tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine and Inflammation

Topics: Animals; Anthracenes; Antigens, CD; Carcinogenesis; Gene Expression Regulation; Inflammation; Keratinocytes; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Transgenic; Piperidines; Pyridines; Receptors, CXCR; Skin; Skin Neoplasms

Both cancer-suppressing and cancer-promoting properties of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNOS) have been suggested to play a role in tumor pathology, particularly those activities associated with chronic inflammation. Here, we address the impact of nitric oxide (NO) on the induction of DNA damage and genome instability with a specific focus on the involvement of topoisomerase II (TOP2). We also investigate the contribution of NO to the formation of skin melanoma in mice.. Similar to the TOP2-targeting drug, etoposide (VP-16), the NO-donor, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), induces skin melanomas formation in 7,12-dimethyl- benz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-initiated mice. To explore the mechanism(s) underlying this NO-induced tumorigenesis, we use a co-culture model system to demonstrate that inflamed macrophages with inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression cause γ-H2AX activation, p53 phosphorylation, and chromosome DNA breaks in the target cells. Inhibitor experiments revealed that NO and TOP2 isozymes are responsible for the above described cellular phenotypes. Notably, NO, unlike VP-16, preferentially induces the formation of TOP2β cleavable complexes (TOP2βcc) in cells. Moreover, GSNO induced TOP2-dependent DNA sequence rearrangements and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the incidences of GSNO- and VP-16-induced skin melanomas were also observed to be lower in the skin-specific top2β-knockout mice. Our results suggest that TOP2 isozymes contribute to NO-induced mutagenesis and subsequent cancer development during chronic inflammation.. We provide the first experimental evidence for the functional role of TOP2 in NO-caused DNA damage, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis. Notably, these studies contribute to our molecular understanding of the cancer-promoting actions of RNOS during chronic inflammation.

Topics: 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; Animals; Cell Line; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Coculture Techniques; DNA Cleavage; DNA Topoisomerases, Type II; Etoposide; HCT116 Cells; HL-60 Cells; Humans; Inflammation; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Mutagenesis; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Donors; Pyridines; S-Nitrosoglutathione

The human body has its own innate electrical system that regulates the body's functions via communications among organs through the well-known neural system. While the effect of low-level electrical stimulation on wound repair has been reported, few studies have examined the effect of electric potential on non-wounded, intact skin. A galvanic couple comprised of elemental zinc and copper was used to determine the effects of low-level electrical stimulation on intact skin physiology using a Dermacorder device. Zn-Cu induced the electrical potential recorded on intact skin, enhanced H(2)O(2) production and activated p38 MAPK and Hsp27 in primary keratinocytes. Treatment with Zn-Cu was also found to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α, IL-2, NO and TNF-α in multiple cell types after stimulation with PHA or Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The Zn-Cu complex led to a dose-dependent inhibition of TNF-α-induced NF-κB levels in keratinocytes as measured by a dual-luciferase promoter assay, and prevented p65 translocation to the nucleus observed via immunofluorescence. Suppression of NF-κB activity via crosstalk with p38 MAPK might be one of the potential pathways by which Zn-Cu exerted its inflammatory effects. Topical application of Zn-Cu successfully mitigated TPA-induced dermatitis and oxazolone-induced hypersensitivity in mice models of ear edema. Anti-inflammatory activity induced by the Zn-Cu galvanic couple appears to be mediated, at least in part, by production of low level of hydrogen peroxide since this activity is reversed by the addition of Catalase enzyme. Collectively, these results show that a galvanic couple containing Zn-Cu strongly reduces the inflammatory and immune responses in intact skin, providing evidence for the role of electric stimulation in non-wounded skin.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Copper; Dermatitis; Dinoprostone; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Female; Galvanic Skin Response; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Inflammation; Keratinocytes; Male; Metal Nanoparticles; Mice; Middle Aged; NF-kappa B; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Pyridines; Reactive Oxygen Species; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Zinc

Sulfur compounds isolated from garlic exert anti-inflammatory properties. We recently isolated thiacremonone, a novel sulfur compound from garlic. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and arthritis properties of thiacremonone through inhibition of NF-kappaB since NF-kappaB is known to be a target molecule of sulfur compounds and an implicated transcription factor regulating inflammatory response genes.. The anti-inflammatory and arthritis effects of thiacremone in in vivo were investigated in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ear edema, carrageenan and mycobacterium butyricum-induced inflammatory and arthritis models. Lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production was determined by Griess method. The DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB was investigated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. NF-kappaB and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) transcriptional activity was determined by luciferase assay. Expression of iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was determined by western blot.. The results showed that topical application of thiacremonone (1 or 2 microg/ear) suppressed the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced (1 microg/ear) ear edema. Thiacremonone (1-10 mg/kg) administered directly into the plantar surface of hind paw also suppressed the carrageenan (1.5 mg/paw) and mycobacterium butyricum (2 mg/paw)-induced inflammatory and arthritic responses as well as expression of iNOS and COX-2, in addition to NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity. In further in vitro study, thiacremonone (2.5-10 microg/ml) inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 microg/ml)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production, and NF-kappaB transcriptional and DNA binding activity in a dose dependent manner. The inhibition of NO by thiacremonone was consistent with the inhibitory effect on LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2 expression, as well as iNOS transcriptional activity. Moreover, thiacremonone inhibited LPS-induced p50 and p65 nuclear translocation, resulting in an inhibition of the DNA binding activity of the NF-kappaB. These inhibitory effects on NF-kappaB activity and NO generation were suppressed by reducing agents dithiothreitol (DTT) and glutathione, and were abrogated in p50 (C62S)-mutant cells, suggesting that the sulfhydryl group of NF-kappaB molecules may be a target of thiacremonone.. The present results suggested that thiacremonone exerted its anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties through the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation via interaction with the sulfhydryl group of NF-kappaB molecules, and thus could be a useful agent for the treatment of inflammatory and arthritic diseases.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arthritis, Experimental; Blotting, Western; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; Garlic; Humans; Inflammation; Mice; NF-kappa B; Nitric Oxide; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Phytotherapy; Plant Extracts; Pyridines; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thiophenes; Transfection