-Kleffner syndrome: still waiting after all these years. Epilepsia, 2009, Volume: 50 Suppl 7 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Behavior Therapy; Benzodiazepines; Child; Combined Modality Therapy; Diet, Ketogeni	2009
Partial seizures with affective semiology versus pavor nocturnus. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:1 Topics: Age of Onset; Anticonvulsants; Arousal; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroencephalography; Epil	2010
[Psychotic disorder revealing epilepsy linked to a dysembryoma of the left hippocampus]. Revue neurologique, 2011, Volume: 167, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Antipsychotic Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroencepha	2011
Benign infantile focal epilepsy with midline spikes and waves during sleep: a new epileptic syndrome or a variant of benign focal epilepsy? Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Age of Onset; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electroen	2010
[Malignant migrating partial seizures of infancy: the experience of treatment of status epilepticus in infancy using intravenous valproate--convulex (a clinical case)]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2010, Volume: 110, Issue:3 Suppl 2 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Humans; Infant; Injections, Intravenou	2010
Comparison of the retention rates between carbamazepine and valproate as an initial monotherapy in Chinese patients with partial seizures: A ten-year follow-up, observational study. Seizure, 2011, Volume: 20, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Asian People; Carbamazepine; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Kaplan-Mei	2011
[Comparative efficacy of carbamazepine, valproic acid and topiramate in symptomatic and cryptogenic occipital lobe epilepsy in children]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2010, Volume: 110, Issue:5 Pt 1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Fructose; Humans; Male; Retrospe	2010
[Aggravation of epilepsy by valproate sodium in a child with cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy]. No to hattatsu = Brain and development, 2011, Volume: 43, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Femal	2011
[Paroxysmal tonic upward gaze deviation triggered by valproic acid within the context of focal epilepsy]. Revista de neurologia, 2011, Sep-01, Volume: 53, Issue:5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Child, Preschool; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Levetiracetam; Ocular Motili	2011
Impact of ABCC2 genotype on antiepileptic drug response in Caucasian patients with childhood epilepsy. Pharmacogenetics and genomics, 2011, Volume: 21, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Alleles; Anticonvulsants; Biomarkers, Pharmacological; Carbamazepine; Child; Drug Resist	2011
Thyroid hormone levels in children receiving carbamazepine or valproate. Pediatric neurology, 2011, Volume: 45, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dose-Response Rela	2011
[Epilepsy in elderly]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2011, Volume: 111, Issue:7 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies,	2011
A case of acute valproic acid poisoning treated successfully with L-carnitine. European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine, 2012, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Epilepsies, Partial; Humans; Male; Valproic Acid;	2012
[Idiopathic focal epilepsies of infancy and childhood]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2011, Volume: 111, Issue:11 Pt 1 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination; El	2011
[Valproate (depakine chrono) in adult patients with partial epilepsy: results of a multicentral prospective non-comparative study]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2012, Volume: 112, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans;	2012
Randomised controlled monotherapy trials: which comparators to use? Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 2012, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Humans; Seizures; Valproic Acid	2012
The problem of non-superiority: what do we know after KOMET? Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2013, Volume: 84, Issue:10 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Generalized; Female; Humans; Levetira	2013
The effect on vision of associated treatments in patients taking vigabatrin: carbamazepine versus valproate. Epilepsia, 2002, Volume: 43, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electrooculography; Electroretinog	2002
Conventional anticonvulsant drugs in the guinea pig kindling model of partial seizures: effects of acute phenobarbital, valproate, and ethosuximide. Experimental brain research, 2002, Volume: 146, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epilepsies, Part	2002
Pro- and anticoagulatory factors under sodium valproate-therapy in children. Neuropediatrics, 2002, Volume: 33, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilep	2002
[Use of convulex in patients with epilepsy with and without affective disorders]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2002, Volume: 102, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Anticonvulsants; Child; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Gen	2002
Therapeutic drug monitoring of lamotrigine in patients suffering from resistant partial seizures. European neurology, 2002, Volume: 48, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Drug Mon	2002
Favorable outcome of epileptic blindness in children. Journal of child neurology, 2003, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Blindness, Cortical; Carbamazepine; Child; Electroenceph	2003
Acute psychosis associated with levetiracetam. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 2003, Volume: 5, Issue:2 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Child; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy	2003
Absence seizures in patients with localization-related epilepsy. Brain & development, 2003, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Clonazepam; Electroencephalogra	2003
[Multicenter study of occipital lobe epilepsy in childhood: clinical characteristics]. No to hattatsu = Brain and development, 2003, Volume: 35, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Infa	2003
Partial seizure: an unusual cause of recurrent vomiting. International journal of clinical practice, 2003, Volume: 57, Issue:8 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Treatment O	2003
Adding topiramate to valproate therapy may cause reversible hepatic failure. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 2003, Volume: 5, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Part	2003
Epilepsy versus antiepileptic drugs and gonadal function in men. Neurology, 2004, Jan-27, Volume: 62, Issue:2 Topics: Androstenedione; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Generalized; Humans;	2004
Epilepsy syndrome, focus location, and treatment choice affect testicular function in men with epilepsy. Neurology, 2004, Jan-27, Volume: 62, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Generalized; Epileps	2004
Effect of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs on male reproductive health. Neurology, 2004, Jan-27, Volume: 62, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Androstenedione; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate; Epilepsies,	2004
Valproic acid blood genomic expression patterns in children with epilepsy - a pilot study. Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 2004, Volume: 109, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA, Mitochondrial; Down	2004
Levetiracetam in focal epilepsy and hepatic porphyria: a case report. Epilepsia, 2004, Volume: 45, Issue:5 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Comorbidity; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Levetiracet	2004
[Efficacy and safety of antiepileptic therapy in children (a comparative analysis of valproates and barbiturates)]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2004, Volume: 104, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalogra	2004
Initiation of treatment and selection of antiepileptic drugs in childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2004, Volume: 45 Suppl 8 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy;	2004
Pregabalin drug interaction studies: lack of effect on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine, and valproate in patients with partial epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2005, Volume: 46, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combinatio	2005
Ictal video-polysomnography and EEG spectral analysis in a child with severe Panayiotopoulos syndrome. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 2005, Volume: 7, Issue:4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Child; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Eye Movements; Hallucinations;	2005
EEG and seizure exacerbation induced by carbamazepine in Panayiotopoulos syndrome. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 2006, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Human	2006
Conventional anticonvulsant drugs in the guinea-pig kindling model of partial seizures: effects of repeated administration. Experimental brain research, 2007, Volume: 178, Issue:1 Topics: Action Potentials; Amygdala; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Carbamazepine; Disease Models, Animal;	2007
Myoclonic-astatic epilepsy in a child with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Pediatric neurology, 2007, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Myoclonic; Epilepsies, Pa	2007
Psychic disturbances associated with sodium valproate plus levetiracetam. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 2007, Volume: 41, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Anxiety; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Levetirace	2007
Reversible hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, coagulation disorder and simultaneous bone marrow suppression with valproate in a 2-year-old girl. Seizure, 2007, Volume: 16, Issue:6 Topics: Blood Coagulation Disorders; Bone Marrow Diseases; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child, Pr	2007
[Cessation of epileptic seizures series using peroral valproate in an adult patient with partial epilepsy]. Vojnosanitetski pregled, 2007, Volume: 64, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Oral; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Valproic Acid	2007
Short-term efficacy and safety of valproate sustained-release formulation in newly diagnosed partial epilepsy VIPe-study. A multicenter observational open-label study. Saudi medical journal, 2007, Volume: 28, Issue:9 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Child; Cohort Studies; Delayed-Action Prep	2007
Treatment of the nonconvulsive epilepsies. Epilepsia, 1983, Volume: 24 Suppl 1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Absence; Humans; Phenobarbi	1983
[Therapy of generalized epilepsies with long-term EEG guided single dose administration of sodium valproate]. Der Nervenarzt, 1983, Volume: 54, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Drug Administration Schedule; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial;	1983
[Pharmacotherapy of epilepsy--current problems and controversies]. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, 1983, Volume: 51, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Epilepsy,	1983
[Role of hyperammonemia in stuporous states induced by sodium valproate]. Revue neurologique, 1983, Volume: 139, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Ammonia; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Female; Glutamine; Humans; U	1983
Rational use of valproate: indications and drug regimen in epilepsy. Epilepsia, 1984, Volume: 25 Suppl 1 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Child,	1984
Phenytoin intoxication as the first symptom of fatal liver damage induced by sodium valproate. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 1984, Volume: 17, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Partial; Femal	1984
Sodium valproate and bone marrow suppression. Annals of neurology, 1980, Volume: 8, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Bone Marrow Diseases; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Throm	1980
[Effect of valproate monotherapy on spike-wave activity in generalized epilepsies (author's transl)]. Der Nervenarzt, 1981, Volume: 52, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Electroencephalogra	1981
Differentiating between organic and functional seizures: a common diagnostic problem. Australian family physician, 1981, Volume: 10, Issue:12 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Diagnosis, Differential; Dose-Response Relationsh	1981
Sodium valproate: monotherapy and polytherapy. Epilepsia, 1982, Volume: 23, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carbamazepine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Myoclonic; Epilepsies, Part	1982
[Fatal liver disorder during treatment with sodium valproate and carbamazepine]. Archives francaises de pediatrie, 1982, Volume: 39, Issue:9 Topics: Carbamazepine; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies,	1982
Negative myoclonus during valproate-related stupor. Neurophysiological evidence of a cortical non-epileptic origin. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 1995, Volume: 94, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Age of Onset; Cerebral Cortex; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Female;	1995
Effects of carbamazepine and valproate on brainstem auditory evoked potentials in epileptic children. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, 1995, Volume: 11, Issue:8 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Auditory Pathways; Brain Stem; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsies,	1995
[The pharmacokinetic optimization of depakin in children with epilepsy]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 1994, Volume: 94, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ep	1994
Effects of antiepileptic drugs on EEG background activity in children with epilepsy: initial phase of therapy. Clinical EEG (electroencephalography), 1995, Volume: 26, Issue:2 Topics: Alpha Rhythm; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Delta Rhythm; Electroencephalography; Epilepsie	1995
Discontinuation of antiepileptic drug in childhood epilepsy: evaluation of the differences between epileptic syndromes. The Japanese journal of psychiatry and neurology, 1994, Volume: 48, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Administration Schedule; E	1994
A comparative study of serum F protein and other liver function tests as an index of hepatocellular damage in epileptic patients. Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 1994, Volume: 89, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anticonvulsants; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Carbamazepine; Chemical a	1994
[Value of sodium valproate in the treatment of partial epilepsy]. Praxis, 1994, Oct-04, Volume: 83, Issue:40 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carbamazepine; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Randomized	1994
[The antiepileptic effects of the combined action of the new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative glutapyrone with sodium valproate and phenobarbital]. Biulleten' eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny, 1993, Volume: 116, Issue:12 Topics: 4-Aminopyridine; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Dihydropyridines; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Ther	1993
Pharmacological characterization of phenytoin-resistant amygdala-kindled rats, a new model of drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Epilepsy research, 1993, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Amino Acids; Aminocaproates; Amygdala; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Disease Models, Anim	1993
Polycystic ovaries and hyperandrogenism in women taking valproate for epilepsy. The New England journal of medicine, 1993, Nov-04, Volume: 329, Issue:19 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Carbamazepine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Epilepsies, Partial	1993
Valproate versus carbamazepine for seizures. The New England journal of medicine, 1993, Jan-21, Volume: 328, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Carbamazepine; Epilepsies, Partial; Humans; Middle Aged; Research Design; Valproic Acid	1993
Valproate versus carbamazepine for seizures. The New England journal of medicine, 1993, Jan-21, Volume: 328, Issue:3 Topics: Carbamazepine; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Complex Partial; Hum	1993
Serum carnitine levels in ambulatory epilepsy outpatients. Seizure, 1996, Volume: 5, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ambulatory Care; Anticonvulsants; Carnitine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsie	1996
[Current knowledge on epilepsy, schizophrenia and spastic conditions. Neuro-Forum, Dresden, 5 April 1997]. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, 1997, Volume: 65, Issue:5 Suppl Fo Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Chronic Disease; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Humans; Remission In	1997
[Current knowledge on epilepsy, schizophrenia and spastic conditions. Neuro-Forum, Dresden, 5 April 1997]. Psychiatrische Praxis, 1997, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Suppl Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Chronic Disease; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Humans; Remission In	1997
[Acute intermittent porphyria associated with epilepsy in a child: diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties]. Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie, 1997, Volume: 4, Issue:10 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Child; Clonazepam; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Partial; Humans; Male; Po	1997
[Lamotrigine (Lamictal)]. Revue medicale de Liege, 1997, Volume: 52, Issue:11 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Brain; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Combinations; Drug Eruptions; Epilepsies, Part	1997
[Partial simple vegetative crisis: importance of electroencephalographic findings]. Revista de neurologia, 1997, Volume: 25, Issue:148 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Female;	1997
Treatment of the epileptic patient in the dental office. The New York state dental journal, 1998, Volume: 64, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Dental Care for Chronically Ill; Emergencies; Ep	1998
[Atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood. Clinical follow-up EEG study of 3 patients]. Revista de neurologia, 1998, Volume: 26, Issue:150 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child, Preschool; Clonazepam; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Pa	1998
Negative myoclonic status due to antiepileptic drug tapering: report of three cases. Epilepsia, 1997, Volume: 38, Issue:7 Topics: Adolescent; Aged; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Benzodiazepinones; Cerebral	1997
Electrophysiologic evaluation of a patient with peripheral visual field contraction associated with vigabatrin. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 1998, Volume: 116, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Electroretinography; Epilepsies, Partial; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Huma	1998
Antiepileptic drugs and atypical evolution of idiopathic partial epilepsy. Pediatric neurology, 1998, Volume: 18, Issue:5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cerebral Cortex; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Progression; Elect	1998
Validation of corneally kindled mice: a sensitive screening model for partial epilepsy in man. Epilepsy research, 1998, Volume: 31, Issue:1 Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cornea; Disease Models, Animal; Dizocilpine Malea	1998
Worsening seizures after surgery for focal epilepsy due to emergence of primary generalized epilepsy. Neurology, 1998, Volume: 51, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Anticonvulsants; Disease Progression; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Epile	1998
Electroencephalogram and clinical focalities in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Journal of child neurology, 1998, Volume: 13, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age of Onset; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroenc	1998
Outer retinal dysfunction in patients treated with vigabatrin. Neurology, 1999, Apr-12, Volume: 52, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anticonvulsants; Child; Electrooculography; Electroretinography; Epilepsies	1999
A case of sustained massive gabapentin overdose without serious side effects. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 1999, Volume: 21, Issue:6 Topics: Acetates; Adult; Amines; Anticonvulsants; Cognition; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Drug Overdose; Epi	1999
Effects of standard anticonvulsant drugs on different patterns of epileptiform discharges induced by 4-aminopyridine in combined entorhinal cortex-hippocampal slices. Brain research, 2000, Mar-17, Volume: 859, Issue:1 Topics: 4-Aminopyridine; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Entorhinal Cortex; Epilepsies, Partial; Fe	2000
[A case of report of idiopathic epilepsy with combined attacks of typical absence and sylvian seizure]. No to hattatsu = Brain and development, 2000, Volume: 32, Issue:2 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Child; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Myoclonic; Epilepsies, Pa	2000
Improved sexual function in three men taking lamotrigine for epilepsy. Southern medical journal, 2000, Volume: 93, Issue:3 Topics: Acetates; Amines; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Epilepsies, Partial;	2000
Drug-induced changes in cerebral glucose consumption in bifrontal epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2000, Volume: 41, Issue:5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cerebral Cortex; Child, Preschool; Cysteine; Electroencephalography;	2000
Valproate metabolism during valproate-associated hepatotoxicity in a surviving adult patient. Epilepsy research, 2000, Volume: 41, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Biotransformation; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Electroencephalog	2000
Reproductive effects of valproate, carbamazepine, and oxcarbazepine in men with epilepsy. Neurology, 2001, Jan-09, Volume: 56, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Androstenedione; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate;	2001
In vivo study of the effect of valpromide and valnoctamide in the pilocarpine rat model of focal epilepsy. Pharmaceutical research, 2000, Volume: 17, Issue:11 Topics: Amides; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid;	2000
Distribution of valproate to subdural cerebrospinal fluid, subcutaneous extracellular fluid, and plasma in humans: a microdialysis study. Epilepsia, 2001, Volume: 42, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Elect	2001
Changes in brain complexity during valproate treatment in patients with partial epilepsy. Neuropsychobiology, 2002, Volume: 45, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Huma	2002
Focal reflex epilepsy with myoclonus; electrophysiological investigation and therapeutic implications. Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, 1977, Volume: 42, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Arm; Baclofen; Cats; Electric Stimulation; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Epilep	1977
Identification of metabolites of valproic acid in serum of humans, dog, rat, and mouse. Epilepsia, 1978, Volume: 19, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Biotransformation; Child; Child, Preschool; Dogs; Epilepsies, Partial; Female;	1978
Stupor following administration of valproic acid to patients receiving other antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia, 1979, Volume: 20, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electroencephalography; Epilep	1979
Effect of anticonvulsants on cortical focal seizure in cats. Epilepsia, 1977, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Acetazolamide; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Cats; Diazepam; Electrocardiography; Epileps	1977
[Clinical study of serum level of dipropylacetic acid sodium (Depakene) by gaschromatography (author's transl)]. No to shinkei = Brain and nerve, 1977, Volume: 29, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Chromatography, Gas; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsi	1977
Sodium valproate in the treatment of resistant epilepsy. Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 1976, Volume: 54, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alopecia; Anticonvulsants; Body Weight; Diarrhea; Drug Interactions; Epilepsies,	1976
Early experience with sodium valproate. South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde, 1976, Nov-20, Volume: 50, Issue:50 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Humans;	1976
[The effect of dipropyl acetic acid (Convules) in epileptic adults with a high frequency of seizures]. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift, 1976, Dec-10, Volume: 88, Issue:23 Topics: Adult; Aged; Barbiturates; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Epilepsy, Tonic-C	1976
[The antiepileptic effects of sodium valproate and the calcium antagonist riodipine when used jointly in a model of focal penicillin-induced epileptic activity]. Biulleten' eksperimental'noi biologii i meditsiny, 1992, Volume: 114, Issue:10 Topics: Animals; Calcium Channel Blockers; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Synerg	1992
Therapeutic drug monitoring improves seizure control and reduces anticonvulsant side-effects in patients with refractory epilepsy. Seizure, 1992, Volume: 1, Issue:4 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Carbamazepine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Monitoring; Electroencephalog	1992
Sixth-month benign familial convulsions. Epilepsy research. Supplement, 1992, Volume: 6 Topics: Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Male; Phenob	1992
Loreclezole monotherapy in patients with partial seizures. Epilepsy research, 1992, Volume: 11, Issue:2 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Male; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; Triazoles	1992
Acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder: a pervasive developmental disorder variant. Journal of child neurology, 1990, Volume: 5, Issue:4 Topics: Aphasia; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsie	1990
Valproate-induced coma with ketosis and carnitine insufficiency. Archives of neurology, 1990, Volume: 47, Issue:10 Topics: Acids; Adult; Carnitine; Coma; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Female; Humans; Ketosis	1990
High-dose sodium valproate therapy for childhood refractory epilepsy. The Japanese journal of psychiatry and neurology, 1990, Volume: 44, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Electroencephalography; Epile	1990
Evoked potentials of self-interrupted Jacksonian epilepsy. The Tokushima journal of experimental medicine, 1990, Volume: 37, Issue:3-4 Topics: Aged; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Evoked Potentials, Auditory; Evoked Potentials, S	1990
Sleep disorders and depression with atypical features: response to valproate. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 1989, Volume: 9, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Depressive Disorder; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Male; Neuro	1989
Sustained attention during the interictal period of mentally normal children with epilepsy or febrile convulsions, and the influence of anticonvulsants and seizures on attention. The Japanese journal of psychiatry and neurology, 1989, Volume: 43, Issue:3 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Attention; Carbamazepine; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Partial; Ep	1989
Pharmacokinetic study of slow-release preparation of sodium valproate (KW-6066N): multiple dose administration test and the steady-state serum level profiles in epileptic patients. The Japanese journal of psychiatry and neurology, 1989, Volume: 43, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Circadian Rhythm; Delayed-Action Preparations; Dose-Response Relationship,	1989
Quantitative EEG effects and plasma concentration of sodium valproate: acute and long-term administration to epileptic patients. Neuropsychobiology, 1989, Volume: 22, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Evoked Potentials; Female; Humans; L	1989
[Clinical significance of EEG foci in partial epilepsy of children]. Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan xue bao. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae, 1989, Volume: 11, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Male; Valproic Acid	1989
Sodium valproate monotherapy in childhood epilepsy. Brain & development, 1986, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Myoclon	1986
Sodium valproate in epilepsy treatment. The Practitioner, 1986, Volume: 230, Issue:1413 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Humans; Valproic Acid	1986
[Possible uses of Convulsofin liquid in the treatment of pediatric epilepsies]. Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie, 1986, Volume: 38, Issue:3 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsies, Myoclonic; Epilepsies, Partia	1986
[Treatment of epileptic patients with Jacksonian seizures]. Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova (Moscow, Russia : 1952), 1986, Volume: 86, Issue:6 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Barbiturates; Carbamazepine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilep	1986
[Serum valproic acid concentrations in monotherapy with 1, 2 and multiple administrations per day]. Der Nervenarzt, 1986, Volume: 57, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Circadian Rhythm; Drug Administration Schedule; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Huma	1986
A trial of discontinuation of barbiturates in patients with secondary generalized epilepsy. The Japanese journal of psychiatry and neurology, 1986, Volume: 40, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ammonia; Barbiturates; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Administration Schedule; Dru	1986
A case of valproate intoxication with excessive brain edema. Klinische Wochenschrift, 1987, May-04, Volume: 65, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Brain Edema; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combination; Electroencephalogra	1987
[Fatal hepatic failure in a normally developed 5-year-old boy caused by VPA monotherapy]. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Kinderheilkunde, 1987, Volume: 135, Issue:6 Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child, Preschool; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy, Absence; He	1987
Serum valproate concentrations in epileptic children with favourable responses. Brain & development, 1987, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy	1987
[Valproic acid monotherapy in epilepsies in childhood and adolescence]. Padiatrie und Padologie, 1987, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Evoked P	1987
[Reye-like syndrome following valproate therapy in an adult]. Psychiatrie, Neurologie, und medizinische Psychologie, 1988, Volume: 40, Issue:6 Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Partial; Humans; Male	1988
Valproate monotherapy in partial seizures. The American journal of medicine, 1988, Jan-25, Volume: 84, Issue:1A Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsies, Partial; Female; Humans; Infant; Male;	1988
Effects of long-lasting antiepileptic therapy on brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Neuropsychobiology, 1988, Volume: 19, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anticonvulsants; Brain Stem; Carbamazepine; Child; Epilepsies, Partial; Evoked Po	1988
Acute effects of sodium valproate on epileptic photosensitivity in the lateral geniculate-kindled cat. The Japanese journal of psychiatry and neurology, 1988, Volume: 42, Issue:2 Topics: Amygdala; Animals; Cats; Epilepsies, Partial; Evoked Potentials; Female; Geniculate Bodies; Hippocam	1988
Where, why, and what type of therapy. Pediatric annals, 1985, Volume: 14, Issue:11 Topics: Carbamazepine; Child; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Absence; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Hum	1985

valproic acid and Abdominal Epilepsy