trihexyphenidyl and Adult-Onset Dystonias studies

Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Trihexyphenidyl significantly improved dystonia, motor function and development in children with dystonic cerebral palsy in this study."	8.31	Trihexyphenidyl in young children with dystonic cerebral palsy: A single arm study. ( Das, B; Juneja, M; Khanna, R; Khosla, M; Mishra, D; Rajkumar, L; Sairam, S; Ventatakrishnan, A, 2023)
"We report 2 uncomplicated pregnancies in 1 woman with early-onset, sporadic, primary generalized dystonia (DYT1 negative) treated with high dosage trihexyphenidyl and review the literature on antidystonic agents and pregnancy."	7.77	Exposure to high dosage trihexyphenidyl during pregnancy for treatment of generalized dystonia: case report and literature review. ( Reich, SG; Robottom, BJ, 2011)
"Severe dystonia was presented in late stage of this disease."	5.56	Trihexyphenidyl for treatment of dystonia in ataxia telangiectasia: a case report. ( Jia, Y; Li, M; Qi, X; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zhang, L, 2020)
"Trihexyphenidyl significantly improved dystonia, motor function and development in children with dystonic cerebral palsy in this study."	4.31	Trihexyphenidyl in young children with dystonic cerebral palsy: A single arm study. ( Das, B; Juneja, M; Khanna, R; Khosla, M; Mishra, D; Rajkumar, L; Sairam, S; Ventatakrishnan, A, 2023)
"Trihexyphenidyl (THP), a non-selective muscarinic receptor (mAChR) antagonist, is commonly used for the treatment of dystonia associated with TOR1A, otherwise known as DYT1 dystonia."	4.12	Blockade of M4 muscarinic receptors on striatal cholinergic interneurons normalizes striatal dopamine release in a mouse model of TOR1A dystonia. ( Donsante, Y; Downs, AM; Hess, EJ; Jinnah, HA, 2022)
"We report 2 uncomplicated pregnancies in 1 woman with early-onset, sporadic, primary generalized dystonia (DYT1 negative) treated with high dosage trihexyphenidyl and review the literature on antidystonic agents and pregnancy."	3.77	Exposure to high dosage trihexyphenidyl during pregnancy for treatment of generalized dystonia: case report and literature review. ( Reich, SG; Robottom, BJ, 2011)
"The majority (84%) had focal dystonia, most frequently cervical dystonia and blepharospasm."	2.66	Patient-reported responses to medical treatment in primary dystonia. ( Choi, JH; Jeon, B; Kim, HJ; Kim, R; Park, S; Shin, J; Woo, KA; Yoo, D, 2020)
"Severe dystonia was presented in late stage of this disease."	1.56	Trihexyphenidyl for treatment of dystonia in ataxia telangiectasia: a case report. ( Jia, Y; Li, M; Qi, X; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zhang, L, 2020)
"Examination revealed dystonia of facial muscles every time she chewed but absent during drinking and speaking."	1.46	Chewing-induced facial dystonia: a rare presentation of task-specific dystonia. ( Garg, A; Kumar Rana, K; Kumawat, BL; Sharma, C, 2017)
"Case note review of 278 children with dystonia referred to our service."	1.43	Medication use in childhood dystonia. ( Kaminska, M; Lin, JP; Lumsden, DE; Tomlin, S, 2016)
"Here, we present a novel case of focal dystonia of a 51 years old right-handed woman who had developed difficulty in writing and performing fine motor tasks."	1.39	Focal dystonia of right hand with mirror movements upon use of left arm. ( Athar, A; Rana, AQ, 2013)
"DYT16 is an autosomal recessive dystonia-parkinsonism due to putative mutations at PRKRA gene."	1.38	DYT16: the original cases. ( Camargos, S; Cardoso, F; Lees, AJ; Singleton, A, 2012)

Research

Studies (18)

Authors

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Change in Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	2 (11.11)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	1 (5.56)	29.6817
2010's	11 (61.11)	24.3611
2020's	4 (22.22)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Downs, AM	1
Donsante, Y	1
Jinnah, HA	1
Hess, EJ	1
Rajkumar, L	1
Ventatakrishnan, A	1
Sairam, S	1
Khosla, M	1
Khanna, R	1
Das, B	1
Mishra, D	1
Juneja, M	1
Zhang, L	1
Jia, Y	1
Qi, X	1
Li, M	1
Wang, S	1
Wang, Y	1
Woo, KA	1
Kim, HJ	1
Yoo, D	1
Choi, JH	1
Shin, J	1
Park, S	1
Kim, R	1
Jeon, B	1
Sharma, C	1
Kumawat, BL	1
Garg, A	1
Kumar Rana, K	1
Patel, AS	1
Sulica, L	1
Frucht, SJ	1
Rana, AQ	1
Athar, A	1
van Vugt, FT	1
Boullet, L	1
Jabusch, HC	2
Altenmüller, E	2
Lumsden, DE	1
Kaminska, M	1
Tomlin, S	1
Lin, JP	2
Gika, AD	1
Hughes, E	1
Goyal, S	1
Sparkes, M	1
Verma, A	1
Yadav, R	1
Robottom, BJ	1
Reich, SG	1
Suzuki, K	1
Takano, M	1
Hashimoto, K	1
Numao, A	1
Nakamura, T	1
Sakuta, H	1
Hirata, K	1
Camargos, S	1
Lees, AJ	1
Singleton, A	1
Cardoso, F	1
BURNS, C	1
CORNER, BD	1
Baik, JS	1
Park, JH	1
Kim, JY	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Randomized, Cross Over Pilot Study Of The Efficacy And Tolerability Of Incobotulinum Toxin A (Xeomin®) As A Treatment For Focal Task-Specific Dystonia Of The Musician's Hand[NCT02107261]	Phase 2	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Completed
A Placebo-controlled, Double-blind, Randomized, Cross Over Pilot Study of the Efficacy and Tolerability of Abobotulinum Toxin A (Dysport) as a Treatment for Task-dependent Upper Limb Tremor[NCT03136341]	Phase 4	25 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-12-04	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Patient reported outcomes measured by questionnaires that address adverse events and the impact of quality of life using the perceived stress scale. A 10-item questionnaire, each item scored 0 (never) to 4 (very often), full scale from 0-40, with higher score indicating higher perceived stress. the more often the person perceives stress Change in PSS at week 8 compared to baseline (NCT02107261)
Timeframe: baseline and at 8 weeks

Change in Medical Research Council (MRC) Scale

Intervention	score on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-1.429
XEOMIN	-0.5031

"Motor strength using a dynamometer of the finger/wrist/elbow flexors to document any treatment induced weakness.~Scale from 0-4, higher score indicates poorer health outcomes." (NCT02107261)
Timeframe: baseline and at 8 weeks

Change in Motor Strength Comparison

Intervention	score on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
	Right FDP dig 2	R Lumb dig 4
Placebo	0.07	-0.013
XEOMIN	-0.087	-0.1190

"Motor strength tested using a dynamometer to document any weakness the treatment may produce as compared to the baseline visit and 8 weeks.~Dynamometer (DYN) - is a mechanical device that measures the pounds of force that a muscle exerts, Grip - a device that measures grip strength, and finger flexors digit 2 and 3 (FF d2-3). These measures are the amount of lbs of force exert. The higher number is the highest exerted out of 3 tries." (NCT02107261)
Timeframe: baseline and at 8 weeks

Physician Global Perception of Change - Blinded Rater 1

Intervention	lbs of force exert (Least Squares Mean)
	DYN pnch 4 max	DYN pnch 4 avg	DYN pnch 3 max	DYN pnch 3 Avg	Grip max	Grip avg	FF D2-3
Placebo	0.679	1.065	0.5570	1.1440	3.084	4.944	19.526
XEOMIN	-3.037	-2.323	-2.905	-2.2	-25.04	-22.172	-4.423

The principal outcome measure was improvement in musical performance, measured by blinded rater, using physician global perception of change at post treatment compared to at 8 weeks. Categories are very much improved, much improved, minimal improved, no change, and minimal worse. (NCT02107261)
Timeframe: at visit 4 (week 8)

Physician Global Perception of Change - Blinded Rater 2

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Very much improved	Much Improved	Minimally Improved	No Change	Minimally Worse
Incobotulinum Toxin Injection	1	4	3	0	1
Placebo	1	1	3	3	3

Rating of Overall Musical Performance - Blinded Rater 1

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Very much improved	Much Improved	Minimal Improved	No Change	Minimal Worse
Incobotulinum Toxin Injection	0	2	5	1	1
Placebo	0	1	4	3	3

"Rating of overall musical performance based on comparison to baseline video at week 8.~Rating from +3, very much improved to -3, very much worse. Higher score indicates more improvement." (NCT02107261)
Timeframe: baseline and at 8 weeks

Rating of Overall Musical Performance - Blinded Rater 2

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	+3 Very much improved	+2 Much improved	+1 Minimally improved	0 No change	-1 Minimal worse	-2 Much worse	-3 Very much worse
Placebo	0	2	0	5	4	0	0
XEOMIN	1	2	3	2	1	0	0

"Rating of overall musical performance based on comparison to baseline video at week 8.~Best Overall Musical Performance on 7 point scale from +3 Very much improved to -3 Very much worse. Higher score indicates more improvement." (NCT02107261)
Timeframe: baseline and week 8

Article	Year
Patient-reported responses to medical treatment in primary dystonia. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia, 2020, Volume: 75 Topics: Baclofen; Benzodiazepines; Dystonic Disorders; Female; Humans; Levodopa; Male; Medical Records; Pati	2020
Focal dystonia in musicians: phenomenology, pathophysiology, triggering factors, and treatment. Medical problems of performing artists, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Drug Therapy, Combination; Dystonic Disorders; Education, Professional, Re	2010
Focal dystonia in musicians: phenomenology, pathophysiology, triggering factors, and treatment. Medical problems of performing artists, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Drug Therapy, Combination; Dystonic Disorders; Education, Professional, Re	2010
Focal dystonia in musicians: phenomenology, pathophysiology, triggering factors, and treatment. Medical problems of performing artists, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Drug Therapy, Combination; Dystonic Disorders; Education, Professional, Re	2010
Focal dystonia in musicians: phenomenology, pathophysiology, triggering factors, and treatment. Medical problems of performing artists, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Drug Therapy, Combination; Dystonic Disorders; Education, Professional, Re	2010

Article	Year
Blockade of M4 muscarinic receptors on striatal cholinergic interneurons normalizes striatal dopamine release in a mouse model of TOR1A dystonia. Neurobiology of disease, 2022, 06-15, Volume: 168 Topics: Animals; Cholinergic Agents; Corpus Striatum; Disease Models, Animal; Dopamine; Dopamine Agents; Dys	2022
Trihexyphenidyl in young children with dystonic cerebral palsy: A single arm study. Journal of pediatric rehabilitation medicine, 2023, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Cerebral Palsy; Child; Child, Preschool; Dystonia; Dystonic Disorders; Humans; Infant; Motor Skills;	2023
Trihexyphenidyl for treatment of dystonia in ataxia telangiectasia: a case report. Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, 2020, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: Ataxia Telangiectasia; Child; Dystonia; Dystonic Disorders; Humans; Male; Mutation; Phenotype; Trihe	2020
Chewing-induced facial dystonia: a rare presentation of task-specific dystonia. BMJ case reports, 2017, Jul-17, Volume: 2017 Topics: Dystonia; Dystonic Disorders; Face; Facial Muscles; Female; Humans; Mastication; Middle Aged; Tetrab	2017
Velopharyngeal Dystonia: An Unusual Focal Task-specific Dystonia? Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.), 2017, Volume: 7 Topics: Adult; Cholinergic Antagonists; Dystonic Disorders; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Speech Disord	2017
Focal dystonia of right hand with mirror movements upon use of left arm. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP, 2013, Volume: 23, Issue:5 Topics: Dystonic Disorders; Female; Hand; Humans; Middle Aged; Treatment Outcome; Trihexyphenidyl	2013
Musician's dystonia in pianists: long-term evaluation of retraining and other therapies. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 2014, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Adult; Antiparkinson Agents; Botulinum Toxins, Type A; Dystonic Disorders; Fema	2014
Medication use in childhood dystonia. European journal of paediatric neurology : EJPN : official journal of the European Paediatric Neurology Society, 2016, Volume: 20, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Antiparkinson Agents; Baclofen; Child; Chloral Hydrate; Cohort Studies; Diazepam; Drug-R	2016
Trihexyphenidyl for acute life-threatening episodes due to a dystonic movement disorder in Rett syndrome. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2010, Feb-15, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Antiparkinson Agents; Child; Dystonic Disorders; Electrocardiography; Electroencephalogr	2010
Isolated lingual dystonia : responding to anticholinergic treatment. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2011, Volume: 59 Topics: Adult; Cholinergic Antagonists; Dystonic Disorders; Female; Humans; Speech; Tongue; Tongue Diseases;	2011
Exposure to high dosage trihexyphenidyl during pregnancy for treatment of generalized dystonia: case report and literature review. The neurologist, 2011, Volume: 17, Issue:6 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antiparkinson Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Dystonic Disorders; Female; Humans	2011
Computer mouse-related dystonia: a novel presentation of task-specific dystonia. Journal of neurology, 2012, Volume: 259, Issue:10 Topics: Aged; Clonazepam; Computers; Cumulative Trauma Disorders; Dystonia; Dystonic Disorders; GABA Antagon	2012
DYT16: the original cases. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2012, Volume: 83, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age of Onset; Anti-Dyskinesia Agents; Antiparkinson Agents; Baclofen; Biperiden;	2012
Clumsy children. British medical journal, 1963, Jan-26, Volume: 1, Issue:5325 Topics: Child; Conversion Disorder; Dystonia Musculorum Deformans; Dystonic Disorders; Genetic Diseases, X-L	1963
Dystonia musculorum deformans in siblings; treated with artane (trihexyphenidyl). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1952, Volume: 45, Issue:7 Topics: Dystonia Musculorum Deformans; Dystonic Disorders; Genetic Diseases, X-Linked; Humans; Siblings; Tri	1952
Primary lingual dystonia induced by speaking. Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 2004, Volume: 19, Issue:10 Topics: Antiparkinson Agents; Dystonic Disorders; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Speech; Tongue; Trihexyphenid	2004

trihexyphenidyl and Adult-Onset Dystonias