tolazoline has been researched along with ACD-MPV in 42 studies
Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.
Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
---|---|---|
"The effects of two doses of tolazoline have been compared in 2 groups of newborns suffering from the persistent fetal circulation syndrome." | 7.67 | Treatment of persistent fetal circulation syndrome of the newborn. Comparison of different doses of tolazoline. ( Dubruc, C; Monin, P; Morselli, PL; Vert, P, 1987) |
"Gastric ulcerations were observed in an infant with persistent foetal circulation treated with tolazoline." | 7.67 | Perforating gastric ulceration during tolazoline therapy for persistent foetal circulation. ( von Mühlendahl, KE, 1988) |
"The combined application of Tolazoline and Dopamine for the treatment of the persistent fetal circulation syndrome showed that Dopamine prevented the most common side effects of Tolazoline i." | 7.66 | [Tolazoline and dopamine in the treatment of the persistent fetal circulation syndrome]. ( Csömör, S; Kiszel, J; Machay, T; Seri, I; Téglás, E; Tulassay, TL, 1983) |
"Gastric hypersecretion following administration of tolazoline resulted in severe hypochloremic alkalosis in an infant with persistent fetal circulation." | 7.66 | Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis following tolazoline-induced gastric hypersecretion. ( Adams, JM; Hyde, WH; Procianoy, RS; Rudolph, AJ, 1980) |
"A newborn was treated with tolazoline for persistent pulmonary hypertension." | 3.68 | [Interaction of tolazoline and cimetidine in persistent fetal circulation of the newborn infant]. ( Hanssler, L; Roll, C, 1993) |
"The effects of two doses of tolazoline have been compared in 2 groups of newborns suffering from the persistent fetal circulation syndrome." | 3.67 | Treatment of persistent fetal circulation syndrome of the newborn. Comparison of different doses of tolazoline. ( Dubruc, C; Monin, P; Morselli, PL; Vert, P, 1987) |
"Gastric ulcerations were observed in an infant with persistent foetal circulation treated with tolazoline." | 3.67 | Perforating gastric ulceration during tolazoline therapy for persistent foetal circulation. ( von Mühlendahl, KE, 1988) |
"The combined application of Tolazoline and Dopamine for the treatment of the persistent fetal circulation syndrome showed that Dopamine prevented the most common side effects of Tolazoline i." | 3.66 | [Tolazoline and dopamine in the treatment of the persistent fetal circulation syndrome]. ( Csömör, S; Kiszel, J; Machay, T; Seri, I; Téglás, E; Tulassay, TL, 1983) |
"There were 47 seriously-ill neonates with medical causes of respiratory distress and 10 infants with severe respiratory distress secondary to a congenital diaphragmatic hernia treated with tolazoline according to a strict protocol designed to manage persistent fetal circulation (PFC)." | 3.66 | An analysis of tolazoline therapy in the critically-ill neonate. ( Bryson, CQ; Bull, MJ; Gresham, EL; Grosfeld, JL; Lemons, JA; Schreiner, RL; Stevens, DC; Weber, TR, 1980) |
" The clinical appearance of these six neonates included respiratory distress, cyanosis, and/or apnea." | 3.66 | beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection appearing as persistent fetal circulation. ( Desai, R; Farooki, ZQ; Shankaran, S, 1982) |
"Gastric hypersecretion following administration of tolazoline resulted in severe hypochloremic alkalosis in an infant with persistent fetal circulation." | 3.66 | Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis following tolazoline-induced gastric hypersecretion. ( Adams, JM; Hyde, WH; Procianoy, RS; Rudolph, AJ, 1980) |
"Tolazoline did not lower AaDO2 and OI values, but MABP dropped significantly." | 2.67 | Persistent pulmonary hypertension in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients: incidence and vasodilator therapy. ( Bos, AP; Hazebroek, FW; Koot, VC; Molenaar, JC; Tibboel, D, 1993) |
"Tolazoline has always been administered to infants suffering refractory hypoxemia, but, unfortunately, pulmonary hypertension has not usually been investigated." | 2.38 | Vasodilators in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a need for optimal appraisal of efficacy. ( Françoise, M; Gouyon, JB, 1992) |
"In nine critically ill neonates with persistent fetal circulation, femoral venous catheters were inserted at the bedside to initiate treatment and provide venous access." | 1.28 | Pulmonary artery catheter placement with two-dimensional echocardiographic guidance: a technique applicable in critically ill neonates. ( Hagler, DJ; Yoshizato, T, 1989) |
"Two infants had undergone repair of a diaphragmatic hernia and the third had correction of a tracheoesophageal fistula." | 1.27 | Persistent fetal circulation in neonates postoperatively: the value of manual ventilation. ( Gaulin, P; Rubin, SZ, 1983) |
"Tolazoline was given to 14 infants of whom ten showed an improvement in oxygenation; dopamine was given to three infants who were oliguric." | 1.27 | Management of infants with severe respiratory failure and persistence of the fetal circulation, without hyperventilation. ( James, E; James, LS; Kilchevsky, E; Wung, JT, 1985) |
"Twenty-two cases of diaphragmatic hernia, presenting from 1978 to 1982, were reviewed." | 1.27 | Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and the management of persistent foetal circulation. ( Fong, LV; Pemberton, PJ, 1985) |
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 33 (78.57) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 7 (16.67) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 2 (4.76) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 0 (0.00) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
---|---|
Hartigan, D | 1 |
Ostrea, EM | 1 |
Villanueva-Uy, ET | 1 |
Natarajan, G | 1 |
Uy, HG | 1 |
Seri, I | 2 |
Tulassay, T | 1 |
Kiszel, J | 2 |
Machay, T | 2 |
Lipták, M | 1 |
Csömör, S | 2 |
Beachy, P | 1 |
Powers, LK | 1 |
Ward, RM | 1 |
Gaulin, P | 1 |
Rubin, SZ | 1 |
Drummond, WH | 1 |
Kulik, TJ | 1 |
Lock, JE | 1 |
Ihara, K | 1 |
Maeda, S | 1 |
Otani, M | 1 |
Sasako, Y | 1 |
Kinoshita, M | 1 |
Nakaba, H | 1 |
Takao, T | 1 |
Miyagawa, S | 1 |
Kashii, H | 1 |
Shiga, S | 1 |
Philips, JB | 1 |
Lyrene, RK | 1 |
Liao, MF | 1 |
Liang, IS | 1 |
Tsao, LY | 1 |
Eitzman, DV | 1 |
Tulassay, TL | 1 |
Téglás, E | 1 |
Sevat, MH | 1 |
Cats, BP | 2 |
Wolters, WG | 1 |
Wagenaar-Schwencke, PM | 1 |
Sumner, E | 1 |
Frank, JD | 1 |
Stevens, DC | 1 |
Schreiner, RL | 1 |
Bull, MJ | 1 |
Bryson, CQ | 1 |
Lemons, JA | 1 |
Gresham, EL | 1 |
Grosfeld, JL | 1 |
Weber, TR | 1 |
Shankaran, S | 1 |
Farooki, ZQ | 1 |
Desai, R | 1 |
Wiener, ES | 1 |
Wille, L | 1 |
Ulmer, HE | 1 |
Obladen, M | 1 |
Bloss, RS | 1 |
Aranda, JV | 1 |
Beardmore, HE | 1 |
Easa, D | 1 |
Herrman, K | 1 |
Holt, D | 1 |
Valdes-Cruz, LM | 1 |
Dudell, GG | 1 |
Ferrara, A | 1 |
Adams, JM | 1 |
Hyde, WH | 1 |
Procianoy, RS | 1 |
Rudolph, AJ | 1 |
Gerards, LJ | 1 |
van Ertbruggen, I | 1 |
Senders, RC | 1 |
Lassaletta, L | 1 |
Ros, Z | 1 |
Queizán, A | 1 |
Benavent, M | 1 |
Cabrera, R | 1 |
Jaureguizar, E | 1 |
Martínez, A | 1 |
Bos, AP | 1 |
Tibboel, D | 1 |
Koot, VC | 1 |
Hazebroek, FW | 1 |
Molenaar, JC | 1 |
Curtis, J | 1 |
O'Neill, JT | 1 |
Pettett, G | 1 |
Roll, C | 1 |
Hanssler, L | 1 |
Cooper, MJ | 1 |
Zukin, T | 1 |
Huang, CB | 1 |
Huang, SC | 1 |
Kusuda, S | 1 |
Shishida, N | 1 |
Miyagi, N | 1 |
Hirabayashi, M | 1 |
Kim, TJ | 1 |
Naujoks, S | 1 |
Guignard, JP | 1 |
Bucher, HU | 1 |
Arbenz, U | 1 |
Bucher, A | 1 |
Gouyon, JB | 1 |
Françoise, M | 1 |
Yoshizato, T | 1 |
Hagler, DJ | 1 |
Monin, P | 1 |
Dubruc, C | 1 |
Vert, P | 1 |
Morselli, PL | 1 |
Noerr, B | 1 |
von Mühlendahl, KE | 1 |
Tiefenbrunn, LJ | 1 |
Riemenschneider, TA | 1 |
Meadow, W | 1 |
Benn, A | 1 |
Giardini, N | 1 |
Hageman, J | 1 |
Berger, S | 1 |
Watchko, JF | 1 |
Wung, JT | 1 |
James, LS | 1 |
Kilchevsky, E | 1 |
James, E | 1 |
Fong, LV | 1 |
Pemberton, PJ | 1 |
Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TOTAL TRIAL: Randomized Trial of Fetoscopic Endoluminal Tracheal Occlusion (FETO) Versus Expectant Management During Pregnancy in Fetuses With Left-Sided and Isolated Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia and Moderate Pulmonary Hypoplasia[NCT02875860] | Phase 2 | 5 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-01-31 | Completed | ||
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] |
How many days from birth until the surgery is performed to repair the defect. (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: From the time of birth until discharge from the NICU
Intervention | days (Median) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 1 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 2.5 |
The number of days until full enteral feeding (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: At hospital discharge, an average of 1.5 months
Intervention | days (Median) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 27 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 29.5 |
Need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the neonatal period (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: Neonatal period (during the first 4 weeks of life)
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 1 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 2 |
Presence of reflux above 1/3 of esophagus on clinically indicated radiologic exam (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: At the time of discharge from the NICU, an average of 1.5 months
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 1 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 0 |
Measured as presence in neonate during first month by MRI and/or ultrasound. (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: During first month of life
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 0 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 0 |
As measured by presence in medical record (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: During the first 4 weeks of life (neonatal period)
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 1 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 0 |
Length of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit measured in days (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: At the time of discharge from the NICU, an average of 1.5 months
Intervention | days (Median) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 39 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 53 |
As measured by presence in medical record ≤ 2 months postnatally by ultrasound (yes/no) (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: During first 2 months of life
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 0 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 0 |
Occurrence of severe pulmonary hypertension in the neonatal period. (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: During the first 4 weeks of life (neonatal period).
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 2 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 2 |
The number of survivors requiring supplemental oxygen at 6 months of age (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: At 6 months of age
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 1 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 1 |
The null hypothesis to be tested is that there is no difference in survival between fetuses managed expectantly during pregnancy versus those undergoing antenatal therapy (FETO). (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: At hospital discharge, an average of 1.5 months
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 1 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 3 |
Postnatal grade classification presence of grade III or higher using standardized system (yes/no) (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: At the time of discharge from the NICU, an average of 1.5 months
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 0 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 0 |
The number of participants that survived to 24 months of age (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: At 24 months of age
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 1 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 3 |
The number of participants who had a patch used in the repair of the CDH defect. (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: At the time of the surgical repair postnatally, up to 3 days postnatal
Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 2 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 2 |
Length of time participants required ventilator support measured in days. (NCT02875860)
Timeframe: During the first 4 weeks of life (neonatal period)
Intervention | days (Median) |
---|---|
Standardized Postnatal Care (Expectant) | 18 |
Prenatal Intervention (FETO) | 21 |
6 reviews available for tolazoline and ACD-MPV
Article | Year |
---|---|
Is nebulised tolazoline an effective treatment for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn?
Topics: Antihypertensive Agents; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infusions, Intravenous; Nebuliz | 2003 |
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: pathogenesis, etiology, and management.
Topics: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome; | 2006 |
Pharmacology of tolazoline.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Animals; Cardiovascular System; Child; Child, Preschool; Guinea Pigs; Half-Life; | 1984 |
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the neonate (persistent fetal circulation syndrome).
Topics: Acetylcholine; Calcium; Catecholamines; Epoprostenol; Homeostasis; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; | 1983 |
Vasodilators in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a need for optimal appraisal of efficacy.
Topics: Epoprostenol; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Nitric Oxide; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome; Tolazoli | 1992 |
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
Topics: Animals; Cardiomyopathies; Catheterization; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Models, Animal; Dobutam | 1986 |
2 trials available for tolazoline and ACD-MPV
Article | Year |
---|---|
[Tolazoline and dopamine in the management of persistent fetal circulation].
Topics: Blood Circulation; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dopamine; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; | 1984 |
Persistent pulmonary hypertension in high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients: incidence and vasodilator therapy.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Combined Modality Therapy; Epoprostenol; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Hernias, Diaphragmat | 1993 |
34 other studies available for tolazoline and ACD-MPV
Article | Year |
---|---|
Nursing care of the infant with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
Topics: Dopamine; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Intermittent Positive-Pressure Br | 1984 |
Persistent fetal circulation in neonates postoperatively: the value of manual ventilation.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infant, Newborn; Infant, | 1983 |
Pulmonary vasodilator therapy in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Aminopyridines; Amrinone; Bradykinin; Chlorpromazine; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Isopro | 1984 |
[A survival case of persistent fetal circulation following surgery of diaphragmatic hernia by ligature of the ductus arteriosus].
Topics: Ductus Arteriosus; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; Humans; Infant, Newbor | 1984 |
Persistent pulmonary hypertension and prostaglandin D2.
Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Drug Industry; Female; Fetal Hypoxia; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Persistent F | 1983 |
Tolazoline therapy in newborns with persistent pulmonary hypertension.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome; Tolazoline | 1984 |
[Tolazoline and dopamine in the treatment of the persistent fetal circulation syndrome].
Topics: Dopamine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypotension; Infant, Newborn; Male; Oliguria; P | 1983 |
[Persistent fetal circulation syndrome: long-term clinical and treatment results].
Topics: Child Development; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Intellectual Disability; Male; | 1983 |
Tolazoline in the treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernias.
Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Female; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; Humans; Infant, N | 1981 |
An analysis of tolazoline therapy in the critically-ill neonate.
Topics: Erythema; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; Hu | 1980 |
beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection appearing as persistent fetal circulation.
Topics: Apnea; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Male | 1982 |
Congenital posterolateral diaphragmatic hernia: new dimensions in management.
Topics: Chlorpromazine; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; Humans; Infant, Newborn; | 1982 |
Persistence of fetal circulation in the newborn.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Persisten | 1981 |
Vasodilator response and prediction of survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
Topics: Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Oxygen; Persiste | 1981 |
Management of persistent fetal circulation in a neonate.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome; Respiration, Artificial; Tol | 1981 |
Utility of M-mode echocardiography for early identification of infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
Topics: Echocardiography; Electrocardiography; Heart; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Persistent Fetal Circulation | 1981 |
Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis following tolazoline-induced gastric hypersecretion.
Topics: Alkalosis; Chlorides; Female; Gastric Mucosa; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Persistent Fetal Circulation | 1980 |
[Persistent fetal circulation diagnosed with echocardiographic contrast studies].
Topics: Echocardiography; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome; Tolazoline | 1980 |
[Tolazoline in postoperative period of diaphragmatic hernia (author's transl)].
Topics: Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, | 1980 |
Endotracheal administration of tolazoline in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cardiac Output; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infusions, Intravenous; Intubati | 1993 |
[Interaction of tolazoline and cimetidine in persistent fetal circulation of the newborn infant].
Topics: Blood Pressure; Cimetidine; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Interactions; Heart Rate; Humans; | 1993 |
Tolazoline-assisted Doppler echocardiography confirming normal pulmonary venous return in a neonate with severe persistent pulmonary hypertension.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; Humans | 1995 |
Caution with use of cimetidine in tolazoline induced upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
Topics: Cimetidine; Drug Interactions; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Histamine H2 Antagonists; Humans; Infant | 1996 |
Cerebral blood flow during treatment for pulmonary hypertension.
Topics: Alkalosis, Respiratory; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Nitric Oxide; Per | 1999 |
Renal effects of tolazoline in rabbits.
Topics: Animals; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Kidney; Persistent Fetal Circulation S | 1979 |
tcPO2 in pediatric cardiology: application during balloon septostomy, tolazoline administration, and in children with right-to-left shunt.
Topics: Blood Gas Analysis; Cardiac Catheterization; Cyanosis; Female; Heart Septal Defects; Humans; Infant, | 1979 |
Pulmonary artery catheter placement with two-dimensional echocardiographic guidance: a technique applicable in critically ill neonates.
Topics: Cardiac Catheterization; Echocardiography; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Persistent Fetal C | 1989 |
Treatment of persistent fetal circulation syndrome of the newborn. Comparison of different doses of tolazoline.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Carbon Dioxide; Drug Administration Schedule; Half-Life; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ki | 1987 |
Tolazoline HCl (Priscoline).
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome; Tolazoline | 1988 |
Perforating gastric ulceration during tolazoline therapy for persistent foetal circulation.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Peptic Ulcer Perforation; Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome; St | 1988 |
Clinical correlates do not predict PaO2 response after tolazoline administration in hypoxic newborns.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Humans; Hypoxia; Infant, Newborn; Oxygen; Partial Pressure; Persistent Fetal Circula | 1986 |
Persistent pulmonary hypertension in a very low birthweight preterm infant.
Topics: Alprostadil; Dopamine; Female; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, | 1985 |
Management of infants with severe respiratory failure and persistence of the fetal circulation, without hyperventilation.
Topics: Birth Weight; Dopamine; Humans; Hyperventilation; Infant, Newborn; Intubation, Intratracheal; Meconi | 1985 |
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and the management of persistent foetal circulation.
Topics: Female; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; Humans; Hyperventilation; Infant, | 1985 |