trimethoprim--sulfamethoxazole-drug-combination and Swine-Diseases

Topics: Abattoirs; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Food Microbiology; Humans; Jejunum; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitrofurantoin; Palatine Tonsil; Philippines; Red Meat; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Serogroup; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

The prevalence of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) resistance in commensal E. coli from pigs was tested in this study. E. coli was derived from three groups of piglets in successive stages of metaphylactic therapy and from two groups of sows 10 and 18 weeks after the treatment. MIC values of TMP and SMX were determined for a total of 352 strains. The presence of resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA17, sul1, sul2, sul3) and class 1 and 2 integron-associated dfrA gene cassettes was tested. Resistance to TMP was very high during the administration of the antimicrobial (from 97 to 100%) and amounted to 86% and 69% in the post-exposure period; MIC > 32 mg/L. The isolates from all groups of pigs were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, with MIC > 1028 mg/L. The dfrA1 and sul1 genes (as part of integrons) dominated in E. coli from piglets, but the dfrA12 and sul1 genes were prevalent in E. coli from sows. Coexistence of the different dfrA genes was detected in 71 isolates from all groups of swine. Transcription analysis revealed that most of these genes were not transcribed, particularly gene cassettes of class 1 integrons. The research revealed a high level of resistance associated with the metaphylactic treatment, persistence and circulation of resistance in bacterial populations. Diverse genetic background with multiple and not transcribed resistance genes was observed.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

A number of 689 Streptococcus suis isolates collected nationwide from diseased and healthy pigs from 1987 to 1996 were surveyed for antibiotic susceptibilities to 11 drugs. No isolates resistant to amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim were found. Isolates were highly susceptible to penicillins (penicillin G, ampicillin, and amoxicillin) except cloxacillin. They were not susceptible to tetracycline, streptomycin, and kanamaycin (MIC90 50 microg/ml, > or = 100 microg/ml, and > or = 100 microg/ml, respectively). Multiple-resistant isolates (> or = 3 antimicrobial agents) were found in 20.3% of all isolates tested.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chi-Square Distribution; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Health Surveys; In Vitro Techniques; Japan; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillins; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

The pharmacokinetics of two sulfonamide/trimethoprim combinations were investigated after intravenous administration to clinically healthy pigs and to the same pigs following a challenge with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae toxins. Endobronchial challenge with A. pleuropneumoniae toxins resulted in fever, increased white blood cell counts and decreased water and feed consumption. Healthy, as well as febrile, pigs were given sulfadimethoxine (SDM) or sulfamethoxazole (SMX) intravenously at a dose of 25 mg/kg b.w. in combination with 5 mg trimethoprim (TMP) per kg body weight. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the sulfonamides as well as their main metabolites (acetyl sulfonamides) were not significantly different in healthy and febrile pigs. In healthy and pneumonic pigs, the mean elimination half-lives of SDM were 12.9 h and 13.4 h, respectively, those of SMX 2.5 h and 2.7 h, respectively, and those of TMP 2.8 h and 2.6 h, respectively. Distribution volumes in healthy and febrile pigs of SDM and SMX varied between 0.2 and 0.4 L/kg, and those of TMP between 1.1 and 1.6 L/kg. The mean AUC of TMP was decreased and the volume of distribution and total body clearance of TMP were increased in febrile pigs. Protein binding of the drugs and metabolites studied were not significantly changed after toxin-induced fever. The extent of protein binding of SDM, SMX and TMP was in the range 94-99%, 45-56% and 40-50%, respectively. Based on knowledge of in vitro antimicrobial activity of the drug combinations against A. pleuropneumoniae it was concluded that after intravenous administration of the dose administered (30 mg/kg of the combination preparations) to healthy and pneumonic pigs, plasma concentrations of SMX and TMP were above the concentration required for growth inhibition of 50% of A., pleuropneumoniae strains for approximately 16 h, whereas bacteriostatic plasma concentrations of SDM were still present after TMP had been eliminated from plasma. Because of similar elimination half-lives of SMX and TMP in pigs this combination is preferred to the combination of SDM with TMP.

Topics: Actinobacillus Infections; Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Toxins; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Disease Models, Animal; Drinking; Drug Combinations; Eating; Half-Life; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Metabolic Clearance Rate; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Protein Binding; Regression Analysis; Sulfadimethoxine; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Two sanitation trials showed that it was possible to rear serologically negative animals from pigs on a breeding farm infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 2. This was achieved by the medication of sows and piglets during the farrowing-house period and by isolating the piglets from the infected stock of pigs immediately after weaning. Medication of the sows consisted in administering sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim in the drinking water for a period from five days before to eight days after farrowing. The piglets were treated by injections of sulphadoxine-trimethoprim on days 3, 10, 17 and 24.

Topics: Actinobacillus Infections; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Breeding; Carrier State; Drug Combinations; Female; Sulfadoxine; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Drug Combinations; Endometritis; Female; Lactation Disorders; Mastitis, Bovine; Pregnancy; Puerperal Disorders; Sulfanilamides; Swine; Swine Diseases; Syndrome; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination