trimethoprim--sulfamethoxazole-drug-combination and Fish-Diseases

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is widely used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacterial pathogens in aquaculture. However, the practice of antibiotic administration can promote the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria and result in a wane in efficacy over time. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of oral treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota of healthy gibel carp and those affected with bacterial enteritis. By using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), the changes in the predominant bacterial communities were directly depicted for the first time. The main findings were (1) Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the predominant phyla in the healthy gibel carp intestine; (2) administration of antibiotics had a more profound impact on the intestinal microflora of healthy fish than of the diseased ones; and (3) Enterobacteriaceae might be one of the major drug-resistant bacteria in the gibel carp intestine. This study provides an insight into the effect of antibiotic treatment on the establishment and colonization of fish GI microbiota and speculates on some possible drug-resistant bacteria.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; Enteritis; Fish Diseases; Gastrointestinal Tract; Goldfish; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

The purpose of this study was to determine whether gilthead sea bream and sea bass treated with combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) differed in terms of physiological and innate immune biomarkers. Fish were exposed to TMP-SMX at 40 ppm concentration for 1 h as a prophylactic usage. Plasma cortisol, glucose, electrolytes (Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, and Mg) as well as plasma lysozyme activity, C-reactive protein (CRP), and ceruloplasmin (Cp) were measured soon after treatment and following 24 and 48 h in normal sea water for recovery. Treatment with TMP-SMX in both gilthead sea bream and sea bass led to an increase in plasma cortisol and glucose. Fluctuations in some electrolytes were found after treatment and during recovery period, however, the ratios of monovalent ions in treated sea bream were similar to control. Hematocrit values as well as plasma lysozyme activity in gilthead sea bream and sea bass were not affected by the treatment. CRP in gilthead sea bream and Cp in sea bass responded to the treatment with decreased levels. Both gilthead sea bream and sea bass displayed a rapid physiological stress response and sensitivity to TMP-SMX exposure, which requires more than 48-h period for regaining homeostasis.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bass; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Fish Diseases; Hydrocortisone; Immunity, Innate; Sea Bream; Stress, Physiological; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

A 33-year-old fish fancier developed a protracted skin infection that ultimately was found to be caused by Mycobacterium marinum. The organism was isolated from the lesion as well as from infected fish taken from his home aquarium. The lesion resolved after a six-week course of oral sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Forty-four additional cases of culture-proved M marinum skin infections acquired from aquariums and reported in the English-language literature are reviewed. Almost universally, the lesions remained circumscribed and were either single nodular (14 patients) or multiple sporotrichoid (31 patients). Diagnosis was supported by acid-fast smears (15 patients) and isolation of the organism from skin lesions (43 patients) or from fish (two cases). In vitro studies, as well as clinical outcomes, suggest sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim or ethambutol hydrochloride plus rifampin to be the drugs of choice.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Combinations; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Hand Dermatoses; Hobbies; Humans; Male; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Sulfamethoxazole; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination