uric acid and Kidney Failure studies

Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.
uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.
6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.
7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.

Kidney Failure: A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Since uric acid is associated with cardiovascular and renal disease, a treatment to maintain blood uric acid level may be required in patients with hyperuricemia."	9.24	Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of a study to evaluate the effect of febuxostat in preventing cerebral, cardiovascular, and renal events in patients with hyperuricemia. ( Hayashi, T; Hiramitsu, S; Hisatome, I; Jinnouchi, H; Kakuda, H; Kawai, N; Kimura, K; Kojima, S; Matsui, K; Mori, H; Ogawa, H; Ohya, Y; Saito, Y; Sugawara, M; Tokutake, E; Uchiyama, K; Wakasa, Y; Waki, M; Yokota, N, 2017)
"Lesinurad added to allopurinol demonstrated superior sUA lowering versus allopurinol-alone therapy and lesinurad 200 mg was generally well tolerated in patients with gout warranting additional therapy."	9.24	Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with gout with inadequate response to standard of care (the multinational CLEAR 2 study). ( Adler, S; Bardin, T; Baumgartner, S; Bhakta, N; Fung, M; Keenan, RT; Khanna, PP; Kopicko, J; So, A; Storgard, C, 2017)
"Elevated serum uric acid (UA), a biomarker of renal insufficiency, is also an independent prognostic marker for morbidity in coronary artery disease (CAD) and poses serious health risks."	9.22	Almond supplementation reduces serum uric acid in coronary artery disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. ( Amin, F; Arslan, J; Ghani, S; Gilani, AU; Jamshed, H; Masroor, M; Sultan, FA, 2016)
"Hyperuricemia reflects extracellular fluid supersaturation for uric acid."	8.84	[Primary hyperuricemia due to decreased renal uric acid excretion]. ( Ueda, T; Yamauchi, T, 2008)
" Nevertheless, the association between uric acid levels and the development of albuminuria has been under-investigated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."	8.02	Association between uric acid level and incidence of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 4.5-year cohort study. ( Chen, LJ; Chen, YY; Ku, PW; Lai, YJ; Yen, YF, 2021)
"While rasburicase has shown efficacy to rapidly correct hyperuricemia compared with allopurinol, its overall impact in improving clinically significant outcomes, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), in tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is unknown."	7.96	Comparative effectiveness of rasburicase versus allopurinol for cancer patients with renal dysfunction and hyperuricemia. ( Estey, E; Frieze, D; Garcia, DA; Hingorani, S; Khalighi, PR; Li, A; Li, S; Martens, KL; Silgard, E; White, AA, 2020)
"We investigated the clinical profiles associated with serum uric acid (sUA) levels in a large cohort of patients hospitalized for worsening chronic heart failure with ejection fraction (EF) ≤40%, with specific focus on gender, race, and renal function based interactions."	7.80	Relation of serum uric acid levels and outcomes among patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (from the efficacy of vasopressin antagonism in heart failure outcome study with tolvaptan trial). ( Ambrosy, AP; Butler, J; Chioncel, O; Gheorghiade, M; Givertz, MM; Greene, SJ; Konstam, MA; Maggioni, AP; Mentz, RJ; Senni, M; Subacius, HP; Swedberg, K; Vaduganathan, M; Zannad, F, 2014)
"To identify the risk factors of kidney injuries in hypertensive patients with uric acid (UA) metabolic disorders in order to choose the optimal management tactics, by analyzing the changes in markers for endothelial dysfunction (endothelin-1 (ET-1), microalbuminuria (MAU), intima-media thickness (IMT)) and tubulointerstitial tissue lesion (beta2-microglobulin (beta2-MG, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1))."	7.80	[Clinical value of the determination of markers for endothelial dysfunction (endothelin-1, microalbuminuria) and tubulointerstitial tissue lesion (β2-microglobulin, monocyte chemotactic protein-1) in hypertensive patients with uric acid metabolic disorder ( Balkarov, IM; Kozlovskaia, LV; Shcherbak, AV; Stakhova, TIu; Taranova, MV, 2014)
"This is the first large study showing that serum uric acid is not associated with an increase in the risk of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization."	7.80	Uric acid and risk of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. ( Barbieri, L; De Luca, G; Di Giovine, G; Marino, P; Schaffer, A; Verdoia, M, 2014)
"Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is currently the only available pharmacological treatment for asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis (aPBC)."	7.79	Effectiveness of fenofibrate in comparison to bezafibrate for patients with asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. ( Dohmen, K; Haruno, M; Tanaka, H, 2013)
"Serum uric acid is a predictor of cardiac events and correlates to N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and albuminuria, underscoring the importance of uric acid as a cardiovascular risk marker in patients with diabetes."	7.78	Serum uric acid is related to cardiovascular events and correlates with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and albuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus. ( Clodi, M; Hülsmann, M; Kromoser, H; Luger, A; Neuhold, S; Pacher, R; Prager, R; Resl, M; Riedl, M; Strunk, G; Vila, G, 2012)
"Adefovir and tenofovir are nucleotide analogues used as long-term therapy of chronic hepatitis B."	7.78	Renal tubular dysfunction during long-term adefovir or tenofovir therapy in chronic hepatitis B. ( Chong, WH; Collins, MT; Gara, N; Ghany, MG; Hoofnagle, JH; Jake Liang, T; Kleiner, DE; Zhao, X, 2012)
"In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels may predict worse cardiovascular outcomes."	7.75	Serum uric acid for risk stratification of patients with coronary artery disease. ( Behar, S; Boyko, V; Brodov, Y; Chouraqui, P; Goldenberg, I; Mandelzweig, L, 2009)
"In patients with decompensated severe heart failure, the tubular secretion and the clearance of uric acid were reduced."	7.73	Uric acid renal excretion and renal insufficiency in decompensated severe heart failure. ( Barretto, AC; Morgado, PC; Munhoz, RT; Ochiai, ME; Oliveira, MT; Ramires, JA, 2005)
"It is well proved that hyperoxaluria induces the renal injury and finally causes the end stage kidney disease."	5.72	Nephro-protective effect of Daphnetin in hyperoxaluria-induced rat renal injury via alterations of the gut microbiota. ( Gong, X; Wen, W; Zhang, W; Zhao, Y; Zhou, R, 2022)
" Specific significant metabolites, including pseudo-uridine, indole-3-lactate, uric acid, isothreonic acid, and creatinine, have been previously shown to accumulate in plasma and/or urine in both diabetic and cystic renal diseases with advanced renal insufficiency."	5.30	Plasma metabolites and lipids associate with kidney function and kidney volume in hypertensive ADPKD patients early in the disease course. ( Chapman, A; Gao, G; Kim, K; Trott, JF; Weiss, RH, 2019)
"Since uric acid is associated with cardiovascular and renal disease, a treatment to maintain blood uric acid level may be required in patients with hyperuricemia."	5.24	Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of a study to evaluate the effect of febuxostat in preventing cerebral, cardiovascular, and renal events in patients with hyperuricemia. ( Hayashi, T; Hiramitsu, S; Hisatome, I; Jinnouchi, H; Kakuda, H; Kawai, N; Kimura, K; Kojima, S; Matsui, K; Mori, H; Ogawa, H; Ohya, Y; Saito, Y; Sugawara, M; Tokutake, E; Uchiyama, K; Wakasa, Y; Waki, M; Yokota, N, 2017)
"Lesinurad added to allopurinol demonstrated superior sUA lowering versus allopurinol-alone therapy and lesinurad 200 mg was generally well tolerated in patients with gout warranting additional therapy."	5.24	Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with gout with inadequate response to standard of care (the multinational CLEAR 2 study). ( Adler, S; Bardin, T; Baumgartner, S; Bhakta, N; Fung, M; Keenan, RT; Khanna, PP; Kopicko, J; So, A; Storgard, C, 2017)
"Elevated serum uric acid (UA), a biomarker of renal insufficiency, is also an independent prognostic marker for morbidity in coronary artery disease (CAD) and poses serious health risks."	5.22	Almond supplementation reduces serum uric acid in coronary artery disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. ( Amin, F; Arslan, J; Ghani, S; Gilani, AU; Jamshed, H; Masroor, M; Sultan, FA, 2016)
"Allopurinol has been widely used for treatment of hyperuricemia, however, it may be associated with various adverse effects."	5.15	A repeated oral administration study of febuxostat (TMX-67), a non-purine-selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in patients with impaired renal function in Japan: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. ( Hosoya, T; Iwao, O; Ohno, I; Tatsuo, H, 2011)
"Although urate oxidase might be effective in reducing serum uric acid, it is unclear whether it reduces clinical tumour lysis syndrome, renal failure, or mortality."	4.90	Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer. ( Chan, GC; Cheuk, DK; Chiang, AK; Ha, SY, 2014)
"Hyperuricemia reflects extracellular fluid supersaturation for uric acid."	4.84	[Primary hyperuricemia due to decreased renal uric acid excretion]. ( Ueda, T; Yamauchi, T, 2008)
"Hyperuricemia caused secondly from acquired disorders which affect production or excretion of uric acid is defined as secondary hyperuricemia."	4.84	[Pathophysiology and treatment of secondary hyperuricemia]. ( Tsutani, H, 2008)
"The level of serum uric acid in human has been increasing over the last decades, and correlates with an increase prevalence of renal disease and metabolic syndrome."	4.84	The conundrum of hyperuricemia, metabolic syndrome, and renal disease. ( Cirillo, P; Gersch, M; Johnson, RJ; Mu, W; Nakagawa, T; Roncal, C; Sánchez-Lozada, LG; Sato, W; Sautin, Y, 2008)
"Uric acid has promoted renal fibrosis and inflammation in experimental studies, but some studies have shown nephroprotective effects due to alleviated oxidative stress."	4.31	Moderate hyperuricaemia ameliorated kidney damage in a low-renin model of experimental renal insufficiency. ( Eräranta, A; Honkanen, T; Kurra, V; Lakkisto, P; Mustonen, J; Myllymäki, J; Paavonen, T; Pörsti, I; Riutta, A; Tikkanen, I, 2023)
" The present case control investigation was designed to evaluate the comparative toxicity of methotrexate and leflunomide on multiple organs in rheumatoid arthritis patients."	4.31	Comparative analysis of multiorgan toxicity induced by long term use of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. ( Iqbal, MA; Mumtaz, T; Tahir, A; Tariq, MA, 2023)
" Potential factors associated with reduced renal function including age, ethnicity, educational level, history of diabetes, hypertension, gout, hydronephrosis, serum uric acid level, and type of renal stone were evaluated using univariable and multivariable analyses."	4.12	Cardiovascular risk factors, ethnicity and infection stone are independent factors associated with reduced renal function in renal stone formers. ( Choy, SH; J R, S; Kamaruzaman, S; Lim, J; Malek, R; Md Yusoff, NA; Nagappan, P; Nyanatay, SA; Ong, TA; Sothilingam, S; Sundram, M; Toh, CC; Yeoh, WS, 2022)
" Nevertheless, the association between uric acid levels and the development of albuminuria has been under-investigated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."	4.02	Association between uric acid level and incidence of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 4.5-year cohort study. ( Chen, LJ; Chen, YY; Ku, PW; Lai, YJ; Yen, YF, 2021)
"While rasburicase has shown efficacy to rapidly correct hyperuricemia compared with allopurinol, its overall impact in improving clinically significant outcomes, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), in tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is unknown."	3.96	Comparative effectiveness of rasburicase versus allopurinol for cancer patients with renal dysfunction and hyperuricemia. ( Estey, E; Frieze, D; Garcia, DA; Hingorani, S; Khalighi, PR; Li, A; Li, S; Martens, KL; Silgard, E; White, AA, 2020)
"To identify the risk factors of kidney injuries in hypertensive patients with uric acid (UA) metabolic disorders in order to choose the optimal management tactics, by analyzing the changes in markers for endothelial dysfunction (endothelin-1 (ET-1), microalbuminuria (MAU), intima-media thickness (IMT)) and tubulointerstitial tissue lesion (beta2-microglobulin (beta2-MG, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1))."	3.80	[Clinical value of the determination of markers for endothelial dysfunction (endothelin-1, microalbuminuria) and tubulointerstitial tissue lesion (β2-microglobulin, monocyte chemotactic protein-1) in hypertensive patients with uric acid metabolic disorder ( Balkarov, IM; Kozlovskaia, LV; Shcherbak, AV; Stakhova, TIu; Taranova, MV, 2014)
"We investigated the clinical profiles associated with serum uric acid (sUA) levels in a large cohort of patients hospitalized for worsening chronic heart failure with ejection fraction (EF) ≤40%, with specific focus on gender, race, and renal function based interactions."	3.80	Relation of serum uric acid levels and outcomes among patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (from the efficacy of vasopressin antagonism in heart failure outcome study with tolvaptan trial). ( Ambrosy, AP; Butler, J; Chioncel, O; Gheorghiade, M; Givertz, MM; Greene, SJ; Konstam, MA; Maggioni, AP; Mentz, RJ; Senni, M; Subacius, HP; Swedberg, K; Vaduganathan, M; Zannad, F, 2014)
"This is the first large study showing that serum uric acid is not associated with an increase in the risk of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization."	3.80	Uric acid and risk of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. ( Barbieri, L; De Luca, G; Di Giovine, G; Marino, P; Schaffer, A; Verdoia, M, 2014)
"Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is currently the only available pharmacological treatment for asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis (aPBC)."	3.79	Effectiveness of fenofibrate in comparison to bezafibrate for patients with asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. ( Dohmen, K; Haruno, M; Tanaka, H, 2013)
"Adefovir and tenofovir are nucleotide analogues used as long-term therapy of chronic hepatitis B."	3.78	Renal tubular dysfunction during long-term adefovir or tenofovir therapy in chronic hepatitis B. ( Chong, WH; Collins, MT; Gara, N; Ghany, MG; Hoofnagle, JH; Jake Liang, T; Kleiner, DE; Zhao, X, 2012)
"Serum uric acid is a predictor of cardiac events and correlates to N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and albuminuria, underscoring the importance of uric acid as a cardiovascular risk marker in patients with diabetes."	3.78	Serum uric acid is related to cardiovascular events and correlates with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and albuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus. ( Clodi, M; Hülsmann, M; Kromoser, H; Luger, A; Neuhold, S; Pacher, R; Prager, R; Resl, M; Riedl, M; Strunk, G; Vila, G, 2012)
"Of the 5461 community-dwelling older adults, >or=65 years, in the Cardiovascular Health Study without HF at baseline, 1505 had hyperuricemia (baseline serum uric acid >or=6 mg/dL for women and >or=7 mg/dL for men)."	3.76	Association between hyperuricemia and incident heart failure among older adults: a propensity-matched study. ( Aban, I; Ahmed, A; Anker, SD; Arnett, D; Bakris, G; Dell'Italia, LJ; Ekundayo, OJ; Filippatos, G; Lloyd-Jones, DM; Love, TE; Mujib, M; Sanders, PW, 2010)
"In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels may predict worse cardiovascular outcomes."	3.75	Serum uric acid for risk stratification of patients with coronary artery disease. ( Behar, S; Boyko, V; Brodov, Y; Chouraqui, P; Goldenberg, I; Mandelzweig, L, 2009)
"Of the 643 patients with gout receiving a new allopurinol prescription, 297 (46%) received continuous allopurinol, 66 (10%) received colchicine prophylaxis and 126 (20%) reached the target uric acid level of	3.75	Opportunities for improving medication use and monitoring in gout. ( Asch, SM; Hodges, JS; Singh, JA, 2009)
"Hyperuricemia may play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, but uric acid is also a significant antioxidant."	3.75	Hyperuricemia, oxidative stress, and carotid artery tone in experimental renal insufficiency. ( Eräranta, A; Jolma, P; Kalliovalkama, J; Kurra, V; Moilanen, E; Mustonen, J; Myllymäki, J; Niemelä, O; Pörsti, I; Riutta, A; Tahvanainen, A; Vehmas, TI, 2009)
"Using the Minneapolis Veterans Affairs electronic medical record system, we identified a cohort of veterans receiving medication to treat gout between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2003, and evaluated 3 recently published evidence-based QIs for gout management: QI 1 = allopurinol dose <300 mg in gout patients with renal insufficiency, QI 2 = uric acid check within 6 months of starting a new allopurinol prescription, and QI 3 = complete blood count and creatine kinase check every 6 months for gout patients receiving prolonged colchicine therapy."	3.74	Quality of care for gout in the US needs improvement. ( Asch, SM; Hodges, JS; Singh, JA; Toscano, JP, 2007)
"In patients with decompensated severe heart failure, the tubular secretion and the clearance of uric acid were reduced."	3.73	Uric acid renal excretion and renal insufficiency in decompensated severe heart failure. ( Barretto, AC; Morgado, PC; Munhoz, RT; Ochiai, ME; Oliveira, MT; Ramires, JA, 2005)
"We report the case of a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) who experienced tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) with acute renal failure after fludarabine/cyclophosphamide chemotherapy and after bendamustine treatment."	3.73	Recurrent chemotherapy-induced tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) with renal failure in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia - successful treatment and prevention of TLS with low-dose rasburicase. ( Adam, K; Bergmann, J; Buchheidt, D; Hehlmann, R; Hummel, M; Reiter, S, 2005)
" With the impression of primary hypothyroidism, the patient was started on levothyroxine supplementation at which point he developed a classic gouty arthritis of right first metatarsophalangial joint."	3.70	Reversible renal insufficiency, hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis in a case of hypothyroidism. ( Bastani, B; Mooraki, A, 1998)
"Serum total antioxidant status (TAS) and uric acid (UA) levels were measured in 50 patients over 18 hours to represent the initial stage of critical illness."	3.70	Measures of total free radical activity in critically ill patients. ( Lowe, D; MacKinnon, KL; Molnar, Z; Shearer, E; Watson, ID, 1999)
"Xanthine calculi were found in a 7-month-old male Cavalier King Charles spaniel with urethral obstruction and renal insufficiency."	3.69	Xanthinuria in a family of Cavalier King Charles spaniels. ( Nickel, RF; Reijngoud, DJ; van Dijk, TH; van Zuilen, CD, 1997)
"Serum total antioxidant activity (TAA), albumin and uric acid were measured on admission, and for the next 2 days in 56 patients suffering myocardial infarction, 20 of whom received streptokinase."	3.69	Serum total antioxidant activity after myocardial infarction. ( Collis, CS; Johnston, JD; Miller, NJ; Rice-Evans, C, 1997)
"Patients with ESRD undergo frequent maintenance (haemo)dialysis treatment, and finally must receive a combined liver-kidney transplantation as the only curative treatment option available in PH Type 1."	2.61	Targeting kidney inflammation as a new therapy for primary hyperoxaluria? ( Hoppe, B; Kurts, C; Ludwig-Portugall, I; Martin-Higueras, C, 2019)
"Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis in men and is increasingly prevalent."	2.55	Allopurinol: insights from studies of dose-response relationships. ( Carland, JE; Day, RO; Graham, GG; Kannangara, DR; Stocker, SL; Williams, KM, 2017)
"Gout is a crystal deposition disease."	2.44	[Establishment of therapeutic goal and plan of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia]. ( Fujimori, S, 2008)
"Urolithiasis is a clinically important complication of gout."	2.44	[Urolithiasis and nephropathy complicated with gout]. ( Shimizu, T, 2008)
"Gout is a chronic metabolic disease caused by a disorder of the purine metabolism leading to hyperuricaemia."	2.43	Pathogenesis, clinical findings and management of acute and chronic gout. ( Cantatore, FP; Corrado, A; D'Onofrio, F; Melillo, N; Santoro, N, 2006)
"Hyperuricemia and gout are common conditions that have long been known to have a heritable component."	2.43	Genetic factors associated with gout and hyperuricemia. ( Bleyer, AJ; Hart, TC, 2006)
"Hyperuricemia and gout are known to occur in patients receiving diuretic therapy."	2.40	Finger pad tophi. ( Chopra, KF; Grossman, ME; Schneiderman, P, 1999)
"It is well proved that hyperoxaluria induces the renal injury and finally causes the end stage kidney disease."	1.72	Nephro-protective effect of Daphnetin in hyperoxaluria-induced rat renal injury via alterations of the gut microbiota. ( Gong, X; Wen, W; Zhang, W; Zhao, Y; Zhou, R, 2022)
"Hypocitraturia is not specific of ADPKD but it is also present in all tested nephropathies and is related with renal impairment and not with serum bicarbonate."	1.72	Hypocitraturia is present when renal function is impaired in diverse nephropathies and is not related with serum bicarbonate levels. ( Borrego Utiel, FJ; García Cortés, MJ; Herrera Contreras, I; Merino García, E; Moriana Domínguez, C; Ocaña Pérez, E, 2022)
"Renal adverse effects were associated to lead fumes exposure."	1.62	Evaluation of the Role of KIM-1 in Detecting Early Nephrotoxicity in Lead-Exposed Workers. ( Ahmed, MH; Ayesh, NA; Fouad, MM; Hussein, AA; Kamal, MM, 2021)
"Hypertension is one of the major causes of chronic diseases."	1.51	Effects of Prenatal Growth Status on Subsequent Childhood Renal Function Related to High Blood Pressure. ( Cho, SJ; Kim, HS; Lee, JW; Park, B; Park, EA; Park, H, 2019)
"Hyperuricemia was associated with increased risk of developing ESRD, in particular women."	1.48	Significance of Hyperuricemia among Community-Based Screening Participants. ( Iseki, K, 2018)
"Metformin is a biguanaide antidiabetic drug used worldwide, and its effectiveness and benefits have already been established."	1.43	Investigation of Risk Factors Affecting Lactate Levels in Japanese Patients Treated with Metformin. ( Hiraoka, S; Nishihara, M; Tsuji, H; Yokoyama, S, 2016)
"Hyperuricemia is a risk factor for end-stage renal disease."	1.39	The association between serum uric acid and renal damage in a community-based population: the Takahata study. ( Ichikawa, K; Ikeda, A; Kato, T; Kayama, T; Konta, T; Kubota, I; Kudo, K; Sato, H; Suzuki, K; Ueno, Y, 2013)
"Gout is an ancient disease."	1.38	Management of gout: a 57-year-old man with a history of podagra, hyperuricemia, and mild renal insufficiency. ( Shmerling, RH, 2012)
"However, patients with elevated phosphaturia, elevated uricuria and/or abnormal levels of calcaemia show a significant decline in eGFR over time, suggesting that tubular damage acquired in childhood caused by either TM or its treatment may eventually result in abnormal eGFR."	1.38	Renal function in patients with β-thalassaemia major: a long-term follow-up study. ( Carta, MP; Corrias, C; Lai, ME; Ponticelli, C; Spiga, A; Vacquer, S, 2012)
"Published guidelines for the treatment of gout aim to improve the evidenced-based management of this disorder."	1.36	Adherence to treatment guidelines in two primary care populations with gout. ( Bottenberg, MM; Hegge, KA; Koenigsfeld, CF; Wall, GC, 2010)
"MMF monotherapy is a safe alternative in patients with posttransplant renal failure secondary to the use of CNIs."	1.35	Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy in liver transplant patients with renal failure induced by calcineurin inhibitors. ( Alamo Martínez, JM; Barrera Pulido, L; Bernal Bellido, C; Bernardos Rodríguez, A; García González, I; Gómez Bravo, MA; Pareja Ciuró, F; Pascasio Acevedo, JM; Serrano Díez-Canedo, J; Suárez Artacho, G, 2008)
"Uric acid levels were only higher in patients with progression of disease when patients with uric acid-lowering drugs were excluded from the analysis."	1.35	Uric acid as a risk factor for progression of non-diabetic chronic kidney disease? The Mild to Moderate Kidney Disease (MMKD) Study. ( Kollerits, B; Kronenberg, F; Neyer, U; Ritz, E; Sturm, G, 2008)
"Hyperuricemia has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in hypertensive patients in some but not in all epidemiological studies in which this relationship has been investigated."	1.32	Hyperuricemia, low urine urate excretion and target organ damage in arterial hypertension. ( Campo, C; Garcia-Puig, J; García-Robles, R; Rodicio, JL; Ruilope, LM; Segura, J, 2003)
"Due to the large variations in the absorption and bioavailability of conventional cyclosporine A (CyA), 1:1 (mg:mg) conversion to its microemulsion formulation (Neoral) has been advocated in transplant recipients."	1.30	The impact of (1:1) cyclosporine A conversion to its microemulsion formulation on the kidney function of patients with cardiac allografts. ( Bastani, B; Khajehdehi, P; Yip, D, 1999)
" In the group composed of patients with normal kidney function (CCr > or = 80 ml/min), increase in the dosage of allopurinol was associated with a linear increase in the serum concentration of oxipurinol."	1.29	[A study of serum oxipurinol concentration and renal function in patients administered allopurinol]. ( Saji, M, 1996)
"Uric acid is a possible cause of the renal hyper-echogenicity."	1.29	The possible role of uric acid in renal hyper-echogenicity in neonatal hypoxic acute shock. ( Horváth, I; Mulugeta, Z; Pintér, S; Streitman, K; Surányi, A; Tálosi, G, 1996)
"Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and renal failure remain significant causes of morbidity and mortality in children with newly diagnosed Burkitt's lymphoma and high white blood cell count acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) despite conventional management with aggressive hydration, alkalinization, allopurinol, and the slow introduction of chemotherapy."	1.29	Prevention of tumor lysis syndrome using continuous veno-venous hemofiltration. ( Berkow, RL; Kohaut, EC; Saccente, SL, 1995)

Research

Studies (127)

Authors

Clinical Trials (6)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Apparent Terminal Half-life (t1/2)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	14 (11.02)	18.7374
1990's	12 (9.45)	18.2507
2000's	38 (29.92)	29.6817
2010's	48 (37.80)	24.3611
2020's	15 (11.81)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Hussein, AA	1
Ahmed, MH	1
Kamal, MM	1
Ayesh, NA	1
Fouad, MM	1
Borrego Utiel, FJ	1
Herrera Contreras, I	1
Merino García, E	1
Moriana Domínguez, C	1
Ocaña Pérez, E	1
García Cortés, MJ	1
Lai, YJ	1
Chen, YY	1
Ku, PW	1
Chen, LJ	1
Yen, YF	1
Choy, SH	1
Nyanatay, SA	1
Sothilingam, S	1
Malek, R	1
J R, S	1
Toh, CC	1
Sundram, M	1
Md Yusoff, NA	1
Nagappan, P	1
Kamaruzaman, S	1
Yeoh, WS	1
Ong, TA	1
Lim, J	1
Zhou, R	1
Wen, W	1
Gong, X	1
Zhao, Y	1
Zhang, W	2
Lin, Y	1
Ma, B	1
Yang, Y	1
Chen, Y	2
Huang, J	1
Li, W	2
Yu, X	1
Liang, L	1
Kurra, V	2
Eräranta, A	2
Paavonen, T	1
Honkanen, T	1
Myllymäki, J	2
Riutta, A	2
Tikkanen, I	1
Lakkisto, P	1
Mustonen, J	2
Pörsti, I	2
Alshahrani, S	1
Ali Thubab, HM	1
Ali Zaeri, AM	1
Anwer, T	1
Ahmed, RA	1
Jali, AM	1
Qadri, M	1
Nomier, Y	1
Moni, SS	1
Alam, MF	1
Mumtaz, T	1
Tahir, A	1
Tariq, MA	1
Iqbal, MA	1
Shi, A	1
Deng, J	1
Ma, J	1
Yang, L	1
Tantai, X	1
Wang, Q	1
Chang, D	1
Wang, J	3
Guo, X	2
Lu, X	1
Shi, H	1
Ito, H	1
Inoue, H	1
Izutsu, T	1
Matsumoto, S	1
Antoku, S	1
Yamasaki, T	1
Mori, T	1
Togane, M	1
Oni, OO	1
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Li, A	1
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Robles, NR	1
Lee, R	1
Shin, MH	1
Kim, HN	1
Lee, YH	1
Choi, SW	1
Ahn, HR	1
Kweon, SS	1
Iseki, K	2
Alegría-Díaz, A	1
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Murguía-Romero, M	1
Jiménez-Flores, R	1
Villalobos-Molina, R	1
Mummidi, S	1
Duggirala, R	1
López-Alvarenga, JC	1
Pérez-Navarro, M	1
Smith, WB	1
Hall, J	1
Berg, JK	1
Kazimir, M	1
Yamamoto, A	1
Walker, S	1
Lee, CA	1
Shen, Z	1
Wilson, DM	1
Zhou, D	1
Gillen, M	1
Marbury, TC	1
Martin-Higueras, C	1
Ludwig-Portugall, I	1
Hoppe, B	1
Kurts, C	1
Lv, Y	1
Li, X	1
Liang, S	1
Liang, D	1
Xu, F	1
Zhu, X	1
Zeng, C	1
Kim, K	1
Trott, JF	1
Gao, G	1
Chapman, A	1
Weiss, RH	1
Park, B	1
Lee, JW	1
Kim, HS	1
Park, EA	1
Cho, SJ	1
Park, H	1
Tang, X	1
Li, H	1
Wang, X	3
Feng, X	1
Zhang, A	1
Chen, R	1
Wei, K	1
Cong, Y	1
Zawiasa, A	1
Nowicki, M	1
Jia, RZ	1
Qian, YJ	1
Zhang, X	2
Ding, HJ	1
Wu, HQ	1
Shao, KM	1
Hu, QH	1
Zhu, JX	1
Ji, J	1
Wei, LL	1
Miao, MX	1
Ji, H	1
Dohmen, K	1
Tanaka, H	1
Haruno, M	1
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Yalçin, AA	1
Altun, I	1
Köse, N	1
Gu, L	1
Zhang, Y	1
Jiang, Y	1
Lu, H	1
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Chen, X	1
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Schaffer, A	1
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Marino, P	1
De Luca, G	1
Stakhova, TIu	1
Shcherbak, AV	1
Kozlovskaia, LV	1
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Cheuk, DK	3
Chiang, AK	3
Chan, GC	3
Ha, SY	3
Vaduganathan, M	1
Greene, SJ	1
Ambrosy, AP	1
Mentz, RJ	1
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Chioncel, O	1
Maggioni, AP	1
Swedberg, K	1
Zannad, F	1
Konstam, MA	1
Senni, M	1
Givertz, MM	1
Butler, J	1
Gheorghiade, M	1
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Chiostri, M	1
Gensini, GF	2
Bruderer, SG	1
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Sugiyama, K	1
Yang, H	1
Li, Z	1
Yu, S	1
Zheng, L	1
Zhou, Y	1
Sun, Y	1
Fu, Z	1
Qian, G	1
Xue, H	1
Guo, J	1
Chen, L	1
Yang, X	1
Shen, M	1
Dong, W	1
Patricio, JA	1
Lopes, PF	1
Medeiros, T	1
Mendes, GF	1
Silva, AA	1
Esberard, EB	1
Lugon, JR	1
Almeida, JR	1
Eyuboglu, M	1
Venkat-Raman, G	2
Gast, C	1
Marinaki, A	1
Fairbanks, L	1
Yan, D	1
Jiang, F	1
Zhang, R	1
Sun, X	1
Wang, T	1
Wang, S	1
Peng, D	1
He, Z	1
Bao, Y	1
Hu, C	1
Jia, W	1
Kojima, S	1
Matsui, K	1
Ogawa, H	1
Jinnouchi, H	1
Hiramitsu, S	1
Hayashi, T	1
Yokota, N	1
Kawai, N	1
Tokutake, E	1
Uchiyama, K	1
Sugawara, M	1
Kakuda, H	1
Wakasa, Y	1
Mori, H	1
Hisatome, I	1
Waki, M	1
Ohya, Y	1
Kimura, K	1
Saito, Y	1
Kim, MJ	1
Hopfer, H	1
Mayr, M	1
Huang, H	1
Luo, Y	1
Liang, Y	1
Long, X	1
Peng, Y	1
Liu, Z	1
Wen, X	1
Jia, M	1
Tian, R	1
Bai, C	1
Li, C	1
He, F	1
Lin, Q	1
Dong, X	1
Jamshed, H	1
Gilani, AU	1
Sultan, FA	1
Amin, F	1
Arslan, J	1
Ghani, S	1
Masroor, M	1
Bardin, T	1
Keenan, RT	1
Khanna, PP	1
Kopicko, J	1
Fung, M	1
Bhakta, N	1
Adler, S	1
Storgard, C	1
Baumgartner, S	1
So, A	1
Yokoyama, S	1
Tsuji, H	1
Hiraoka, S	1
Nishihara, M	1
Day, RO	1
Kannangara, DR	1
Stocker, SL	1
Carland, JE	1
Williams, KM	1
Graham, GG	1
Gagliardi, AC	1
Miname, MH	1
Santos, RD	2
Singh, JA	2
Hodges, JS	2
Asch, SM	2
Barrera Pulido, L	1
Alamo Martínez, JM	1
Pareja Ciuró, F	1
Gómez Bravo, MA	1
Serrano Díez-Canedo, J	1
Bernal Bellido, C	1
Suárez Artacho, G	1
García González, I	1
Pascasio Acevedo, JM	1
Bernardos Rodríguez, A	1
Ekundayo, OJ	1
Dell'Italia, LJ	1
Sanders, PW	1
Arnett, D	1
Aban, I	1
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Mujib, M	1
Ahmed, A	1
Jolma, P	1
Vehmas, TI	1
Moilanen, E	1
Tahvanainen, A	1
Kalliovalkama, J	1
Niemelä, O	1
Wall, GC	1
Koenigsfeld, CF	1
Hegge, KA	1
Bottenberg, MM	1
Chen, TS	1
Liou, SY	1
Chang, YL	1
Brodov, Y	1
Chouraqui, P	1
Goldenberg, I	1
Boyko, V	1
Mandelzweig, L	1
Behar, S	1
Romero, F	1
Pérez, M	1
Chávez, M	1
Parra, G	1
Durante, P	1
Coussa, R	1
Martoni, C	1
Bhathena, J	1
Urbanska, AM	1
Prakash, S	1
Hosoya, T	1
Tatsuo, H	1
Ohno, I	1
Iwao, O	1
Resl, M	1
Clodi, M	1
Neuhold, S	1
Kromoser, H	1
Riedl, M	1
Vila, G	1
Prager, R	1
Pacher, R	1
Strunk, G	1
Luger, A	1
Hülsmann, M	1
Gara, N	1
Zhao, X	1
Collins, MT	1
Chong, WH	1
Kleiner, DE	1
Jake Liang, T	1
Ghany, MG	1
Hoofnagle, JH	1
Lai, ME	1
Spiga, A	1
Vacquer, S	1
Carta, MP	1
Corrias, C	1
Ponticelli, C	1
Suzuki, K	1
Konta, T	1
Kudo, K	1
Sato, H	1
Ikeda, A	1
Ichikawa, K	1
Ueno, Y	1
Kato, T	1
Kayama, T	1
Kubota, I	1
Shmerling, RH	1
Anderstam, B	1
Bragfors-Helin, AC	1
Axelsson, J	1
Qureshi, AR	1
Wibom, R	1
Lindholm, B	1
Stenvinkel, P	1
Fairbanks, LD	1
Cameron, JS	1
Rigden, SP	1
Rees, L	1
Van'T Hoff, W	1
Mansell, M	1
Pattison, J	1
Goldsmith, DJ	1
Simmonds, HA	1
Cabanillas, F	1
BOLLIGER, A	2
GROSS, R	2
KASANEN, A	1
KALLIO, V	1
MARKKANEN, T	1
HAAGENSEN, NR	1
NIELSEN, B	1
PRUNIER, P	1
WEINTRAUB, LR	1
PENNER, JA	1
MEYERS, MC	1
ROSENTHAL, IM	1
GABALLAH, S	1
RAFELSON, ME	1
CAPRAMARZANI, P	1
ROSEN, SM	1
O'CONNOR, K	1
SHALDON, S	1
GROSS, A	1
DELATTE, P	1
VINIAKER, H	1
SADOUL, P	1
MITCHELL, G	1
WILDEN, BJ	1
DIXON, P	1
GANZONI, A	1
STOLL, E	1
LAUDAT, MH	1
RYCKEWAERT, A	1
LAGRUE, G	1
MILLIEZ, P	1
MORRIS, JB	1
Oaks, JL	1
Gilbert, M	1
Virani, MZ	1
Watson, RT	1
Meteyer, CU	1
Rideout, BA	1
Shivaprasad, HL	1
Ahmed, S	1
Chaudhry, MJ	1
Arshad, M	1
Mahmood, S	1
Ali, A	1
Khan, AA	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Phase 1, Single-Dose, Open Label, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of RDEA3170 in Adult Male Subjects With Mild, Moderate, and Severe Renal Impairment[NCT02219516]	Phase 1	31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-01	Completed
HALT Progression of Polycystic Kidney Disease Study A[NCT00283686]	Phase 3	558 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-01-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Comparative Trial on the Effect of Febuxostat in Preventing Cerebral and Cardiorenovascular Events in Patients With Hyperuricemia[NCT01984749]		1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Active, not recruiting
A Phase 3 Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter, Placebo- Controlled, Combination Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Lesinurad and Allopurinol Compared to Allopurinol Alone in Subjects With Gout Who Have Had an Inadequate Hypouricemic Response t[NCT01493531]	Phase 3	610 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-12-31	Completed
Open Label Study of Nucleus(t)Ide Treated Patients Randomised to Tenofovir, or Tenofovir + Telbivudine[NCT02774837]	Phase 4	146 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-04-30	Active, not recruiting
Study Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study Investigating the Role of Luminal Pressure on Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation[NCT04017806]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-09-19	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

t1/2 following a single administration of RDEA3170 to subjects with various degrees of renal function (NCT02219516)
Timeframe: Day 1: within 30 minutes prior to dosing and at 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, and 72 hours postdose

Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to the Last Quantifiable Sampling Timepoint (AUC Last)

Intervention	hr (Geometric Mean)
Cohort 1: Mild Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	9.53
Cohort 2: Moderate Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	20.6
Cohort 3: Severe Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	22.0
Cohort 4: Normal Renal Function + RDEA3170 15 mg	13.0

AUC last following a single administration of RDEA3170 to subjects with various degrees of renal function (NCT02219516)
Timeframe: Day 1: within 30 minutes prior to dosing and at 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, and 72 hours postdose

Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity (AUC∞)

Intervention	ng.hr/mL (Geometric Mean)
Cohort 1: Mild Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	197
Cohort 2: Moderate Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	333
Cohort 3: Severe Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	316
Cohort 4: Normal Renal Function + RDEA3170 15 mg	150

AUC∞ following a single administration of RDEA3170 to subjects with various degrees of renal function (NCT02219516)
Timeframe: Day 1: within 30 minutes prior to dosing and at 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, and 72 hours postdose

Incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events

Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration (Cmax)

Intervention	ng.hr/mL (Geometric Mean)
Cohort 1: Mild Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	201
Cohort 2: Moderate Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	402
Cohort 3: Severe Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	372
Cohort 4: Normal Renal Function + RDEA3170 15 mg	162

Intervention	Number of participants (Number)
Cohort 1: Mild Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	3
Cohort 2: Moderate Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	1
Cohort 3: Severe Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	2
Cohort 4: Normal Renal Function + RDEA3170 15 mg	1

Cmax following a single administration of RDEA3170 to subjects with various degrees of renal function (NCT02219516)
Timeframe: Day 1: within 30 minutes prior to dosing and at 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, and 72 hours postdose

Non-renal Clearance From Time 0 to 72 Hours Postdose (CLNR 0-72)

Intervention	ng/mL (Geometric Mean)
Cohort 1: Mild Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	25.6
Cohort 2: Moderate Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	29.0
Cohort 3: Severe Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	38.2
Cohort 4: Normal Renal Function + RDEA3170 15 mg	16.7

CLNR 0-72 following a single administration of RDEA3170 to subjects with various degrees of renal function (NCT02219516)
Timeframe: Day 1: within 30 minutes prior to dosing and at 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, and 72 hours postdose

Renal Clearance Time 0 to 72 Hours Postdose (CLR 0-72)

Intervention	L/hr (Geometric Mean)
Cohort 1: Mild Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	74.9
Cohort 2: Moderate Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	44.5
Cohort 3: Severe Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	47.2
Cohort 4: Normal Renal Function + RDEA3170 15 mg	98.6

CLR 0-72 following a single administration of RDEA3170 to subjects with various degrees of renal function (NCT02219516)
Timeframe: Day 1: within 30 minutes prior to dosing and at 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, and 72 hours postdose

Time of Occurrence of Maximum Observed Concentration (Tmax)

Intervention	mL/min (Geometric Mean)
Cohort 1: Mild Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	12.9
Cohort 2: Moderate Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	7.87
Cohort 3: Severe Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	2.86
Cohort 4: Normal Renal Function + RDEA3170 15 mg	13.5

Tmax following a single administration of RDEA3170 to subjects with various degrees of renal function (NCT02219516)
Timeframe: Day 1: within 30 minutes prior to dosing and at 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, and 72 hours postdose

Total Body Clearance Corrected for Bioavailability (CL/F)

Intervention	hr (Median)
Cohort 1: Mild Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	2.50
Cohort 2: Moderate Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	3.00
Cohort 3: Severe Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	2.00
Cohort 4: Normal Renal Function + RDEA3170 15 mg	2.50

CL/F following a single administration of RDEA3170 to subjects with various degrees of renal function (NCT02219516)
Timeframe: Day 1: within 30 minutes prior to dosing and at 30 minutes, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, and 72 hours postdose

Pharmacodynamics (PD) Profiles of Uric Acid From Serum and Urine

Intervention	L/hr (Geometric Mean)
Cohort 1: Mild Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	74.8
Cohort 2: Moderate Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	37.3
Cohort 3: Severe Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	40.3
Cohort 4: Normal Renal Function + RDEA3170 15 mg	92.6

(NCT02219516)
Timeframe: Screening, Day -1 ( -24, -21, -18, -and -12 hours predose), and Day 1 (within 30 minutes prior to dosing and at 3, 6, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 54, 60, and 72 hours postdose)

Albuminuria

Intervention	Maximum Percentage (%) Change (Mean)
	Serum Urate Maximum % Change	Urine Uric Acid % Change (0-24h)	Renal Clearance of Uric Acid % Change (0-24h)	Fract. Excretion of Uric Acid % Change (0-24h)	Urine Uric Acid % Change (24-48h)	Urine Uric Acid % Change (48-72h)	Renal Clearance of Uric Acid % Change (24-48h)	Renal Clearance of Uric Acid % Change (48-72h)	Fract. Excretion of Uric Acid % Change (24-48h)	Fract. Excretion of Uric Acid % Change (48-72h)
Cohort 1: Mild Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	-36.9	118	222	206	-9.49	-23.1	42.1	2.39	39.2	14.2
Cohort 2: Moderate Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	-20.5	69.3	96.7	89.6	4.18	-16.0	25.4	-0.439	28.7	4.18
Cohort 3: Severe Renal Impairment + RDEA3170 15 mg	-12.6	72.5	82.9	54.5	28.3	6.02	34.5	9.38	19.0	1.67
Cohort 4: Normal Renal Function + RDEA3170 15 mg	-38.3	85.2	163	159	-1.54	-20.8	31.9	-8.12	27.8	2.27

Urine albumin excretion, centrally processed from 24 hour urine collection (NCT00283686)
Timeframe: Up to 96 months (assessed annually)

Aldosterone

Intervention	annual percent change in mg/24 hr (Mean)
ACE-I + ARB	-1.1
ACE-I Alone	-0.4
Low Blood Pressure Group	-3.8
Standard Blood Pressure Group	2.4

Urinary aldosterone excretion, centrally processed, 24 hour urine collection (NCT00283686)
Timeframe: Up to 96 months (assessed annually)

All-Cause Hospitalizations

Kidney Function (eGFR)

Intervention	annual % change micrograms per 24 hr (Mean)
ACE-I + ARB	-8.5
ACE-I Alone	-7.3
Low Blood Pressure Group	-8.5
Standard Blood Pressure Group	-7.3

Intervention	events (Number)
ACE-I + ARB	85
ACE-I Alone	128
Low Blood Pressure Group	93
Standard Blood Pressure Group	120

The estimated GFR was calculated by means of the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation with the use of central serum creatinine measurements. (NCT00283686)
Timeframe: Up to 96 months (6 month assessments)

Left Ventricular Mass Index

Intervention	ml/min/1.73/m2/yr (Mean)
ACE-I + ARB	-3.0
ACE-I Alone	-2.9
Low Blood Pressure Group	-2.9
Standard Blood Pressure Group	-3.0

Left ventricular mass index (g/m^2) measured by MRI, centrally reviewed and measured (NCT00283686)
Timeframe: 0, 24 months, 48 months, 60 months

Quality of Life Mental Component Summary

Intervention	annual change in g/m^2 (Mean)
ACE-I + ARB	-0.91
ACE-I Alone	-0.83
Low Blood Pressure Group	-1.17
Standard Blood Pressure Group	-0.57

Short Form-36 Quality of LIfe Mental Component Summary ranges from 0 (worst possible outcome) to 100 (best possible outcome) (NCT00283686)
Timeframe: baseline, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 months (assessed annually)

Quality of Life Physical Component Summary

Intervention	annual change in units on a scale (Mean)
ACE-I + ARB	0.19
ACE-I Alone	-0.06
Low Blood Pressure Group	-0.05
Standard Blood Pressure Group	0.18

Short Form-36 Quality of Life Physical Component Summary ranges from 0 (worst possible outcome) to 100 (best possible outcome) (NCT00283686)
Timeframe: baseline, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, and 96 months (assessed annually)

Renal Blood Flow

Intervention	annual change in units on a scale (Mean)
ACE-I + ARB	-0.24
ACE-I Alone	-.23
Low Blood Pressure Group	-0.17
Standard Blood Pressure Group	-0.30

renal blood flow (mL/min/1.73 m^2) from MRI, centrally reviewed and measured. This outcome was more difficult to measure resulting in more missing data than other MRI outcomes such as total kidney volume (TKV) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI). (NCT00283686)
Timeframe: 0, 24 months, 48 months, 60 months

Study A: Percent Annual Change in Total Kidney Volume

Intervention	annual change in mL/min/1.73 m^2 (Mean)
ACE-I + ARB	-6.6
ACE-I Alone	-9.5
Low Blood Pressure Group	-7.6
Standard Blood Pressure Group	-8.5

Annual percentage change in total kidney volume as assessed by abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at baseline, 2 years, 4 years, and 5 years follow-up. (NCT00283686)
Timeframe: Baseline and 2-, 4- and 5-year follow-up

Gout Flares

Intervention	percentage of Total Kidney Volume (Mean)
ACE-I + ARB	6.0
ACE-I Alone	6.2
Low Blood Pressure Group	5.6
Standard Blood Pressure Group	6.6

Mean rate of gout flares requiring treatment for the 6-month period from the end of Month 6 to the end of Month 12. (NCT01493531)
Timeframe: 12 Months

Subjects With ≥ 1 Target Tophus at Baseline Who Experience Complete Resolution of at Least 1 Target Tophus by Month 12

Intervention	Gout Flares (Mean)
Lesinurad 200 mg + Allopurinol	0.7
Lesinurad 400 mg + Allopurinol	0.8
Placebo + Allopurinol	0.9

Proportion of subjects with ≥ 1 target tophus at Baseline who experience complete resolution of at least 1 target tophus by Month 12 (NCT01493531)
Timeframe: 12 months

Subjects With a Serum Urate (sUA) < 6.0 mg/dL by Month 6.

Intervention	Proportion of Subjects (Number)
Lesinurad 200 mg + Allopurinol	0.314
Lesinurad 400 mg + Allopurinol	0.276
Placebo + Allopurinol	0.333

Proportion of subjects with an sUA level that is < 6.0 mg/dL by Month 6. (NCT01493531)
Timeframe: 6 months

Article	Year
Targeting kidney inflammation as a new therapy for primary hyperoxaluria? Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2019, 06-01, Volume: 34, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Calcium Oxalate; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Models, Animal; Humans	2019
Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014, Aug-14, Issue:8 Topics: Adolescent; Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Area Under Curve; Child; Controlled Clinical Trials as Top	2014
From juvenile hyperuricaemia to dysfunctional uromodulin: an ongoing metamorphosis. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2016, Volume: 31, Issue:11 Topics: Adolescent; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16; DNA Mutational Analysis; Exons; Gout; Hepatocyte Nuclear Fa	2016
[Uric acid, kidney disease and nephrolithiasis]. Therapeutische Umschau. Revue therapeutique, 2016, Volume: 73, Issue:3 Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Gout; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Insulin Resistance; Kidney; Nephrolithiasis; Ren	2016
Allopurinol: insights from studies of dose-response relationships. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology, 2017, Volume: 13, Issue:4 Topics: Allopurinol; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Hyperuricemi	2017
Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumour lysis syndrome in children with cancer. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2017, 03-08, Volume: 3 Topics: Adolescent; Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Area Under Curve; Child; Controlled Clinical Trials as Top	2017
Uric acid: A marker of increased cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis, 2009, Volume: 202, Issue:1 Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carotid Artery Diseases; Coronary Artery Disease; Female; Heart	2009
Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome in children with cancer. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2010, Jun-16, Issue:6 Topics: Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Child; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Neoplasms; Randomi	2010
[Hypouricemia, an old subject and new concepts]. Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 2004, Apr-24, Volume: 33, Issue:8 Topics: Carrier Proteins; Humans; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins; Organi	2004
Uric acid and the kidney: urate transport, stone disease and progressive renal failure. Current pharmaceutical design, 2005, Volume: 11, Issue:32 Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Carrier Proteins; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Orga	2005
Genetic factors associated with gout and hyperuricemia. Advances in chronic kidney disease, 2006, Volume: 13, Issue:2 Topics: Blood Group Antigens; Genetic Markers; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Gout; Humans; Hyperuricemi	2006
Hypertensive renal vascular disease and cardiovascular endpoints. Current opinion in cardiology, 2006, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Albuminuria; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Disease Progression; Erythropoietin; Glomerular Filtrat	2006
Pathogenesis, clinical findings and management of acute and chronic gout. Minerva medica, 2006, Volume: 97, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Disease; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Chronic Disease; Co	2006
Crystal-associated arthritis in the elderly. Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America, 2007, Volume: 33, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Allopurinol; Arthritis; Arthritis, Gouty; Calcium Pyrophosphate; Chondrocalcinosis; Comorbidit	2007
[Hereditary kidney tubular diseases]. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai shi, 2007, Volume: Suppl 50th Ann Topics: Acidosis, Renal Tubular; Animals; Aquaporins; Chloride Channels; Chloride-Bicarbonate Antiporters; D	2007
The conundrum of hyperuricemia, metabolic syndrome, and renal disease. Internal and emergency medicine, 2008, Volume: 3, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Humans; Hypertension; Hyperuricemia; Insulin Resistance; Kidney; Metabolic Syndrome; Renal	2008
[Primary hyperuricemia due to decreased renal uric acid excretion]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 2008, Volume: 66, Issue:4 Topics: Biological Transport; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Kidney; Mucoproteins; Organic Anion Transporters; Organ	2008
[Pathophysiology and treatment of secondary hyperuricemia]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 2008, Volume: 66, Issue:4 Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Alcoholism; Allopurinol; Diuretics; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Hyperuricemia	2008
[Urolithiasis and nephropathy complicated with gout]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 2008, Volume: 66, Issue:4 Topics: Gout; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Metabolic Syndrome; Renal Insufficiency; Uric Acid; Urolit	2008
[Establishment of therapeutic goal and plan of gout and asymptomatic hyperuricemia]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 2008, Volume: 66, Issue:4 Topics: Allopurinol; Benzbromarone; Cardiovascular Diseases; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Hyperuricemia;	2008
Acute tumor lysis syndrome in patients with high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The American journal of medicine, 1993, Volume: 94, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Disease; Allopurinol; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Bur	1993
p-cresol and uric acid: two old uremic toxins revisited. Kidney international. Supplement, 1997, Volume: 62 Topics: Cresols; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney; Renal Insufficiency; Toxins, Biological; Uremia; Uric	1997
Regulation of renal urate excretion: a critical review. American journal of kidney diseases : the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation, 1998, Volume: 32, Issue:6 Topics: Algorithms; Biological Transport; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Natriuretic Agents; Renal Insuffi	1998
Finger pad tophi. Cutis, 1999, Volume: 64, Issue:4 Topics: Cyclosporine; Fingers; Follow-Up Studies; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents;	1999
Hyperuricemia and renal function. Current hypertension reports, 2001, Volume: 3, Issue:3 Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Hypertension, Renal; Kidney; Renal Insufficiency; Uric Acid	2001
[Renal markers and predictors, and renal and cardiovascular risk factors]. Nefrologia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola Nefrologia, 2002, Volume: 22 Suppl 1 Topics: Age Factors; Alcohol Drinking; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Fatty Acids; Hum	2002

Article	Year
Effect of Renal Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Verinurad, a Selective Uric Acid Reabsorption Inhibitor. Clinical drug investigation, 2018, Volume: 38, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Kidney; Male; Middle Aged; Organic Anion Transporters; Organ	2018
Plasma metabolites and lipids associate with kidney function and kidney volume in hypertensive ADPKD patients early in the disease course. BMC nephrology, 2019, 02-25, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Creatinine; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Indoles; Kidney; Kidney Function Tests; Long	2019
Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of a study to evaluate the effect of febuxostat in preventing cerebral, cardiovascular, and renal events in patients with hyperuricemia. Journal of cardiology, 2017, Volume: 69, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brain Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; Febuxostat; Female	2017
Almond supplementation reduces serum uric acid in coronary artery disease patients: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition journal, 2016, 08-19, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Breakfast; Coronary Artery Disease; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; H	2016
Lesinurad in combination with allopurinol: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with gout with inadequate response to standard of care (the multinational CLEAR 2 study). Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2017, Volume: 76, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Allopurinol; Cardiovascular Diseases; Creatinine; Double	2017
A repeated oral administration study of febuxostat (TMX-67), a non-purine-selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, in patients with impaired renal function in Japan: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases, 2011, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Suppl 2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dose-Response Relationship,	2011
Improvement of renal function in patients with chronic gout after proper control of hyperuricemia and gouty bouts. Nephron, 2000, Volume: 86, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Allopurinol; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Benzbromarone; Creatinine; Drug T	2000
A randomized comparison between rasburicase and allopurinol in children with lymphoma or leukemia at high risk for tumor lysis. Blood, 2001, May-15, Volume: 97, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Allopurinol; Child; Child, Preschool; Creatinine; Drugs, Investigational; Female; Humans	2001

Article	Year
Evaluation of the Role of KIM-1 in Detecting Early Nephrotoxicity in Lead-Exposed Workers. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 2021, Sep-01, Volume: 63, Issue:9 Topics: Biomarkers; Creatinine; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Lead; Renal Insufficiency; Uric Acid	2021
Hypocitraturia is present when renal function is impaired in diverse nephropathies and is not related with serum bicarbonate levels. International urology and nephrology, 2022, Volume: 54, Issue:6 Topics: Bicarbonates; Biomarkers; Citrates; Citric Acid; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney;	2022
Association between uric acid level and incidence of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 4.5-year cohort study. Medicine, 2021, Oct-15, Volume: 100, Issue:41 Topics: Aged; Albuminuria; Animals; Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Femal	2021
Cardiovascular risk factors, ethnicity and infection stone are independent factors associated with reduced renal function in renal stone formers. PloS one, 2022, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus; Ethnicity; Female; Gout; Heart	2022
Nephro-protective effect of Daphnetin in hyperoxaluria-induced rat renal injury via alterations of the gut microbiota. Journal of food biochemistry, 2022, Volume: 46, Issue:12 Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Ethylene Glycols; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glutathione; Hyperoxaluria; Kidne	2022
Impaired kidney function biomarkers and risk of severe COVID-19: Analysis of population-based cohort data. Molecular genetics & genomic medicine, 2022, Volume: 10, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Albuminuria; Biomarkers; COVID-19; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cystatin C; Genetic Predispositio	2022
Moderate hyperuricaemia ameliorated kidney damage in a low-renin model of experimental renal insufficiency. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2023, Volume: 132, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Fibrosis; Hyperuricemia; Inflammation; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Nephrectomy; Oxonic Acid; R	2023
The Protective Effects of Sesamin against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Nephrotoxicity through Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory-Cytokines and Apoptosis in Rats. International journal of molecular sciences, 2022, Oct-01, Volume: 23, Issue:19 Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Caspase 3; Creatinine; Cyclophosphamide; Cy	2022
Comparative analysis of multiorgan toxicity induced by long term use of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. PloS one, 2023, Volume: 18, Issue:8 Topics: Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Creatinine; Humans; Leflunomide; Methotrexate; Renal In	2023
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease with Renal Insufficiency in Overweight/Obese Adults. Obesity facts, 2023, Volume: 16, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis; Male; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Overweight	2023
Changes in the estimated glomerular filtration rate and predictors of the renal prognosis in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective study during the 12 months after the initiation of tofogliflozin. PloS one, 2023, Volume: 18, Issue:9 Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; East Asian People; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney; Prognosis;	2023
Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Clinical Correlates in a Rural Community in Southwestern Nigeria. Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation : an official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia, 2022, Nov-01, Volume: 33, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Prevalence; Renal Insufficiency; R	2022
Comparative effectiveness of rasburicase versus allopurinol for cancer patients with renal dysfunction and hyperuricemia. Leukemia research, 2020, Volume: 89 Topics: Adult; Allopurinol; Female; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplas	2020
Cardiovascular risk assessment after one-year acute ischemic stroke based on uric acid levels and renal dysfunction. A clinical study. The International journal of neuroscience, 2021, Volume: 131, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Ischemic Stroke	2021
Relationship between plasma pentraxin 3 level and risk of chronic kidney disease in the Korean elderly: the Dong-gu study. International urology and nephrology, 2017, Volume: 49, Issue:11 Topics: Aged; C-Reactive Protein; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Glomerula	2017
Significance of Hyperuricemia among Community-Based Screening Participants. Contributions to nephrology, 2018, Volume: 192 Topics: Disease Progression; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Incidence; Japan; Kidney Fai	2018
Clinical Significance of Serum Uric Acid Levels in Mexican Young Adults. Contributions to nephrology, 2018, Volume: 192 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cholesterol, LDL; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Hu	2018
The clinical and pathological features of adefovir dipivoxil-related renal impairment . Clinical nephrology, 2019, Volume: 91, Issue:3 Topics: Adenine; Adult; Antiviral Agents; Creatinine; Female; Glycosuria; Hematuria; Hepatitis B, Chronic; H	2019
Effects of Prenatal Growth Status on Subsequent Childhood Renal Function Related to High Blood Pressure. Journal of Korean medical science, 2019, Jul-01, Volume: 34, Issue:25 Topics: Blood Pressure; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Child; Cohort Studies; Cystatin C; Female; Glomerular Filtratio	2019
Hemoperfusion combined with hemodialysis filtration can effectively improve uremia complicated with bone and mineral disorders. Panminerva medica, 2021, Volume: 63, Issue:3 Topics: Bone Diseases; Hemoperfusion; Humans; Minerals; Renal Dialysis; Renal Insufficiency; Uremia; Uric Ac	2021
Acute effects of fructose consumption on uric acid and plasma lipids in patients with impaired renal function. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2013, Volume: 62, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Blood Pressure; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Female; Fructose; Humans; Im	2013
Contribution of dysfunction of maternal hemodynamics to renal impairment in preeclampsia. Gynecologic and obstetric investigation, 2013, Volume: 76, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Area Under Curve; Blood Pressure; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Cardiography, Impedance; Creatinine; F	2013
Fructus Gardenia Extract ameliorates oxonate-induced hyperuricemia with renal dysfunction in mice by regulating organic ion transporters and mOIT3. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2013, Jul-29, Volume: 18, Issue:8 Topics: Animals; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Gardenia; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Mice; Oxo	2013
Effectiveness of fenofibrate in comparison to bezafibrate for patients with asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis. Fukuoka igaku zasshi = Hukuoka acta medica, 2013, Volume: 104, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Aged; Asymptomatic Diseases; Bezafibrate; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol, LDL; Cohort S	2013
Association of glomerular filtration rate with slow coronary flow in patients with normal to mildly impaired renal function. Angiology, 2014, Volume: 65, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Collateral Circulation; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Arte	2014
Determination of 12 potential nephrotoxicity biomarkers in rat serum and urine by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and its application to renal failure induced by Semen Strychni. Journal of separation science, 2014, Volume: 37, Issue:9-10 Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Chromatography, Liquid; Citric Acid; Creatinine; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Glycine	2014
Uric acid and risk of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, 2014, Volume: 30, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Diabetic Nephropathies; Female; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Intraoperative Complication	2014
[Clinical value of the determination of markers for endothelial dysfunction (endothelin-1, microalbuminuria) and tubulointerstitial tissue lesion (β2-microglobulin, monocyte chemotactic protein-1) in hypertensive patients with uric acid metabolic disorder Terapevticheskii arkhiv, 2014, Volume: 86, Issue:6 Topics: Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Biomarkers; Chemokine CCL2; Comorbidity; Endothelin-1; Endotheliu	2014
Relation of serum uric acid levels and outcomes among patients hospitalized for worsening heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (from the efficacy of vasopressin antagonism in heart failure outcome study with tolvaptan trial). The American journal of cardiology, 2014, Dec-01, Volume: 114, Issue:11 Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; Benzazepines; Black or African America	2014
Long-term prognostic role of uric acid in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and renal dysfunction. Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.), 2015, Volume: 16, Issue:11 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glomerular Filt	2015
Association of hormone therapy and incident gout: population-based case-control study. Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 2015, Volume: 22, Issue:12 Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Alcohol Drinking; Body Mass Index; Case-Control Studies; Estro	2015
Associations between blood pressure responses to acute stress and impaired renal function and serum uric acid level. Clinical and experimental hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993), 2015, Volume: 37, Issue:8 Topics: Acute Disease; Blood Pressure; Electrocardiography; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Hype	2015
The relationship between mean arterial pressure and decreased glomerular filtration rate in rural areas of Northeast China. BMC nephrology, 2015, Aug-13, Volume: 16 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Alcohol Drinking; Arterial Pressure; Blood Glucose; China; Cholesterol, HD	2015
Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent predictor of long-term clinical outcomes in Chinese octogenarians with acute coronary syndrome. Clinical interventions in aging, 2015, Volume: 10 Topics: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Aged, 80 and over; Blood Pressure; China; Coronary Angiography; Cystatin C;	2015
Tenofovir monotherapy for hepatitis B after 1 year does not produce renal dysfunction, but is associated with hyperparathyroidism not related to vitamin D. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 2016, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Albuminuria; Alkaline Phosphatase; Antiviral Agents; beta 2-Microglobulin; Creatinine; Cystat	2016
What is the real predictive value of uric acid for mortality? Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.), 2016, Volume: 17, Issue:2 Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Myocardial Infarction; Renal Insufficiency; Uric Acid	2016
Uric acid, an independent predictor of long-term mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients. Journal of cardiovascular medicine (Hagerstown, Md.), 2016, Volume: 17, Issue:2 Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Myocardial Infarction; Renal Insufficiency; Uric Acid	2016
Association between serum uric acid related genetic loci and diabetic kidney disease in the Chinese type 2 diabetes patients. Journal of diabetes and its complications, 2016, Volume: 30, Issue:5 Topics: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Alleles; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member	2016
CD4(+)CD25(+) T Cells in primary malignant hypertension related kidney injury. Scientific reports, 2016, 06-09, Volume: 6 Topics: ADAMTS13 Protein; Adult; Case-Control Studies; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Female; Glomerular Filtra	2016
Investigation of Risk Factors Affecting Lactate Levels in Japanese Patients Treated with Metformin. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, 2016, Volume: 39, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Asian People; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Glyca	2016
Opportunities for improving medication use and monitoring in gout. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2009, Volume: 68, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Allopurinol; Biomarkers; Colchicine; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Monitoring; Female; Go	2009
Efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil monotherapy in liver transplant patients with renal failure induced by calcineurin inhibitors. Transplantation proceedings, 2008, Volume: 40, Issue:9 Topics: Calcineurin Inhibitors; Creatinine; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney Func	2008
Association between hyperuricemia and incident heart failure among older adults: a propensity-matched study. International journal of cardiology, 2010, Jul-23, Volume: 142, Issue:3 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Incidence; Kaplan	2010
Hyperuricemia, oxidative stress, and carotid artery tone in experimental renal insufficiency. American journal of hypertension, 2009, Volume: 22, Issue:9 Topics: Animals; Carotid Arteries; Creatinine; Dinoprost; Hyperuricemia; Male; Nephrectomy; NG-Nitroarginine	2009
Adherence to treatment guidelines in two primary care populations with gout. Rheumatology international, 2010, Volume: 30, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Biomarkers; Cohort Studies; Female; Gout; Guideline Adherence; Hum	2010
The clearance of unidentified uremic solutes (with molecular weight under 5 kDa) plays an important role in hemodialyzer selection. International urology and nephrology, 2010, Volume: 42, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Creatinine; Female; Hemodialysis Solutions; Humans; Male; Middle A	2010
Uric acid and cardiovascular disease: how to solve another chicken or egg puzzle. Cardiology, 2009, Volume: 114, Issue:4 Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Renal Insufficiency; Uric Acid	2009
Serum uric acid for risk stratification of patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiology, 2009, Volume: 114, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Coronary Artery Disease; Death, Sudden, Cardiac; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged	2009
Effect of uric acid on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats - role of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 2009, Volume: 105, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gentamicins; Kidney; Kidney Function Tests; Kidney Tubular Necrosis,	2009
Oral microencapsulated live Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells for use in renal failure uremia: preparation and in vivo analysis. Journal of biomedicine & biotechnology, 2010, Volume: 2010 Topics: Administration, Oral; Alginates; Animals; Calcium; Capsules; Creatinine; Disease Models, Animal; Gas	2010
Serum uric acid is related to cardiovascular events and correlates with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and albuminuria in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association, 2012, Volume: 29, Issue:6 Topics: Albuminuria; Atherosclerosis; Biomarkers; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Angiopathies; Diabetic	2012
Renal tubular dysfunction during long-term adefovir or tenofovir therapy in chronic hepatitis B. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2012, Volume: 35, Issue:11 Topics: Adenine; Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; Biomarkers; Creatinine; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate;	2012
Renal function in patients with β-thalassaemia major: a long-term follow-up study. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2012, Volume: 27, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; beta-Thalassemia; Calcium; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Hyp	2012
The association between serum uric acid and renal damage in a community-based population: the Takahata study. Clinical and experimental nephrology, 2013, Volume: 17, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; beta 2-Microglobulin; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans;	2013
Management of gout: a 57-year-old man with a history of podagra, hyperuricemia, and mild renal insufficiency. JAMA, 2012, Nov-28, Volume: 308, Issue:20 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis, Gouty; Colchicine; Gout	2012
Differences in acute metabolism of fructose between hemodialysis patients and healthy subjects. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation, 2013, Volume: 73, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Glucose; Case-Control Studies; Dietary Fats; Female; Fructose; Humans; Male; Midd	2013
Early treatment with allopurinol in familial juvenile hyerpuricaemic nephropathy (FJHN) ameliorates the long-term progression of renal disease. QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians, 2002, Volume: 95, Issue:9 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Allopurinol; Child; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Kidney	2002
Metabolic abnormalities in lymphoma. Clinical lymphoma, 2002, Volume: 3 Suppl 1 Topics: Adult; Allopurinol; Anthracyclines; Cell Division; Creatinine; Enzyme Inhibitors; Humans; Hypocalcem	2002
Ammonia, urea and uric acid content of toenails in renal insufficiency and gout. The Australian journal of experimental biology and medical science, 1953, Volume: 31, Issue:4 Topics: Ammonia; Gout; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Nails; Renal Insufficiency; Urea; Uric Acid	1953
Uric acid and the uricase-resistant residue in renal insufficiency. Australasian annals of medicine, 1957, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Humans; Kidney Diseases; Renal Insufficiency; Urate Oxidase; Uric Acid	1957
On serum uric acid and endogenic uric acid clearance in renal failure. Acta medica Scandinavica, 1958, May-06, Volume: 160, Issue:6 Topics: Epilepsy; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Medical Records; Renal Insufficiency; Uric Acid	1958
The effect of probenecid on renal excretion and plasma level of uric acid in patients with renal insufficiency. Acta pharmacologica et toxicologica, 1961, Volume: 18 Topics: Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Metabolic Diseases; Probenecid; Renal Elimination; Renal Insufficie	1961
[The treatment of gout crises in patients with renal insufficiency]. Vie medicale (Paris, France : 1920), 1963, Volume: 44 Topics: Colchicine; Gout; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Phenylbutazone; Renal Insufficiency; Salicylates; Uric Ac	1963
ACUTE URIC ACID NEPHROPATHY IN LEUKEMIA. REPORT OF A CASE TREATED WITH PERITONEAL DIALYSIS. Archives of internal medicine, 1964, Volume: 113 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Blood; Dialysis; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Leukemia; Mercaptopurine;	1964
GOUT IN INFANCY MANIFESTED BY RENAL FAILURE. Pediatrics, 1964, Volume: 33 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adolescent; Blood Cell Count; Child; Citrates; Genetics, Medical; Glycine; Gout	1964
[FURTHER RESEARCH ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERURICEMIA IN THE RABBIT. BEHAVIOR OF SEVERAL ENZYMES]. Archivio per le scienze mediche, 1964, Volume: 117 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Alanine Transaminase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Blood Chemical Analysis; Cli	1964
HAEMODIALYSIS DISEQUILIBRIUM. British medical journal, 1964, Sep-12, Volume: 2, Issue:5410 Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Acute Kidney Injury; Biochemical Phenomena; Biochemistry; Blood-Brain Barrier	1964
[A PARTICULAR TYPE OF FUNCTIONAL RENAL INSUFFICIENCY: HYPOXIC GLOMERULO-NEPHROPATHY]. Rein et foie, maladies de la nutrition; actualites, 1964, Volume: 6 Topics: Albuminuria; Anuria; Blood Chemical Analysis; Bronchitis; Glomerulonephritis; Hemoglobins; Hypoxia;	1964
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE COMPLICATING LYMPHOSARCOMA. British medical journal, 1965, Feb-27, Volume: 1, Issue:5434 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Blood; Humans; Kidney; Kidneys, Artificial; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Ne	1965
[ACUTE URATE NEPHROPATHY. KIDNEY FAILURE IN UNRIPE CELL LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA DURING TREATMENT WITH VINCRISTINE SULFATE]. Zeitschrift fur klinische Medizin, 1965, Apr-29, Volume: 158 Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Antineoplastic Agents; Kidney Calculi; Leukemia; Leukemia, Lymphoid; Renal Insu	1965
[The role of uric-elimination renal insufficiency in primary gout]. Revue francaise d'etudes cliniques et biologiques, 1962, Volume: 7 Topics: Gout; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Kidney; Renal Insufficiency; Uric Acid	1962
Uricosuric agents in the management of chronic tophaceous gout with renal impairment. The New Zealand medical journal, 1961, Volume: 60 Topics: Arthritis, Gouty; Chronic Disease; Gout; Humans; Renal Insufficiency; Uric Acid; Uricosuric Agents	1961
Diclofenac residues as the cause of vulture population decline in Pakistan. Nature, 2004, Feb-12, Volume: 427, Issue:6975 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Autopsy; Bird Diseases; Cause of Death; Conservati	2004
Hyperuricemia, low urine urate excretion and target organ damage in arterial hypertension. Blood pressure, 2003, Volume: 12, Issue:5-6 Topics: Adult; Arteries; Cardiovascular Diseases; Creatine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Hypertension; H	2003
Uric acid renal excretion and renal insufficiency in decompensated severe heart failure. European journal of heart failure, 2005, Volume: 7, Issue:4 Topics: Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Renal Insufficiency; ROC Curve; Uric Ac	2005
Recurrent chemotherapy-induced tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) with renal failure in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia - successful treatment and prevention of TLS with low-dose rasburicase. European journal of haematology, 2005, Volume: 75, Issue:6 Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Bendamustine Hydrochloride; C	2005
Familial nephropathy associated with hyperuricemia in Spain: our experience with 3 families harbouring a UMOD mutation. Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids, 2006, Volume: 25, Issue:9-11 Topics: Adult; DNA Mutational Analysis; Exons; Family Health; Female; Genetic Linkage; Humans; Hyperuricemia	2006
Impact of diabetic and pre-diabetic state on development of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 2007, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Blood Glucose; Contrast Media; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Disease; Creatinine; Diabetes Mellitus	2007
Clinical quiz. A patient with hyperuricemia and renal failure. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2007, Volume: 22, Issue:7 Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Adolescent; Biopsy; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Kidney; Male; Renal	2007
Quality of care for gout in the US needs improvement. Arthritis and rheumatism, 2007, Jun-15, Volume: 57, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Allopurinol; Blood Cell Count; Colchicine; Comorbidity; Creatine Kinase; Evidence-Based Medici	2007
Partial hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency due to a newly recognized mutation presenting with renal failure in a one-year-old boy. European journal of pediatrics, 2008, Volume: 167, Issue:8 Topics: Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Creatinine; Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; Humans; Hypoxanthine Phosphorib	2008
Uric acid as a risk factor for progression of non-diabetic chronic kidney disease? The Mild to Moderate Kidney Disease (MMKD) Study. Experimental gerontology, 2008, Volume: 43, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chronic Disease; Creatinine; Disease Progression; Europe; Female; Follow-Up	2008
Prevention of tumor lysis syndrome using continuous veno-venous hemofiltration. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 1995, Volume: 9, Issue:5 Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Burkitt Lymphoma; Child; Child,	1995
[A study of serum oxipurinol concentration and renal function in patients administered allopurinol]. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai shi, 1996, Volume: 38, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Aged; Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Kidney; Mal	1996
Serum total antioxidant activity after myocardial infarction. Annals of clinical biochemistry, 1997, Volume: 34 ( Pt 1) Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antioxidants; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarcti	1997
The possible role of uric acid in renal hyper-echogenicity in neonatal hypoxic acute shock. Journal of perinatal medicine, 1996, Volume: 24, Issue:6 Topics: Asphyxia Neonatorum; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Kidney; Male; Renal Insufficiency; Ultrasonogr	1996
Xanthinuria in a family of Cavalier King Charles spaniels. The veterinary quarterly, 1997, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Breeding; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hypoxanthine; M	1997
Reversible renal insufficiency, hyperuricemia and gouty arthritis in a case of hypothyroidism. Clinical nephrology, 1998, Volume: 49, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Arthritis, Gouty; Creatinine; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypothyroidism; Male; Renal Insuf	1998
The impact of (1:1) cyclosporine A conversion to its microemulsion formulation on the kidney function of patients with cardiac allografts. Clinical transplantation, 1999, Volume: 13, Issue:2 Topics: Absorption; Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Biological Availability; Blood Pressure; Chemistry, P	1999
Measures of total free radical activity in critically ill patients. Clinical biochemistry, 1999, Volume: 32, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Antioxidants; Critical Illness; Free Radicals; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Middle Age	1999
Hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia and hypouricemia due to proximal renal tubular dysfunction in acute myeloid leukemia. European journal of haematology, 2000, Volume: 64, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Female; Humans; Hypokalemia; Hypophosphatemia; Kidney Tubules, Proximal; Leukem	2000
Familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy: localization of the gene on chromosome 16p11.2-and evidence for genetic heterogeneity. American journal of human genetics, 2000, Volume: 66, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age of Onset; Carrier Proteins; Child; Chromosome Mapping; Chromosomes, Human, Pa	2000
Significance of hyperuricemia on the early detection of renal failure in a cohort of screened subjects. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension, 2001, Volume: 24, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aging; Cohort Studies; Creatinine; Female; Humans; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; R	2001

uric acid and Kidney Failure