triolein and Pulmonary-Embolism

The relationship between the volume of fat flowing in the bloodstream and the degree of pulmonary fat embolism has remained unclear. In this study, in order to examine whether the volume of fat particles in the bloodstream could be estimated from the degree of pulmonary fat embolism, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25 ml of triolein were injected into male rats weighing 300-320 g, through the caudal vein. Consequently, it was noted that the severity of pulmonary fat embolism tended to gradually increase in proportion to the volume of injected triolein, with the severity of pulmonary fat embolism being significantly augmented by the injection of 0.2 and 0.25 ml of triolein, based on morphometric analysis. In application to human cases, about 60 ml of fat particles was estimated to flow into the bloodstream after the occurrence of a pelvic fracture. Moreover, the results of this study led to the hypothesis that the prognosis of pulmonary fat embolism is affected by the severity of preceding conditions which have caused fat embolism.

Topics: Animals; Cerebrum; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Embolism, Fat; Forensic Pathology; Injections, Intravenous; Kidney; Lung; Male; Microscopy; Pulmonary Embolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Severity of Illness Index; Triolein

The pathophysiologic mechanism of the fat embolism syndrome is poorly understood. This study was designed to determine the effects of fat emboli on pulmonary vasculature.. Triolein was infused into isolated rat lungs perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer. Pulmonary arterial pressure and microvascular permeability (Kf) were measured at baseline and 20 minutes after the triolein infusion.. The 99% triolein produced dose-dependent increases in both pulmonary arterial pressure and Kf. The 65% triolein, containing free fatty acid, resulted in a greater increase in Kf. Pretreatment with indomethacin attenuated the increase in Kf after 65% triolein but not after 99% triolein.. Pure triolein induced mainly embolization in the pulmonary vasculature, and 65% triolein caused embolization and subsequently increased vascular permeability, which are, at least in part, mediated by the action of cyclooxygenase products. Free fatty acids might induce permeability edema by means of a cyclooxygenase-dependent mechanism. We conclude that triolein-induced increases in pulmonary arterial pressure and Kf in isolated rat lungs provides a useful model of acute lung injury by fat embolism.

Topics: 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine; Animals; Blood Pressure; Capillary Permeability; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Embolism, Fat; In Vitro Techniques; Indomethacin; Lung; Male; Microcirculation; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Circulation; Pulmonary Embolism; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Triolein; Vascular Resistance

Pulmonary fat embolism occurs frequently after trauma but its functional significance is often unclear. To obtain direct evidence of lung damage caused by fat embolism we have measured changes in permeability of the alveolar-capillary interface. A permeability index was derived from the half time clearance from lung to blood (T1/2LB) of 99mTcDTPA introduced into the lung in a 1 ml bolus. Three groups of rabbits were studied. Baseline T1/2LB. did not differ significantly between groups. After intravenous injection of saline placebo in one group and of 300 mg/kg triolein in another group there was no change in permeability index. After intravenous injection of 100 mg/kg oleic acid in the third group there was an immediate change in T1/2LB from a monoexponential baseline 280 +/- 20 min (SEM) to a multiexponential curve which was resolved into two components, one with a T1/2LB of 3.2 +/- 0.6 min (SEM) and the other 39.5 +/- 7.6 min (SEM). Statistically significant changes in alveolar-arterial PO2 difference, dynamic compliance, chest radiography, and postmortem lung water accompanied the changes in T1/2LB in this group. There were no significant changes in these variables in the placebo or triolein group. Histological studies of the lung tissue of these animals using the osmic acid stain for fat showed no fat in the placebo group, extensive fat embolisation which was densely stained in the triolein group and much less densely stained fat in the oleic acid group. Measurement of the permeability of the alveolar-capillary interface provides direct evidence of lung damage after oleic acid embolisation. There were no functional changes in animals with extensive embolisation with triolein.

Topics: Animals; Capillary Permeability; Embolism, Fat; Epithelium; Lung; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Pulmonary Alveoli; Pulmonary Embolism; Rabbits; Triolein

Pulmonary embolism was produced in rabbits by the intravenous injection of 0-5 ml/kg body-weight of glycerol trioleate and mineral oil. Lung weight, pulmonary total lipid, esterified and free fatty acids content increased in both groups, but the concentration of free fatty acids increased only in the animals injected with neutral fat. Mineral oil injection produced stasis and haemorrhage; neutral fat produced exudation of serous liquid into the alveoli and an inflammatory reaction. There are definite differences between the pulmonary effects of mineral oil embolism and neutral fat embolism. The observations support the assumption that pulmonary changes in fat embolism are due to the toxic effect of free fatty acids liberated from the embolized neutral fat.

Topics: Animals; Embolism, Fat; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Lipid Metabolism; Lung; Mineral Oil; Organ Size; Pulmonary Embolism; Rabbits; Triolein

Topics: Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Disease Models, Animal; Embolism, Fat; Glycosaminoglycans; Heparin; Heparitin Sulfate; Injections, Intravenous; Lipase; Lung; Mice; Pulmonary Embolism; Triolein

Topics: Animals; Blood Vessels; Embolism, Fat; Fibrin; Lung; Microscopy, Electron; Platelet Aggregation; Pulmonary Embolism; Rats; Triolein

Topics: Animals; Centrifugation; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Embolism, Fat; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glycerides; Iodine Radioisotopes; Lung; Male; Perfusion; Phospholipids; Pulmonary Embolism; Sterols; Triglycerides; Triolein

Topics: Animals; Blood Volume; Embolism, Fat; Fibula; Fractures, Bone; Hematoma; Histamine; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Subcutaneous; Iodine Isotopes; Lipid Metabolism; Pulmonary Embolism; Rabbits; Tibial Fractures; Triolein

Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Blood Coagulation Tests; Bone and Bones; Collagen; Disease Models, Animal; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Dogs; Embolism, Fat; Exudates and Transudates; Fibrin; Fractures, Bone; Hindlimb; Hypoxia; Leukocytes; Lung; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Muscles; Musculoskeletal System; Pulmonary Edema; Pulmonary Embolism; Triolein

Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Bandages; Bone Marrow; Embolism, Fat; Hematoma; Iodine Isotopes; Kidney; Lung; Oils; Pressure; Pulmonary Embolism; Rabbits; Thyroid Gland; Tibial Fractures; Triolein

Topics: Animals; Blood Coagulation; Disease Models, Animal; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Embolism, Fat; Female; Male; Pulmonary Embolism; Rabbits; Triolein

Fat labeled with triolein-(131)I was introduced through a burr hole into single tibial marrow cavities and the hole was sealed. The radioactivity over the thorax was monitored for 2-5 hours. After sacrifice, the radioactivity was determined in lungs, injected tibia or leg, kidneys, brain, thyroid gland and blood. Presence of pulmonary embolic fat was verified by histologic methods. Intravasation occurred after closure of the burr hole; it was delayed in several animals and failed to occur in 1 animal. The following mean percentages of the injected activity were found: in lungs 44.8% (0.04-85.1%); in tibia 44.7% (7.1-96.8%); in other investigated tissues and organs collectively, less than 1%. In another group, the tibia was fractured either immediately after injection of the labeled fat and closure of the burr hole, or while intravasation was in progress. After 2-5 hours, the lungs contained 23.2% (0.1-65.6) of the labeled fat, which was significantly less than in animals without fracture. In 2 animals, the needle was sealed into the burr hole, and the pressure necessary to produce intravasation was measued. A pressure of 50-100 mm of H(2)O produced pulmonary fat embolism as rapidly as the fat was injected.

Topics: Animals; Blood Vessels; Bone and Bones; Bone Marrow; Embolism, Fat; Female; Injections, Intravenous; Iodine Isotopes; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Lung; Male; Pressure; Pulmonary Embolism; Rabbits; Radionuclide Imaging; Tibia; Time Factors; Triolein

Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Stem; Carotid Arteries; Cheyne-Stokes Respiration; Choroid Plexus; Embolism, Fat; Eye; Hypertension; Injections, Intra-Arterial; Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis; Iodine Isotopes; Ischemic Attack, Transient; Lung; Mesencephalon; Pons; Pulmonary Embolism; Rabbits; Spasm; Triolein; Vascular Diseases

Topics: Animals; Autopsy; Dogs; Embolism, Fat; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Hypoxia; Injections, Intravenous; Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis; Iodine Isotopes; Lethal Dose 50; Lung; Oleic Acids; Oxygen; Pulmonary Embolism; Rabbits; Triolein

Topics: Animals; Embolism, Fat; Hypoxia; Injections, Intra-Arterial; Injections, Intravenous; Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis; Iodine Isotopes; Lung; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Pneumothorax; Pulmonary Embolism; Rabbits; Triolein

Topics: Animals; Brain Chemistry; Embolism, Fat; Hypoxia; Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis; Iodine Isotopes; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Methods; Oxygen; Pneumothorax; Pulmonary Circulation; Pulmonary Embolism; Rabbits; Radioisotopes; Respiration; Rubidium; Triolein

Topics: Animals; Cortisone; Embolism, Fat; Hydrocortisone; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Oleic Acids; Pulmonary Embolism; Rats; Triolein

Topics: Brain; Embolism, Fat; Injections, Intravenous; Iodine Isotopes; Kidney; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Lung; Muscles; Myocardium; Organ Specificity; Pulmonary Embolism; Radioisotopes; Radionuclide Imaging; Rats; Research; Thyroid Gland; Triolein

Topics: Cats; Embolism; Embolism, Fat; Lecithins; Mineral Oil; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Phosphatidylcholines; Pulmonary Embolism; Research; Starch; Surface Tension; Surface-Active Agents; Triolein