trimethoprim--sulfamethoxazole-drug-combination and Salmonella-Infections--Animal

Topics: Abattoirs; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Food Microbiology; Humans; Jejunum; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitrofurantoin; Palatine Tonsil; Philippines; Red Meat; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Serogroup; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Brancaster and Salmonella Enteritidis are the main Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovars isolated from poultry in Senegal. Our objective was to analyse the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antibioresistance patterns of strains belonging to these serovars and to assess the significance of broiler-chicken meat as a source of human infection.. A total of 142 Salmonella isolates were analysed: 79 were isolated from Senegalese patients with sporadic diarrhoea (11 S. Hadar, nine S. Brancaster and 59 S. Enteritidis) and 63 from poultry (30 S. Hadar, 17 S. Brancaster and 16 S. Enteritidis). The PFGE of XbaI- and SpeI-digested chromosomal DNA gave 20 distinct profiles for S. Hadar, nine for S. Brancaster and 22 for S. Enteritidis. Each serovar was characterized by a major pulsotype which was X3S1 in 42% of S. Hadar, X8S1 in 53.8% of S. Brancaster and X1S2 in 43% of S. Enteritidis isolates. Human and poultry isolates of Salmonella had common PFGE patterns. Antibiosensitivity tests showed multiresistance (more than two drugs) was encountered in 14.5% of S. Hadar and in 5% of S. Enteritidis isolates. Resistance to quinolones was considered to be of particular importance and 14.5% of S. Hadar isolates were found to be resistant to nalidixic acid. CONLCUSIONS: The sharing of similar PFGE profiles among isolates from humans and poultry provided indirect evidence of Salmonella transmission from contaminated broiler meat. But most of the Salmonella isolates remained drug sensitive.. Efforts are needed to eliminate Salmonella from poultry meat intended for human consumption. This study has also highlighted the importance of continuous surveillance to monitor antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with animals and humans.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Chickens; Chloramphenicol; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Gentamicins; Humans; Nalidixic Acid; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases; Quinolines; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Senegal; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica subspecies arizonae (formerly known as Salmonella arizonae) was diagnosed in three of five captive black rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) at the Denver Zoological Gardens. Two of the three animals died despite supportive treatment. The other two rhinoceroses remained asymptomatic and were negative for Salmonella spp. after serial fecal cultures. The source for the salmonellosis was never identified.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Zoo; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Feces; Female; Incidence; Male; Penicillins; Perissodactyla; Salmonella arizonae; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Treatment Outcome; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Female; Hedgehogs; Humans; Infant; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Washington

During 1994, the Washington Department of Health Public Health Laboratory reported the isolation from a human of a rare Salmonella serotype, Salmonella serotype Tilene. This report summarizes the epidemiologic investigation of the case by the Seattle-King County Department of Public Health, which suggested the infection was related to exposure to African pygmy hedgehogs.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Female; Hedgehogs; Humans; Infant; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Washington

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiosis; Cecum; Chickens; Colony Count, Microbial; Furazolidone; Liver; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

A study was conducted to characterize 318 Salmonella enteritidis strains that were mainly isolated from poultry and their environment in Canada. Biotype, phagetype (PT), plasmid profile (PP), hybridization with a plasmid-derived virulence sequence probe, antibiotic resistance, outer membrane proteins (OMPs), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profiles were determined. Relationships of these properties to one another, and their diagnostic and pathogenic significance were assessed. Biotyping indicated that failure to ferment rhamnose was sometimes useful as a marker for epidemiologically related strains. Phagetyping was the most effective method for subdividing S. enteritidis; it distinguished 12 PTs. Phagetype 13 was occasionally associated with septicemia and mortality in chickens. The strains belonged to 15 PPs. A 36 megadalton (MDa) plasmid was found in 97% of the strains. Only the 36 MDa plasmid hybridized with the probe. Seventeen percent of the strains were drug resistant; all strains were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Thirty-five of 36 strains possessed the same OMP profile, and 36 of 41 strains contained smooth LPS.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bacteriophage Typing; Chickens; Ciprofloxacin; DNA Probes; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Kanamycin Resistance; Lipopolysaccharides; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Turkeys; Virulence

Investigations were carried out with a total of 421 broiler birds (four-line Cornish X Plymouth Rock hydbrids) within the age range of 2 days to 5 weeks. Determined was the acute toxicity of the combination sulfadimidine (SDM) + trimetoprim (TMP)--5 + 1 and the water-soluble formula of trimedin following the intraingluvial introduction with week-old birds. LD50 of the combinations SDM+TMP (5+1) was 3980 mg/kg (2780: 5690), and that of trimedin was 2038 mg/kg body mass. The biologic half-life of SDM ranged from 4.77 to 5.34 h, and that of TMP--from 4.81 to 5.71 h at the intraingluvial introduction of the combination SDM+TMP (5+1) at the rate of 0.06 g/kg. Demonstrated were the therapeutic levels of SDM and TMP during the whole period (10 days) of treatment with the combination SDM+TMP (5+1) given with the feed in conc. 500 ppm or at the application of trimedin alone via the drinking water in conc. 0.05%. It was found that trimedin used for 10 days with the drinking water in conc. 0.05 per cent with broilers at the experimental infection with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum protected about 40 per cent of the birds, the latter remaining, however, carriers of the infection.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Lethal Dose 50; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Sulfamethoxazole; Time Factors; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination