Page last updated: 2024-11-06

thyroxine and Ventricular Dysfunction, Left

thyroxine has been researched along with Ventricular Dysfunction, Left in 37 studies

Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.

Ventricular Dysfunction, Left: A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"Improvement in cardiac function has been demonstrated after thyroxine treatment in humans with hypothyroidism using the myocardial performance index (MPI)."7.91Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study. ( Baron Toaldo, M; Berlanda, M; Fracassi, F; Guglielmini, C; Koren, S; Poser, H, 2019)
"Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) with features consistent with both AIT type I (in which thyroid antibodies and nodular goiter are present) and AIT type II (which is not responsive to thionamide therapy and eventually leads to permanent hypothyroidism)."7.74Treatment of amiodarone-associated thyrotoxicosis. ( Franklyn, JA; Gammage, MD, 2007)
"Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) is a challenging management problem, since patients treated with amiodarone invariably have underlying heart disease."7.73Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: left ventricular dysfunction is associated with increased mortality. ( Diamond, T; Lewis, M; O'Sullivan, AJ, 2006)
"Hypothyroidism is associated with intrinsic myocardial changes reflected by alterations in contractility and relaxation."6.71Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function by radionuclide ventriculography at rest and exercise in subclinical hypothyroidism, and its response to L-thyroxine therapy. ( Brenta, G; Fretes, O; Matute, ML; Mutti, LA; Perrone, A; Schnitman, M, 2003)
"Improvement in cardiac function has been demonstrated after thyroxine treatment in humans with hypothyroidism using the myocardial performance index (MPI)."3.91Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study. ( Baron Toaldo, M; Berlanda, M; Fracassi, F; Guglielmini, C; Koren, S; Poser, H, 2019)
"To study the prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and the response of LVDD to L-thyroxine therapy."3.85Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in subclinical hypothyroidism: A case-control study. ( Kaushik, R; Kaushik, RM; Malhotra, Y, 2017)
"Recent data suggest that low triiodothyronine (T3) syndrome may contribute to the pathophysiology of cardiac diseases."3.75[Low T3 syndrome and left ventricular diastolic function]. ( Bianchi, M; Bindi, M; Cassetti, G; Castiglioni, M; Pinelli, M, 2009)
"Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) with features consistent with both AIT type I (in which thyroid antibodies and nodular goiter are present) and AIT type II (which is not responsive to thionamide therapy and eventually leads to permanent hypothyroidism)."3.74Treatment of amiodarone-associated thyrotoxicosis. ( Franklyn, JA; Gammage, MD, 2007)
"Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) is a challenging management problem, since patients treated with amiodarone invariably have underlying heart disease."3.73Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: left ventricular dysfunction is associated with increased mortality. ( Diamond, T; Lewis, M; O'Sullivan, AJ, 2006)
"To study the relationship between the TCM Syndrome Differentiation-types of congestive heart failure (CHF) and thyroid hormones, including triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), as well as cardiac function parameters, including left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), mean velocity of circumferentid fiber shortening (mVcf) and A peak/E peak (A/E)."3.72[Study on relationship among thyroid hormone relativity and Syndrome Differentiation-types of TCM in patients with congestive heart failure]. ( Chen, J; Cheng, X; Gao, XL; Huang, S; Huang, T; Pei, Y; Sheng, L; Shi, D; Wang, L; Yan, X; Yang, A; Zhang, BZ; Zhou, J, 2004)
"Hypothyroidism is associated with intrinsic myocardial changes reflected by alterations in contractility and relaxation."2.71Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function by radionuclide ventriculography at rest and exercise in subclinical hypothyroidism, and its response to L-thyroxine therapy. ( Brenta, G; Fretes, O; Matute, ML; Mutti, LA; Perrone, A; Schnitman, M, 2003)
"Treatment with ivabradine significantly reduced HR and LVESD, improved SRcirc, S long and SRlong in the T4 group, and the average I Ca,L density at 0 mV in T4-Iva groups (9."1.39Heart rate reduction with ivabradine prevents thyroid hormone-induced cardiac remodeling in rat. ( Cho, KI; Han, J; Kim, BH; Kim, IJ; Kim, JY; Kim, N; Kim, SM, 2013)
"How the duration of hypothyroidism affects left ventricular diastolic function is not well-characterized."1.37Acute and chronic hypothyroidism are associated with similar left ventricular diastolic dysfunction relative to the euthyroid state: results of doppler echocardiographic comparisons. ( Benchuga, G; Gauna, A; Marlowe, RJ; Messuti, H; Papadopulos, G; Silva Croome, MC; Viale, F, 2011)
"Pravastatin treatment led to inhibition of Rac-GTPase activity and integrin signaling."1.37Cardiac remodeling caused by transgenic overexpression of a corn Rac gene. ( Abouelnaga, ZA; Alhaj, MA; Awad, MM; Citro, LA; El-Sayed, O; Elnakish, MT; Hassanain, HH; Hassona, MD; Khan, M; Kulkarni, A; Kuppusamy, P; Moldovan, L; Sayyid, M, 2011)
"Degree of heart failure was quantified by plasma B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) and big endothelin."1.33[Association between free thyroxin concentration and degree of heart failure in patients with chronic heart insufficiency]. ( Cech, J; Mayer, O; Pikner, R; Rosolová, H; Simon, J, 2005)
"Acute hypothyroidism was associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, probably due to pre- and afterload alterations rather than to an impaired myocardial contractility."1.32Left ventricular function in acute hypothyroidism: a Doppler echocardiography study. ( Alagona, C; Di Paola, R; Mangiameli, S; Pezzino, V; Regalbuto, C, 2004)

Research

Studies (37)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's2 (5.41)18.2507
2000's13 (35.14)29.6817
2010's19 (51.35)24.3611
2020's3 (8.11)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Guglielmini, C1
Berlanda, M1
Fracassi, F1
Poser, H1
Koren, S1
Baron Toaldo, M1
Bourgeois, A1
Magazzeni, P1
Audibert, G1
Badran, HM1
Faheem, N1
Zidan, A1
Yacoub, MH1
Soltan, G1
Akın, A1
Unal, E1
Yildirim, R1
Ture, M1
Balik, H1
Haspolat, YK1
Ohara, N1
Yoneoka, Y1
Seki, Y1
Akiyama, K1
Arita, M1
Ohashi, K1
Suzuki, K1
Takada, T1
Frenette, AJ1
Williamson, D1
Williams, V1
Lagacé, AM1
Charbonney, E1
Serri, K1
Karavelioglu, Y1
Baran, A1
Karapinar, H1
Küçükdurmaz, Z1
Yilmaz, A1
Hayley, B1
Birnie, D1
Chow, BJ1
Krysicki, M1
Slusarczyk, E1
Popowicz, B1
Jankiewicz-Wika, J1
Klencki, M1
Słowińska-Klencka, D1
Çatli, G1
Kir, M1
Anik, A1
Yilmaz, N1
Böber, E1
Abaci, A1
Shatynska-Mytsyk, I1
Rodrigo, L1
Cioccocioppo, R1
Petrovic, D1
Lakusic, N1
Compostella, L1
Novak, M1
Kruzliak, P1
Elnakish, MT2
Schultz, EJ1
Gearinger, RL1
Saad, NS1
Rastogi, N1
Ahmed, AA1
Mohler, PJ1
Janssen, PM1
Weltman, NY1
Pol, CJ1
Zhang, Y1
Wang, Y1
Koder, A1
Raza, S1
Zucchi, R1
Saba, A1
Colligiani, D1
Gerdes, AM1
Jankauskienė, E1
Orda, P1
Rumbinaitė, E1
Žaliaduonytė-Pekšienė, D1
Steponavičiutė, R1
Krasauskienė, A1
Vaškelytė, JJ1
Bunevičius, R1
Madan, N1
Tiwari, N1
Stampfer, M1
Schubart, U1
Malhotra, Y1
Kaushik, RM1
Kaushik, R1
Cassetti, G1
Pinelli, M1
Bindi, M1
Bianchi, M1
Castiglioni, M1
Gauna, A1
Messuti, H1
Papadopulos, G1
Benchuga, G1
Viale, F1
Marlowe, RJ1
Silva Croome, MC1
Awad, MM1
Hassona, MD1
Alhaj, MA1
Kulkarni, A1
Citro, LA1
Sayyid, M1
Abouelnaga, ZA1
El-Sayed, O1
Kuppusamy, P1
Moldovan, L1
Khan, M1
Hassanain, HH1
Taillard, V1
Sardinoux, M1
Oudot, C1
Fesler, P1
Rugale, C1
Raingeard, I1
Renard, E1
Ribstein, J1
du Cailar, G1
Smolkin, T1
Ulanovsky, I1
Blazer, S1
Makhoul, IR1
Ozturk, S1
Alcelik, A1
Ozyasar, M1
Dikbas, O1
Ayhan, S1
Ozlu, F1
Erdem, A1
Tosun, M1
Baltaci, D1
Yazici, M1
Kim, BH1
Cho, KI1
Kim, SM1
Kim, N1
Han, J1
Kim, JY1
Kim, IJ1
Biondi, B2
Palmieri, EA2
Lombardi, G2
Fazio, S2
Brenta, G1
Mutti, LA1
Schnitman, M1
Fretes, O1
Perrone, A1
Matute, ML1
Sirlak, M1
Yazicioglu, L1
Inan, MB1
Eryilmaz, S1
Tasoz, R1
Aral, A1
Ozyurda, U1
Zhou, J1
Gao, XL1
Zhang, BZ1
Huang, S1
Wang, L1
Sheng, L1
Shi, D1
Yan, X1
Yang, A1
Huang, T1
Pei, Y1
Chen, J1
Cheng, X1
Di Paola, R1
Alagona, C1
Pezzino, V1
Mangiameli, S1
Regalbuto, C1
Mark, PB1
Watkins, S1
Dargie, HJ1
Mayer, O1
Cech, J1
Rosolová, H1
Pikner, R1
Simon, J1
Mishra, TK1
Routray, SN1
Das, S1
Behera, M1
O'Sullivan, AJ1
Lewis, M1
Diamond, T1
Aydin, M1
Reyhan, M1
Sukan, A1
Yapar, AF1
Aktas, A1
Franklyn, JA1
Gammage, MD1
Panciera, DL1
Carella, C1
Panza, N1
Cittadini, A1
Bonè, F1
Saccà, L1
Tielens, E1
Visser, TJ1
Hennemann, G1
Berghout, A1

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of Levothyroxine in Brain Death Organ Donors: a Randomized Controlled Trial[NCT02211053]Phase 415 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-31Terminated (stopped due to Recruitment was too slow and we cannot anticipate to recruit the target sample size)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Reviews

2 reviews available for thyroxine and Ventricular Dysfunction, Left

ArticleYear
Subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiac function.
    Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2002, Volume: 12, Issue:6

    Topics: Echocardiography, Doppler; Heart; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Physical Exertion; Radion

2002
[Cardiovascular effects of hypothyroidism].
    Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 2000, Apr-08, Volume: 144, Issue:15

    Topics: Age Factors; Diastole; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Heart Function Tests; Hormone Replacement T

2000

Trials

5 trials available for thyroxine and Ventricular Dysfunction, Left

ArticleYear
Effect of Short-Term L-Thyroxine Therapy on Left Ventricular Mechanics in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
    Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography, 2020, Volume: 33, Issue:10

    Topics: Cardiomyopathy, Dilated; Echocardiography; Heart Failure; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Infant, Newborn;

2020
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Levothyroxine to Placebo in Neurologically Deceased Donors.
    Progress in transplantation (Aliso Viejo, Calif.), 2019, Volume: 29, Issue:3

    Topics: Adult; Brain Death; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Double-Blind Method; Echocardiography; Feasibility St

2019
Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function by radionuclide ventriculography at rest and exercise in subclinical hypothyroidism, and its response to L-thyroxine therapy.
    The American journal of cardiology, 2003, Jun-01, Volume: 91, Issue:11

    Topics: Blood Pressure; Cholesterol; Diastole; Electrocardiography; Exercise; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Hy

2003
Oral thyroid hormone pretreatment in left ventricular dysfunction.
    European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery, 2004, Volume: 26, Issue:4

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Aged; Cardiac Output; Cardiotonic Agents; Central Venous Pressure; Coronary Ar

2004
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.
    The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1999, Volume: 84, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Echocardiography, Doppler; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Male; Thyrotropin; T

1999

Other Studies

30 other studies available for thyroxine and Ventricular Dysfunction, Left

ArticleYear
Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study.
    Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2019, Volume: 33, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Case-Control Studies; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Echocardiography; Electrocardiography; Heart; Hea

2019
Left ventricular failure after brain death: a room for L-thyroxine?
    Minerva anestesiologica, 2020, Volume: 86, Issue:1

    Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Brain Death; Brain Injuries; Cardiac Output; Humans; Male; Thyroxine; Tissue and

2020
Left and right ventricular functions may be impaired in children diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism.
    Scientific reports, 2020, 11-12, Volume: 10, Issue:1

    Topics: Adolescent; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Echocardiography, Doppler; Female; Humans

2020
Acute hypopituitarism associated with periorbital swelling and cardiac dysfunction in a patient with pituitary tumor apoplexy: a case report.
    Journal of medical case reports, 2017, Aug-24, Volume: 11, Issue:1

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adenoma; Aged, 80 and over; Edema; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hypopituitarism; Intracran

2017
Reversible cardiomyopathy associated with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type II.
    Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan), 2013, Volume: 52, Issue:9

    Topics: Adult; Cardiomyopathies; Delayed Diagnosis; Female; Fludrocortisone; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Hu

2013
Cardiac effects of panhypopituitarism in a 71-year-old woman.
    CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2014, Mar-18, Volume: 186, Issue:5

    Topics: Aged; Drug Therapy, Combination; Echocardiography; Electrocardiography; Female; Humans; Hydrocortiso

2014
[Effect of subclinical hypothyroidism treatment on selected cardiovascular parameters].
    Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, 2014, Volume: 37, Issue:217

    Topics: Adult; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Echocardiography; Electrocardiography; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory;

2014
The effect of L-thyroxine treatment on left ventricular functions in children with subclinical hypothyroidism.
    Archives of disease in childhood, 2015, Volume: 100, Issue:2

    Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Echocardiography, Doppler; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Male; Thyroxine;

2015
The impact of thyroid hormone replacement therapy on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.
    Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2016, Volume: 39, Issue:6

    Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Echocardiography, Doppler; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans;

2016
Differential involvement of various sources of reactive oxygen species in thyroxin-induced hemodynamic changes and contractile dysfunction of the heart and diaphragm muscles.
    Free radical biology & medicine, 2015, Volume: 83

    Topics: Animals; Diaphragm; Echocardiography; Heart; Hemodynamics; Male; Mice; Mitochondria; Muscle Contract

2015
Long-term physiological T3 supplementation in hypertensive heart disease in rats.
    American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2015, Sep-15, Volume: 309, Issue:6

    Topics: Animals; Collagen; Female; Heart; Heart Failure; Heart Ventricles; Hypertension; Hypothyroidism; Myo

2015
Left ventricular function by speckle-tracking echocardiography in patients with low-T3 syndrome and acute myocardial infarction.
    Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 2015, Volume: 51, Issue:4

    Topics: Aged; Diastole; Echocardiography; Euthyroid Sick Syndromes; Humans; Middle Aged; Myocardial Infarcti

2015
Hypothyroid heart: myxoedema as a cause of reversible dilated cardiomyopathy.
    BMJ case reports, 2015, Oct-14, Volume: 2015

    Topics: Cardiomyopathy, Dilated; Female; Heart; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Middle Aged; Myxedema; Thyroxine; Tr

2015
Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in subclinical hypothyroidism: A case-control study.
    Endocrine research, 2017, Volume: 42, Issue:3

    Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Comorbidity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Echocardiography, Dop

2017
[Low T3 syndrome and left ventricular diastolic function].
    Giornale italiano di cardiologia (2006), 2009, Volume: 10, Issue:8

    Topics: Aged; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Diastole; Echocardiography, Doppler; Euthyroid Sick Syndrome

2009
Acute and chronic hypothyroidism are associated with similar left ventricular diastolic dysfunction relative to the euthyroid state: results of doppler echocardiographic comparisons.
    Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2011, Volume: 34, Issue:9

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Chronic Disease; Diastole; Echocardiography, Doppler; Female; Humans; Hypothyr

2011
Cardiac remodeling caused by transgenic overexpression of a corn Rac gene.
    American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology, 2011, Volume: 301, Issue:3

    Topics: Aging; Amino Acid Sequence; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Echocardiography; Genotype; Hypertrophy,

2011
Early detection of isolated left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in high-risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients on TSH-suppressive therapy.
    Clinical endocrinology, 2011, Volume: 75, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Case-Control Studies; Echocardiography; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Thyroid Neop

2011
Rare presentations of congenital hypothyroidism.
    The Israel Medical Association journal : IMAJ, 2011, Volume: 13, Issue:12

    Topics: Abdomen, Acute; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Early Diagnosis; Echocardiography; Female; Gastrointestin

2011
Evaluation of left ventricular systolic asynchrony in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.
    Cardiology journal, 2012, Volume: 19, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Asymptomatic Diseases; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; Ec

2012
Heart rate reduction with ivabradine prevents thyroid hormone-induced cardiac remodeling in rat.
    Heart and vessels, 2013, Volume: 28, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Benzazepines; Calcium Signaling; Disease Models, Animal; Fibrosis;

2013
[Study on relationship among thyroid hormone relativity and Syndrome Differentiation-types of TCM in patients with congestive heart failure].
    Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine, 2004, Volume: 24, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Atrial Natriuretic Factor; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Male

2004
Left ventricular function in acute hypothyroidism: a Doppler echocardiography study.
    Italian heart journal : official journal of the Italian Federation of Cardiology, 2004, Volume: 5, Issue:11

    Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Echocardiography, Doppler; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Hypothyro

2004
Cardiomyopathy induced by performance enhancing drugs in a competitive bodybuilder.
    Heart (British Cardiac Society), 2005, Volume: 91, Issue:7

    Topics: Adult; Anabolic Agents; Doping in Sports; Ephedrine; Growth Hormone; Humans; Hypertrophy, Left Ventr

2005
[Association between free thyroxin concentration and degree of heart failure in patients with chronic heart insufficiency].
    Casopis lekaru ceskych, 2005, Volume: 144, Issue:11

    Topics: Chronic Disease; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; Thyro

2005
Left ventricular dysfunction in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and its reversibility after hormone therapy.
    The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 2005, Volume: 53

    Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Diastole; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyroidism;

2005
Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis: left ventricular dysfunction is associated with increased mortality.
    European journal of endocrinology, 2006, Volume: 154, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Amiodarone; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Female; Goiter, Nodular; Graves Disease; Humans; Male

2006
Gated SPECT findings revealing diastolic dysfunction in acute hypothyroidism.
    Clinical nuclear medicine, 2007, Volume: 32, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Case-Control Studies; Diastole; Female; Gated Blood-Pool Imaging; Hormone Replacement Therapy

2007
Treatment of amiodarone-associated thyrotoxicosis.
    Nature clinical practice. Endocrinology & metabolism, 2007, Volume: 3, Issue:9

    Topics: Aged; Amiodarone; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Carbimazole; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyr

2007
An echocardiographic and electrocardiographic study of cardiovascular function in hypothyroid dogs.
    Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1994, Oct-01, Volume: 205, Issue:7

    Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular System; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Echocardiography; Electrocardiography; Female; H

1994