tretinoin and Influenza-in-Birds

The H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is a low pathogenic AIV that infects avian species and lead to huge economical losses in the poultry industry. The unique immunomodulatory properties of Retinoic acid (RA), an active component of vitamin A, highlights its potential to enhance chicken's resistance to infectious diseases and perhaps vaccine-induced immunity. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effects of in ovo supplementation of RA on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an inactivated avian influenza virus vaccine. On embryonic day 18, eggs were inoculated with either 90 μmol RA/200 μL/egg or diluent into the amniotic sac. On days 7 and 21 post-hatch, birds were vaccinated with 15 μg of β-propiolactone (BPL) inactivated H9N2 virus via the intramuscular route. One group received BPL in combination with an adjuvant, while the other group received saline solution and served as a non-vaccinated control group. Serum samples were collected on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 post-primary vaccination (ppv) for antibody analysis. On day 24 ppv, spleens were collected, and splenocytes were isolated to analyze cytokine expression, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production, and cell population. On day 28 ppv, birds in all groups were infected with H9N2 virus and oral and cloacal swabs were collected for TCID

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Chickens; Immunity, Cellular; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype; Influenza in Birds; Influenza Vaccines; Tretinoin; Vaccines, Inactivated