uric acid and Chronic Illness studies

Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.
uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.
6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.
7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"We prospectively evaluated whether an effective 12-month uric acid-lowering therapy (ULT) with the available xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors allopurinol and febuxostat in patients with chronic tophaceous gout has an impact on oxidative stress and/or vascular function."	9.19	As compared to allopurinol, urate-lowering therapy with febuxostat has superior effects on oxidative stress and pulse wave velocity in patients with severe chronic tophaceous gout. ( Aringer, M; Bielitz, C; Christoph, M; Forkmann, M; Kopprasch, S; Richter, U; Tausche, AK; Wunderlich, C, 2014)
"We evaluated the association between baseline uric acid and the primary composite outcome of doubling of interstitium or ESRD from interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA) in the Angiotensin II Blockade for Chronic Allograft Nephropathy (ABCAN) Trial participants."	9.19	Uric acid and allograft loss from interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy: post hoc analysis from the angiotensin II blockade in chronic allograft nephropathy trial. ( Hart, A; Ibrahim, HN; Jackson, S; Kasiske, BL; Matas, AJ; Mauer, MS; Najafian, B; Spong, R, 2014)
"Several studies indicate that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have low serum levels of the endogenous antioxidant uric acid (UA), although it has not been established whether UA is primarily deficient or secondarily reduced due to its peroxynitrite scavenging activity."	9.10	Serum uric acid and multiple sclerosis. ( Arru, G; Fois, ML; Pugliatti, M; Rosati, G; Sanna, A; Sotgiu, A; Sotgiu, S, 2002)
"To assess the short-term urate-lowering effect of fenofibrate in men on long-term allopurinol therapy for hyperuricaemia and gout."	9.10	Fenofibrate enhances urate reduction in men treated with allopurinol for hyperuricaemia and gout. ( Ball, SG; Feher, MD; Hepburn, AL; Hogarth, MB; Kaye, SA, 2003)
"A dosage of 300 mg/d of allopurinol was not effective in reducing pain or improving activities of daily living in chronic pancreatitis."	9.08	Does allopurinol reduce pain of chronic pancreatitis? ( Banks, PA; Ferrante, M; Hughes, M; Noordhoek, EC; Ramagopal, V; Slivka, A, 1997)
"To study the efficacy of allopurinol and benzbromarone to reduce serum urate concentrations in patients with primary chronic gout."	9.08	Efficacy of allopurinol and benzbromarone for the control of hyperuricaemia. A pathogenic approach to the treatment of primary chronic gout. ( Alonso-Ruiz, A; Calabozo, M; García-Erauskin, G; Herrero-Beites, A; Perez-Ruiz, F; Ruiz-Lucea, E, 1998)
"Our review found low- to moderate-quality evidence indicating similar effects on withdrawals due to AEs and SAEs and incidence of acute gout attacks when allopurinol (100 to 600 mg daily) was compared with placebo, benzbromarone (100 to 200 mg daily) or febuxostat (80 mg daily)."	8.90	Allopurinol for chronic gout. ( Bombardier, C; Buchbinder, R; Edwards, CJ; Kydd, AS; Seth, R, 2014)
" Concordantly, recent studies have revived the controversy over the role of circulating uric acid, hyperuricemia, and gout as an independent prognostic factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality."	8.89	Chronic hyperuricemia, uric acid deposit and cardiovascular risk. ( Cheli, P; Del Pinto, R; Desideri, G; Di Giosia, P; Ferri, C; Ferri, L; Grassi, D; Properzi, G, 2013)
"Although hyperuricemia has long been associated with renal disease, uric acid has not been considered as a true mediator of progression of renal disease."	8.82	Uric acid and chronic renal disease: possible implication of hyperuricemia on progression of renal disease. ( Kang, DH; Nakagawa, T, 2005)
" Patients (N = 133) with chronic heart failure and comorbid hyperuricemia who enrolled in the Excited-UA study were divided into three tertiles based on their serum uric acid level 24 weeks after initiating xanthine oxidase inhibitor treatment with topiroxostat or allopurinol (i."	8.31	Optimal uric acid reduction to improve vascular endothelial function in patients with chronic heart failure complicated by hyperuricemia. ( Abe, S; Iida, K; Inoue, K; Inoue, R; Inoue, T; Kato, T; Kitahara, K; Kohno, Y; Koshiji, N; Naganuma, J; Sakuma, M; Toyoda, S; Yamauchi, F; Yokomachi, J, 2023)
"Data on the association between uric acid (UA) levels and clinical outcomes, such as readmission and mortality, in patients with heart failure are scarce."	8.31	Relation of serum uric acid levels to readmission and mortality in patients with heart failure. ( Hu, E; Li, Z; Wei, D; Yuan, J, 2023)
"Elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels have been associated with poor outcome in patients with heart failure (HF)."	8.31	Serum uric acid and outcome in hospitalized elderly patients with chronic heart failure through the whole spectrum of ejection fraction phenotypes. ( He, KL; Tang, HY; Yan, W; Yang, YQ, 2023)
"Patients with psoriasis had higher serum uric acid levels than healthy controls (6."	8.12	Effects of secukinumab and adalimumab on serum uric acid level in patients with plaque psoriasis. ( Cai, L; Li, C; Liu, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, S; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z, 2022)
"This study sought to observe the effects of allopurinol on the cardiac function of non-hyperuricaemic patients with chronic heart failure and determine the safety of allopurinol for clinical applications."	7.83	Allopurinol ameliorates cardiac function in non-hyperuricaemic patients with chronic heart failure. ( Deng, SB; Kao, GY; Li, J; Ma, Y; She, Q; Wang, JS; Xiao, J, 2016)
"Gout is a chronic disease characterized by the deposition of urate crystals in the joints and throughout the body, caused by an excess burden of serum uric acid (sUA)."	7.83	The Budget Impact of Increased Use of Febuxostat in the Management of Gout: A US Health Plan Managed Care Pharmacy and Medical Costs Perspective. ( Gahn, JC; Mitri, G; Shiozawa, A; Smolen, LJ, 2016)
"To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of allopurinol versus febuxostat in adult patients with gout over a 5-year time period from a U."	7.81	Cost-effectiveness analysis of allopurinol versus febuxostat in chronic gout patients: a U.S. payer perspective. ( Bottorff, MB; Gandhi, PK; Gentry, WM; Ma, Q, 2015)
"The objective of this study is to analyze the predictive value of serum concentrations of uric acid during the first trimester of pregnancy for adverse perinatal outcome in women with glomerulopathies."	7.81	[First trimester uric acid and adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis during pregnancy]. ( Espino y Sosa, S; Hernández-Pachecol, JA; Sequeira-Alvarado, KA, 2015)
"While the prevalence of gout was calculated by counting patients with this diagnosis hyperuricemia was inferred in patients taking allopurinol at hospital admission or discharge, on the assumption that this drug was only prescribed owing to the finding of high serum levels of uric acid."	7.80	Gout, allopurinol intake and clinical outcomes in the hospitalized multimorbid elderly. ( Conca, A; Corrao, S; Djade, CD; Franchi, C; Mannucci, PM; Marcucci, M; Marengoni, A; Nobili, A; Pasina, L; Salerno, F; Tettamanti, M, 2014)
"We evaluated the association between serum uric acid (SUA) and atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with chronic heart failure (HF)."	7.79	Serum uric acid levels are associated with atrial fibrillation in patients with ischemic heart failure. ( Erbay, AR; Tekin, G; Tekin, YK; Turhan, H; Yetkin, E, 2013)
"The treatment of gout requires a lowering of serum urate (SU) levels, and allopurinol is the drug that is most commonly used for this purpose."	7.77	Relationship between serum urate and plasma oxypurinol in the management of gout: determination of minimum plasma oxypurinol concentration to achieve a target serum urate level. ( Barclay, ML; Chapman, PT; Drake, J; Frampton, C; O'Donnell, JL; Stamp, LK; Zhang, M, 2011)
" We examined the association between uric acid levels and various clinical parameters, including the components of metabolic syndrome, in essential hypertension."	7.76	Association of uric acid with risk factors for chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome in patients with essential hypertension. ( Anzawa, R; Fujii, T; Seki, S; Tsutsui, K; Yamazaki, K; Yoshimura, M, 2010)
"To determine the level of uric acid (UA) in the expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) of chronic prostatitis patients and explore its clinical significance."	7.74	[Determination of uric acid in the expressed prostatic secretion of chronic prostatitis patients and its clinical significance]. ( Cui, YX; Hou, BS; Huang, YF; Pan, LJ; Shang, XJ; Shao, Y; Xia, XY; Yang, B; Yao, B, 2008)
"The presence of uric acid crystals in semen of a patient with symptoms of chronic prostatitis can be attributed to the pelvic pain."	7.73	Uric acid crystals in the semen of a patient with symptoms of chronic prostatitis. ( Minuzzi, G; Molina, R; Motrich, RD; Olmedo, JJ; Rivero, VE; Tissera, A, 2006)
"Serum uric acid (UA) could be a valid prognostic marker and useful for metabolic, hemodynamic, and functional (MFH) staging in chronic heart failure (CHF)."	7.72	Uric acid and survival in chronic heart failure: validation and application in metabolic, functional, and hemodynamic staging. ( Anker, SD; Cicoira, M; Coats, AJ; Davos, CH; Doehner, W; Francis, D; Hetzer, R; Kemp, M; Knosalla, C; Leyva, F; Osterziel, KJ; Ponikowski, P; Rauchhaus, M; Segal, R; Shamim, W; Sharma, R, 2003)
"Our purpose was to evaluate the clinical utility of serum uric acid measurements in the hypertensive diseases of pregnancy."	7.70	The clinical utility of serum uric acid measurements in hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. ( Ecker, JL; Friedman, SA; Kao, L; Kilpatrick, SJ; Lim, KH, 1998)
"To observe the ameliorative effect of Zishen Decoction (ZSD) on chronic uric acid nephrosis (CUAN)."	7.70	[Clinical study on Zishen Decoction in chronic uric acid nephrosis]. ( Ni, Q; Shi, Z; Zheng, Q, 1998)
"There is an inverse relationship between serum uric acid concentrations and measures of functional capacity in patients with cardiac failure."	7.69	Serum uric acid as an index of impaired oxidative metabolism in chronic heart failure. ( Anker, S; Chua, TP; Coats, AJ; Godsland, IF; Leyva, F; Stevenson, JC; Swan, JW; Wingrove, CS, 1997)
"Serum uric acid (SUA), creatinine clearance (Ccr), urinary excretion of uric acid (UUAV) and uric acid clearance (CUA) were determined in 357 patients with IgA nephritis (IgAN) and 81 patients with membranous nephropathy (MGN) in an attempt to clarify uric acid metabolism in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, and UUAV/Ccr and CUA/Ccr levels were measured to investigate their correlations."	7.67	[Uric acid metabolism in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis]. ( Hosoya, T; Ichida, K; Ikeda, H; Miyahara, T; Sakai, O, 1989)
"Chronic lead nephtropathy, secondary gout (lead-gout) and porphyrinuria may develop after long lasting professional exposure to lead."	7.65	[Chronic lead poisoning: Lead gout with giant tophi on the skin, nephrophathy and porphyrinopathy]. ( Künzig, M; Orfanos, CE, 1975)
"2%) showed macroscopic renal uric acid infarctions."	7.65	Uric acid infarctions in the kidneys of newborn infants. A study on the changing incidence and on oxypurine ratios. ( Dörner, K; Eigster, G; Grünitz, J; Harms, D; Manzke, H, 1977)
"Losartan has been shown to increase urinary uric acid excretion and hence to lower serum uric acid levels."	6.70	Comparative effects of losartan and irbesartan on serum uric acid in hypertensive patients with hyperuricaemia and gout. ( Brunner, HR; Burnier, M; Chiolero, A; Fallab-Stubi, CL; Gerster, JC; Maillard, M; Würzner, G, 2001)
"No significant increase was noted in acute gout flare severity or duration among GA patients treated with early aggressive control of hyperuricemia using probenecid plus colchicine."	5.69	Early urate-lowering therapy in gouty arthritis with acute flares: a double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. ( Chen, HC; Wei, JC; Yang, DH, 2023)
"Hyperuricemia was defined as serum UA ≥7 mg/dl in men and ≥ 6 mg/dl in women."	5.56	The relationship between serum uric acid and cognitive function in patients with chronic heart failure. ( Lu, C; Niu, W; Yang, H, 2020)
"We recruited 300 chronic insomnia patients and 300 age- and gender-matched normal controls."	5.46	Low serum uric acid levels in chronic insomnia patients: A case-control study. ( Cai, Y; Chen, H; Gu, Y; He, J; Liu, Z; Luan, X; Qiu, H; Shen, H; Wang, Q; Zhao, K; Zhu, L; Zhu, Z, 2017)
"Hyperuricemia is often found in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF)."	5.35	Is uric acid itself a player or a bystander in the pathophysiology of chronic heart failure? ( Duan, X; Ling, F, 2008)
"Insulin resistance was determined by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR)."	5.35	Uric acid: a surrogate of insulin resistance in older women. ( Chen, LK; Chiou, ST; Hwang, SJ; Lai, HY; Lin, MH, 2008)
"We prospectively evaluated whether an effective 12-month uric acid-lowering therapy (ULT) with the available xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors allopurinol and febuxostat in patients with chronic tophaceous gout has an impact on oxidative stress and/or vascular function."	5.19	As compared to allopurinol, urate-lowering therapy with febuxostat has superior effects on oxidative stress and pulse wave velocity in patients with severe chronic tophaceous gout. ( Aringer, M; Bielitz, C; Christoph, M; Forkmann, M; Kopprasch, S; Richter, U; Tausche, AK; Wunderlich, C, 2014)
"We evaluated the association between baseline uric acid and the primary composite outcome of doubling of interstitium or ESRD from interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA) in the Angiotensin II Blockade for Chronic Allograft Nephropathy (ABCAN) Trial participants."	5.19	Uric acid and allograft loss from interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy: post hoc analysis from the angiotensin II blockade in chronic allograft nephropathy trial. ( Hart, A; Ibrahim, HN; Jackson, S; Kasiske, BL; Matas, AJ; Mauer, MS; Najafian, B; Spong, R, 2014)
"Two replicate, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (C0405 and C0406) were conducted between June 2006 and October 2007 at 56 rheumatology practices in the United States, Canada, and Mexico in patients with severe gout, allopurinol intolerance or refractoriness, and serum uric acid concentration of 8."	5.15	Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. ( Baraf, HS; Becker, MA; Edwards, NL; Gutierrez-Urena, SR; Hamburger, SA; Horowitz, Z; Huang, W; Lipsky, PE; Maroli, AN; Sundy, JS; Treadwell, EL; Vázquez-Mellado, J; Waltrip, RW; White, WB; Yood, RA, 2011)
" Gout is a form of inflammatory arthritis which is characterized by an increase in the serum uric acid deposits in and around the joints of the extremities, the so called tophi."	5.12	Renal disorders in rheumatologic diseases: the spectrum is changing (part 2. Arthridides). ( Doria, A; Moroni, G; Ponticelli, C, 2021)
"To observe the clinical effect of Tiaoshen Tonglin Decoction (TTD)) on chronic prostatitis syndrome (CPS) and its effects on urinary flow rate (UFR), uric acid (UA) content and pH value in expressed prostate secretions (EPS)."	5.12	[Clinical observation on treatment of chronic prostatitis syndrome type III B by Tiaoshen Tonglin Decoction]. ( Chai, J; Jiang, LJ; Li, B, 2007)
"Several studies indicate that patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have low serum levels of the endogenous antioxidant uric acid (UA), although it has not been established whether UA is primarily deficient or secondarily reduced due to its peroxynitrite scavenging activity."	5.10	Serum uric acid and multiple sclerosis. ( Arru, G; Fois, ML; Pugliatti, M; Rosati, G; Sanna, A; Sotgiu, A; Sotgiu, S, 2002)
"To assess the short-term urate-lowering effect of fenofibrate in men on long-term allopurinol therapy for hyperuricaemia and gout."	5.10	Fenofibrate enhances urate reduction in men treated with allopurinol for hyperuricaemia and gout. ( Ball, SG; Feher, MD; Hepburn, AL; Hogarth, MB; Kaye, SA, 2003)
"To determine if lowering of serum uric acid (SUA) concentrations below 6 mg/dl or longer duration of lowered SUA will result in depletion of urate crystals from the knee joints and prevent further attacks of gout."	5.09	Treatment of chronic gout. Can we determine when urate stores are depleted enough to prevent attacks of gout? ( Beutler, A; Clayburne, G; Eisner, E; Li-Yu, J; Rull, M; Schumacher, HR; Sieck, M, 2001)
"A dosage of 300 mg/d of allopurinol was not effective in reducing pain or improving activities of daily living in chronic pancreatitis."	5.08	Does allopurinol reduce pain of chronic pancreatitis? ( Banks, PA; Ferrante, M; Hughes, M; Noordhoek, EC; Ramagopal, V; Slivka, A, 1997)
"To study the efficacy of allopurinol and benzbromarone to reduce serum urate concentrations in patients with primary chronic gout."	5.08	Efficacy of allopurinol and benzbromarone for the control of hyperuricaemia. A pathogenic approach to the treatment of primary chronic gout. ( Alonso-Ruiz, A; Calabozo, M; García-Erauskin, G; Herrero-Beites, A; Perez-Ruiz, F; Ruiz-Lucea, E, 1998)
"[PubMed and Google Scholar databases] were search for all articles and trials published before 2016, using the key terms [hyperuricemia, gout, tophi, joint erosion, joint damage, treatment guidelines, American College of Rheumatology (ACR), European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR), flare, comorbidity, epidemiology, adherence, serum uric acid (sUA), monosodium urate (MSU), <6 mg/dL, MSU crystal formation, as well as individual drug names and classes of treatments of interest (allopurinol, febuxostat, colchicine, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs)]."	4.95	Limitations of the Current Standards of Care for Treating Gout and Crystal Deposition in the Primary Care Setting: A Review. ( Keenan, RT, 2017)
"Numerous experimental and clinical studies suggest that uric acid might have pathobiologic implications in the development and progression of hypertension, kidney disease, and coronary heart disease, among others, resulting in renewed interest in uric acid as a potential pathogenic mediator in these clinical conditions."	4.90	Allopurinol as a kidney-protective, cardioprotective, and antihypertensive agent: hype or reality? ( Gaipov, A; Kanbay, M; Solak, Y; Takir, M; Weiner, DE, 2014)
"Our review found low- to moderate-quality evidence indicating similar effects on withdrawals due to AEs and SAEs and incidence of acute gout attacks when allopurinol (100 to 600 mg daily) was compared with placebo, benzbromarone (100 to 200 mg daily) or febuxostat (80 mg daily)."	4.90	Allopurinol for chronic gout. ( Bombardier, C; Buchbinder, R; Edwards, CJ; Kydd, AS; Seth, R, 2014)
"We considered all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-randomised controlled trials (controlled clinical trials (CCTs)) that compared uricosuric medications (benzbromarone, probenecid or sulphinpyrazone) alone or in combination with another therapy (placebo or other active uric acid-lowering medication, or non-pharmacological treatment) in adults with chronic gout for inclusion."	4.90	Uricosuric medications for chronic gout. ( Bombardier, C; Buchbinder, R; Edwards, CJ; Kydd, AS; Seth, R, 2014)
" Concordantly, recent studies have revived the controversy over the role of circulating uric acid, hyperuricemia, and gout as an independent prognostic factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality."	4.89	Chronic hyperuricemia, uric acid deposit and cardiovascular risk. ( Cheli, P; Del Pinto, R; Desideri, G; Di Giosia, P; Ferri, C; Ferri, L; Grassi, D; Properzi, G, 2013)
"Gout is a metabolic disorder of excess uric acid accumulation that manifests clinically as inflammatory arthritis, chronic arthropathy and the formation of deposits of uric acid known as tophi."	4.88	Pegloticase for treating refractory chronic gout. ( George, RL; Sundy, JS, 2012)
"Through the use of a systematic computer-based literature analysis, this pharmacoeconomic review evaluated costs, risks, and benefits of Colcrys (colchicine) compared with other treatments for gout in the US."	4.87	A new perspective on the pharmacoeconomics of colchicine. ( Davis, MW; Lauterio, TJ; Wertheimer, AI, 2011)
"Both elevated levels of uric acid and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been associated with increased vascular risk."	4.87	Hyperuricaemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a relationship with implications for vascular risk? ( Athyros, VG; Karagiannis, A; Katsiki, N; Mikhailidis, DP, 2011)
" Data are accumulated on existence of links between elevated uric acid level and arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure (CHF)."	4.87	[Hyperuricemia in chronic heart failure]. ( Bart, BIa; Brodskiĭ, MS; Larina, VN, 2011)
" Chronic hyperuricemia (uric acid serum levels >6."	4.86	Crystal arthropathies: recognizing and treating "the gouch". ( Quillen, DM, 2010)
"Elevated serum uric acid is a marker for decreased renal function, may have a mechanistic role in the incidence and progression of renal functional decline and likely has a causal role in hypertension and vascular disease."	4.85	Uric acid: a novel mediator and marker of risk in chronic kidney disease? ( Feig, DI, 2009)
"Although hyperuricemia has long been associated with renal disease, uric acid has not been considered as a true mediator of progression of renal disease."	4.82	Uric acid and chronic renal disease: possible implication of hyperuricemia on progression of renal disease. ( Kang, DH; Nakagawa, T, 2005)
"Gout is a clinical syndrome encompassing a group of metabolic diseases that are all characterized by abnormal uric acid metabolism."	4.77	Hyperuricemia and gout. ( German, DC; Holmes, EW, 1986)
" Patients (N = 133) with chronic heart failure and comorbid hyperuricemia who enrolled in the Excited-UA study were divided into three tertiles based on their serum uric acid level 24 weeks after initiating xanthine oxidase inhibitor treatment with topiroxostat or allopurinol (i."	4.31	Optimal uric acid reduction to improve vascular endothelial function in patients with chronic heart failure complicated by hyperuricemia. ( Abe, S; Iida, K; Inoue, K; Inoue, R; Inoue, T; Kato, T; Kitahara, K; Kohno, Y; Koshiji, N; Naganuma, J; Sakuma, M; Toyoda, S; Yamauchi, F; Yokomachi, J, 2023)
"The multiplex and simultaneous determination of blood glucose, creatinine and uric acid is essential for the early screening of chronic diseases or regular disease monitoring."	4.31	A biosensing array for multiplex clinical evaluation of glucose, creatinine, and uric acid. ( Cui, Y; Dong, Y; Hui, M; Liu, Y; Lv, J; Xu, L; Yang, L; Ye, L, 2023)
" Moreover, night shift load was associated with chronic diseases risk factors, increasing body mass index and body fat, with more night shift density, increasing the occurrence of low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high triglyceride, triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and serum uric acid."	4.31	Relationship between night shift and sleep problems, risk of metabolic abnormalities of nurses: a 2 years follow-up retrospective analysis in the National Nurse Health Study (NNHS). ( Che, Y; Geng, R; Hu, J; Li, B; Tong, S; Wang, J; Wang, P; Zhan, S; Zhang, H; Zhang, S; Zhou, Y; Zhuo, L, 2023)
"Data on the association between uric acid (UA) levels and clinical outcomes, such as readmission and mortality, in patients with heart failure are scarce."	4.31	Relation of serum uric acid levels to readmission and mortality in patients with heart failure. ( Hu, E; Li, Z; Wei, D; Yuan, J, 2023)
"Elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels have been associated with poor outcome in patients with heart failure (HF)."	4.31	Serum uric acid and outcome in hospitalized elderly patients with chronic heart failure through the whole spectrum of ejection fraction phenotypes. ( He, KL; Tang, HY; Yan, W; Yang, YQ, 2023)
"This study aimed to assess the association of dietary fiber intake with serum uric acid (SUA) levels and risk of hyperuricemia (HUA) among Chinese adults using the latest nationally representative data."	4.12	Association between Dietary Fiber Intake and Hyperuricemia among Chinese Adults: Analysis of the China Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance (2015). ( Jia, S; Li, Y; Man, Q; Yu, L; Zhang, J; Zhou, Y; Zhu, Q; Zuo, H, 2022)
"Patients with psoriasis had higher serum uric acid levels than healthy controls (6."	4.12	Effects of secukinumab and adalimumab on serum uric acid level in patients with plaque psoriasis. ( Cai, L; Li, C; Liu, X; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, S; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z, 2022)
"Hyperuricemia is defined by the European Rheumatology Society as a uric acid level greater than 6 mg/dl (60 mg/l or 360 μmol/l)."	4.02	Creation of an adequate animal model of hyperuricemia (acute and chronic hyperuricemia); study of its reversibility and its maintenance. ( Affes, H; Charfi, S; Dhouibi, R; Hammami, S; Jamoussi, K; Ksouda, K; Marekchi, R; Moalla, D; Sahnoun, Z; Salem, MB; Zeghal, KM, 2021)
" Of the 62% of q2w responders exhibiting persistent decreases in MAP, there were no significant differences in baseline age, sex, race, weight, body mass index, history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, history of coronary artery disease, gout duration, MAP, serum urate, estimated glomerular filtration rate or urinary uric acid/creatinine ratio compared with those who did not lower MAP."	3.91	Pegloticase Treatment Significantly Decreases Blood Pressure in Patients With Chronic Gout. ( Choi, HK; Johnson, RJ; Lipsky, PE; Yeo, AE, 2019)
"This study aimed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonographic features of gout in intercritical and chronic stages and compared ultrasonographic features of gout between patients with persistent high serum uric acid (SUA) and patients with low SUA."	3.85	Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonographic features of gout in intercritical and chronic phase. ( Basu, K; Das, S; Ghosh, A; Ghosh, P; Lahiri, D; Sinhamahapatra, P, 2017)
"This study sought to observe the effects of allopurinol on the cardiac function of non-hyperuricaemic patients with chronic heart failure and determine the safety of allopurinol for clinical applications."	3.83	Allopurinol ameliorates cardiac function in non-hyperuricaemic patients with chronic heart failure. ( Deng, SB; Kao, GY; Li, J; Ma, Y; She, Q; Wang, JS; Xiao, J, 2016)
"Gout is a chronic disease characterized by the deposition of urate crystals in the joints and throughout the body, caused by an excess burden of serum uric acid (sUA)."	3.83	The Budget Impact of Increased Use of Febuxostat in the Management of Gout: A US Health Plan Managed Care Pharmacy and Medical Costs Perspective. ( Gahn, JC; Mitri, G; Shiozawa, A; Smolen, LJ, 2016)
"To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of allopurinol versus febuxostat in adult patients with gout over a 5-year time period from a U."	3.81	Cost-effectiveness analysis of allopurinol versus febuxostat in chronic gout patients: a U.S. payer perspective. ( Bottorff, MB; Gandhi, PK; Gentry, WM; Ma, Q, 2015)
"The objective of this study is to analyze the predictive value of serum concentrations of uric acid during the first trimester of pregnancy for adverse perinatal outcome in women with glomerulopathies."	3.81	[First trimester uric acid and adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis during pregnancy]. ( Espino y Sosa, S; Hernández-Pachecol, JA; Sequeira-Alvarado, KA, 2015)
" The pharmacist contacted each patient by phone, provided educational and dietary materials, and used a protocol that employs standard gout medications to achieve and maintain a serum uric acid (sUA) level of 6 mg/dL or less."	3.80	Effectiveness of a pharmacist-based gout care management programme in a large integrated health plan: results from a pilot study. ( Avins, AL; Goldfien, RD; Hwe, A; Jacobson, A; Ng, MS; Pressman, A; Yip, G, 2014)
"While the prevalence of gout was calculated by counting patients with this diagnosis hyperuricemia was inferred in patients taking allopurinol at hospital admission or discharge, on the assumption that this drug was only prescribed owing to the finding of high serum levels of uric acid."	3.80	Gout, allopurinol intake and clinical outcomes in the hospitalized multimorbid elderly. ( Conca, A; Corrao, S; Djade, CD; Franchi, C; Mannucci, PM; Marcucci, M; Marengoni, A; Nobili, A; Pasina, L; Salerno, F; Tettamanti, M, 2014)
" We calculated the mean values for proteinuria and serum phosphate, calcium, uric acid, and PTH, as well as 24-hour urinary excretion of urea nitrogen over time for each patient."	3.79	Factors related with the progression of chronic kidney disease. ( Abad, S; Ampuero, J; Aragoncillo-Sauco, I; Barraca, D; López-Gómez, JM; Ruiz-Caro, C; Vega-Martínez, A; Verdalles-Guzmán, Ú; Yuste, C, 2013)
"We evaluated the association between serum uric acid (SUA) and atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with chronic heart failure (HF)."	3.79	Serum uric acid levels are associated with atrial fibrillation in patients with ischemic heart failure. ( Erbay, AR; Tekin, G; Tekin, YK; Turhan, H; Yetkin, E, 2013)
"The treatment of gout requires a lowering of serum urate (SU) levels, and allopurinol is the drug that is most commonly used for this purpose."	3.77	Relationship between serum urate and plasma oxypurinol in the management of gout: determination of minimum plasma oxypurinol concentration to achieve a target serum urate level. ( Barclay, ML; Chapman, PT; Drake, J; Frampton, C; O'Donnell, JL; Stamp, LK; Zhang, M, 2011)
" The cut-off point varied in subjects with various cardiovascular risk profiles such as serum uric acid level, gender or hypertension."	3.76	Very low-grade albuminuria reflects susceptibility to chronic kidney disease in combination with cardiovascular risk factors. ( Ahn, JM; Chae, DW; Chin, HJ; Heo, NJ; Kim, S; Lee, TW; Na, KY, 2010)
" We examined the association between uric acid levels and various clinical parameters, including the components of metabolic syndrome, in essential hypertension."	3.76	Association of uric acid with risk factors for chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome in patients with essential hypertension. ( Anzawa, R; Fujii, T; Seki, S; Tsutsui, K; Yamazaki, K; Yoshimura, M, 2010)
"We developed a point system to estimate chronic kidney disease risk at 4 years using the following variables: age (8 points), body mass index (2 points), diastolic blood pressure (2 points), and history of type 2 diabetes (1 point) and stroke (4 points) for the clinical model, with the addition of uric acid (2 points), postprandial glucose (1 point), hemoglobin A1c (1 point), and proteinuria 100 mg/dL or greater (6 points) for the biochemical model."	3.76	A prediction model for the risk of incident chronic kidney disease. ( Chen, MF; Chien, KL; Hsu, HC; Lee, BC; Lee, YT; Lin, HJ, 2010)
"To enable clinicians to initiate appropriate steps for long-term management of gout, including controlling acute exacerbations and pain and sustaining target serum uric acid (SUA) levels to control hyperuricemia as the underlying metabolic disorder."	3.76	The current state of care in gout: Addressing the need for better understanding of an ancient disease. ( Graser, E; Pope, RS; Zychowicz, ME, 2010)
"Familial Juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy (FJHN, OMIM #162000) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by hyperuricemia with renal uric acid under-excretion, gout and chronic kidney disease."	3.76	A case of familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy with novel uromodulin gene mutation, a novel heterozygous missense mutation in Korea. ( Kim, JK; Lee, DH; Lee, YK; Noh, JW; Oh, SE, 2010)
"Clinical studies have suggested that high levels of uric acid may contribute to the development of hypertension and kidney disease."	3.76	High levels of uric acid correlate with decline of glomerular filtration rate in chronic kidney disease. ( Choovichian, P; Duangurai, K; Kanjanakul, I; Nata, N; Phulsuksombuti, D; Satirapoj, B; Supasyndh, O; Utennam, D, 2010)
"In severe chronic heart failure (CHF) elevated serum levels of uric acid (UA) predict poor survival."	3.74	Hyperuricaemia predicts poor outcome in patients with mild to moderate chronic heart failure. ( Banasiak, W; Borodulin-Nadzieja, L; Jankowska, EA; Majda, J; Ponikowska, B; Ponikowski, P; Reczuch, K; Trzaska, M; Zymlinski, R, 2007)
"In 18 patients with monosodium urate (MSU) crystal proven gout, and after the initiation of successful serum uric acid (SUA)-lowering treatment, an arthrocentesis of the asymptomatic signal joint (11 knees, 7 first metatarsophalangeal joints) was performed every 3 months to obtain a synovial fluid (SF) sample."	3.74	Time required for disappearance of urate crystals from synovial fluid after successful hypouricaemic treatment relates to the duration of gout. ( Pascual, E; Sivera, F, 2007)
" Single-dose treatment with UA, as well as acute hyperuricemia induced by the inhibition of uricase, caused a robust mobilization of EPCs, whereas administration of adenosine or inosine seemed to lack this effect."	3.74	Uric acid heralds ischemic tissue injury to mobilize endothelial progenitor cells. ( Chintala, S; Gobe, GG; Goligorsky, MS; Patschan, D; Patschan, S, 2007)
"We conducted PubMed/MEDLINE searches (1966-January 2008) of primary literature using the following key words: ACE inhibitors, allopurinol, angiotensin-receptor antagonists, cardiomyopathy, chemokines, cytokines, diuretics, heart failure, inflammation, interleukins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, immunotherapy, medications used in heart failure, thalidomide, tumor necrosis factor, and uric acid."	3.74	Inflammation in chronic heart failure. ( Evans, JD; Parish, RC, 2008)
"To determine the level of uric acid (UA) in the expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) of chronic prostatitis patients and explore its clinical significance."	3.74	[Determination of uric acid in the expressed prostatic secretion of chronic prostatitis patients and its clinical significance]. ( Cui, YX; Hou, BS; Huang, YF; Pan, LJ; Shang, XJ; Shao, Y; Xia, XY; Yang, B; Yao, B, 2008)
"Serum uric acid levels, plasma protein C (PC), protein S (PS), antithrombin III (AT III) activities and activated protein C resistance (APCR) were measured in 80 pregnant women with hypertension (preeclampsia, n = 32; severe preeclampsia, n = 25; eclampsia, n = 14; chronic hypertension, n = 9) and 58 healthy pregnant women."	3.73	Evaluation of natural coagulation inhibitor levels in various hypertensive states of pregnancy. ( Sayin, M; Sayin, NC; Varol, FG, 2005)
"The presence of uric acid crystals in semen of a patient with symptoms of chronic prostatitis can be attributed to the pelvic pain."	3.73	Uric acid crystals in the semen of a patient with symptoms of chronic prostatitis. ( Minuzzi, G; Molina, R; Motrich, RD; Olmedo, JJ; Rivero, VE; Tissera, A, 2006)
"Serum uric acid (UA) could be a valid prognostic marker and useful for metabolic, hemodynamic, and functional (MFH) staging in chronic heart failure (CHF)."	3.72	Uric acid and survival in chronic heart failure: validation and application in metabolic, functional, and hemodynamic staging. ( Anker, SD; Cicoira, M; Coats, AJ; Davos, CH; Doehner, W; Francis, D; Hetzer, R; Kemp, M; Knosalla, C; Leyva, F; Osterziel, KJ; Ponikowski, P; Rauchhaus, M; Segal, R; Shamim, W; Sharma, R, 2003)
" The cardinal clinical features in individuals with the uromodulin mutation included hyperuricemia, decreased fractional excretion of uric acid, and chronic interstitial renal disease leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the fifth through seventh decade."	3.72	Clinical characterization of a family with a mutation in the uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein) gene. ( Bleyer, AJ; Deterding, E; Ganier, D; Gorry, MC; Hart, TC; McBride, D; Sandhu, J; Satko, SG; Shihabi, Z; Weller, N; Woodard, AS; Xu, L; Zhu, H, 2003)
"The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the antinociceptive effect of indomethacin was assessed in the pain-induced functional impairment model in the rat (PIFIR model), a model of inflammatory and chronic pain similar to that observed in clinical gout."	3.72	Peripheral involvement of the nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in the indomethacin-induced antinociception in rat. ( Déciga-Campos, M; Díaz-Reval, MI; González-Trujano, ME; López-Muñoz, FJ; Ventura-Martínez, R, 2004)
"Our purpose was to evaluate the clinical utility of serum uric acid measurements in the hypertensive diseases of pregnancy."	3.70	The clinical utility of serum uric acid measurements in hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. ( Ecker, JL; Friedman, SA; Kao, L; Kilpatrick, SJ; Lim, KH, 1998)
"The high fractional excretion (FE) of uric acid observed in hyponatremia associated with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is commonly attributed to the volume-expanded state, although volume expansion in normonatremic volunteers is unable to increase urate clearance to a degree similar to that in SIADH."	3.70	Evidence that chronicity of hyponatremia contributes to the high urate clearance observed in the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. ( Decaux, G; Musch, W; Prospert, F; Soupart, A, 2000)
"To observe the ameliorative effect of Zishen Decoction (ZSD) on chronic uric acid nephrosis (CUAN)."	3.70	[Clinical study on Zishen Decoction in chronic uric acid nephrosis]. ( Ni, Q; Shi, Z; Zheng, Q, 1998)
"The levels of 3 biologically important antioxidants, reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione, uric acid, and vitamin E, were determined biochemically in mucosal biopsy specimens from the uncinate process of patients with chronic sinusitis and healthy controls."	3.69	Antioxidant levels in the nasal mucosa of patients with chronic sinusitis and healthy controls. ( Bast, A; Dekker, I; Scheeren, RA; Voss, HP; Westerveld, GJ, 1997)
"There is an inverse relationship between serum uric acid concentrations and measures of functional capacity in patients with cardiac failure."	3.69	Serum uric acid as an index of impaired oxidative metabolism in chronic heart failure. ( Anker, S; Chua, TP; Coats, AJ; Godsland, IF; Leyva, F; Stevenson, JC; Swan, JW; Wingrove, CS, 1997)
"Serum uric acid (SUA), creatinine clearance (Ccr), urinary excretion of uric acid (UUAV) and uric acid clearance (CUA) were determined in 357 patients with IgA nephritis (IgAN) and 81 patients with membranous nephropathy (MGN) in an attempt to clarify uric acid metabolism in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis, and UUAV/Ccr and CUA/Ccr levels were measured to investigate their correlations."	3.67	[Uric acid metabolism in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis]. ( Hosoya, T; Ichida, K; Ikeda, H; Miyahara, T; Sakai, O, 1989)
" These studies showed that during neutropenia there was a significant elevation in the levels of guanosine triphosphate (P = 0."	3.67	Human cyclic hematopoiesis is associated with aberrant purine metabolism. ( Dale, DC; Hammond, WP; Osborne, WR, 1985)
" From more than 30 variables examined in multivariate analyses, blood pressure, obesity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, serum glucose, uric acid and triglyceride, were inversely associated with staying healthy while forced vital capacity and years spent in Japan were directly associated with health."	3.67	Biological and social predictors of health in an aging cohort. ( Benfante, R; Brody, J; Reed, D, 1985)
"Chronic lead nephtropathy, secondary gout (lead-gout) and porphyrinuria may develop after long lasting professional exposure to lead."	3.65	[Chronic lead poisoning: Lead gout with giant tophi on the skin, nephrophathy and porphyrinopathy]. ( Künzig, M; Orfanos, CE, 1975)
"2%) showed macroscopic renal uric acid infarctions."	3.65	Uric acid infarctions in the kidneys of newborn infants. A study on the changing incidence and on oxypurine ratios. ( Dörner, K; Eigster, G; Grünitz, J; Harms, D; Manzke, H, 1977)
" The drug is particularly useful in patients with chronic gouty arthritis and tophi, either refractory or allergic to probenecid, sulfinpyrazone, or allopurinol."	3.65	Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies of a new uricosuric agent - benzbromarone. ( Yu, TF, 1976)
"Superimposed preeclampsia complicates about 20% of pregnancies in women with chronic hypertension and is associated with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity compared with preeclampsia alone."	2.82	Chronic hypertension and superimposed preeclampsia: screening and diagnosis. ( Kametas, NA; Nicolaides, KH; Nzelu, D, 2022)
" All of the above RCTs showed that probiotics did not increase the incidence of adverse events."	2.82	Safety and efficacy of probiotic supplementation in 8 types of inflammatory arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 34 randomized controlled trials. ( Chen, H; Deng, Y; He, Q; Li, J; Liu, H; Xiang, W; Yang, K; Zeng, L; Zhu, X, 2022)
" Gout flares and IRs were the most frequently reported adverse events; these were least common in patients with a sustained urate-lowering response to treatment and those receiving biweekly treatment."	2.78	Long-term safety of pegloticase in chronic gout refractory to conventional treatment. ( Baraf, HS; Becker, MA; Dillon, A; Khanna, D; Ottery, FD; Sundy, JS; Vázquez-Mellado, J; Yood, RA, 2013)
"Allopurinol treatment slowed down renal disease progression independently of age, gender, diabetes, C-reactive protein, albuminuria, and renin-angiotensin system blockers use."	2.75	Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk. ( Ampuero, J; Arroyo, D; de Vinuesa, SG; Goicoechea, M; Luño, J; Rincón, A; Ruiz-Caro, C; Verdalles, U, 2010)
"Losartan has been shown to increase urinary uric acid excretion and hence to lower serum uric acid levels."	2.70	Comparative effects of losartan and irbesartan on serum uric acid in hypertensive patients with hyperuricaemia and gout. ( Brunner, HR; Burnier, M; Chiolero, A; Fallab-Stubi, CL; Gerster, JC; Maillard, M; Würzner, G, 2001)
"Gout is a chronic disease due to the deposition of monosodium urate microcrystals in joints and tissues."	2.66	[Gout]. ( Bernard, A; Oehler, E; Pascart, T; Scuiller, A, 2020)
" The use of allopurinol has been researched extensively and newer strategies for safer effective dosing are now recommended."	2.58	Gout - An update of aetiology, genetics, co-morbidities and management. ( Robinson, PC, 2018)
" Studies are needed in gout patients with chronic kidney disease and/or cardiovascular disease, so that escalation of dosing /combination of anti-inflammatory drugs needed to suppress gouty inflammation as well as escalation of dosing/combination of urate lowering drugs needed to achieve target serum urate level will lead to better understanding of gout treatment safety issues."	2.55	The safety of treatment options available for gout. ( Schlesinger, N, 2017)
"Gout has been academically considered to be a step-up disease consisting of different stages: acute gout, intercritical gout, and chronic gout."	2.50	Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of gout. ( Castillo, E; Chinchilla, SP; Herrero-Beites, AM; Perez-Ruiz, F, 2014)
"Gout is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperuricemia and the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the joints and soft tissues, consisting of a self-limited acute phase characterized by recurrent attacks of synovitis and a chronic phase in which inflammatory and structural changes of the joints and periarticular tissues may lead to persistent symptoms."	2.48	Clinical features of gout. ( De Angelis, R; Grassi, W, 2012)
"Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis and one in which pathogenesis and risk factors are best understood."	2.48	Gout: why is this curable disease so seldom cured? ( Bardin, T; Doherty, M; Jansen, TL; Nuki, G; Pascual, E; Perez-Ruiz, F; Punzi, L; So, AK, 2012)
"Gout is a chronic, progressive inflammatory disease with intermittent arthritic flares, which should not be regarded as a minor inconvenience or nuisance."	2.48	The unwelcome visitor. ( Goh, LH; How, CH; Teng, GG; Tong, CY, 2012)
"One of the limitations for successful treatment of gout is to consider it as an intermittent disease rather than a chronic inflammatory disease which, if improperly treated, leads to chronic clinical manifestations."	2.48	Evaluation and treatment of gout as a chronic disease. ( Herrero-Beites, AM; Perez-Ruiz, F, 2012)
"Proteinuria is the most sensitive marker of CKD progression in clinical practice, especially when combined with eGFR, but these have limitations."	2.47	Biomarkers in chronic kidney disease: a review. ( Coombes, JS; Cooper, MA; Fassett, RG; Gobe, GC; Hoy, WE; Venuthurupalli, SK, 2011)
"The medical understanding of autism has changed since it was first defined by Kanner."	2.46	The review of most frequently occurring medical disorders related to aetiology of autism and the methods of treatment. ( Cubala-Kucharska, M, 2010)
"Treatment of gout is usually considered after the first attack of arthritis, typically podagra."	2.44	Updates in the management of gout. ( Gilliland, WR; Keith, MP, 2007)
"Novel therapies for gout have recently been developed which has prompted considerable efforts in defining the relevant outcomes for measurement in intervention trials of gout."	2.44	Establishing outcome domains for evaluating treatment of acute and chronic gout. ( Grainger, R; Taylor, WJ, 2008)
"Gout is one of the best understood among the rheumatological disorders and one of the most satisfying to treat."	2.43	Diagnosis and management of gout: a rational approach. ( Suresh, E, 2005)
"Gout is one of the most readily manageable of the rheumatic diseases."	2.43	Understanding treatments for gout. ( Cannella, AC; Mikuls, TR, 2005)
"Gout is a chronic metabolic disease caused by a disorder of the purine metabolism leading to hyperuricaemia."	2.43	Pathogenesis, clinical findings and management of acute and chronic gout. ( Cantatore, FP; Corrado, A; D'Onofrio, F; Melillo, N; Santoro, N, 2006)
"Gout is a disease caused by deposits of sodium urate crystals in tissues."	2.39	[What remains of gout in 1993?]. ( Bourgeois, P; Rozenberg, S, 1994)
"Gout is a painful and potentially crippling disorder."	2.35	The radiology of gout. Review article. ( Middlemiss, H; Watt, I, 1975)
"NAFLD was assessed using the Fibrosis-4 (Fib-4) index."	1.91	Improvement in hepatic fibrosis estimated by Fibrosis-4 index in pegloticase treated chronic refractory gout patients. ( Lipsky, PE; Rustgi, VK; Schlesinger, N; Yeo, AE, 2023)
"Chronic diseases have become main killers affecting the health of human, and environmental pollution is a major health risk factor that cannot be ignored."	1.72	Metabolome-wide association study of serum exogenous chemical residues in a cohort with 5 major chronic diseases. ( Chen, Q; Kou, J; Li, X; Liu, X; Mei, S; Su, C; Wang, L; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Xu, G; You, L; Zhang, B; Zheng, F, 2022)
"Gout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis in men, yet both patients and the public often do not recognise gout as a form of arthritis."	1.62	Rebranding Gout: Could a Name Change for Gout Improve Adherence to Urate-Lowering Therapy? ( Aung, E; Carland, JE; Coleshill, MJ; Day, RO; Faasse, K; Stocker, S, 2021)
"Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic and systemic autoimmune disease, which affects approximately 1% of the adult population worldwide."	1.56	Theacrine alleviates chronic inflammation by enhancing TGF-β-mediated shifts via TGF-β/SMAD pathway in Freund's incomplete adjuvant-induced rats. ( Gao, M; Huang, Q; Huang, Z; Zheng, C; Zheng, J, 2020)
"Patients with cancer were older and more often former smokers, had lower body mass index, lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), less implanted devices, lower glucose and haemoglobin and higher uric acid levels than those without cancer."	1.56	Cancer in chronic heart failure patients in the GISSI-HF trial. ( Ameri, P; Canepa, M; Latini, R; Luigi Nicolosi, G; Maggioni, AP; Marchioli, R; Tavazzi, L, 2020)
"Gout is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease with numerous clinical manifestations."	1.56	Development of a multivariable improvement measure for gout. ( Edwards, NL; Lipsky, PE; Schlesinger, N; Yeo, AE, 2020)
"Hyperuricemia was defined as serum UA ≥7 mg/dl in men and ≥ 6 mg/dl in women."	1.56	The relationship between serum uric acid and cognitive function in patients with chronic heart failure. ( Lu, C; Niu, W; Yang, H, 2020)
"His uric acid was 11 mg/dL despite maximal dosing of febuxostat."	1.48	Effective uric acid reduction with probenecid and febuxostat in a patient with chronic kidney disease. ( Case, R; Jester, G; Wentworth, B, 2018)
"Gout is a chronic disease, characterised by deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and tissues."	1.48	[A woman with a white skin lesion of her toe]. ( Hondebrink, LLC; Opstelten, W, 2018)
"Tophaceous gout is painful and impairs quality of life."	1.46	Comparison of dual-energy CT, ultrasound and surface measurement for assessing tophus dissolution during rapid urate debulking. ( Crittenden, DB; Gyftopoulos, S; Karis, E; Keenan, RT; Krasnokutsky, S; Lee, K; Modjinou, DV; Pike, VC; Pillinger, MH; Samuels, J, 2017)
"We recruited 300 chronic insomnia patients and 300 age- and gender-matched normal controls."	1.46	Low serum uric acid levels in chronic insomnia patients: A case-control study. ( Cai, Y; Chen, H; Gu, Y; He, J; Liu, Z; Luan, X; Qiu, H; Shen, H; Wang, Q; Zhao, K; Zhu, L; Zhu, Z, 2017)
"Gout is a chronic disease with a high burden of pain and inflammation."	1.46	Treat-to-target (T2T) recommendations for gout. ( Bardin, T; Braun, J; Cohen Solal, A; da Rocha Castelar-Pinheiro, G; Dalbeth, N; Doherty, M; Engel, B; Flader, C; Kay, J; Kiltz, U; Matsuoka, M; Perez-Ruiz, F; Saag, K; Smolen, J; So, A; Vazquez Mellado, J; Weisman, M; Westhoff, TH; Yamanaka, H, 2017)
"Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis in adults in the Western world."	1.43	Gout: will the "King of Diseases" be the first rheumatic disease to be cured? ( Singh, JA, 2016)
"Hyperuricemia is very common in industrialized countries and known to promote vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation."	1.42	Smaller caliber renal arteries are a novel feature of uromodulin-associated kidney disease. ( Adamczak, M; Blondin, D; Dekomien, G; Epplen, JT; Helmchen, U; Januszewicz, A; Januszewicz, M; Litwin, M; Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska, J; Michałowska, I; Prejbisz, A; Rump, LC; Sajnaga, D; Sellin, L; Szwench-Pietrasz, E; Więcek, A; Woznowski, M, 2015)
"Monitoring blood uric acid (UA) is important in all patients on urate-lowering therapy so that the selection of the effective drugs and dosage adjustments could be made until the target level is reached."	1.42	Salivary uric acid as a noninvasive biomarker for monitoring the efficacy of urate-lowering therapy in a patient with chronic gouty arthropathy. ( Huang, Y; Zhao, J, 2015)
"Gout is a metabolic disease, which is characterized by acute or chronic arthritis, and deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joint, bones, soft tissues, and kidneys."	1.42	Chronic tophaceous gout with unusual large tophi: case report. ( Abourazzak, FZ; Aradoini, N; Berrada, K; Harzy, T; Talbi, S, 2015)
"Chronic venous leg ulcers are a major health issue and represent an often overlooked area of biomedical research."	1.38	Elevated uric acid correlates with wound severity. ( Edwards, H; Fernandez, ML; Finlayson, K; Shooter, GK; Upton, Z, 2012)
" The most frequently used maximal dosage of allopurinol was 100 mg/day at each stage."	1.37	Management of asymptomatic hyperuricaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease by Japanese nephrologists: a questionnaire survey. ( Fukuhara, S; Nakata, T; Nakaya, I; Namikoshi, T; Onishi, Y; Shibagaki, Y; Tsuruta, Y, 2011)
"Uric acid level was associated with lower all-cause mortality (HR: 0."	1.37	Uric acid levels and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the hemodialysis population. ( Arrington, CJ; Karaboyas, A; Kleophas, W; Latif, W; Levin, NW; Marshall, MR; Pisoni, RL; Robinson, BM; Saran, R; Sen, A; Tong, L; Winchester, JF, 2011)
"Gout is a common rheumatologic condition of recurrent polyarticular involvement."	1.37	Unknown: Multiple painful nodules - what is the diagnosis? Chronic tophaceous gout. ( Avhad, G; Dandale, A; Dhurat, R; Ghate, S, 2011)
"Chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension is characterized by vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling and impaired endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production."	1.35	Ischemic and peroxynitrite preconditioning effects in chronic hypoxic rat lung. ( Demiryurek, AT; Gumusel, B; Turan, NN; Yildiz, G, 2008)
"Hyperuricemia is a common finding in hypertensive patients, especially among those who are on diuretic therapy."	1.35	Uric acid as a marker for renal dysfunction in hypertensive women on diuretic and nondiuretic therapy. ( Batista, MC; Borges, RL; Hirota, AH; Quinto, BM; Ribeiro, AB; Zanella, MT, 2009)
"In the treatment of acute gout, 68."	1.35	A survey on the management of gout in Malaysia. ( Goh, EM; Gun, SC; Yeap, SS, 2009)
"Hyperuricemia is often found in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF)."	1.35	Is uric acid itself a player or a bystander in the pathophysiology of chronic heart failure? ( Duan, X; Ling, F, 2008)
"Insulin resistance was determined by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR)."	1.35	Uric acid: a surrogate of insulin resistance in older women. ( Chen, LK; Chiou, ST; Hwang, SJ; Lai, HY; Lin, MH, 2008)
"Uric acid levels were only higher in patients with progression of disease when patients with uric acid-lowering drugs were excluded from the analysis."	1.35	Uric acid as a risk factor for progression of non-diabetic chronic kidney disease? The Mild to Moderate Kidney Disease (MMKD) Study. ( Kollerits, B; Kronenberg, F; Neyer, U; Ritz, E; Sturm, G, 2008)
"Allantoin (All) is an oxidative end product of purines in mammals."	1.34	Simultaneous determination of allantoin, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid in serum/plasma by CE. ( Caussé, E; Couderc, F; Dirat, B; Negre-Salvayre, A; Pradelles, A; Salvayre, R, 2007)
"Dehydration was defined as uric acid >/= 7 mg dL(-1) according to the standard value."	1.34	Serum markers of chronic dehydration are associated with saliva spinability. ( Hanada, N; Hirotomi, T; Kondo, T; Miyazaki, H; Takano, N; Yoshihara, A, 2007)
"Proteinuria was determined by the urine protein/creatinine ratio (Up/c)."	1.32	A functional immature model of chronic partial ureteral obstruction. ( Abitbol, CL; Au, J; Beharrie, A; Franc-Guimond, J; Rodriguez, MM; Zilleruelo, G, 2004)
"A 13-year-old boy with ulcerative colitis was admitted to our hospital for the purpose of controlling diarrhea."	1.31	[A pediatric case of ammonium acid urate lithiasis with ulcerative colitis]. ( Fukumori, T; Kagawa, S; Kanayama, HO; Kurokawa, Y; Oka, N; Shirane, Y; Takahasi, M; Yamamoto, Y, 2002)
"Patients with ADPKD and normal renal function showed plasma urate levels within normal range and normal renal urate handling."	1.31	Urate homeostasis in polycystic kidney disease: comparison with chronic glomerulonephritic kidney. ( Magoula, I; Mavromatidis, K; Tsapas, G, 2002)
"So far, only four cases of Bartter's syndrome with gout and/or hyperuricaemia have been described in Japan."	1.31	An atypical case of primary renal tubular hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis with chronic tophaceous gout. ( Hada, T; Moriwaki, Y; Takahashi, S; Tsutsumi, Z; Yamamoto, T, 2001)
"Gout is increasingly recognized in African populations, especially in urban centres."	1.29	Gout and hyperuricaemia. ( Darmawan, J; Lutalo, SK, 1995)
"Uric acid levels were elevated but did not follow the course of the attack."	1.29	Postsurgical gout. ( Craig, MH; Hauser, CJ; Poole, GV, 1995)
"In the patients with recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis and hypercalcinosis one should look for active impairment of uric acid metabolism which should be kept in mind when an antirecurrence treatment is planned."	1.28	[The effect of oral calcium loading on the serum concentrations and urinary excretion of uric acid in patients with recurrent calcium nephrolithiasis and hypercalciuria]. ( Ivanov, I; Tsachev, K, 1990)
"We conclude that in patients with hereditary fructose intolerance, clinically important chronic fructose intoxication can occur after infancy without causing symptoms of acute fructose intoxication and can be expressed as an apparently isolated, reversible retardation of somatic growth with a continuing disorder of adenine nucleotide metabolism, characterized in part by recurrently increased rates of degradation of adenine nucleotides."	1.27	Chronic fructose intoxication after infancy in children with hereditary fructose intolerance. A cause of growth retardation. ( Mock, DM; Morris, RC; Perman, JA; Thaler, M, 1983)
"Uric acid stones were frequently, but not invariably, associated with hyperuricosuria and acid urine, and even large uric acid calculi dissolved with a combined therapy of high fluid intake, allopurinol and an alkalinizing agent."	1.27	Investigation and treatment of renal calculi. ( Agostino, M; Evans, RA; Hills, E; Maher, PO; Marel, GM; Wong, SY, 1985)
"In inactive liver cirrhosis of alcoholic etiology, the concentrations of lactic and uric acids tended toward reduction, however, they were significantly higher than in the group of patients with virus liver lesions."	1.27	[Diagnostic significance of determining the blood content of lactic and uric acids in chronic liver lesions of alcoholic and viral etiologies]. ( Blok, IuE; Dzhalalov, KD; Loginov, AS, 1985)
"A nearly 72-old black male with sickle cell anemia suffered from heart failure, hypertension, chronic impaired kidney function with hyperuricemia and gout."	1.25	Long survival in sickle cell anemia. ( Huisman, TH; Sar, AV, 1975)

Research

Studies (381)

Authors

Clinical Trials (15)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in Number of Swollen Joints

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	129 (33.86)	18.7374
1990's	34 (8.92)	18.2507
2000's	74 (19.42)	29.6817
2010's	105 (27.56)	24.3611
2020's	39 (10.24)	2.80

Authors	Studies
You, L	1
Zheng, F	1
Su, C	1
Wang, L	3
Li, X	11
Chen, Q	2
Kou, J	1
Wang, X	7
Wang, Y	4
Mei, S	1
Zhang, B	1
Liu, X	4
Xu, G	1
Rocha, LCB	1
Nunes-Dos-Santos, DL	1
Costa, EM	1
Gomes, SV	1
Rodrigues, VP	1
Pereira, ALA	1
Chen, T	1
Ma, DL	1
Armborst, D	1
Bitterlich, N	1
Alteheld, B	1
Rösler, D	1
Metzner, C	1
Siener, R	1
Kametas, NA	1
Nzelu, D	1
Nicolaides, KH	1
Keenan, RT	3
Yeo, AE	6
Lipsky, PE	7
Schlesinger, N	5
Rustgi, VK	1
Zhu, Q	1
Yu, L	1
Li, Y	6
Man, Q	1
Jia, S	1
Zhou, Y	2
Zuo, H	1
Zhang, J	7
Li, JX	1
Wang, ZZ	1
Zhai, GT	1
Chen, CL	1
Zhu, KZ	1
Yu, Z	1
Liu, Z	4
Zhao, Z	2
Cai, L	1
Zhang, S	5
Zhang, H	4
Li, C	2
Zhao, Y	3
Mikhailidis, DP	2
Kouvari, M	2
Pangiotakos, DB	1
Zeng, L	1
Deng, Y	1
He, Q	1
Yang, K	2
Li, J	9
Xiang, W	2
Liu, H	2
Zhu, X	2
Chen, H	3
Shiina, K	3
Tomiyama, H	3
Tanaka, A	3
Imai, T	3
Hisauchi, I	3
Taguchi, I	3
Sezai, A	3
Toyoda, S	4
Dohi, K	3
Kamiya, H	3
Kida, K	3
Anzai, T	3
Chikamori, T	3
Node, K	3
Naganuma, J	1
Sakuma, M	1
Kitahara, K	1
Kato, T	1
Yokomachi, J	1
Yamauchi, F	1
Inoue, R	1
Iida, K	1
Kohno, Y	1
Inoue, K	1
Koshiji, N	1
Abe, S	1
Inoue, T	2
Liu, L	4
Shan, L	1
Wang, H	4
Schauer, C	2
Schoen, J	1
Zhu, L	2
Lu, C	2
Wang, Z	2
Xue, Y	1
Wu, H	1
Herrmann, M	1
Kuwabara, M	1
Kanbay, M	2
Hisatome, I	1
Yang, DH	1
Chen, HC	1
Wei, JC	1
Wang, YY	1
Zhao, Q	2
Chen, B	2
Wang, N	1
Zhang, TJ	1
Jiang, YG	1
Wu, YL	1
He, N	1
Zhao, GM	1
Yang, Y	2
Jia, L	1
Su, J	1
Ma, M	2
Lin, X	1
Xie, S	2
Zhang, C	1
Xie, Z	1
Jiang, W	1
Gu, H	1
Yu, H	2
Qin, L	1
Song, Y	2
Chen, G	3
Zhao, D	1
Wang, S	4
Xue, W	1
Ai, Z	1
Xu, B	1
Peng, A	1
Liu, Y	5
Dong, Y	2
Hui, M	1
Xu, L	2
Ye, L	1
Lv, J	1
Yang, L	1
Cui, Y	2
Wang, J	5
Tong, S	1
Hu, J	3
Che, Y	1
Zhuo, L	1
Wang, P	2
Geng, R	1
Zhan, S	1
Li, B	4
Li, Z	3
Yuan, J	1
Hu, E	1
Wei, D	1
Yan, W	2
Tang, HY	1
Yang, YQ	1
He, KL	1
Okuya, Y	1
Saito, Y	1
Takahashi, T	1
Kishi, K	1
Gao, M	1
Zheng, J	2
Zheng, C	1
Huang, Z	2
Huang, Q	1
Sessa, C	1
Granata, A	1
Gaudio, A	1
Xourafa, A	1
Malatino, L	1
Lentini, P	1
Fatuzzo, P	1
Rapisarda, F	1
Castellino, P	1
Zanoli, L	1
Scuiller, A	1
Pascart, T	1
Bernard, A	1
Oehler, E	1
Decaux, G	2
Gankam Kengne, F	1
Ameri, P	1
Canepa, M	1
Luigi Nicolosi, G	1
Marchioli, R	2
Latini, R	2
Tavazzi, L	2
Maggioni, AP	2
Ponticelli, C	1
Doria, A	1
Moroni, G	1
Edwards, NL	6
Coleshill, MJ	1
Aung, E	1
Carland, JE	1
Faasse, K	1
Stocker, S	1
Day, RO	1
Keyßer, G	1
Niu, W	1
Yang, H	2
Nguépy Keubo, FR	1
Mboua, PC	1
Djifack Tadongfack, T	1
Fokouong Tchoffo, E	1
Tasson Tatang, C	1
Ide Zeuna, J	1
Noupoue, EM	1
Tsoplifack, CB	1
Folefack, GO	1
Kettani, M	1
Bandelier, P	1
Huo, J	1
Li, H	4
Yu, D	1
Arulsamy, N	1
AlAbbad, S	1
Sardot, T	1
Lekashvili, O	1
Decato, D	1
Lelj, F	1
Alexander Ross, JB	1
Rosenberg, E	1
Nazir, H	1
Muthuswamy, N	1
Louis, C	1
Jose, S	1
Prakash, J	1
Buan, MEM	1
Flox, C	1
Chavan, S	1
Shi, X	1
Kauranen, P	1
Kallio, T	1
Maia, G	1
Tammeveski, K	1
Lymperopoulos, N	1
Carcadea, E	1
Veziroglu, E	1
Iranzo, A	1
M Kannan, A	1
Arunamata, A	1
Tacy, TA	1
Kache, S	1
Mainwaring, RD	1
Maeda, K	1
Punn, R	1
Noguchi, S	1
Hahn, S	3
Iwasa, Y	3
Ling, J	2
Voccio, JP	2
Kim, Y	3
Song, J	3
Bascuñán, J	2
Chu, Y	1
Tomita, M	1
Cazorla, M	1
Herrera, E	1
Palomeque, E	1
Saud, N	1
Hoplock, LB	1
Lobchuk, MM	1
Lemoine, J	1
Henson, MA	1
Unsihuay, D	1
Qiu, J	1
Swaroop, S	1
Nagornov, KO	1
Kozhinov, AN	1
Tsybin, YO	1
Kuang, S	1
Laskin, J	1
Zin, NNINM	1
Mohamad, MN	1
Roslan, K	1
Abdul Wafi, S	1
Abdul Moin, NI	1
Alias, A	1
Zakaria, Y	1
Abu-Bakar, N	1
Naveed, A	1
Jilani, K	1
Siddique, AB	1
Akbar, M	1
Riaz, M	1
Mushtaq, Z	1
Sikandar, M	1
Ilyas, S	1
Bibi, I	1
Asghar, A	1
Rasool, G	1
Irfan, M	1
Li, XY	1
Zhao, S	1
Fan, XH	1
Chen, KP	1
Hua, W	1
Liu, ZM	1
Xue, XD	1
Zhou, B	1
Xing, YL	1
Chen, MA	1
Sun, Y	1
Neradilek, MB	1
Wu, XT	1
Zhang, D	2
Huang, W	2
Yang, QQ	1
Li, HW	1
Zhao, XQ	1
Hossein Rashidi, B	1
Tarafdari, A	1
Ghazimirsaeed, ST	1
Shahrokh Tehraninezhad, E	1
Keikha, F	1
Eslami, B	1
Ghazimirsaeed, SM	1
Jafarabadi, M	1
Silvani, Y	1
Lovita, AND	1
Maharani, A	1
Wiyasa, IWA	1
Sujuti, H	1
Ratnawati, R	1
Raras, TYM	1
Lemin, AS	1
Rahman, MM	1
Pangarah, CA	1
Kiyu, A	1
Zeng, C	2
Du, H	1
Lin, D	1
Jalan, D	1
Rubagumya, F	1
Hopman, WM	1
Vanderpuye, V	1
Lopes, G	1
Seruga, B	1
Booth, CM	1
Berry, S	1
Hammad, N	1
Sajo, EA	1
Okunade, KS	1
Olorunfemi, G	1
Rabiu, KA	1
Anorlu, RI	1
Xu, C	2
Xiang, Y	1
Xu, X	1
Zhou, L	2
Dong, X	1
Tang, S	1
Gao, XC	1
Wei, CH	1
Zhang, RG	1
Cai, Q	1
He, Y	2
Tong, F	1
Dong, JH	1
Wu, G	1
Dong, XR	1
Tang, X	1
Tao, F	1
Jin, L	1
Tao, H	1
Lei, Y	1
Gan, H	1
Huang, Y	2
Chen, Y	3
Chen, L	3
Shan, A	1
Zhao, H	2
Wu, M	2
Ma, Q	2
Zhang, E	1
Xue, F	1
Deng, L	1
Yan, Z	2
Meng, J	1
Anastassiadou, M	1
Bernasconi, G	1
Brancato, A	1
Carrasco Cabrera, L	1
Greco, L	1
Jarrah, S	1
Kazocina, A	1
Leuschner, R	1
Magrans, JO	1
Miron, I	1
Nave, S	1
Pedersen, R	1
Reich, H	1
Rojas, A	1
Sacchi, A	1
Santos, M	1
Theobald, A	1
Vagenende, B	1
Verani, A	1
Du, L	1
Ren, Y	1
Li, P	1
Jiao, Q	1
Meng, P	1
Wang, F	3
Wang, YS	1
Wang, C	4
Zhou, X	2
Wang, W	1
Hou, J	1
Zhang, A	1
Lv, B	1
Gao, C	1
Pang, D	1
Lu, K	1
Ahmad, NH	1
Zhu, J	2
Zhang, L	3
Zhuang, T	1
Tu, J	1
Qu, Y	1
Yao, H	1
Lee, DF	1
Shen, J	3
Wen, L	1
Huang, G	2
Xie, X	1
Hu, W	1
Zhang, Y	4
Wu, X	1
Lu, J	2
Li, M	1
Li, W	2
Wu, W	1
Du, F	1
Ji, H	1
Yang, X	2
Xu, Z	1
Wan, L	1
Wen, Q	1
Cho, CH	1
Zou, C	1
Xiao, Z	1
Liao, J	1
Su, X	1
Bi, Z	1
Su, Q	1
Huang, H	1
Wei, Y	2
Gao, Y	2
Na, KJ	1
Choi, H	1
Oh, HR	1
Kim, YH	1
Lee, SB	1
Jung, YJ	1
Koh, J	1
Park, S	1
Lee, HJ	1
Jeon, YK	1
Chung, DH	1
Paeng, JC	1
Park, IK	1
Kang, CH	1
Cheon, GJ	1
Kang, KW	1
Lee, DS	1
Kim, YT	1
Pajuelo-Lozano, N	1
Alcalá, S	1
Sainz, B	1
Perona, R	1
Sanchez-Perez, I	1
Logotheti, S	1
Marquardt, S	1
Gupta, SK	1
Richter, C	1
Edelhäuser, BAH	1
Engelmann, D	1
Brenmoehl, J	1
Söhnchen, C	1
Murr, N	1
Alpers, M	1
Singh, KP	1
Wolkenhauer, O	1
Heckl, D	1
Spitschak, A	1
Pützer, BM	1
Liao, Y	1
Cheng, J	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Effects of Allopurinol on Inflammatory Markers and Morphostructural Changes Evidenced by Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Individuals With Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia. A Proof of Concept[NCT04012294]	Phase 3	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-08-30	Recruiting
A Large Scale Clinical Trial Testing the Effects of n-3 PUFA and Rosuvastatin on Mortality-Morbidity of Patients With Symptomatic Congestive Heart Failure[NCT00336336]	Phase 3	6,975 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-08-31	Completed
Randomized, Multicenter, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Efficacy and Safety Study of 8 mg PEG-uricase in Two Dose Regimens in Hyperuricemic Subjects With Symptomatic Gout[NCT00325195]	Phase 3	225 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-05-31	Completed
Multicenter, Open Label Extension Study of 8 mg PEG-uricase in Subjects Who Completed Protocols C0405 or C0406 for Symptomatic Gout[NCT01356498]	Phase 3	151 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-12-31	Completed
Allopurinol in the Treatment of Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease Treated by Either PCI or CABG: Pilot Study[NCT03700645]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-12-01	Not yet recruiting
Study Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study Investigating the Role of Luminal Pressure on Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation[NCT04017806]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2018-09-19	Recruiting
Comparative Study Evaluating the Outcome of Febuxostat Versus Vitamin E in Hyperuricemia Patients With Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Without Cirrhosis[NCT05574036]	Phase 2	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-08-25	Recruiting
Novel Methods for Ascertainment of Gout Flares -A Pilot Study[NCT02855437]		44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Completed
Observational Study of the Use of KRYSTEXXA® (Pegloticase) in Adult Hyperuricemic Patients With Gout Refractory to Conventional Therapy[NCT01466166]		188 participants (Actual)	Observational	2011-11-15	Completed
[NCT02797028]	Phase 4	320 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Recruiting
Is Reiki Effective In Coping With the Symptoms Experienced by Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis?: Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT05833451]		64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-03-07	Completed
Effect of a Nutritional Supplement of Probiotics and/or Prebiotics vs Placebo on Serum Concentrations of Uremic Toxins and Inflammatory Cytokines in Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.[NCT03770611]		112 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-01-07	Not yet recruiting
FEnofibRate as a Metabolic INtervention for Coronavirus Disease 2019[NCT04517396]	Phase 2	701 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-08-18	Completed
Losartan and Uric Acid Metabolism in Children With Proteinuric Nephropathies: a Cross-over Randomized Clinical Trail[NCT05402397]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-07-01	Recruiting
[NCT00005123]		0 participants	Observational	1965-07-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Change from Baseline to Month 6 (or last observation carried forward)in number of swollen joints per subject. Values were inputed using last observation carried forward analysis for subjects who did not complete the studies. (NCT00325195)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (Month 6 or LOCF)

Change in Number of Tender Joints

Intervention	Swollen joints (Mean)
q2 Wks	-5.5
q4 Wks	-5.1
Placebo	-2.6

Change from Baseline to Month 6 (or last observation carried forward) in number of tender joints per participant (NCT00325195)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (Month 6 or LOCF)

Plasma Uric Acid (PUA) Responder

Intervention	Tender joints (Mean)
q2 Wks	-7.4
q4 Wks	-6.1
Placebo	-1.2

PUA Responder was defined as a participant who achieved and maintained plasma uric acid concentrations < 6 mg/dL for at least 80% of the time during months 3 and 6 combined. Participants who withdrew from the study before month 6 were considered non-responders. (NCT00325195)
Timeframe: Months 3 and 6

Reduction in Tophus Burden

Intervention	Participants (Number)
q2 Wks	36
q4 Wks	29
Placebo	0

percentage of tophaceous subjects who demonstrated a complete resolution (100 % decrease in measured area or complete disappearance)of at least one tophus in the absence of other tophus progression or new tophi, as assessed by a blinded Central Reader using standardized digital photographs and image analysis software. (NCT00325195)
Timeframe: Baseline and Final Visit (6 months or LOCF)

Change in Patient Reported Outcomes of Pain, Physical Function and Quality of Life

Intervention	Percent subjects with resolved tophus (Number)
q2 Wks	40
q4 Wks	21
Placebo	7

Health Assessment Questionnaire(HAQ: VAS pain scale where 0 (no pain)-100 (severe pain); HAQ disability index (HAQ-DI) on a scale from 0(no disability) to 3 (completely disabled), and a unit change of > or =0.22 is considerd a mimimal clinically important difference(MCID). SF-36 Physical Component Summary Score (SF36-PCS), a composite score where 0 is the worst score and 100 the best possible, and where a change of > or =2.5 units in the PCS is considered a MCID. (NCT00325195)
Timeframe: Baseline to Final Visit (Month 6 or LOCF)

Percentage of Subjects With Gout Flare Per 3-month Period

Intervention	Units on a scale (Mean)
	HAQ-VAS Pain	HAQ-DI	SF-36 PCS
Placebo	1.4	0.0	-0.3
q2 Wks	-11.4	-0.22	4.4
q4 Wks	-6.9	-0.20	4.9

Percent of participants reporting a gout flare during Months 1-3 and Months 4-6. Denominator during the respective period was based upon number of participants during that period. (NCT00325195)
Timeframe: Months 1-3 and Months 4-6

Gout Flare Frequency

Intervention	Percent subjects reporting flares (Number)
	Months 1-3	Months 4-6
Placebo	54	67
q2 Wks	75	41
q4 Wks	81	56

The the mean number of flares per subject (flare frequency)was assessed over 3-month periods for up to 2 years of treatment (NCT01356498)
Timeframe: Up to 2 years

Gout Flare Incidence

Intervention	Flares (Mean)
	Months 1-3	Months 4-6	Months 7-9	Months 10-12	Months 16-18	Months 22-24
Placebo in RCT, q2 in OLE	2.3	1.3	1.2	0.6	0.2	0.4
Placebo in RCT, q4 in OLE	1.5	0.8	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.7
q2 RCT, Non-responder	0.6	1.0	0.6	0.9	0.7	0.3
q2 RCT, Responder	0.4	0.4	0.0	0.1	0.1	0.1
q4 RCT Non-responder	1.3	0.8	0.6	0.9	0.6	0.6
q4 RCT, Responder	0.8	0.7	0.3	0.2	.3	0.1

Percentage of participants remaining in the study during the specified interval who experienced a gout flare during this interval. (NCT01356498)
Timeframe: Assessed in 3-month intervals up to 2 years

Patient Reported Outcome: SF-36 Physical Component Summary Score

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
	Months 1-3	Months 4-6	Months 7-9	Months 10-12	Months 16-18	Months 22-24
Placebo in RCT, q2 in OLE	65.2	45.0	43.8	28.6	18.2	27.3
Placebo in RCT, q4 in OLE	68.8	38.5	22.2	28.6	20.0	33.3
q2 RCT, Non-responder	45.5	35.0	27.8	47.1	33.3	25.0
q2 RCT, Responder	25.7	23.5	3.0	9.4	6.5	3.4
q4 RCT Non-responder	67.9	50.0	42.9	45.0	38.9	55.6
q4 RCT, Responder	56.0	40.0	24.0	16.7	25.0	5.3

"SF-36 is the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form-36, a 36-item self-reported questionnaire which assesses health-related limitations in 8 dimensions. The Physical Component Summary Score (PCS) is a composite summary score derived from the dimensions related to physical functioning outcomes: Physical Function, Role Physical, General Health and Bodily Pain (each with a 0 to 100 scale where 0=worst, 100=best).~The Summary Score is constructed as a T-score with a mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10, where higher scores indicate a better health status." (NCT01356498)
Timeframe: RCT Week 25; OLE Week 25; OLE Week 53, OLE Week 77, OLE Week 101

Tophus Response

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline value (pre-pegloticase)	Final Visit value (LOCF)
Placebo in RCT, q2 in OLE	27.55	30.34
Placebo in RCT, q4 in OLE	36.2	38.8
q2 RCT, Non-responder	33.71	37.68
q2 RCT, Responder	34.92	40.40
q4 RCT Responder	34.11	40.82
q4 RCT, Non-responder	32.8	34.76

Target tophi evaluated during the randomized, controlled study were followed for response at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months in this open-label extention study. Results from each participant's final assessment on drug are reported (as last observation carried forward). Complete response=complete disappearance of at least one tophus with no new or worsening tophus. Partial Response=a 50% or more decrease in at least one tophus with no new or worsening tophus. (NCT01356498)
Timeframe: Up to 2 years

Uric Acid (mg/dL)

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Complete Response	Partial Response
Placebo in RCT, q2 in OLE	10	3
Placebo in RCT, q4 in OLE	3	1
q2 RCT, Non-responder	4	4
q2 RCT, Responder	19	4
q4 RCT Non-responder	7	2
q4 RCT, Responder	13	0

Uric acid measured at 3 month-intervals (NCT01356498)
Timeframe: Week 13, Week 25, Week 53, Week 101

Feasibility of Using IVR vs. RheumPRO to Report Gout Flares

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
	OLE Week 13	OLE Week 25	OLE Week 53	OLE Week 101
Placebo in RCT, q2 in OLE	5.06	4.69	2.7	4.29
Placebo in RCT, q4 in OLE	8.08	8.09	6.45	8.5
q2 RCT, Non-responder	9.76	8.89	9.18	7.7
q2 RCT, Responder	1.33	1.4	0.87	0.84
q4 RCT Non-responder	9.66	9.94	9.59	9.42
q4 RCT, Responder	1.91	1.95	1.55	1.47

Feasibility ----Assessed by the percentage of participants completing answer IRV/RheumPRO queries. (NCT02855437)
Timeframe: 6 months

Preference IVR vs RheumPRO

Intervention	percentage of weekly response (Mean)
Interactive Voice Response	81
RheumPro Smartphone Application	80

Percentage of total study population preferring IVR vs. RheumPRO (NCT02855437)
Timeframe: 6 months

Number of Participants With Anaphylaxis

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Interactive Voice Response	3
RheumPro Smartphone Application	28

"Anaphylaxis was defined using the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (NIAID/FAAN) criteria: Acute onset of an illness (minutes to several hours) with involvement of the skin, mucosal tissue, or both (e.g., generalized hives; pruritus or flushing; swollen lips, tongue, or uvula), and at least 1 of the following:~Respiratory compromise (e.g., dyspnea, wheeze-bronchospasm, stridor, reduced peak expiratory flow, hypoxemia).~Reduced blood pressure (i.e., systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg or greater than 30% decrease from that patient's baseline) or associated symptoms of end-organ failure (e.g., hypotonia [collapse], syncope, incontinence)." (NCT01466166)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Number of Participants With Immune Complex-related Events

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Pegloticase	5

Immune complex-related events were defined as any presumptive immune complex-related disorders that were confirmed by an appropriate investigation of the event and of complement markers (C3 and C4 levels). Clinical manifestations could have included skin rash, arthralgia, arthritis, proteinuria, serum sickness, and cryoglobulinemia. (NCT01466166)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug to the end of the 12-week follow-up period (63 weeks).

Number of Participants With Infusion Reactions

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Pegloticase	3

Infusion reactions were defined as adverse events (AEs) or clusters of events, not attributable to another cause that occurred during or within 2 hours after the infusion of pegloticase. Any other case that occurred outside of the 2-hour window was categorized per Investigator discretion. (NCT01466166)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

Change From Baseline in Number of Gout Flares

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Pegloticase	42

The number of gout flares occurring in the 2 weeks prior to each visit. Baseline number of flares was calculated as the average number of flares that occurred in the 6-month baseline period divided by 12 weeks. (NCT01466166)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 24 and week 48

Number of Palpable Tophi Over Time

Intervention	flares (Mean)
	Week 24	Week 48
Pegloticase	-0.83	-1.00

Gout tophi are nodular deposits of urate crystals and inflammatory cells in joints, soft tissues, bones, and in some organs. (NCT01466166)
Timeframe: Baseline and weeks 24 and 52

Number of Swollen Joints Over Time

Number of Tender Joints Over Time

Percentage of Participants With Normalization of Serum Uric Acid at Week 24 and Week 52

Intervention	tophi (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 24	Week 52
Pegloticase	13.58	5.70	3.68

Intervention	swollen joints (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 24	Week 52
Pegloticase	8.60	4.05	1.46

Intervention	tender joints (Mean)
	Baseline	Week 24	Week 52
Pegloticase	9.33	2.38	0.79

Normalization of serum uric acid was defined as serum uric acid value less than 6 mg/dL. (NCT01466166)
Timeframe: Week 24 and week 52

All-Cause Death

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
	Week 24	Week 52
Pegloticase	27.7	12.2

Death from any cause during the observation period (NCT04517396)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days

Exploratory Hierarchical Composite Endpoint

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Fenofibrate + Usual Care	19
Placebo + Usual Care	22

The exploratory global rank score, or global severity score, is a nonparametric, hierarchically ranked outcome. The global rank score was generated by ranking all 701 participants on a scale of 1 to 701, from worst to best clinical outcomes. Participants were ranked by (1) time to death; (2) the number of days supported by invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); (3) The inspired concentration of oxygen/percent oxygen saturation (FiO2/SpO2) ratio area under the curve; (4) The number of days out of the hospital during the 30 day-period following randomization. (NCT04517396)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days

Number of Days Alive and Out of the Hospital During the 30 Days Following Randomization

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Fenofibrate + Usual Care	5.03
Placebo + Usual Care	5.03

Number of days that participants were alive and out of the hospital during the 30 days following randomization (NCT04517396)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days

Number of Days Alive, Out of the Intensive Care Unit, Free of Mechanical Ventilation/Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, or Maximal Available Respiratory Support in the 30 Days Following Randomization

Intervention	days (Median)
Fenofibrate + Usual Care	30
Placebo + Usual Care	30

Number of days participants were alive, out of the intensive care unit, free of mechanical ventilation/extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or maximal available respiratory support during the 30 days that followed randomization (NCT04517396)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days

Primary Hierarchical Composite Endpoint

Intervention	days (Mean)
Fenofibrate + Usual Care	28.8
Placebo + Usual Care	28.3

The primary endpoint of the trial is a global rank score that ranks patient outcomes according to 5 factors. The global rank score, or global severity score, is a nonparametric, hierarchically ranked outcome. The global rank score was generated by ranking all 701 participants on a scale of 1 to 701, from worst to best clinical outcomes. Participants were ranked by (1) time to death; (2) the number of days supported by invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); (3) The inspired concentration of oxygen/percent oxygen saturation (FiO2/SpO2) ratio area under the curve; (4) For participants enrolled as outpatients who are subsequently hospitalized, the number of days out of the hospital during the 30 day-period following randomization; (5) For participants enrolled as outpatients who don't get hospitalized during the 30-day observation period, the modified Borg dyspnea scale (NCT04517396)
Timeframe: 30 days

Secondary Hierarchical Composite Endpoint

Intervention	Ranked Severity Score (Median)
Fenofibrate + Usual Care	5.32
Placebo + Usual Care	5.33

The secondary global rank score, or global severity score, is a nonparametric, hierarchically ranked outcome. The global rank score was generated by ranking all 701 participants on a scale of 1 to 701, from worst to best clinical outcomes. Participants were ranked by (1) time to death; (2) the number of days supported by invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO); (3) The inspired concentration of oxygen/percent oxygen saturation (FiO2/SpO2) ratio area under the curve; (4) For participants enrolled as outpatients who are subsequently hospitalized, the number of days out of the hospital during the 30 day-period following randomization; (5) For participants enrolled as outpatients who don't get hospitalized during the 30-day observation period, a COVID-19 symptom scale rating fever, cough, dyspnea, muscle aches, sore throat, loss of smell or taste, headache, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, chest pain (each are rated from 0-10 then summed). (NCT04517396)
Timeframe: Up to 30 days

Seven-category Ordinal Scale

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Fenofibrate + Usual Care	5.05
Placebo + Usual Care	5.05

A seven-category ordinal scale consisting of the following categories: 1, not hospitalized with resumption of normal activities; 2, not hospitalized, but unable to resume normal activities; 3, hospitalized, not requiring supplemental oxygen; 4, hospitalized, requiring supplemental oxygen; 5, hospitalized, requiring nasal high-flow oxygen therapy, noninvasive mechanical ventilation, or both; 6, hospitalized, requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), invasive mechanical ventilation, or both; and 7, death. (NCT04517396)
Timeframe: At 15 days

Article	Year
Chronic hypertension and superimposed preeclampsia: screening and diagnosis. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2022, Volume: 226, Issue:2S Topics: Aldosterone; Angiogenic Proteins; Biomarkers; Chronic Disease; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Hypertensi	2022
Safety and efficacy of probiotic supplementation in 8 types of inflammatory arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 34 randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in immunology, 2022, Volume: 13 Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Chronic Disease; Dietary Supplements; Gout; Humans;	2022
[Vascular dysfunction in Cardiorenal Syndrome type 4]. Giornale italiano di nefrologia : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di nefrologia, 2020, Feb-12, Volume: 37, Issue:1 Topics: Aorta; Arginine; Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Cardio-Renal Syndrome;	2020
[Gout]. La Revue de medecine interne, 2020, Volume: 41, Issue:6 Topics: Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Gout; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Uri	2020
Hypertonic saline, isotonic saline, water restriction, long loops diuretics, urea or vaptans to treat hyponatremia. Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism, 2020, Volume: 15, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Disease; Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; Bicarbonates; Chronic Disease; Drinking; H	2020
Renal disorders in rheumatologic diseases: the spectrum is changing (part 2. Arthridides). Journal of nephrology, 2021, Volume: 34, Issue:4 Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Chronic Disease; Gout; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Uric Acid	2021
[Gout arthritis: Pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2020, Volume: 145, Issue:14 Topics: Acute Disease; Arthritis, Gouty; Chronic Disease; Humans; Incidence; Uric Acid	2020
Psychological distress among health care professionals of the three COVID-19 most affected Regions in Cameroon: Prevalence and associated factors. Annales medico-psychologiques, 2021, Volume: 179, Issue:2 Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; 5'-Nucleotidase; A549 Cells; Accidental Falls; Acetylcholinesterase; Acryli	2021
Gout - An update of aetiology, genetics, co-morbidities and management. Maturitas, 2018, Volume: 118 Topics: Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Comorbidity; Diet; Febuxostat; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Hyperu	2018
Uric acid and xanthine oxidoreductase in wound healing. Current rheumatology reports, 2014, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Enzyme Inhibitors; Free Radical Scavengers; Free Radicals; Humans; Inf	2014
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of gout. Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America, 2014, Volume: 40, Issue:2 Topics: Asymptomatic Diseases; Chronic Disease; Disease Progression; Gout; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Uric Acid	2014
Allopurinol as a kidney-protective, cardioprotective, and antihypertensive agent: hype or reality? Blood purification, 2014, Volume: 37, Issue:3 Topics: Allopurinol; Antihypertensive Agents; Cardiotonic Agents; Chronic Disease; Coronary Disease; Gout Su	2014
Allopurinol for chronic gout. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014, Oct-14, Issue:10 Topics: Allopurinol; Benzbromarone; Chronic Disease; Colchicine; Febuxostat; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans	2014
Uricosuric medications for chronic gout. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2014, Nov-14, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Aged; Allopurinol; Benzbromarone; Chronic Disease; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; Femal	2014
Infusion-related reactions with pegloticase, a recombinant uricase for the treatment of chronic gout refractory to conventional therapy. Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases, 2014, Volume: 20, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Cluster Analysis; Dose-Response Relation	2014
Gout nodulosis: report of a rare case and brief review. Dermatology online journal, 2015, Jan-15, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Chronic Disease; Dermis; Foot Diseases; Gout; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Subcutaneous Tissue; Uric A	2015
Limitations of the Current Standards of Care for Treating Gout and Crystal Deposition in the Primary Care Setting: A Review. Clinical therapeutics, 2017, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Chronic Disease; Comorbidity; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Patient Compliance; Pr	2017
The safety of treatment options available for gout. Expert opinion on drug safety, 2017, Volume: 16, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Chronic Disease; Comorbidity; Gout; Gout Suppressants	2017
An evidence-based review on urate-lowering treatments: implications for optimal treatment of chronic hyperuricemia. Vascular health and risk management, 2017, Volume: 13 Topics: Antioxidants; Biomarkers; Chronic Disease; Down-Regulation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Evidence-Based Medici	2017
[Novelties in the field of progression factors in chronic kidney disease]. Nefrologia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola Nefrologia, 2008, Volume: 28 Suppl 5 Topics: Adult; Amidohydrolases; Animals; Arginine; Carbon; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chronic Disease; Clinica	2008
[Biomarkers in heart failure: are they clinically useful?]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2009, Volume: 134, Issue:15 Topics: Anemia; Biomarkers; Chronic Disease; Creatinine; Diagnosis, Differential; Heart Failure; Hemoglobins	2009
Uric acid: a novel mediator and marker of risk in chronic kidney disease? Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension, 2009, Volume: 18, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Prog	2009
The review of most frequently occurring medical disorders related to aetiology of autism and the methods of treatment. Acta neurobiologiae experimentalis, 2010, Volume: 70, Issue:2 Topics: Ammonia; Autistic Disorder; Child; Chronic Disease; Delivery of Health Care, Integrated; Gastrointes	2010
Crystal arthropathies: recognizing and treating "the gouch". Primary care, 2010, Volume: 37, Issue:4 Topics: Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Chronic Disease; Colchicine; Febuxostat; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Huma	2010
Serum urate as a soluble biomarker in chronic gout-evidence that serum urate fulfills the OMERACT validation criteria for soluble biomarkers. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, 2011, Volume: 40, Issue:6 Topics: Biomarkers; Chronic Disease; Endpoint Determination; Female; Gout; Humans; Male; Predictive Value of	2011
A new perspective on the pharmacoeconomics of colchicine. Current medical research and opinion, 2011, Volume: 27, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis; Chronic Disease; Colchicine; Costs and Cos	2011
Hyperuricaemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a relationship with implications for vascular risk? Current vascular pharmacology, 2011, Volume: 9, Issue:6 Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Chronic Disease; Evidence-Based Medicine; Fatty Liver; Humans; Hyperuricemi	2011
[Hyperuricemia in chronic heart failure]. Kardiologiia, 2011, Volume: 51, Issue:3 Topics: Age Factors; Biomarkers; Chronic Disease; Diuretics; Echocardiography; Free Radicals; Heart Failure;	2011
Biomarkers in chronic kidney disease: a review. Kidney international, 2011, Volume: 80, Issue:8 Topics: Acetylglucosaminidase; Acute-Phase Proteins; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases	2011
[The role of uric acid in heart failure]. Revista medica de Chile, 2011, Volume: 139, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Chronic Disease; Heart Failure; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Uric Acid; Xanthine O	2011
Clinical features of gout. Reumatismo, 2012, Jan-19, Volume: 63, Issue:4 Topics: Acute Disease; Arthritis, Gouty; Biomarkers; Chronic Disease; Crystallization; Diagnosis, Differenti	2012
Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2012, Volume: 23, Issue:7 Topics: beta 2-Microglobulin; Chronic Disease; Homocysteine; Humans; Indican; Kidney Diseases; Parathyroid H	2012
Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2012, Volume: 23, Issue:7 Topics: beta 2-Microglobulin; Chronic Disease; Homocysteine; Humans; Indican; Kidney Diseases; Parathyroid H	2012
Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2012, Volume: 23, Issue:7 Topics: beta 2-Microglobulin; Chronic Disease; Homocysteine; Humans; Indican; Kidney Diseases; Parathyroid H	2012
Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN, 2012, Volume: 23, Issue:7 Topics: beta 2-Microglobulin; Chronic Disease; Homocysteine; Humans; Indican; Kidney Diseases; Parathyroid H	2012
Pegloticase for treating refractory chronic gout. Drugs of today (Barcelona, Spain : 1998), 2012, Volume: 48, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Chronic Disease; Drug Interactions; Evidence-Based Medicine; Gout; Gout Suppres	2012
Gout: why is this curable disease so seldom cured? Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2012, Volume: 71, Issue:11 Topics: Attitude to Health; Chronic Disease; Disease Management; Drug Utilization; Gout; Humans; Life Style;	2012
The unwelcome visitor. Singapore medical journal, 2012, Volume: 53, Issue:8 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Chronic Disease; Colchicine	2012
Evaluation and treatment of gout as a chronic disease. Advances in therapy, 2012, Volume: 29, Issue:11 Topics: Arthritis, Gouty; Chronic Disease; Disease Progression; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Febuxostat; Fem	2012
Chronic hyperuricemia, uric acid deposit and cardiovascular risk. Current pharmaceutical design, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:13 Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Chronic Disease; Gout; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Risk Factors; Uric Acid	2013
Uric acid and chronic renal disease: possible implication of hyperuricemia on progression of renal disease. Seminars in nephrology, 2005, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Chronic Disease; Disease Progression; Humans; Hyperuricemia; Kidney Diseases; Risk Factors;	2005
Uric acid in chronic heart failure. Seminars in nephrology, 2005, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Biomarkers; Blood Flow Velocity; Blood Vessels; Chronic Disease; Disease Progr	2005
Diagnosis and management of gout: a rational approach. Postgraduate medical journal, 2005, Volume: 81, Issue:959 Topics: Acute Disease; Chronic Disease; Crystallization; Diagnosis, Differential; Gout; Humans; Hyperuricemi	2005
Understanding treatments for gout. The American journal of managed care, 2005, Volume: 11, Issue:15 Suppl Topics: Acute Disease; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Behavior Therapy; Chronic Disease; Colchicine; Female; Gout;	2005
Pathogenesis, clinical findings and management of acute and chronic gout. Minerva medica, 2006, Volume: 97, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Disease; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Chronic Disease; Co	2006
Updates in the management of gout. The American journal of medicine, 2007, Volume: 120, Issue:3 Topics: Acute Disease; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Allopurinol; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Ster	2007
Establishing outcome domains for evaluating treatment of acute and chronic gout. Current opinion in rheumatology, 2008, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Disease; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Endpoint Determination; Gout; Humans; Join	2008
[What remains of gout in 1993?]. La Revue du praticien, 1994, Jan-15, Volume: 44, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Chronic Disease; Female; Gout; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography; Sex Fac	1994
Gout and other crystal arthropathies. The Medical journal of Australia, 1997, Jan-06, Volume: 166, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Arthritis, Gouty; Calcium Pyrophosphate; Chronic Disease; Crystallization; Female; Gout; Human	1997
Crystal arthropathies. Acta clinica Belgica, 1997, Volume: 52, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Disease; Aluminum Compounds; Antacids; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthritis, Gouty; Calcium Oxa	1997
[Pharmacological characteristics and clinical application of losartan, an orally active AT1 angiotensin II receptor antagonist]. Nihon yakurigaku zasshi. Folia pharmacologica Japonica, 1999, Volume: 113, Issue:6 Topics: Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials	1999
Pearls and pitfalls in the use and abuse of diuretics for chronic congestive heart failure. Cardiology, 1999, Volume: 92, Issue:3 Topics: Animals; Calcium; Cardiac Output; Chronic Disease; Contraindications; Digitalis; Diuretics; Drug Int	1999
Evolution of antioxidant defence mechanisms. European journal of nutrition, 2000, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Aging; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Atmosphere; Biological Evolution; Chroni	2000
Autosomal-dominant chronic interstitial nephritis with early hyperuricemia. Advances in nephrology from the Necker Hospital, 2000, Volume: 30 Topics: Chronic Disease; Genes, Dominant; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Transplantation; Nephritis; Uric Acid	2000
[Treatment of gout]. Revue medicale de la Suisse romande, 2000, Volume: 120, Issue:10 Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Chronic Disease; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Patient S	2000
Drug control of gout and hyperuricaemia. Drugs, 1978, Volume: 16, Issue:2 Topics: Allopurinol; Arthritis; Chronic Disease; Colchicine; Gout; Humans; Indomethacin; Naproxen; Phenylbut	1978
[Inflammatory joint effusion. A diagnositic and therapeutic problem]. Medizinische Klinik, 1979, May-25, Volume: 74, Issue:21 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Erbium; Exudates and Transudates;	1979
The radiology of gout. Review article. Clinical radiology, 1975, Volume: 26, Issue:1 Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Alcoholism; BCG Vaccine; Bone Neoplasms; Chondrocalcinosis; Chronic Disease; Fe	1975
Gout and hyperuricemia. American family physician, 1991, Volume: 43, Issue:6 Topics: Chronic Disease; Follow-Up Studies; Gout; Humans; Patient Compliance; Uric Acid	1991
Tubulo-interstitial nephritis associated with systemic disease and electrolyte abnormalities. Seminars in nephrology, 1988, Volume: 8, Issue:1 Topics: Chronic Disease; Gout; Humans; Multiple Myeloma; Nephritis, Interstitial; Sarcoidosis; Sjogren's Syn	1988
Hyperuricemia and gout. The Medical clinics of North America, 1986, Volume: 70, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Allopurinol; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthritis; Arthrography; Calcinosis; Ch	1986
[Non-specific basic therapy of leukemias and their complications]. Medizinische Klinik, 1974, Aug-23, Volume: 69, Issue:34 Topics: Acute Disease; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Allopurinol; Anemia; Autoimmune Diseases; Blood Coagulation	1974
Physiologic and biochemical basis for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. The Medical clinics of North America, 1969, Volume: 53, Issue:6 Topics: Acute Disease; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Arthritis; Chronic Disease; Colchicine; Glomerular Filtratio	1969
[Features of uric acid metabolism in leukemia]. Sovetskaia meditsina, 1970, Volume: 33, Issue:7 Topics: Acute Disease; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Leukemia; Male; Uremia; Uric Acid; Urinary Calculi	1970
[What is certain in gout therapy?]. Der Internist, 1971, Volume: 12, Issue:12 Topics: Acute Disease; Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Colchicine; Gout; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; K	1971

Article	Year
Coping Strategies Influence Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Chronic Psychological Stress: A Post Hoc Analysis of A Randomized Pilot Study. Nutrients, 2021, Dec-24, Volume: 14, Issue:1 Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiometabolic Risk Factors; Chronic Disease;	2021
Early urate-lowering therapy in gouty arthritis with acute flares: a double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. European journal of medical research, 2023, Jan-06, Volume: 28, Issue:1 Topics: Arthritis, Gouty; Chronic Disease; Colchicine; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Probenecid; Symptom	2023
Psychological distress among health care professionals of the three COVID-19 most affected Regions in Cameroon: Prevalence and associated factors. Annales medico-psychologiques, 2021, Volume: 179, Issue:2 Topics: 3' Untranslated Regions; 5'-Nucleotidase; A549 Cells; Accidental Falls; Acetylcholinesterase; Acryli	2021
Prognostic impact of elevated serum uric acid levels on long-term outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure: A post-hoc analysis of the GISSI-HF (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nella Insufficienza Cardiaca-Heart Failure) trial. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 2018, Volume: 83 Topics: Aged; Cause of Death; Chronic Disease; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Italy; M	2018
Dissociation Between Clinical Benefit and Persistent Urate Lowering in Patients with Chronic Refractory Gout Treated with Pegloticase. The Journal of rheumatology, 2020, Volume: 47, Issue:4 Topics: Chronic Disease; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Polyethylene Glycols; Urate Oxidase; Uric Acid	2020
Dissociation Between Clinical Benefit and Persistent Urate Lowering in Patients with Chronic Refractory Gout Treated with Pegloticase. The Journal of rheumatology, 2020, Volume: 47, Issue:4 Topics: Chronic Disease; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Polyethylene Glycols; Urate Oxidase; Uric Acid	2020
Dissociation Between Clinical Benefit and Persistent Urate Lowering in Patients with Chronic Refractory Gout Treated with Pegloticase. The Journal of rheumatology, 2020, Volume: 47, Issue:4 Topics: Chronic Disease; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Polyethylene Glycols; Urate Oxidase; Uric Acid	2020
Dissociation Between Clinical Benefit and Persistent Urate Lowering in Patients with Chronic Refractory Gout Treated with Pegloticase. The Journal of rheumatology, 2020, Volume: 47, Issue:4 Topics: Chronic Disease; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Polyethylene Glycols; Urate Oxidase; Uric Acid	2020
As compared to allopurinol, urate-lowering therapy with febuxostat has superior effects on oxidative stress and pulse wave velocity in patients with severe chronic tophaceous gout. Rheumatology international, 2014, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: Aged; Allopurinol; Biomarkers; Chronic Disease; Enzyme Inhibitors; Febuxostat; Germany; Glomerular F	2014
Tophus burden reduction with pegloticase: results from phase 3 randomized trials and open-label extension in patients with chronic gout refractory to conventional therapy. Arthritis research & therapy, 2013, Sep-26, Volume: 15, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug R	2013
Tophus burden reduction with pegloticase: results from phase 3 randomized trials and open-label extension in patients with chronic gout refractory to conventional therapy. Arthritis research & therapy, 2013, Sep-26, Volume: 15, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug R	2013
Tophus burden reduction with pegloticase: results from phase 3 randomized trials and open-label extension in patients with chronic gout refractory to conventional therapy. Arthritis research & therapy, 2013, Sep-26, Volume: 15, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug R	2013
Tophus burden reduction with pegloticase: results from phase 3 randomized trials and open-label extension in patients with chronic gout refractory to conventional therapy. Arthritis research & therapy, 2013, Sep-26, Volume: 15, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug R	2013
Uric acid and allograft loss from interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy: post hoc analysis from the angiotensin II blockade in chronic allograft nephropathy trial. Transplantation, 2014, May-27, Volume: 97, Issue:10 Topics: Allografts; Angiotensin II; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Atrophy; Biopsy; Chronic Diseas	2014
Clinical significance of autoantibodies in a large cohort of patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease defined by NIH criteria. American journal of hematology, 2015, Volume: 90, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; Antigens, CD; Antineoplastic Agents	2015
Effect of allopurinol in chronic kidney disease progression and cardiovascular risk. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 2010, Volume: 5, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Allopurinol; Biomarkers; C-Reactive Protein; Cardiovascular Diseases; Chi-Square Distribution;	2010
Elevated levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine in chronic heart failure: a pathophysiologic link between oxygen radical load and impaired vasodilator capacity and the therapeutic effect of allopurinol. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics, 2010, Volume: 88, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Allopurinol; Arginine; Chronic Disease; Citrulline; Cross-Sectional Studies; Double-Blind Meth	2010
Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 2011, Aug-17, Volume: 306, Issue:7 Topics: Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; En	2011
Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 2011, Aug-17, Volume: 306, Issue:7 Topics: Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; En	2011
Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 2011, Aug-17, Volume: 306, Issue:7 Topics: Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; En	2011
Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 2011, Aug-17, Volume: 306, Issue:7 Topics: Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; En	2011
Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 2011, Aug-17, Volume: 306, Issue:7 Topics: Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; En	2011
Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 2011, Aug-17, Volume: 306, Issue:7 Topics: Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; En	2011
Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 2011, Aug-17, Volume: 306, Issue:7 Topics: Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; En	2011
Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 2011, Aug-17, Volume: 306, Issue:7 Topics: Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; En	2011
Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 2011, Aug-17, Volume: 306, Issue:7 Topics: Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Double-Blind Method; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; En	2011
Improved health-related quality of life and physical function in patients with refractory chronic gout following treatment with pegloticase: evidence from phase III randomized controlled trials. The Journal of rheumatology, 2012, Volume: 39, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Chronic Disease; Female; Gout; Gout Suppressants; Humans; Male; Midd	2012
Long-term safety of pegloticase in chronic gout refractory to conventional treatment. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2013, Sep-01, Volume: 72, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Chronic Disease; Drug Resistance; Enzymes, Immobilized; Female; Gout	2013
Effect of selective and nonselective beta-blockers on resting energy production rate and total body substrate utilization in chronic heart failure. Journal of cardiac failure, 2002, Volume: 8, Issue:6 Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Aged; Basal Metabolism; Bisoprolol; Blood Pressure; Bod	2002
Serum uric acid and multiple sclerosis. Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, 2002, Volume: 23, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chronic Disease; Female; Gadolinium DTPA; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mal	2002
Fenofibrate enhances urate reduction in men treated with allopurinol for hyperuricaemia and gout. Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 2003, Volume: 42, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Allopurinol; Arthritis, Gouty; Chronic Disease; Cr	2003
[Clinical observation on treatment of chronic prostatitis syndrome type III B by Tiaoshen Tonglin Decoction]. Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine, 2007, Volume: 27, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Male; Pelvic Pain	2007
Does allopurinol reduce pain of chronic pancreatitis? International journal of pancreatology : official journal of the International Association of Pancreatology, 1997, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Abdominal Pain; Activities of Daily Living; Adult; Allopurinol; Ankle; Blood Cell Count; Chronic Dis	1997
The effect of residual neurological deficit on serum lipoproteins in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal cord, 1998, Volume: 36, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Lipids; Lipoproteins; Ma	1998
Efficacy of allopurinol and benzbromarone for the control of hyperuricaemia. A pathogenic approach to the treatment of primary chronic gout. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 1998, Volume: 57, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Allopurinol; Benzbromarone; Chronic Disease; Drug Administration Schedule; Gout; Gout S	1998
Effect of methotrexate on blood purine and pyrimidine levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England), 1999, Volume: 38, Issue:10 Topics: Adenosine; Adenosine Triphosphate; Adult; Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthriti	1999
Moderate consumption of beer, red wine and spirits has counteracting effects on plasma antioxidants in middle-aged men. European journal of clinical nutrition, 2000, Volume: 54, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Carotenoids; Chronic Disease; Cross-Over Studi	2000
Treatment of chronic gout. Can we determine when urate stores are depleted enough to prevent attacks of gout? The Journal of rheumatology, 2001, Volume: 28, Issue:3 Topics: Allopurinol; Chronic Disease; Colchicine; Crystallization; Extracellular Space; Follow-Up Studies; G	2001
Comparative effects of losartan and irbesartan on serum uric acid in hypertensive patients with hyperuricaemia and gout. Journal of hypertension, 2001, Volume: 19, Issue:10 Topics: Aged; Antihypertensive Agents; Biphenyl Compounds; Chronic Disease; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind	2001
Effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition with allopurinol on endothelial function and peripheral blood flow in hyperuricemic patients with chronic heart failure: results from 2 placebo-controlled studies. Circulation, 2002, Jun-04, Volume: 105, Issue:22 Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Allantoin; Allopurinol; Blood Flow Velocity; Chronic Disease; Cross-Over	2002
Plasma-urate measurements in predicting fetal death in hypertensive pregnancy. Lancet (London, England), 1976, Jun-26, Volume: 1, Issue:7974 Topics: Blood Pressure; Chronic Disease; Female; Fetal Death; Gestational Age; Glomerular Filtration Rate; H	1976
Double-blind comparison of ibuprofen and phenylbutazone in a short-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1973, Volume: 23, Issue:6 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Benzyl Compounds; Blood Sedimentation; Chronic Dise	1973
Use of a new anti-inflammatory agent, bucloxic acid, in the treatment of chronic glomerular nephropathies. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1974, Volume: 24, Issue:9A SUPPL Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials a	1974

uric acid and Chronic Illness