trimethoprim--sulfamethoxazole-drug-combination and Poultry-Diseases

Transfer of resistance genes from bacteria from food producing animals to human pathogens is a potential risk to human health. The aim of this study was to determine in vivo transfer of a plasmid harbouring a class 1 integron containing gene cassettes dfrA1-aadA1 from Salmonella to Escherichia coli and the influence of the use of antimicrobials on this transfer. Thirty four-day-old SPF chickens colonized with E. coli K12 were divided into 3 groups of 10 animals each, and placed in separate isolators. Eleven days after inoculation with E. coli K12 the chickens were inoculated orally with 10(4)CFU of S. enterica spp. enterica serovar Typhimurium containing a plasmid harbouring a class 1 integron with gene cassettes dfrA1-aadA1. Two days after the administration of S. Typhimurium 1 group was treated orally with doxycycline, 1 group orally with trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and 1 group remained untreated (control group). E. coli K12, S. Typhimurium and the transconjugants were isolated from cloacal samples on selective MacConkey agar plates. Transfer of the plasmid was confirmed by plasmid characterization, PCR, PFGE and hybridization. Plasmid mediated transfer of a class 1 integron was observed almost immediately after inoculation with S. Typhimurium. Treatment of the chickens with antibiotics had neither a positive nor a negative effect on the transfer rates. In addition to the resistance genes located on the integron, resistance genes encoding for tetracycline and amoxicillin resistance transferred from the donor strain as well. The resistance genes and the integron were located on a 130 kb sized IncFIB plasmid. Our data demonstrate in vivo transfer of an IncFIB plasmid harbouring a class 1 integron containing gene cassettes dfrA1-aadA1 from Salmonella to E. coli, with or without selective pressure of antibiotics in chickens.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Conjugation, Genetic; Doxycycline; Escherichia coli; Integrons; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Time Factors; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Colibacillosis is one of the most important diseases in poultry production. The use of antimicrobials remains a therapeutic cornerstone for avian pathogenic

Topics: Amoxicillin; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Doxycycline; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Neomycin; Poultry Diseases; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

To estimate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and Enterococci isolated from duck faeces in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania.. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus isolation rates from ducks faeces were 91 and 100% respectively. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance of E. coli and Enterococcus was 70.3 and 42%, respectively. E. coli resistant to four antibiotics were 28 (30.8%) and showed high resistance to ampicillin (81.3), tetracycline (75.8) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxine (62.3). Multiple antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus were more than 65%. High resistance rates shown by Enterococcus were observed in rifampin (62%), ampicillin (62%) and tetracycline (42%). Almost all farmers (92.3%) left their ducks to scavenge for food around their houses. Antibiotics used in animal treatments were oxytetracyclines, sulfonamides, penicillin dihydrostreptomycin while in humans were tetracycline, ampicillin, and amoxicillin.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asymptomatic Diseases; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ducks; Enterococcus; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Rifampin; Streptococcal Infections; Tanzania; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes airsacculitis, polyserositis, septicemia, and other mainly extraintestinal diseases in chickens, ducks, geese, pigeons, and other avian species, and is responsible for great economic losses in the avian industry. The autoinducer 2 (AI-2) quorum sensing system is widely present in many species of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria and has been proposed to be involved in interspecies communication. In clinical APEC strains, whether or not AI-2 affects the expression of antibiotic-related genes has not been reported. In this study, we have reported that exogenous AI-2 increase the susceptibility of APEC strains to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) in a folate synthesis-dependent pathway but not in the LsrR-dependent manner. Our results further explained that exogenous AI-2 can down regulate the transcription of the folate synthetase encoding genes folA and folC, and the folate synthesis-related genes luxS, metE, and metH. Gel shift assays confirmed that LsrR, the AI-2 receptor, did not bind to the promoters of folA and folC, suggesting that exogenous AI-2 might influence folate metabolism by a feedback inhibition effect but not in the LsrR-dependent pathway. This study might provide further information in the search for potential drug targets for prophylaxis of avian colibacillosis and for auxiliary antibiotics in the treatment of avian colibacillosis.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Columbidae; Ducks; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Folic Acid; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Homoserine; Lactones; Methyltransferases; Poultry Diseases; Quorum Sensing; Repressor Proteins; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

We investigated the impact of the hatchery practice of administering third-generation cephalosporin (3GC) on the selection and persistence of 3GC-resistant Escherichia coli in poultry. We studied 15 3GC-treated (TB) and 15 non-3GC-treated (NTB) broiler flocks and 12 3GC-treated (TL) and 10 non-3GC-treated (NTL) future layer flocks. Fecal samples from each flock were sampled before arrival on the farm (day 0), on day 2, on day 7, and then twice more. E. coli isolates were isolated on MacConkey agar without antibiotics and screened for 3GC resistance, and any 3GC-resistant E. coli isolates were further analyzed. 3GC-resistant E. coli isolates were found in all 3GC-treated flocks on at least one sampling date. The percentages of 3GC-resistant E. coli isolates were significantly higher in TB (41.5%) than in NTB (19.5%) flocks and in TL (49.5%) than in NTL (24.5%) flocks. In the day 2 samples, more than 80% of the E. coli strains isolated were 3GC resistant. 3GC-resistant E. coli strains were still detected at the end of the follow-up period in 6 out of 27 3GC-treated and 5 out of 25 non-3GC-treated flocks. Many 3GC-resistant E. coli strains were resistant to tetracycline, and there were significant differences in the percentages of resistance to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, streptomycin, or gentamicin between treated and nontreated flocks. blaCTX-M and blaCMY-2 were the most frequently detected genes. These results clearly demonstrated that 3GC-resistant strains are introduced early in flocks and that the use of 3GC in hatcheries promotes the selection of 3GC-resistant E. coli. Measures must be implemented to avoid the spread and selection of 3GC-resistant strains.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Cephalosporins; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry Diseases; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Escherichia coli isolates (n=438) from six different broiler chicken flocks (all in, all out) with known consumption of antimicrobials were investigated for their antimicrobial resistance and the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) phenotypes. E. coli were isolated from chicken at the third and fifth week of age and tested for antimicrobial resistance during the course of fattening. Resistance to sulfamethoxazole+trimethoprim, which was used in four flocks within the first days of life, decreased significantly in all six flocks between the third and fifth week of broiler chicken's life (mean 65.9% vs. 54.3%). By contrast, resistance to spectinomycin increased significantly in all six flocks within the same period (mean 36.1% vs. 57.0%); doxycycline resistance increased significantly in five of six flocks (mean 19.2% vs. 41.7%), although both substances were not used for treatment. Of the sulfonamide resistance genes sul1, sul2, and sul3, sul2 was most frequently found (up to 60%). The prevalence of sul2 increased significantly between weeks 3 and 5, if the chicken were treated with sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim in the first days of life. If sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim was not used, then the prevalence of sul2 decreased significantly in the same period. The prevalence of sul1+qacEΔ1 (classical class 1 integrons) was significantly higher in E. coli from sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim-treated flocks (9.63%), compared to untreated flocks (2.92%). The detection of phenotypes that potentially indicate plasmid-borne AmpC-β-lactamases was inversely associated with sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim treatment. ESBL phenotypes were found without selective enrichment in four of six flocks. Of all isolated E. coli, 1.8% (n=8) had an ESBL phenotype. ESBL strains differed in their accompanying resistances and/or enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences. In conclusion, clonal dissemination seems not to be a major cause of ESBL detection on a chicken farm with all-in all-out production mode.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Chickens; DNA, Intergenic; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Proteins; Integrons; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases; Protein Isoforms; Spectinomycin; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Campylobacter jejuni antibiotic resistance is rising with a variable geographical pattern; but there is limited data from the Arabian Gulf region. We assessed the sensitivity of human (117) and chicken (33) C. jejuni isolates to erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole by agar dilution, disc diffusion and the E test. Only 2 human isolates were resistant to erythromycin. In contrast, over 80% of chicken and human isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. A significantly higher proportion of chicken isolates than human isolates were resistant to tetracycline, with much higher MIC(50) values (P < 0.001). The MIC(90) for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole by agar dilution was 40 microg/ml. Comparison of the results of the agar dilution method and E test showed 1 major disagreement and 8 minor disagreements for erythromycin, 4 major disagreements for ciprofloxacin and 23 disagreements for tetracycline (19 were major disagreements). This was the first study to describe the pattern of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter isolates in this region; the results indicate a high degree of erythromycin sensitivity that validates the continued use of this agent as a first-line therapy for Campylobacter enteritis. These findings have wide implications because of the large, highly mobile expatriate population in this setting. In addition, the correlation between agar dilution and disc diffusion supports the use of the latter as an alternative susceptibility testing method for Campylobacter.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Campylobacter Infections; Campylobacter jejuni; Chickens; Ciprofloxacin; Colony Count, Microbial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry Diseases; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

The apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum has not been much studied from the veterinary standpoint. Although it causes malaria in domesticated chickens, no effective drugs appear to be commercially available. A mixture of trimethoprim and sulphaquinoxaline (TMP/SQX, ratio 1:3), with a wide spectrum of activity against bacteria and coccidia, is here shown to be also efficacious against blood-induced P. gallinaceum malaria when administered therapeutically in the feed of chickens for 5-day periods, beginning on the day before infection, or on the day of infection, or up to four days after infection. Chickens were protected against mortality and reduction of weight gain. Three other criteria of efficacy, which showed good correlation with each other and also with the two commercial performance criteria, were the production of green diarrhoea (due to biliverdin), parasitaemia and reduced haematocrit values. When TMP/SQX treatments were initiated sooner than five days after infection, parasites were almost entirely eliminated from the blood, whereas treatments initiated later than four days after infection failed to protect birds against clinical disease. Birds protected by TMP/SQX against primary infection with P. gallinaceum were immune to clinical malaria when exposed to a severe blood-induced challenge of P. gallinaceum 28 days later.

Topics: Animals; Antimalarials; Chickens; Diarrhea; Hematocrit; Malaria, Avian; Male; Parasitemia; Plasmodium gallinaceum; Poultry Diseases; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Salmonella Hadar, Salmonella Brancaster and Salmonella Enteritidis are the main Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovars isolated from poultry in Senegal. Our objective was to analyse the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antibioresistance patterns of strains belonging to these serovars and to assess the significance of broiler-chicken meat as a source of human infection.. A total of 142 Salmonella isolates were analysed: 79 were isolated from Senegalese patients with sporadic diarrhoea (11 S. Hadar, nine S. Brancaster and 59 S. Enteritidis) and 63 from poultry (30 S. Hadar, 17 S. Brancaster and 16 S. Enteritidis). The PFGE of XbaI- and SpeI-digested chromosomal DNA gave 20 distinct profiles for S. Hadar, nine for S. Brancaster and 22 for S. Enteritidis. Each serovar was characterized by a major pulsotype which was X3S1 in 42% of S. Hadar, X8S1 in 53.8% of S. Brancaster and X1S2 in 43% of S. Enteritidis isolates. Human and poultry isolates of Salmonella had common PFGE patterns. Antibiosensitivity tests showed multiresistance (more than two drugs) was encountered in 14.5% of S. Hadar and in 5% of S. Enteritidis isolates. Resistance to quinolones was considered to be of particular importance and 14.5% of S. Hadar isolates were found to be resistant to nalidixic acid. CONLCUSIONS: The sharing of similar PFGE profiles among isolates from humans and poultry provided indirect evidence of Salmonella transmission from contaminated broiler meat. But most of the Salmonella isolates remained drug sensitive.. Efforts are needed to eliminate Salmonella from poultry meat intended for human consumption. This study has also highlighted the importance of continuous surveillance to monitor antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with animals and humans.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Chickens; Chloramphenicol; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Gentamicins; Humans; Nalidixic Acid; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases; Quinolines; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Senegal; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiosis; Cecum; Chickens; Colony Count, Microbial; Furazolidone; Liver; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Thirty-seven strains of E. coli recovered from cases of septicaemia in chicken were tested for sensitivity to 6 antibiotics. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determinations done on the strains showed resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (septrin) (100%), ampicillin (62.2%), tetracycline (51.4%), kanamycin (13.5%) and gentamicin (2.7%). All were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Conjugation studies showed easy transfer of the resistance factor for septrin to the recipient sensitive strain, K12F-, a 60 megadalton plasmid was transferred in most of the cases (a number of plasmids moved across to K12F- strains). Septrin was chosen as a referral antibiotic because it is used extensively for treating diarrhoeal cases in children in Kenya. The results expressed the possibility of the chicken being the possible source of the septrin resistance gene (plasmid) for humans, and vice versa.

Topics: Ampicillin Resistance; Animals; Chickens; Child; Chloramphenicol; Conjugation, Genetic; Diarrhea; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin Resistance; Kenya; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases; R Factors; Sepsis; Tetracycline Resistance; Trimethoprim Resistance; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

A study was conducted to characterize 318 Salmonella enteritidis strains that were mainly isolated from poultry and their environment in Canada. Biotype, phagetype (PT), plasmid profile (PP), hybridization with a plasmid-derived virulence sequence probe, antibiotic resistance, outer membrane proteins (OMPs), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profiles were determined. Relationships of these properties to one another, and their diagnostic and pathogenic significance were assessed. Biotyping indicated that failure to ferment rhamnose was sometimes useful as a marker for epidemiologically related strains. Phagetyping was the most effective method for subdividing S. enteritidis; it distinguished 12 PTs. Phagetype 13 was occasionally associated with septicemia and mortality in chickens. The strains belonged to 15 PPs. A 36 megadalton (MDa) plasmid was found in 97% of the strains. Only the 36 MDa plasmid hybridized with the probe. Seventeen percent of the strains were drug resistant; all strains were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Thirty-five of 36 strains possessed the same OMP profile, and 36 of 41 strains contained smooth LPS.

Topics: Animals; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bacteriophage Typing; Chickens; Ciprofloxacin; DNA Probes; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Kanamycin Resistance; Lipopolysaccharides; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Plasmids; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enteritidis; Salmonella Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Turkeys; Virulence

Investigations were carried out with a total of 421 broiler birds (four-line Cornish X Plymouth Rock hydbrids) within the age range of 2 days to 5 weeks. Determined was the acute toxicity of the combination sulfadimidine (SDM) + trimetoprim (TMP)--5 + 1 and the water-soluble formula of trimedin following the intraingluvial introduction with week-old birds. LD50 of the combinations SDM+TMP (5+1) was 3980 mg/kg (2780: 5690), and that of trimedin was 2038 mg/kg body mass. The biologic half-life of SDM ranged from 4.77 to 5.34 h, and that of TMP--from 4.81 to 5.71 h at the intraingluvial introduction of the combination SDM+TMP (5+1) at the rate of 0.06 g/kg. Demonstrated were the therapeutic levels of SDM and TMP during the whole period (10 days) of treatment with the combination SDM+TMP (5+1) given with the feed in conc. 500 ppm or at the application of trimedin alone via the drinking water in conc. 0.05%. It was found that trimedin used for 10 days with the drinking water in conc. 0.05 per cent with broilers at the experimental infection with Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum protected about 40 per cent of the birds, the latter remaining, however, carriers of the infection.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Lethal Dose 50; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Sulfamethoxazole; Time Factors; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination