thyroxine and Complications, Pregnancy studies

Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"We conducted an ancillary study to a multicenter trial in women with singleton pregnancies diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism randomized to antenatal thyroxine therapy or placebo."	9.34	Effect of Thyroxine Therapy on Depressive Symptoms Among Women With Subclinical Hypothyroidism. ( Boggess, K; Caritis, SN; Casey, BM; Costantine, MM; Iams, JD; Mercer, BM; Peaceman, AM; Reddy, UM; Rouse, DJ; Sibai, B; Smith, K; Sorokin, Y; Thom, EA; Tita, ATN; Tolosa, JE; VanDorsten, JP; Varner, MW; Wapner, RJ, 2020)
"This is a follow-up study of the Tehran Thyroid and Pregnancy Study, a randomized trial in which subclinical hypothyroid pregnant women were assigned to an intervention group (treated with levothyroxine) or a control group (received no treatment)."	9.30	Evaluation of the impact of levothyroxine treatment on the psychomotor developmental status of three-year-old children born to mothers with mild thyroid impairment; Tehran Thyroid and pregnancy study: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. ( Azizi, F; Bidhendi Yarandi, R; Nazarpour, S; Ramezani Tehrani, F; Sajedi, F, 2019)
"Currently, there is no consensus on universal thyroid screening and levothyroxine (LT4) treatment of pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) who are negative for thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb-)."	9.27	Effects of Levothyroxine on Pregnant Women With Subclinical Hypothyroidism, Negative for Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies. ( Azizi, F; Minooee, S; Nazarpour, S; Rahmati, M; Ramezani Tehrani, F; Simbar, M; Tohidi, M, 2018)
"To assess whether treatment of pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia alters neonatal TSH results."	9.27	Thyroid function in neonates of women with subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia. ( Caritis, SN; Casey, BM; Iams, JD; Mele, L; Mercer, BM; Peaceman, AM; Reddy, UM; Rouse, DJ; Saade, GR; Sibai, B; Sorokin, Y; Thorp, JM; Tita, ATN; Tolosa, J; Varner, MW; Wapner, RJ, 2018)
"Despite some studies indicating that thyroid antibody positivity during pregnancy has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, evidence regarding the effects of levothyroxine (LT4) treatment of euthyroid/subclinical hypothyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease on pregnancy outcome is limited."	9.24	Effects of levothyroxine treatment on pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease. ( Alavi Majd, H; Azizi, F; Nazarpour, S; Ramezani Tehrani, F; Simbar, M; Tohidi, M, 2017)
" It is unknown whether levothyroxine treatment of women who are identified as having subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy improves cognitive function in their children."	9.24	Treatment of Subclinical Hypothyroidism or Hypothyroxinemia in Pregnancy. ( Caritis, SN; Casey, BM; Hirtz, DG; Iams, JD; Mercer, BM; Peaceman, AM; Reddy, UM; Rouse, DJ; Saade, G; Sibai, B; Sorokin, Y; Thom, EA; Thorp, JM; Tita, AT; Tolosa, J; VanDorsten, JP; Varner, MW; Wapner, RJ, 2017)
"Hypothyroidism is usually treated with thyroxine doses on patient weight."	9.16	Treatment with fixed thyroxine doses in pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism. ( García-Mayor, RV; Luna Cano, R; Penín Álvarez, M; Seoane Cruz, I, 2012)
" At the first visit, 63 patients, median age 30 years (range 17-45 years), were on thyroxine substitution therapy for hypothyroidism."	9.14	Pregnant women on thyroxine substitution are often dysregulated in early pregnancy. ( Andreasson, B; Grennert, L; Hallengren, B; Lantz, M, 2009)
"To evaluate the effect of levothyroxine therapy on pregnancy outcomes compared with placebo or no treatment in women without overt hypothyroidism with presence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and/or thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb)."	9.12	Impact of levothyroxine in women with positive thyroid antibodies on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. ( Benham, JL; Donovan, LE; Lau, L; Lemieux, P; Yamamoto, J, 2021)
"Levothyroxine replacement therapy may decrease the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH)."	9.12	Levothyroxine and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Bein, M; Filion, KB; Frati, FYE; Grandi, SM; Kandil, I; Yu, OHY, 2021)
"A prospective randomized trial was performed to assess the usefulness of iodine supplementation in the prevention of goiter in pregnant women living in marginally iodine-deficient areas."	9.10	Comparison of two different doses of iodide in the prevention of gestational goiter in marginal iodine deficiency: a longitudinal study. ( Aghini-Lombardi, F; Antonangeli, L; Cavaliere, R; Di Giulio, C; Maccherini, D; Pinchera, A; Reinhardt, B, 2002)
"High- to moderate-quality evidence demonstrated that the use of levothyroxine was not associated with improvements in clinical pregnancy outcomes among women positive for thyroid peroxidase antibody."	9.05	Effect of levothyroxine on pregnancy outcomes in women with thyroid autoimmunity: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Bai, Y; Chong, W; Fang, F; Faramand, A; Hai, Y; Tan, H; Wang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L, 2020)
"PubMed [including Medline], Web of Science, Wiley, Google Scholar, Science direct and Scopus were searched for identifying and retrieving all English articles published up to May 2018 on the effects of levothyroxine treatment on pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with SCH compared to untreated or healthy controls."	9.01	Levothyroxine treatment and pregnancy outcomes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Amiri, M; Azizi, F; Bidhendi Yarandi, R; Nazarpour, S; Ramezani Tehrani, F, 2019)
"To determine in women with subclinical hypothyroidism diagnosed in pregnancy whether levothyroxine treatment compared with control, impacts important obstetrical or childhood outcomes (specifically IQ) in randomised controlled trials."	8.98	Impact of levothyroxine therapy on obstetric, neonatal and childhood outcomes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism diagnosed in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. ( Benham, JL; Donovan, LE; Nerenberg, KA; Yamamoto, JM, 2018)
"In light of several recent recommendations to use total thyroxine (T4) measurements in the diagnosis of thyroid function in pregnancy (in particular, "Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypothyroidism in Adults," cosponsored by the American Thyroid Association and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, which promote the use of T4 over free T4 [FT4 ]), we have examined the implications of employing T4 for diagnostic discrimination in both pregnant and nonpregnant patient panels."	8.89	Measurement of total rather than free thyroxine in pregnancy: the diagnostic implications. ( Hoermann, R; Midgley, JE, 2013)
" When the intake is restricted, physiological adaptation is progressively replaced by pathological alterations, in parallel with the degree of iodine deprivation, leading to excessive glandular stimulation, hypothyroxinemia, and goiter formation."	8.82	Feto-maternal repercussions of iodine deficiency during pregnancy. An update. ( Glinoer, D, 2003)
"To study the effects of third trimester maternal isolated hypothyroxinemia (serum low free thyroxine and normal thyroid stimulating hormone level) on pregnancy outcomes, we performed a retrospective cohort study in women with singleton pregnancy between February 2009 and June 2012."	8.31	Association between third trimester maternal isolated hypothyroxinemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. ( Chen, L; Lin, D; Lin, H; Lin, Z; Lu, X; Peng, M; Sun, M; Ye, E; Yu, L, 2023)
"This study was undertaken to test the therapeutic effect of extra-low dose of levothyroxine (LT4; 25 mcg/day) to preconception and pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH)."	8.31	Effect of extra-low dose levothyroxine supplementation on pregnancy outcomes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. ( Chen, YT; Chung, MT; Ho, CH; Hsiao, TW; Lin, YL; Tsai, YC; Wen, JY, 2023)
"The dosage of levothyroxine (LT4) during pregnancy differs among different ethnic groups worldwide."	8.12	Levothyroxine dosages during pregnancy among hypothyroid women. An experience from a tertiary care center of Karachi, Pakistan, based on data from Maternal Hypothyroidism on Pregnancy Outcomes Study (MHPO-5). ( Islam, N; Khalid, W; Kiran, Z; Sheikh, A, 2022)
"To investigate the effect of levothyroxine sodium tablets (L-T4) on pregnancy outcome and offspring development quotient in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) during pregnancy."	8.12	Effect of Levothyroxine Sodium Tablets on Pregnancy Outcome and Offspring Development Quotient of SCH during Pregnancy. ( Qian, X; Sun, Y; Xu, X, 2022)
"Recent randomized controlled studies have revealed that levothyroxine (LT4) treatment improves pregnancy outcomes only in infertile women with subclinical hypothyroidism who have thyroid autoantibodies (TAs), but not for those with high TSH levels within the normal range who have TAs."	8.02	Effect of thyroxine treatment on pregnancy outcomes in infertile Japanese women with TSH levels between 2.5 μIU/mL and the upper reference limit: a retrospective study. ( Goto, H; Ikemoto, Y; Itakura, A; Kuroda, K; Ochiai, A; Satoh, H; Sugiyama, R; Tsunemi, A; Uchida, T; Watada, H, 2021)
"Prepregnancy overweight/obesity (OWO) and isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia (IMH) may increase the risk of macrosomia, but little is known about their potential combined effect on macrosomia."	8.02	The Interactive Effect of Prepregnancy Overweight/Obesity and Isolated Maternal Hypothyroxinemia on Macrosomia. ( Fan, J; Guo, F; Liu, Y; Yang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2021)
"Adherence to levothyroxine (LT4) and attaining thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) goal in pregnancy has not been well-defined yet."	8.02	Evaluation of adherence to levothyroxine and out-of-range thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in pregnant women with primary hypothyroidism. ( Tiryaki Aylıkcı, AB; Topaloğlu, Ö; Yavuz, A, 2021)
"To reassess the efficacy of levothyroxine on subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH, 4."	8.02	Laboratory characteristics analysis of the efficacy of levothyroxine on subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy: a single-center retrospective study. ( Chen, D; Han, L; Liang, Z; Ma, Y, 2021)
"Our study aimed to describe levothyroxine prescription patterns and trends over time among pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in the United Kingdom."	8.02	Use of levothyroxine among pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism in the United Kingdom: A population-based assessment. ( Filion, KB; Grandi, SM; Platt, RW; Reynier, P; Yu, OHY; Yu, YH, 2021)
"Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause intellectual disability, presumably through inadequate placental transfer of maternal thyroid hormone to the fetus."	7.96	Maternal Iodine Status During Pregnancy Is Not Consistently Associated with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or Autistic Traits in Children. ( Bath, SC; Dineva, M; Fano, E; Guxens, M; Ibarluzea, JM; Korevaar, TIM; Levie, D; Llop, S; Murcia, M; Peeters, RP; Rayman, MP; Sunyer, J; Tiemeier, H, 2020)
"To explore the effect of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia (IMH) during the first and second trimester of gestation on pregnancy outcomes."	7.91	The impact of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia during the first and second trimester of gestation on pregnancy outcomes: an intervention and prospective cohort study in China. ( Fan, C; Gong, X; Li, C; Li, Y; Liu, A; Shan, Z; Sun, H; Teng, W; Yu, X, 2019)
"The aim of this study is to estimate the timing impact on levothyroxine replacement among pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH)."	7.88	Initiation timing effect of levothyroxine treatment on subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. ( Chen, B; Jiang, G; Ma, Q; Tian, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, L; Zhu, T, 2018)
" Intra-amniotic levothyroxine (L-T4) administration was performed, and the fetal goiter decreased in size."	7.85	Fetal goitrous hypothyroidism treated by intra-amniotic levothyroxine administration: case report and review of the literature. ( Kobayashi, M; Naito, A; Nemoto, A; Saito, T; Sugita, K; Yagasaki, H, 2017)
"Maternal hypothyroxinemia (free thyroxine ≤10th percentile, normal thyroid-stimulating hormone) was associated with an increased odds of schizophrenia (odds ratio = 1."	7.83	Hypothyroxinemia During Gestation and Offspring Schizophrenia in a National Birth Cohort. ( Brown, AS; Gyllenberg, D; Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki, S; McKeague, IW; Sourander, A; Surcel, HM, 2016)
"To develop applicable index of iodine intake for population during pregnancy."	7.83	The Urine Iodine to Creatinine as an Optimal Index of Iodine During Pregnancy in an Iodine Adequate Area in China. ( Li, C; Mao, J; Peng, S; Shan, Z; Teng, W; Teng, X; Wang, D; Xie, X; Zhang, X, 2016)
"Ninety-two pregnant women with primary hypothyroidism on adequate thyroid hormone replacement were voluntarily divided into two groups: "thyroxine" (n = 38) treated with L-thyroxine only, and "thyroxine + iodine" (n = 54) treated additionally with 150 μg/day of iodine since 10th gestational week."	7.83	Iodine supplementation during pregnancy of hypothyroid women treated with L-thyroxine neither influences neonatal TSH nor prevents decrease in maternal free thyroid hormone concentrations in second and third trimesters. ( Bartoszewicz, Z; Dębski, R; Jastrzębska, H; Kochman, M; Ołtarzewski, M; Zgliczyński, W, 2016)
"The upper limit of iodine intake during early pregnancy in an iodine-sufficient region should not exceed UIC 250 μg/L, because this is associated with a significantly high risk of subclinical hypothyroidism, and a UIC of 500 μg/L should not be exceeded, as it is associated with a significantly high risk of isolated hypothyroxinemia."	7.81	Optimal and safe upper limits of iodine intake for early pregnancy in iodine-sufficient regions: a cross-sectional study of 7190 pregnant women in China. ( Du, J; Fan, C; Gao, Z; Han, C; Li, C; Mao, J; Meng, T; Shan, Z; Shi, X; Teng, W; Wang, W; Xie, X; Xu, B; Zhang, S; Zhang, X, 2015)
"About one out of two women with primary hypothyroidism has to increase the dosage of exogenous levothyroxine (L-T4) during pregnancy."	7.81	Levothyroxine dose adjustment in hypothyroid women achieving pregnancy through IVF. ( Busnelli, A; Faulisi, S; Fedele, L; Fugazzola, L; Paffoni, A; Somigliana, E; Vannucchi, G, 2015)
" Several studies have shown that exposure to methimazole (MMI) during the first trimester of pregnancy increases the incidence of specific congenital anomalies that are collectively referred to as MMI embryopathy."	7.81	Substituting Potassium Iodide for Methimazole as the Treatment for Graves' Disease During the First Trimester May Reduce the Incidence of Congenital Anomalies: A Retrospective Study at a Single Medical Institution in Japan. ( Ito, K; Iwaku, K; Kameda, T; Kobayashi, S; Kunii, Y; Matsumoto, M; Mukasa, K; Noh, JY; Ohye, H; Sugino, K; Suzuki, M; Suzuki, N; Watanabe, N; Yoshihara, A, 2015)
"BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2) may act as an indicator of hypothyroxinemia and TPOAb positivity and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) was associated with increases in the odds of hypothyroidism, hypothyroxinemia, and TPOAb positivity."	7.81	High Body Mass Index Is an Indicator of Maternal Hypothyroidism, Hypothyroxinemia, and Thyroid-Peroxidase Antibody Positivity during Early Pregnancy. ( Bi, L; Du, J; Fan, C; Gao, Z; Han, C; Li, C; Mao, J; Meng, T; Shan, Z; Teng, W; Wang, W; Xie, X; Xu, B; Yang, L; Zhang, S; Zhang, X; Zhou, W, 2015)
"Untreated maternal hypothyroidism can have adverse effects on both the mother and fetus, but it can potentially be prevented by adequate levothyroxine replacement."	7.81	Levothyroxine Dosage Requirement During Pregnancy in Well-Controlled Hypothyroid Women: A Longitudinal Study. ( Akha, O; Bahar, A; Esmaeilisaraji, L; Hamzehgardeshi, Z; Hassanzade, S; Kashi, Z, 2015)
"The aims were to establish a gestational-age specific curve for serum total thyroxine (T4) levels and to compare pregnancy outcomes of euthyroid women with those identified to have subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) defined by an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level in conjunction with either total T4 or free T4 determinations."	7.80	Is total thyroxine better than free thyroxine during pregnancy? ( Casey, BM; Cunningham, FG; McIntire, DD; Wilson, KL, 2014)
"In this study, we researched the pattern of thyroid function of subclinical hypothyroid (SCH) women with levothyroxine (LT4) throughout pregnancy and determined the optimal dosages of LT4 for such women."	7.79	The pattern of thyroid function of subclinical hypothyroid women with levothyroxine treatment during pregnancy. ( Chen, Y; Ding, B; Fan, C; Gao, B; Guo, R; Li, C; Li, J; Li, Y; Liu, Q; Liu, W; Ma, Y; Shan, Z; Shang, T; Teng, W; Wang, H; Wang, W; Wu, Y; Xu, H; Yu, X; Zhang, H; Zhou, J; Zhou, W, 2013)
"Transient gestational hypothyroxinemia in rodents induces cortical neuronal migration brain lesions resembling those of autism."	7.79	Association of gestational maternal hypothyroxinemia and increased autism risk. ( Bongers-Schokking, JJ; de Rijke, YB; Ghassabian, A; Hofman, A; Jaddoe, VW; Román, GC; Tiemeier, H; Verhulst, FC, 2013)
" Due to low thyrotropin (TSH) in the second trimester, the levothyroxine dose was decreased by the obstetrician, and free T4 was low throughout the latter half of pregnancy."	7.79	Vertical transmission of hypopituitarism: critical importance of appropriate interpretation of thyroid function tests and levothyroxine therapy during pregnancy. ( Pine-Twaddell, E; Radovick, S; Romero, CJ, 2013)
" The Endocrine Society guidelines recommend the use of propylthiouracil as a first-line drug for thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy because of associations between carbimazole or methimazole and congenital anomalies."	7.78	Carbimazole embryopathy: implications for the choice of antithyroid drugs in pregnancy. ( Bowman, P; Osborne, NJ; Sturley, R; Vaidya, B, 2012)
" The present study aimed to investigate whether maternal subclinical hypothyroidism impairs spatial learning in the offspring, as well as the efficacy and optimal time of levothyroxine (L-T(4)) treatment in pregnancy."	7.78	Early levothyroxine treatment on maternal subclinical hypothyroidism improves spatial learning of offspring in rats. ( Fan, C; Gao, Y; Shan, Z; Teng, W; Wang, S; Zhang, H, 2012)
" Women with hypothyroidism were treated with levothyroxine 0."	7.78	In vitro fertilization pregnancy rates in levothyroxine-treated women with hypothyroidism compared to women without thyroid dysfunction disorders. ( Demir, H; Fierro, MA; Kang, Y; Scoccia, B; Winston, NJ, 2012)
"The aim of this study in pregnant women with hypothyroidism treated by levothyroxine is to examine the interrelations between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT(4)) and free tri-iodothyronine (FT(3)), and examine whether in such patients the treatment is adequate."	7.76	Maternal thyroid function at 11-13 weeks of gestation in women with hypothyroidism treated by thyroxine. ( Ashoor, G; Kametas, NA; Maiz, N; Nicolaides, KH; Rotas, M, 2010)
"Most women with hypothyroidism require an increase in their dose of levothyroxine (LT4) after conception."	7.76	The relationship of preconception thyrotropin levels to requirements for increasing the levothyroxine dose during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. ( Abalovich, M; Alcaraz, G; Cornelio, C; Gutierrez, S; Kleiman-Rubinsztein, J; Levalle, O; Pavlove, MM, 2010)
"The fetus is most vulnerable to severe iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism during pregnancy."	7.75	Iodine levels and thyroid hormones in healthy pregnant women and birth weight of their offspring. ( Alvarez-Pedrerol, M; Canet, Y; Espada, M; Guxens, M; Martorell, R; Mendez, M; Plana, E; Rebagliato, M; Sunyer, J, 2009)
"The effect of constant rich iodine intake, especially during pregnancy, has not been well understood."	7.75	Thyroid function in early pregnancy in Japanese healthy women: relation to urinary iodine excretion, emesis, and fetal and child development. ( Amino, N; Hata, M; Ichihara, K; Kawakita, K; Kubota, S; Manki, K; Miyake, M; Miyauchi, A; Nunotani, T; Oku, H; Orito, Y; Shimogaki, K; Sugino, S; Tanaka, Y; Tatsumi, N; Ueta, M, 2009)
"Iodine deficiency (ID) is still common in Western Europe and its prevention remains a challenge, particularly during pregnancy."	7.75	[Iodine status and thyroid function of 330 pregnant women from Nice area assessed during the second part of pregnancy]. ( Bec-Roche, M; Brucker-Davis, F; Chevalier, N; Fénichel, P; Ferrari, P; Hiéronimus, S, 2009)
"To establish pregnancy-specific free thyroxine thresholds and to assess perinatal effects associated with isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia identified in the first half of pregnancy."	7.74	Perinatal significance of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia identified in the first half of pregnancy. ( Casey, BM; Cunningham, GF; Dashe, JS; Leveno, KJ; McIntire, DD; Spong, CY, 2007)
"We sought to examine the neurobehavioral profile of neonates who are born to women with hypothyroxinemia during early pregnancy."	7.73	Neonatal effects of maternal hypothyroxinemia during early pregnancy. ( Brouwers, EP; Crawford, S; Kooistra, L; Pop, VJ; van Baar, AL, 2006)
"The fetus is totally dependent in early pregnancy on maternal thyroxine for normal brain development."	7.73	Iodine supplementation for pregnancy and lactation-United States and Canada: recommendations of the American Thyroid Association. ( Becker, DV; Braverman, LE; Delange, F; Dunn, JT; Franklyn, JA; Hollowell, JG; Lamm, SH; Mitchell, ML; Pearce, E; Robbins, J; Rovet, JF, 2006)
"The neonates from mothers with AITD, independently of the presence also of TRab in the mothers, had a transient hyperthyroxinemia one week following birth."	7.73	Transient hyperthyroxinemia in newborns from women with autoimmune thyroid disease and raised levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies. ( Kvetny, J; Poulsen, H, 2006)
" Feto-placental growth, tissue glycogen stores and glucose levels in sera and amniotic fluid were determined in rat dams partially thyroidectomized (TX) before pregnancy and in euthyroid controls."	7.72	Maternal hypothyroidism in the rat influences placental and liver glycogen stores: fetal growth retardation near term is unrelated to maternal and placental glucose metabolic compromise. ( Edwards, PR; Ekins, RP; Evans, IM; Leonard, AJ; Ogilvie, LM; Pickard, MR; Sinha, AK, 2003)
"Pregnancy-associated changes in thyroid hormone economy are well-established and are of significant clinical relevance to women with established hypothyroidism because they usually result in increased thyroxine dose requirements by these women."	7.72	Impact of thyroxine-binding globulin on thyroid hormone economy during pregnancy. ( Cohen, SE; Garber, JR; Zigman, JM, 2003)
"Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH) is a familial autosomal dominant syndrome caused by abnormal albumin with an increased affinity for thyroxine (T4)."	7.72	Artifactually elevated serum-free thyroxine levels measured by equilibrium dialysis in a pregnant woman with familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia. ( Hoshikawa, S; Ito, S; Kaise, N; Mori, K; Nakagawa, Y; Yoshida, K, 2004)
"Bipolar disorder in pregnancy was treated with nimodipine, because of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus."	7.71	Calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, for the treatment of bipolar disorder during pregnancy. ( Mason, B; Utter, G; Vengalil, S; Yingling, DR, 2002)
" Chronic treatment with thyroxine (T(4)) during pregnancy advances parturition, blocks lactation and changes several hormone receptors in mammary gland and liver."	7.71	Effect of chronic thyroxine treatment on IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-binding protein expression in mammary gland and liver during pregnancy and early lactation in rats. ( Drop, S; Jahn, G; Lindenbergh-Kortleve, D; Neck, Jv; Rosato, R, 2002)
" In particular it illustrates the derangements of thyroid function seen in pregnant women with eating disorders and reminds us that when a cause for thyrotoxicosis remains obscure, thyroxine abuse should be considered and explored."	7.70	Thyroxine abuse: an unusual case of thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy. ( Tippett, C; Wallace, EM; Wark, H; Wigg, S, 1998)
"In an effort to assess the impact of moderate iodine deficiency on maternal thyroid function during pregnancy, we measured serum thyrotropin, total and free thyroid hormones, thyroid-binding globulin (TGB) at 8, 14, 20, 29, and 36 weeks of gestation, along with urinary iodide excretion, in 10 healthy women from a moderately iodine deficient region (group A), and compared them with 6 women from an iodine sufficient region (group B)."	7.70	Increased risk of maternal thyroid failure with pregnancy progression in an iodine deficient area with major iodine deficiency disorders. ( Artemisia, A; Castagna, MG; Finocchiaro, MD; Lo Presti, VP; Mattina, F; Moleti, M; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F; Violi, MA, 1999)
"Iodine availability for maternal thyroid during pregnancy results from a combination of specific factors (increased urinary iodine loss, fetal-placental unit competition) and is critically reduced by the nutritional deficiency."	7.70	[Iodine deficiency and pregnancy]. ( Lo Presti, VP; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F, 1998)
" Four groups of rat dams, namely control, Group I, II and III were treated with propylthiouracil (PTU) in water for different length of time during pregnancy and nursing periods."	7.70	Effect of propylthiouracil induced hypothyroidism in developing rat cerebellum: comparison of cerebellar parameters in five day old normal and treated rat pups. ( Mwangi, DK, 1998)
"Urine iodine concentration, thyroid function tests and thyroid volume (TV) by ultrasound were determined in the mothers during pregnancy and up to 3 months postpartum and in the neonates."	7.70	Goitrogenesis during pregnancy and neonatal hypothyroxinaemia in a borderline iodine sufficient area. ( Chau, MT; Kung, AW; Lao, TT; Low, LC; Tam, SC, 2000)
"Iodine deficiency is well known as the cause of several disorders such as endemic goitre and cretinism, along with a wide spectrum of psychoneurological development disorders including endemic mental deficiency and endemic cognitive deficiency, which are generally correlated to damage to the fetus."	7.69	Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during the first half of gestation in an iodine deficient area with endemic cretinism and related disorders. ( Finocchiaro, MD; Gullo, D; Lo Presti, VP; Scaffidi Argentina, G; Squatrito, S; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F, 1995)
"Our purpose was to demonstrate that propylthiouracil and methimazole are equally effective and safe in the treatment of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy."	7.69	A comparison of propylthiouracil versus methimazole in the treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. ( Koonings, PP; Mestman, JH; Millar, LK; Montoro, MN; Wing, DA, 1994)
"In 35 infants of lactating mothers with thyrotoxicosis who were receiving 5 to 20 mg methimazole daily, serum levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyrotropin were within normal ranges 1 month after the start of breast-feeding."	7.69	Effect of methimazole treatment of maternal thyrotoxicosis on thyroid function in breast-feeding infants. ( Azizi, F, 1996)
" Iodine deficiency and pregnancy are known to influence thyroid hormone metabolism."	7.69	Effects of marginal iodine deficiency during pregnancy: iodide uptake by the maternal and fetal thyroid. ( Boogerd, L; Schröder-van der Elst, JP; van der Heide, D; Versloot, PM, 1997)
"Data were analyzed from 77 pregnancies in 65 hypothyroid women treated with levothyroxine (T4) to determine (a) how often, how severely, and when serum thyrotropin (TSH) and free T4 concentrations become abnormal during pregnancy in women taking constant T4 doses and (b) how much to increase T4 doses to normalize elevated serum TSH levels."	7.68	Monitoring thyroxine treatment during pregnancy. ( Kaplan, MM, 1992)
"To assess whether pregnancy changes the thyroxine requirements of hypothyroid women."	7.68	Thyroxine dosage during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. ( de Swiet, M; Girling, JC, 1992)
"Women with hypothyroidism have been thought not to require an increase in thyroxine replacement during pregnancy."	7.68	Increased need for thyroxine during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. ( Brent, GA; Larsen, PR; Mandel, SJ; Seely, EW, 1990)
"Previous studies have characterized the pharmacology of propylthiouracil (PTU) in normal and hyperthyroid subjects, but there is little information available regarding PTU pharmacokinetics in pregnant hyperthyroid women."	7.67	Pharmacology of propylthiouracil (PTU) in pregnant hyperthyroid women: correlation of maternal PTU concentrations with cord serum thyroid function tests. ( Cooper, DS; Cruikshank, DP; Gardner, DF; Hays, PM, 1986)
"Blood levels of phenytoin, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine were determined in 10 epileptic women during and following pregnancy."	7.66	Epilepsy and pregnancy. Serum thyroxine levels during phenytoin therapy. ( Ramsay, RE; Spellacy, WN; Strauss, RG; Wilder, BJ; Willmore, LJ, 1979)
"L-Thyroxine (L-T4) was injected into mature rats daily at levels of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 mug/100 g body weight through estrous cycling, conception, pregnancy, parturition and 20 days of lactation."	7.65	Thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism upon the reproductive performance of female rats. ( Anderson, RR; Lu, MH, 1975)
"Serum concentrations of total and free thyroxine (T4 and FT4) and total and free triiodothyronine (T3 and FT3) were measured in normal pregnant women, in patients with toxemia of pregnancy, and in patients with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD)."	7.65	Total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in normal and complicated pregnancy. ( Chopra, IJ; Osathanondh, R; Tulchinsky, D, 1976)
" Most women with pre-existing treated hypothyroidism require an increase in levothyroxine (LT4) dosing to maintain euthyroidism during gestation."	6.82	Management of Hypothyroidism and Hypothyroxinemia During Pregnancy. ( Pearce, EN, 2022)
"Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with adverse obstetric and offspring outcomes."	6.72	Subclinical thyroid diseases and isolated hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy. ( Corsello, A; Locantore, P; Policola, C; Pontecorvi, A, 2021)
"Inadequately treated maternal hypothyroidism is associated with numerous adverse fetal and maternal outcomes."	6.52	Combination Levothyroxine + Liothyronine Treatment in Pregnancy. ( Foeller, ME; Silver, RM, 2015)
"Methimazole was changed to potassium iodide to reduce the risk of congenital anomalies during the first trimester."	5.62	Fetal Goitrous Hyperthyroidism in a Pregnant Woman with Triiodothyronine-Predominant Graves' Disease. ( Deguchi, M; Fujioka, K; Nishida, K; Tanimura, K; Uenaka, M; Washio, K; Yamada, H, 2021)
"A 31-year-old woman had unstable thyroid function during the third trimester of pregnancy, making it impossible to reduce her dosage of antithyroid medication."	5.56	Fetal goiter identified in a pregnant woman with triiodothyronine-predominant graves' disease: a case report. ( Adachi, H; Ariake, C; Fujishima, A; Fukuoka, Y; Kameyama, S; Miura, H; Sato, A; Shimoda, Y; Terada, Y, 2020)
"The hypothyroidism was higher in pregnant women had CED than those non-CED, 50% vs."	5.56	The Influence of Iron Depletion and Chronic Energy Deficiency on the Risk of Hypothyroidism in Pregnant Women Living in Iodine Deficiency Disorders Endemic Areas in Badegan Ponorogo District East Java, Indonesia. ( Kusrini, I; Kusumawardani, HD; Supadmi, S, 2020)
"We examined whether inferior thyroid artery peak systolic velocity (ITA-PSV) predicts an increase in levothyroxine (LT4) dosage in pregnant women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis."	5.51	Thyroid blood flow in inferior thyroid artery as predictor for increase in levothyroxine dosage during pregnancy in women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis - a retrospective study. ( Emoto, M; Imanishi, Y; Inaba, M; Kurajoh, M; Nagasaki, T; Nagata, Y; Shintani, A; Takahashi, K; Yamada, S; Yamamoto, K; Yamasaki, A, 2019)
"Uncontrolled hypothyroidism has been associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes."	5.46	Effects of increasing levothyroxine on pregnancy outcomes in women with uncontrolled hypothyroidism. ( Coddington, CC; Espinosa De Ycaza, AE; Juhn, YJ; Maraka, S; Montori, VM; O'Keeffe, DT; Rodriguez-Gutierrez, R; Singh Ospina, NM; Wi, CI, 2017)
"Treatment with carbimazole along with thyroxine was followed by a live birth at 35 wk; but the baby developed severe fatal neonatal thyrotoxicosis with crisis on day 9 and died on day 12."	5.42	Fetal Hyperthyroidism: Intrauterine Treatment with Carbimazole in Two Siblings. ( Batra, CM; Gupta, N; Gupta, V; Menon, PS, 2015)
"After treatment of fetal hyperthyroidism through oral maternal administration of methimazole (MMI) starting at 33 weeks gestation, fetal heart rate and amniotic fluid volume returned to normal ranges."	5.40	A case of fetal hyperthyroidism treated with maternal administration of methimazole. ( Hayashi, S; Ishii, K; Mitsuda, N; Murata, M; Sasahara, J; Sato, Y, 2014)
"When hypothyroidism is newly discovered during pregnancy, we suggest initiating the treatment with the following LT4 doses: 1."	5.39	Adequate levothyroxine doses for the treatment of hypothyroidism newly discovered during pregnancy. ( Abalovich, M; Alcaraz, G; Astarita, G; Calabrese, C; Frydman, M; Gutiérrez, S; Kitaigrodsky, A; Szuman, G; Vázquez, A, 2013)
"Iodine levels were excessive in 83."	5.39	Thyroid function: comparison of women in late pregnancy with control women of reproductive age in regions of dietary iodine excess. ( Du, Q; Yao, L; Zhu, H, 2013)
"Bexarotene is a synthetic retinoid from the subclass of retinoids called rexinoids which selectively activate retinoid X receptors."	5.39	U.K. consensus statement on safe clinical prescribing of bexarotene for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. ( Azurdia, R; Cowan, R; Eagle, M; Gallop-Evans, E; Graham-Brown, R; Illidge, T; Morris, S; Parry, E; Scarisbrick, JJ; Soran, H; Wachsmuth, R; Wain, EM; Whittaker, S; Wierzbicki, AS, 2013)
"Treatment of Graves' disease during pregnancy with antithyroid drugs (ATDs) poses a risk of inducing hypothyroidism and, thus, development of a goiter to the fetus."	5.37	Graves' disease in two pregnancies complicated by fetal goitrous hypothyroidism: successful in utero treatment with levothyroxine. ( Bliddal, S; Brocks, V; Feldt-Rasmussen, U; Rasmussen, ÅK; Skovbo, P; Sundberg, K, 2011)
" Inadequate pre-pregnancy control of thyroid function is associated with a need to increase thyroxine dosage during pregnancy."	5.35	Hypothyroidism in pregnancy: pre-pregnancy thyroid status influences gestational thyroxine requirements. ( Girling, J; Kothari, A, 2008)
" The optimal management strategy for thyroid hormone dosing in hypothyroid women during pregnancy is controversial."	5.35	The magnitude of increased levothyroxine requirements in hypothyroid pregnant women depends upon the etiology of the hypothyroidism. ( Burman, KD; Jonklaas, J; Loh, JA; Wartofsky, L, 2009)
"Keratoconus is a bilateral non-inflammatory corneal ectasia with an incidence of approximately 1 per 2000 in the general population."	5.35	Acute keratoconus induced by hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy. ( Gatzioufas, Z; Thanos, S, 2008)
"We conducted an ancillary study to a multicenter trial in women with singleton pregnancies diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism randomized to antenatal thyroxine therapy or placebo."	5.34	Effect of Thyroxine Therapy on Depressive Symptoms Among Women With Subclinical Hypothyroidism. ( Boggess, K; Caritis, SN; Casey, BM; Costantine, MM; Iams, JD; Mercer, BM; Peaceman, AM; Reddy, UM; Rouse, DJ; Sibai, B; Smith, K; Sorokin, Y; Thom, EA; Tita, ATN; Tolosa, JE; VanDorsten, JP; Varner, MW; Wapner, RJ, 2020)
"This is a follow-up study of the Tehran Thyroid and Pregnancy Study, a randomized trial in which subclinical hypothyroid pregnant women were assigned to an intervention group (treated with levothyroxine) or a control group (received no treatment)."	5.30	Evaluation of the impact of levothyroxine treatment on the psychomotor developmental status of three-year-old children born to mothers with mild thyroid impairment; Tehran Thyroid and pregnancy study: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. ( Azizi, F; Bidhendi Yarandi, R; Nazarpour, S; Ramezani Tehrani, F; Sajedi, F, 2019)
"Seventy-eight patients with Graves' disease had been treated with MMI for 1-3 yr before pregnancy, and MMI was discontinued 5-6 months after the onset of pregnancy because the levels of antibodies to TSH receptors decreased during early pregnancy."	5.28	Effect of administration of thyroxine on the risk of postpartum recurrence of hyperthyroid Graves' disease. ( Hashizume, K; Ichikawa, K; Kobayashi, M; Miyamoto, T; Nishii, Y; Sakurai, A; Suzuki, S; Takeda, T, 1992)
"Currently, there is no consensus on universal thyroid screening and levothyroxine (LT4) treatment of pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) who are negative for thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb-)."	5.27	Effects of Levothyroxine on Pregnant Women With Subclinical Hypothyroidism, Negative for Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies. ( Azizi, F; Minooee, S; Nazarpour, S; Rahmati, M; Ramezani Tehrani, F; Simbar, M; Tohidi, M, 2018)
"To assess whether treatment of pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia alters neonatal TSH results."	5.27	Thyroid function in neonates of women with subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia. ( Caritis, SN; Casey, BM; Iams, JD; Mele, L; Mercer, BM; Peaceman, AM; Reddy, UM; Rouse, DJ; Saade, GR; Sibai, B; Sorokin, Y; Thorp, JM; Tita, ATN; Tolosa, J; Varner, MW; Wapner, RJ, 2018)
"In 272 patients with Graves' disease, 209 of 240 (87%) untreated patients without complications had high T3 to T4 ratios (nanograms per micrograms) of more than 20."	5.26	Serum ratio of triiodothyronine to thyroxine, and thyroxine-binding globulin and calcitonin concentrations in Graves' disease and destruction-induced thyrotoxicosis. ( Amino, N; Iwatani, Y; Kumahara, Y; Miki, T; Miyai, K; Mori, H; Morimoto, S; Nakatani, K; Nishi, K; Yabu, Y, 1981)
"Previous studies examining associations between subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) with in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome indicate some benefits of levothyroxine (LT4) treatment."	5.24	Outcome of in vitro fertilization in women with subclinical hypothyroidism. ( Cai, Y; Guan, J; Guo, R; Ma, Y; Niu, B; Su, H; Zhong, L, 2017)
"Despite some studies indicating that thyroid antibody positivity during pregnancy has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, evidence regarding the effects of levothyroxine (LT4) treatment of euthyroid/subclinical hypothyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease on pregnancy outcome is limited."	5.24	Effects of levothyroxine treatment on pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease. ( Alavi Majd, H; Azizi, F; Nazarpour, S; Ramezani Tehrani, F; Simbar, M; Tohidi, M, 2017)
" It is unknown whether levothyroxine treatment of women who are identified as having subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy improves cognitive function in their children."	5.24	Treatment of Subclinical Hypothyroidism or Hypothyroxinemia in Pregnancy. ( Caritis, SN; Casey, BM; Hirtz, DG; Iams, JD; Mercer, BM; Peaceman, AM; Reddy, UM; Rouse, DJ; Saade, G; Sibai, B; Sorokin, Y; Thom, EA; Thorp, JM; Tita, AT; Tolosa, J; VanDorsten, JP; Varner, MW; Wapner, RJ, 2017)
" Its consequences on women's health in reproductive age, pregnancy and menopause have been extensively investigated but data about the effective impact of treatment with levothyroxine (LT4) remain conflicting."	5.22	Subclinical hypothyroidism in women's health: from pre- to post-menopause. ( Capozzi, A; Lello, S; Scambia, G, 2022)
"Hypothyroidism is usually treated with thyroxine doses on patient weight."	5.16	Treatment with fixed thyroxine doses in pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism. ( García-Mayor, RV; Luna Cano, R; Penín Álvarez, M; Seoane Cruz, I, 2012)
" At the first visit, 63 patients, median age 30 years (range 17-45 years), were on thyroxine substitution therapy for hypothyroidism."	5.14	Pregnant women on thyroxine substitution are often dysregulated in early pregnancy. ( Andreasson, B; Grennert, L; Hallengren, B; Lantz, M, 2009)
"To evaluate the effect of levothyroxine therapy on pregnancy outcomes compared with placebo or no treatment in women without overt hypothyroidism with presence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and/or thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb)."	5.12	Impact of levothyroxine in women with positive thyroid antibodies on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. ( Benham, JL; Donovan, LE; Lau, L; Lemieux, P; Yamamoto, J, 2021)
"Levothyroxine replacement therapy may decrease the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH)."	5.12	Levothyroxine and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Bein, M; Filion, KB; Frati, FYE; Grandi, SM; Kandil, I; Yu, OHY, 2021)
"A prospective randomized trial was performed to assess the usefulness of iodine supplementation in the prevention of goiter in pregnant women living in marginally iodine-deficient areas."	5.10	Comparison of two different doses of iodide in the prevention of gestational goiter in marginal iodine deficiency: a longitudinal study. ( Aghini-Lombardi, F; Antonangeli, L; Cavaliere, R; Di Giulio, C; Maccherini, D; Pinchera, A; Reinhardt, B, 2002)
" Pregnancy places additional demands on the thyroid axis and around 5% of women who have their thyroid function checked during gestation will have borderline low thyroid function (subclinical hypothyroidism or isolated hypothyroxinemia) identified."	5.05	Indications for treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism and isolated hypothyroxinaemia in pregnancy. ( Lazarus, JH; Muller, I; Nana, M; Taylor, PN; Velasco, I, 2020)
"High- to moderate-quality evidence demonstrated that the use of levothyroxine was not associated with improvements in clinical pregnancy outcomes among women positive for thyroid peroxidase antibody."	5.05	Effect of levothyroxine on pregnancy outcomes in women with thyroid autoimmunity: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Bai, Y; Chong, W; Fang, F; Faramand, A; Hai, Y; Tan, H; Wang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L, 2020)
"PubMed [including Medline], Web of Science, Wiley, Google Scholar, Science direct and Scopus were searched for identifying and retrieving all English articles published up to May 2018 on the effects of levothyroxine treatment on pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with SCH compared to untreated or healthy controls."	5.01	Levothyroxine treatment and pregnancy outcomes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Amiri, M; Azizi, F; Bidhendi Yarandi, R; Nazarpour, S; Ramezani Tehrani, F, 2019)
"Among pregnant women without overt thyroid disease, subclinical hypothyroidism, isolated hypothyroxinemia, and TPO antibody positivity were significantly associated with higher risk of preterm birth."	5.01	Association of Thyroid Function Test Abnormalities and Thyroid Autoimmunity With Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ( Alexander, EK; Auvinen, J; Bassols, J; Bliddal, S; Boucai, L; Bramer, WM; Brown, SJ; Carty, DM; Chaker, L; Chatzi, L; Chen, L; Dayan, C; Delles, C; Derakhshan, A; Feldt-Rasmussen, U; Ghafoor, F; Grineva, EN; Guxens, M; Hisada, A; Jiménez-Zabala, A; Korevaar, TIM; López-Bermejo, A; Lu, X; Männistö, T; Meems, M; Meima, M; Mosso, L; Mukhtar, S; Murcia, M; Nelson, SM; Oken, E; Pearce, EN; Peeters, RP; Pop, VJM; Popova, PV; Riaño, I; Shields, B; Steegers, EAP; Sunyer, J; Suvanto, E; Taylor, PN; Tkachuck, AS; Vafeiadi, M; Vaidya, B; Vrijkotte, TG; Walsh, JP; Yoshinaga, J, 2019)
" Sixty-three studies reporting prevalence of overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, isolated hypothyroxinemia, subclinical hyperthyroidism, and overt hyperthyroidism in pregnant women were included."	5.01	Differences in Diagnostic Criteria Mask the True Prevalence of Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ( Dong, AC; Stagnaro-Green, A, 2019)
" Currently, there is no evidence that levothyroxine treatment, when initiated 8- to 20-week gestation (mostly between 12 and 17 weeks), for mild maternal thyroid hormone insufficiency during pregnancy reduces intellectual disability in offspring."	4.98	Maternal thyroid hormone insufficiency during pregnancy and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( Baragwanath, G; Matthews, J; Russell, G; Thompson, W; Thompson-Coon, J; Vaidya, B, 2018)
"To determine in women with subclinical hypothyroidism diagnosed in pregnancy whether levothyroxine treatment compared with control, impacts important obstetrical or childhood outcomes (specifically IQ) in randomised controlled trials."	4.98	Impact of levothyroxine therapy on obstetric, neonatal and childhood outcomes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism diagnosed in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. ( Benham, JL; Donovan, LE; Nerenberg, KA; Yamamoto, JM, 2018)
" During pregnancy, mildly elevated maternal free thyroxine levels less than 20% above the upper limit may not be harmful to unaffected fetuses."	4.98	Resistance to thyroid hormone β in autoimmune thyroid disease: a case report and review of literature. ( Guan, H; Guo, H; Guo, R; Li, Y; Shan, Z; Wu, D, 2018)
" While many epidemiological studies have investigated the links between thyroid antibodies and pregnancy complications, evidence regarding the effect of Levothyroxine treatment of euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease on pregnancy outcome is limited."	4.93	Thyroid autoantibodies and the effect on pregnancy outcomes. ( Azizi, F; Nazarpour, S; Ramezani Tehrani, F; Simbar, M, 2016)
"The impact of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and of levothyroxine replacement in pregnant women with SCH is unclear."	4.93	Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ( Coddington, CC; Erwin, PJ; Espinosa De Ycaza, AE; Gionfriddo, MR; Maraka, S; Montori, VM; Murad, MH; O'Keeffe, DT; Ospina, NM; Stan, MN, 2016)
"Overt hypothyroidism in pregnancy, defined as an elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and reduced serum free thyroxine or a TSH >10 mIU/L, is known to have adverse effects on pregnancy."	4.93	Overview of Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy. ( Kim, CS; Kroopnick, JM, 2016)
"Isolated hypothyroxinemia (IH) is defined as a thyroxine level in the lower 5th (severe IH) or 10th percentile (mild IH) of the pregnancy-related reference range and a normal TSH."	4.91	Update on a new controversy in endocrinology: isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia. ( Daumerie, C; Furnica, RM; Gruson, D; Lazarus, JH, 2015)
" The drug of choice in substitution therapy of hypothyroidism is levothyroxine, in the treatment of hyperthyroidism it is methimazole."	4.91	[Management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism]. ( Jiskra, J, 2015)
" Definition of this unit is laboratory: in presence of normal level of thyroxine (T4) TSH value is changed: in lower TSH level the subclinical hyperthyroidism (STx) in increase TSH levels subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) is present."	4.91	[Subclinical thyroid disease]. ( Zamrazil, V, 2015)
" Although several studies have shown an association between maternal subclinical hypothyroidism and/or hypothyroxinemia with obstetric problems and/or neurocognitive impairment in the offspring, there is only limited evidence on the possible positive effects of thyroxine (T4) treatment in such cases."	4.90	Controversies in endocrinology: On the need for universal thyroid screening in pregnant women. ( González, S; Morales, F; Puig-Domingo, M; Sánchez, E; Soldevila, B; Stagnaro-Green, A; Torrejón, S; Velasco, I; Vila, L, 2014)
" In women with hypothyroidism, levothyroxine is titrated to achieve a goal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level less than 2."	4.90	Thyroid disease in pregnancy. ( Carney, LA; Quinlan, JD; West, JM, 2014)
"Exposure to maternal hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy, which is characterized by low free T4 but normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, can negatively affect the foetus."	4.89	Maternal hypothyroxinemia and effects on cognitive functioning in childhood: how and why? ( Ghassabian, A; Henrichs, J; Peeters, RP; Tiemeier, H, 2013)
"This review found no difference between levothyroxine therapy and a control for treating pregnant euthyroid women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies for the outcome of pre-eclampsia, however a reduction in preterm birth and a trend towards reduced miscarriage with levothyroxine was shown."	4.89	Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy. ( Bain, E; Cossich, MC; Crowther, CA; Middleton, P; Reid, SM, 2013)
" The male infant who was born by spontaneous delivery at 35 weeks of gestational age presented with fever, tachycardia and tachypnea at rest on day 11 after birth, and developed severe apnea on day 14."	4.89	[Neonatal hyperthyroidism: a case report and literature review]. ( Li, N; Li, XH; Yao, YM, 2013)
"In light of several recent recommendations to use total thyroxine (T4) measurements in the diagnosis of thyroid function in pregnancy (in particular, "Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypothyroidism in Adults," cosponsored by the American Thyroid Association and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, which promote the use of T4 over free T4 [FT4 ]), we have examined the implications of employing T4 for diagnostic discrimination in both pregnant and nonpregnant patient panels."	4.89	Measurement of total rather than free thyroxine in pregnancy: the diagnostic implications. ( Hoermann, R; Midgley, JE, 2013)
" For goitrous fetal hypothyroidism leading to hydramnios, repeated intra-amniotic injections of thyroxine have been reported to decrease the size of the fetal thyroid."	4.87	Thyroid disorders during pregnancy: impact on the fetus. ( Polak, M, 2011)
"Trimester-specific references range for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine in pregnancy must take into account iodine and thyroid autoantibody status, race, BMI, as well as other factors."	4.87	Management of hypothyroidism in pregnancy. ( Brent, GA; Milanesi, A, 2011)
"Levothyroxine treatment of clinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy is already standard practice given the documented benefits from earlier non-randomised studies."	4.86	Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. ( Cossich, MC; Crowther, CA; Middleton, P; Reid, SM, 2010)
"Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy seriously influences fetal brain development and in the worst case induces cretinism."	4.86	[Iodine deficiency in infancy - a risk for cognitive development]. ( Gärtner, R; Johner, SA; Kriener, E; Remer, T; Thamm, M, 2010)
" The evaluation of thyroid function of either hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism should be assessed by determination of serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Iodine and Thyroid Autoantibodies."	4.86	Thyroid function tests during first-trimester of pregnancy: a review of literature. ( Mansourian, AR, 2010)
" In contrast, subclinical hypothyroidism seems to improve with thyroxine treatment."	4.85	[Clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of subclinical thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. Working Group on Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction of the Spanish Endocrinology Society]. ( Alonso Pedrol, N; Cantón Blanco, A; Corrales Hernández, JJ; Galofré Ferrater, JC; Lajo Morales, T; Pérez Corral, B; Pérez Pérez, A; Tortosa Henzi, F, 2009)
"Recently, the recommended dose for iodine intake during pregnancy had been increased from 200 to 250 microg/day, because recent studies revealed that even mild-to-moderate iodine intake might affect the neuropsychological development of the child."	4.85	Thyroid diseases in pregnancy. ( Gärtner, R, 2009)
" The aim of treating hyperthyroidism in pregnancy with antithyroid drugs is to maintain serum thyroxine (T(4)) in the upper normal range of the assay used with the lowest possible dose of drug, whereas in hypothyroidism, the goal is to return serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to the range between 0."	4.85	Autoimmune thyroid disease in pregnancy: a review. ( Davies, TF; Galofre, JC, 2009)
"Several factors to consider when assessing iodine status in pregnant women and young infants include: 1) the urinary iodine (UI) concentration (microg l-1) is not interchangeable with 24 h UI excretion (microg per 24 h); 2) the concentration of iodine in a spot or casual urine sample cannot be used to diagnose iodine deficiency in an individual; 3) a moderate fall in the concentration of serum free T4 during pregnancy is not a sign of maternal iodine deficiency; 4) an increase in the concentration of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) during pregnancy is not a sign of maternal iodine deficiency; 5) a higher concentration of TSH and Tg in cord blood than in maternal blood is not a sign of iodine deficiency in the mother or neonate; and 6) thyroid function in a full-term foetus, a neonate or a small child is not more sensitive to a mild iodine deficiency than in the mother."	4.84	Evaluating iodine deficiency in pregnant women and young infants-complex physiology with a risk of misinterpretation. ( Andersen, S; Bjarnadóttir, RI; Carlé, A; Hreidarsson, A; Knudsen, N; Laurberg, P; Ovesen, L; Pedersen, I; Rasmussen, L, 2007)
"Overt hypothyroidism is always an indication for substitution with levothyroxine."	4.83	[Subclinical hypothyroidism--what level of TSH is an indication for substitution?]. ( Janssen, OE; Mann, K, 2006)
"Around 1-2% of pregnant women receive levothyroxine treatment for overt hypothyroidism."	4.83	Hypothyroidism in the pregnant woman. ( , 2006)
" When the intake is restricted, physiological adaptation is progressively replaced by pathological alterations, in parallel with the degree of iodine deprivation, leading to excessive glandular stimulation, hypothyroxinemia, and goiter formation."	4.82	Feto-maternal repercussions of iodine deficiency during pregnancy. An update. ( Glinoer, D, 2003)
" Observational studies suggest that children whose mothers had hypothyroxinemia in early pregnancy have lower IQs than matched controls."	4.82	Hypothyroidism during pregnancy. ( Koren, G; Nava-Ocampo, AA; Soldin, OP, 2004)
"2%), hypothyroidism (autoimmune disease or suboptimal iodine intake) occurs in 2."	4.82	Screening for thyroid disease in pregnancy. ( Lazarus, JH; Premawardhana, LD, 2005)
" Women receiving thyroxine therapy for hypothyroidism or as suppressive therapy should have their dose increased by up to 50% during pregnancy."	4.82	Thyroid disease in pregnancy and childhood. ( Lazarus, JH, 2005)
"One of my pregnant patients is taking levothyroxine for hypothyroidism."	4.81	Managing hypothyroidism during pregnancy. ( Koren, G; Nikfar, S, 2001)
"Cretinism, which is characterized by marked intellectual impairment and is associated with severe iodine deficiency, has been appreciated for many years."	4.80	Thyroid hormone and intellectual development: a clinician's view. ( Lazarus, JH, 1999)
"Women with compensated early thyroid failure, or those from areas of reduced iodine intake, may first be found to be hypothyroid during pregnancy."	4.80	Maternal hypothyroidism: recognition and management. ( Brent, GA, 1999)
" Firstly, in infants with a defect of glandular ontogenesis (congenital hypothyroidism), the participation of maternal thyroid hormones to the fetal circulating thyroxine environment is normal and, therefore, risk of brain damage results exclusively from the insufficient hormone production by the abnormal fetal thyroid gland."	4.80	The potential repercussions of maternal, fetal, and neonatal hypothyroxinemia on the progeny. ( Delange, F; Glinoer, D, 2000)
" Since propylthiouracil is an equally effective antithyroid agent and has not been associated with ACC, it is the preferred thioamide for hyperthyroidism during pregnancy."	4.79	Review of antithyroid drug use during pregnancy and report of a case of aplasia cutis. ( Brent, GA; Larsen, PR; Mandel, SJ, 1994)
" Pregnant women with overt and subclinical hypothyroidism should be treated using L-Thyroxine with the bTSH between 1 and 2 mU/l."	4.79	[Therapy of hypo- and hyperthyroidism in pregnancy]. ( Lind, P, 1997)
" Maternal thyroid function was classified into 7 categories: euthyroid, overt/subclinical hyperthyroidism, overt/subclinical hypothyroidism, hyperthyroxinemia, and hypothyroxinemia."	4.31	Maternal Thyroid Dysfunction and Neuropsychological Development in Children. ( Chen, Y; Fan, P; Luo, ZC; Ma, R; Ouyang, F; Zhang, J; Zhang, T, 2023)
"To study the effects of third trimester maternal isolated hypothyroxinemia (serum low free thyroxine and normal thyroid stimulating hormone level) on pregnancy outcomes, we performed a retrospective cohort study in women with singleton pregnancy between February 2009 and June 2012."	4.31	Association between third trimester maternal isolated hypothyroxinemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. ( Chen, L; Lin, D; Lin, H; Lin, Z; Lu, X; Peng, M; Sun, M; Ye, E; Yu, L, 2023)
"This study was undertaken to test the therapeutic effect of extra-low dose of levothyroxine (LT4; 25 mcg/day) to preconception and pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH)."	4.31	Effect of extra-low dose levothyroxine supplementation on pregnancy outcomes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism undergoing in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. ( Chen, YT; Chung, MT; Ho, CH; Hsiao, TW; Lin, YL; Tsai, YC; Wen, JY, 2023)
"The dosage of levothyroxine (LT4) during pregnancy differs among different ethnic groups worldwide."	4.12	Levothyroxine dosages during pregnancy among hypothyroid women. An experience from a tertiary care center of Karachi, Pakistan, based on data from Maternal Hypothyroidism on Pregnancy Outcomes Study (MHPO-5). ( Islam, N; Khalid, W; Kiran, Z; Sheikh, A, 2022)
"To investigate the effect of levothyroxine sodium tablets (L-T4) on pregnancy outcome and offspring development quotient in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) during pregnancy."	4.12	Effect of Levothyroxine Sodium Tablets on Pregnancy Outcome and Offspring Development Quotient of SCH during Pregnancy. ( Qian, X; Sun, Y; Xu, X, 2022)
"The hyperthyroid mother underwent subtotal thyroidectomy before pregnancy and regularly took levothyroxine to avoid hypothyroidism, but still had a high-level thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb)."	4.12	A hypothyroid mother after subtotal thyroidectomy delivered a newborn with hyperthyroidism from fetal stage: a case report. ( Fan, L; Gao, Y; Hou, X; Li, L; Peng, C; Sun, W; Zhang, X, 2022)
" Our aim was to compare a weight-based dosing method of starting thyroxine to a fixed-dose method in newly diagnosed women with subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy."	4.12	Weight-based thyroid dosing vs fixed dosing during pregnancy for subclinical hypothyroidism: A retrospective cohort study. ( Bohlega, B; Feig, DS; Tomlinson, G; Zahedi, A, 2022)
"In consideration of the potential roles of selenoproteins in thyroid function, we aimed to evaluate the association of low selenium status with hypothyroidism during pregnancy and the association of maternal low thyroid function with infant birth size."	4.02	Prenatal Maternal Low Selenium, High Thyrotropin, and Low Birth Weights. ( Guo, X; Liu, J; Liu, Z; Xu, J; Yan, C; Zhou, L, 2021)
"Recent randomized controlled studies have revealed that levothyroxine (LT4) treatment improves pregnancy outcomes only in infertile women with subclinical hypothyroidism who have thyroid autoantibodies (TAs), but not for those with high TSH levels within the normal range who have TAs."	4.02	Effect of thyroxine treatment on pregnancy outcomes in infertile Japanese women with TSH levels between 2.5 μIU/mL and the upper reference limit: a retrospective study. ( Goto, H; Ikemoto, Y; Itakura, A; Kuroda, K; Ochiai, A; Satoh, H; Sugiyama, R; Tsunemi, A; Uchida, T; Watada, H, 2021)
"We retrospectively analyzed the results of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) with the antithyroid autoantibody test using the Cobas 8000 e801 module (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) performed during the first trimester of pregnancy."	4.02	Thyroid Function Tests in the First Trimester of Pregnancy According to Maternal Age in Asia. ( Jeon, Y; Kim, CW; Kim, SH; Lee, EH; Lee, SG, 2021)
"Prepregnancy overweight/obesity (OWO) and isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia (IMH) may increase the risk of macrosomia, but little is known about their potential combined effect on macrosomia."	4.02	The Interactive Effect of Prepregnancy Overweight/Obesity and Isolated Maternal Hypothyroxinemia on Macrosomia. ( Fan, J; Guo, F; Liu, Y; Yang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2021)
"Adherence to levothyroxine (LT4) and attaining thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) goal in pregnancy has not been well-defined yet."	4.02	Evaluation of adherence to levothyroxine and out-of-range thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in pregnant women with primary hypothyroidism. ( Tiryaki Aylıkcı, AB; Topaloğlu, Ö; Yavuz, A, 2021)
"To reassess the efficacy of levothyroxine on subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH, 4."	4.02	Laboratory characteristics analysis of the efficacy of levothyroxine on subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy: a single-center retrospective study. ( Chen, D; Han, L; Liang, Z; Ma, Y, 2021)
"Our study aimed to describe levothyroxine prescription patterns and trends over time among pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in the United Kingdom."	4.02	Use of levothyroxine among pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism in the United Kingdom: A population-based assessment. ( Filion, KB; Grandi, SM; Platt, RW; Reynier, P; Yu, OHY; Yu, YH, 2021)
"To assess the effects of mild thyroid dysfunction combined with TPOAb status in the first trimester on pregnancy outcomes and the impact of levothyroxine (L-T4) treatment on pregnancy outcomes."	3.96	The Impact of Thyroid Function and TPOAb in the First Trimester on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Retrospective Study in Peking. ( Gao, Y; Guo, X; Huang, Y; Sun, W; Yang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, S, 2020)
"Exposure to maternal hypothyroxinemia was associated with a five-fold increased risk of offspring bipolar disorder with psychotic features, but not without psychotic features."	3.96	The association of serologically documented maternal thyroid conditions during pregnancy with bipolar disorder in offspring. ( Brown, AS; Cheslack-Postava, K; Spann, MN, 2020)
"Severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause intellectual disability, presumably through inadequate placental transfer of maternal thyroid hormone to the fetus."	3.96	Maternal Iodine Status During Pregnancy Is Not Consistently Associated with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or Autistic Traits in Children. ( Bath, SC; Dineva, M; Fano, E; Guxens, M; Ibarluzea, JM; Korevaar, TIM; Levie, D; Llop, S; Murcia, M; Peeters, RP; Rayman, MP; Sunyer, J; Tiemeier, H, 2020)
"The Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Screening Study I (CATS-I) was a randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of levothyroxine therapy for suboptimal gestational thyroid function (SGTF), comparing outcomes in children of treated (SGTF-T) with untreated (SGTF-U) women during pregnancy."	3.96	CATS II Long-term Anthropometric and Metabolic Effects of Maternal Sub-optimal Thyroid Function in Offspring and Mothers. ( Candler, T; Daniel, RM; Dayan, CM; Draman, MS; Evans, WD; Gregory, JW; Hales, C; Lazarus, JH; Ludgate, ME; Muller, I; Okosieme, O; Pettit, RJ; Rees, DA; Scholz, A; Shillabeer, D; Tang, HKC; Taylor, PN, 2020)
"Levothyroxine treatment for hypothyroidism in early pregnancy has inconsistent outcomes."	3.96	Impact of Preconception Treatment Initiation for Hypothyroidism on Neurocognitive Function in Children. ( Li, X; Wang, C; Xu, H; Zhou, Q, 2020)
" At 24 weeks she developed facial palsy and pituitary hyperplasia which responded to a combination of steroids and thyroxine."	3.96	Neurological manifestation in severe hypothyroidism in pregnancy. ( Dadhwal, V; Noor, N; Sharma, A, 2020)
" Variables analyzed included diagnosis criteria for GH (availability of universal screening for gestational thyroid disorders and TSH reference values (RVs) by trimester of pregnancy): risk factors for GH, iodine intake from food or supplementation, gestational age (at diagnosis/treatment) and l-thyroxine treatment."	3.96	Diagnosis, treatment, and management of gestational hypothyroidism. The TIROGEST study. ( Bandrés, O; Domínguez, JR; Donnay, S; Fajardo, C; Fernández-García, JC; López, I; Lucas, A; Menéndez, E; Moll, G; Muñoz, J; Pineda, JJ; Serrano, J; Torrejón, S; Torres, T; Tortosa, F; Vich, F, 2020)
"GD = Graves disease; hCG = human chorionic gonadotropin; MMI = methimazole; PPT = postpartum thyroiditis; PTU = propylthiouracil; T3 = triiodothyronine; T4 = thyroxine; TBG = thyroxine-binding globulin; TRAb = TSH receptor antibody; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone."	3.91	MANAGEMENT OF THYROTOXICOSIS: PRECONCEPTION, PREGNANCY, AND THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD. ( Pearce, EN, 2019)
"To explore the effect of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia (IMH) during the first and second trimester of gestation on pregnancy outcomes."	3.91	The impact of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia during the first and second trimester of gestation on pregnancy outcomes: an intervention and prospective cohort study in China. ( Fan, C; Gong, X; Li, C; Li, Y; Liu, A; Shan, Z; Sun, H; Teng, W; Yu, X, 2019)
"At median 10, 18, and 26 weeks of gestation, we observed significant inverse associations between free thyroxine (FT4) and birth weight z scores, with the strongest association detected at median 10 weeks, at which time a 10% increase in FT4 was associated with a 0."	3.88	Subclinical Changes in Maternal Thyroid Function Parameters in Pregnancy and Fetal Growth. ( Cantonwine, DE; Ferguson, KK; Johns, LE; McElrath, TF; Meeker, JD; Mukherjee, B, 2018)
"Maternal thyroxine during pregnancy did not improve child cognition at age 9."	3.88	Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Screening II: Effect of Treating Maternal Suboptimal Thyroid Function on Child Cognition. ( Bakhsh, A; Channon, S; Dayan, C; Draman, MS; Gregory, JW; Gyedu, M; Hales, C; Lazarus, JH; Ludgate, M; McEwan, K; Muller, I; Okosieme, O; Paradice, R; Rees, DA; Taylor, PN; Zhang, L, 2018)
" Questionnaires included demographic data and clinical scenarios with questions regarding the screening and management of pregnant women with SCH, hypothyroxinemia, and a palpable thyroid nodule."	3.88	Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy: A Clinical Survey among Endocrinologists, Gynecologists, and Obstetricians in Israel. ( Benbassat, CA; Koren, R; Koren, S; Or, K; Wiener, Y, 2018)
"The aim of this study is to estimate the timing impact on levothyroxine replacement among pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH)."	3.88	Initiation timing effect of levothyroxine treatment on subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. ( Chen, B; Jiang, G; Ma, Q; Tian, X; Wang, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, L; Zhu, T, 2018)
" All women had a blood sample drawn in early pregnancy (median week 9), and the stored sample was used for measurement of free thyroxine and thyrotropin."	3.88	Maternal Thyroid Function in Early Pregnancy and Child Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Danish Nationwide Case-Cohort Study. ( Andersen, S; Andersen, SL; Olsen, J; Vestergaard, P, 2018)
"The isolated hypothyroxinemia of pregnancy (IHP) has gained specific attention in the specialized literature during the recent years as the possible factor impeding the intellectual development of fetus and increasing the risk of complications related with pregnancy, delivery and perinatal period."	3.88	IMPORTANCE OF ISOLATED GESTATIONAL HYPOTHYROXINEMIA IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OBSTETRIC AND SOMATIC PATHOLOGIES. ( Gagua, D; Gagua, T; Morchiladze, N; Tkeshelashvili, B, 2018)
"Hypothyroxinemia (Hpx) is a thyroid hormone deficiency (THD) condition highly frequent during pregnancy, which although asymptomatic for the mother, it can impair the cognitive function of the offspring."	3.88	Gestational Hypothyroxinemia Affects Its Offspring With a Reduced Suppressive Capacity Impairing the Outcome of the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. ( Albornoz, E; Binzberger, R; Bueno, SM; Bugueño, K; Cabello-Verrugio, C; Elorza, AA; Haensgen, H; Jara Fernández, EL; Kalergis, AM; Opazo, MC; Riedel, CA; Rivero-Castillo, T; Simon, F; Venegas Salas, LF, 2018)
"ID appears to be a risk factor to predict hypothyroxinemia in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy, but not in the third trimester."	3.88	Iron Deficiency May Predict Greater Risk for Hypothyroxinemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Pregnant Women in China. ( Du, J; Fan, C; Gao, Z; Li, C; Li, L; Mao, J; Shan, Z; Teng, W; Teng, X; Wang, W; Xie, X; Yu, X; Zhang, S; Zhang, X, 2018)
"The thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3) can be used as an augmentation therapy for depression."	3.88	Use of liothyronine (L-T3) as an augmentation therapy for depression during pregnancy. ( Bhella, VS; Garg, D, 2018)
"We investigated the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Nigella sativa (NS) on renal tissue oxidative damage associated with propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism during neonatal and juvenile growth in rats."	3.85	Th e eff ects of Nigella Sativa extract on renal tissue oxidative damage during neonatal and juvenile growth in propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroid rats. ( Beheshti, F; Haghshenas, M; Hosseini, M; Mohebbati, R; Nazariborun, A, 2017)
" Intra-amniotic levothyroxine (L-T4) administration was performed, and the fetal goiter decreased in size."	3.85	Fetal goitrous hypothyroidism treated by intra-amniotic levothyroxine administration: case report and review of the literature. ( Kobayashi, M; Naito, A; Nemoto, A; Saito, T; Sugita, K; Yagasaki, H, 2017)
" In the women with known hypothyroidism on levothyroxine treatment, 50."	3.85	Incidence of Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Hypothyroidism in Early Pregnancy. ( Akram, FH; Johansson, B; Landgren, BM; Möllerström, G; Skjöldebrand-Sparre, L; Stavreus-Evers, A, 2017)
"Iodine deficiency, thyroid dysfunction and development of thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy may affect mother and the developing fetus."	3.85	Iodine and Thyroid Function Status, and Anti-thyroid Peroxidase Antibody among Pregnant Women in Eastern Nepal. ( Baral, N; Chaudhary, LN; Gautam, S; Gelal, B; Khatiwada, S; Lamsal, M; Pokharel, H, 2017)
"Thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), TPOAbs, and/or hCG concentrations were measured in early and late pregnancy of 7587 pregnant women from 2 Dutch population-based prospective cohorts (n = 5924, Generation R study; n = 1663, Holistic Approach to Pregnancy and the First Postpartum Year study)."	3.85	Thyroid Autoimmunity Impairs the Thyroidal Response to Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: Two Population-Based Prospective Cohort Studies. ( Broeren, MA; Chaker, L; de Rijke, YB; Jaddoe, VW; Korevaar, TI; Medici, M; Peeters, RP; Pop, VJ; Steegers, EA; Tiemeier, H; Visser, TJ, 2017)
"More than 50% of Danish pregnant women on current treatment for thyroid disease had thyrotropin and/or free thyroxine outside the week-specific reference ranges, and the frequency of unidentified early pregnancy thyroid dysfunction in women clinically diagnosed after the pregnancy was also high."	3.85	Early Pregnancy Thyroid Function Test Abnormalities in Biobank Sera from Women Clinically Diagnosed with Thyroid Dysfunction Before or After Pregnancy. ( Andersen, SL; Olsen, J, 2017)
"Human chorionic gonadotropin is associated with the risk of (subclinical) hyperthyroidism and hypothyroxinemia, but not with the risk of (subclinical) hypothyroidism."	3.85	Stimulation of Thyroid Function by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin During Pregnancy: A Risk Factor for Thyroid Disease and a Mechanism for Known Risk Factors. ( Chaker, L; de Rijke, YB; Jaddoe, VW; Korevaar, TI; Medici, M; Peeters, RP; Steegers, EA; Visser, TJ, 2017)
" The preferred ATD in pregnancy is propylthiouracil in the first trimester and methimazole in the second and third trimesters, similar to North America."	3.83	A 2013 European survey of clinical practice patterns in the management of Graves' disease. ( Bartalena, L; Burch, HB; Burman, KD; Kahaly, GJ, 2016)
"Maternal hypothyroxinemia (free thyroxine ≤10th percentile, normal thyroid-stimulating hormone) was associated with an increased odds of schizophrenia (odds ratio = 1."	3.83	Hypothyroxinemia During Gestation and Offspring Schizophrenia in a National Birth Cohort. ( Brown, AS; Gyllenberg, D; Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki, S; McKeague, IW; Sourander, A; Surcel, HM, 2016)
" For hypothyroid women who are planning pregnancy, 96% of the clinicians are aware of the importance of adjusting the levothyroxine (LT4) dose as soon as pregnancy is confirmed."	3.83	Management of gestational hypothyroidism: results of a Brazilian survey. ( Comarella, AP; Tiago, DB; Villagelin, D; Ward, LS, 2016)
" The selection criteria were as follows: a) pregnant women on treatment for hypothyroidism (both liquid and tablet LT4) who gave birth at our hospital between February 2012 and January 2014; b) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels obtained at least 3 months before missed menstrual cycle, with a TSH value less than 2."	3.83	Levothyroxine liquid solution versus tablet form for replacement treatment in pregnant women. ( Agosti, B; Cappelli, C; Castellano, M; Gandossi, E; Negro, R; Pirola, I, 2016)
" This study investigated the effects on the intelligence quotient (IQ) of children born to mothers with different levels of iodine supplementation, with or without the administration of levothyroxine (LT4), prior to and during pregnancy."	3.83	Effects of Maternal Iodine Nutrition and Thyroid Status on Cognitive Development in Offspring: A Pilot Study. ( Alibrandi, A; Candia Longo, A; Giorgianni, G; Moleti, M; Sturniolo, G; Tortorella, G; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F, 2016)
" Detailed anthropometric measurements (including BMI and skinfold thickness) and fasting blood samples (for TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), HbA1c, lipid profile, plasma glucose and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) analysis) were obtained at 28 weeks gestation."	3.83	Maternal hypothyroxinaemia in pregnancy is associated with obesity and adverse maternal metabolic parameters. ( Hattersley, AT; Knight, BA; Shields, BM; Vaidya, B, 2016)
"The study was aimed to evaluate the effects of levothyroxine (LT4) supplemental replacement treatment for pregnancy and analyze the associations between the clinical classification of hypothyroidism and reduced thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in LT4 therapy."	3.83	Association between the clinical classification of hypothyroidism and reduced TSH in LT4 supplemental replacement treatment for pregnancy in China. ( Li, Y; Ye, H; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z; Zhu, X, 2016)
" In the 875 with TSH and FT4 results and no history of thyroid disease, 10% had hypothyroxinemia, 4·6% subclinical hypothyroidism, 1·6% overt hypothyroidism and 1·5% subclinical hyperthyroidism."	3.83	Thyroid function testing in women who had a stillbirth. ( Bossuyt, PM; Erwich, JJ; Groen, H; Korteweg, FJ; Mol, BW; Nijkamp, JW; Timmer, A; Van Den Berg, G, 2016)
"Previously we found that late pregnancy total and free thyroxine (TT4, FT4) concentrations were negatively related to greater pre and/or postpartum depressive symptoms."	3.83	Late pregnancy thyroid-binding globulin predicts perinatal depression. ( Garcia, N; Johnson, J; Leserman, J; Meltzer-Brody, S; Pedersen, C; Stansbury, M, 2016)
"To develop applicable index of iodine intake for population during pregnancy."	3.83	The Urine Iodine to Creatinine as an Optimal Index of Iodine During Pregnancy in an Iodine Adequate Area in China. ( Li, C; Mao, J; Peng, S; Shan, Z; Teng, W; Teng, X; Wang, D; Xie, X; Zhang, X, 2016)
"Ninety-two pregnant women with primary hypothyroidism on adequate thyroid hormone replacement were voluntarily divided into two groups: "thyroxine" (n = 38) treated with L-thyroxine only, and "thyroxine + iodine" (n = 54) treated additionally with 150 μg/day of iodine since 10th gestational week."	3.83	Iodine supplementation during pregnancy of hypothyroid women treated with L-thyroxine neither influences neonatal TSH nor prevents decrease in maternal free thyroid hormone concentrations in second and third trimesters. ( Bartoszewicz, Z; Dębski, R; Jastrzębska, H; Kochman, M; Ołtarzewski, M; Zgliczyński, W, 2016)
" Thyroxine replacement in women with thyroid autoimmunity with or without appreciable thyroid dysfunction may improve pregnancy outcomes."	3.83	Thyroid Autoimmunity and Reproductive Function. ( Crawford, NM; Steiner, AZ, 2016)
"This study explored the effects of levothyroxine (L-T4) replacement therapy on pregnancy outcomes in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH)."	3.83	Clinical efficacy of therapeutic intervention for subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy. ( Huang, J; Ju, R; Lin, L; Long, Y; Zhang, J, 2016)
"Isolated hypothyroxinemia during early pregnancy may irreversibly damage the neurodevelopment of offspring."	3.81	Iron deficiency, an independent risk factor for isolated hypothyroxinemia in pregnant and nonpregnant women of childbearing age in China. ( Bi, L; Du, J; Fan, C; Gao, Z; Li, C; Liu, A; Mao, J; Meng, T; Shan, Z; Teng, W; Teng, X; Wang, W; Xie, X; Xu, B; Yang, L; Yu, X; Zhang, S; Zhang, X; Zhou, W, 2015)
"The upper limit of iodine intake during early pregnancy in an iodine-sufficient region should not exceed UIC 250 μg/L, because this is associated with a significantly high risk of subclinical hypothyroidism, and a UIC of 500 μg/L should not be exceeded, as it is associated with a significantly high risk of isolated hypothyroxinemia."	3.81	Optimal and safe upper limits of iodine intake for early pregnancy in iodine-sufficient regions: a cross-sectional study of 7190 pregnant women in China. ( Du, J; Fan, C; Gao, Z; Han, C; Li, C; Mao, J; Meng, T; Shan, Z; Shi, X; Teng, W; Wang, W; Xie, X; Xu, B; Zhang, S; Zhang, X, 2015)
"Women of group 3 with visible goiter were administered two capsules of iodized oil orally each containing 200 mg of iodine, from weeks 6--8 of pregnancy."	3.81	Effect of maternal iodine supplementation on thyroid function and birth outcome in goiter endemic areas. ( Anees, M; Anis, RA; Arslan, M; Murtaza, I; Shahab, M; Sultan, A; Yousaf, S, 2015)
" Iodine deficiency is particularly important in pregnancy as the fetus relies on maternal thyroxine (T4) exclusively during the first 14 weeks and also throughout gestation."	3.81	The importance of iodine in public health. ( Lazarus, JH, 2015)
"It is known that iodine deficiency during pregnancy can interfere with normal fetal growth and development."	3.81	Urinary iodine level and its determinants in pregnant women of Shanghai, China. ( Jin, L; Wang, W; Wei, Z; Yu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2015)
"About one out of two women with primary hypothyroidism has to increase the dosage of exogenous levothyroxine (L-T4) during pregnancy."	3.81	Levothyroxine dose adjustment in hypothyroid women achieving pregnancy through IVF. ( Busnelli, A; Faulisi, S; Fedele, L; Fugazzola, L; Paffoni, A; Somigliana, E; Vannucchi, G, 2015)
"Maternal hypothyroxinemia (n = 127) in early pregnancy was associated with higher scores for ADHD symptoms in children at 8 years of age after adjustments for child and maternal factors (ie, sex, ethnicity, maternal age, maternal educational level, and income) (increase in ADHD scores, 7% [95% CI, 0."	3.81	Maternal Mild Thyroid Hormone Insufficiency in Early Pregnancy and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Children. ( Ghassabian, A; Hofman, A; Jaddoe, VW; Modesto, T; Peeters, RP; Tiemeier, H; Verhulst, FC, 2015)
" Several studies have shown that exposure to methimazole (MMI) during the first trimester of pregnancy increases the incidence of specific congenital anomalies that are collectively referred to as MMI embryopathy."	3.81	Substituting Potassium Iodide for Methimazole as the Treatment for Graves' Disease During the First Trimester May Reduce the Incidence of Congenital Anomalies: A Retrospective Study at a Single Medical Institution in Japan. ( Ito, K; Iwaku, K; Kameda, T; Kobayashi, S; Kunii, Y; Matsumoto, M; Mukasa, K; Noh, JY; Ohye, H; Sugino, K; Suzuki, M; Suzuki, N; Watanabe, N; Yoshihara, A, 2015)
"BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2) may act as an indicator of hypothyroxinemia and TPOAb positivity and BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) was associated with increases in the odds of hypothyroidism, hypothyroxinemia, and TPOAb positivity."	3.81	High Body Mass Index Is an Indicator of Maternal Hypothyroidism, Hypothyroxinemia, and Thyroid-Peroxidase Antibody Positivity during Early Pregnancy. ( Bi, L; Du, J; Fan, C; Gao, Z; Han, C; Li, C; Mao, J; Meng, T; Shan, Z; Teng, W; Wang, W; Xie, X; Xu, B; Yang, L; Zhang, S; Zhang, X; Zhou, W, 2015)
"The potentiation of the immune system in pregnant rats was performed with Complete Freund's Adjuvant [CFA; 20μl, subcutaneous at gestation day (GD) 18] in experimentally-induced hyperthyroidism by Levo-thyroxine (L-T4; 10μg/100g of b."	3.81	Immune stimulation improves endocrine and neural fetal outcomes in a model of maternofetal thyrotoxicosis. ( Abdel-Latif, M; Ahmed, RG; El-Nesr, KA; Mahdi, EA, 2015)
"Maternal hypothyroidism and/or hypothyroxinemia have been associated with child's poor neuropsychological development, but the results have been inconsistent."	3.81	Maternal and Child's Thyroid Function and Child's Intellect and Scholastic Performance. ( Bloigu, A; Hartikainen, AL; Järvelin, MR; Männistö, T; Moilanen, I; Päkkilä, F; Ruokonen, A; Surcel, HM; Suvanto, E; Vääräsmäki, M, 2015)
"Untreated maternal hypothyroidism can have adverse effects on both the mother and fetus, but it can potentially be prevented by adequate levothyroxine replacement."	3.81	Levothyroxine Dosage Requirement During Pregnancy in Well-Controlled Hypothyroid Women: A Longitudinal Study. ( Akha, O; Bahar, A; Esmaeilisaraji, L; Hamzehgardeshi, Z; Hassanzade, S; Kashi, Z, 2015)
"The aims were to establish a gestational-age specific curve for serum total thyroxine (T4) levels and to compare pregnancy outcomes of euthyroid women with those identified to have subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) defined by an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level in conjunction with either total T4 or free T4 determinations."	3.80	Is total thyroxine better than free thyroxine during pregnancy? ( Casey, BM; Cunningham, FG; McIntire, DD; Wilson, KL, 2014)
" Serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), TSH-receptor antibody (TRAb), the duration of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy, doses of antithyroid medication, and the duration of maternal antithyroid medication throughout pregnancy were compared."	3.80	Risk factors for neonatal thyroid dysfunction in pregnancies complicated by Graves' disease. ( Ebina, Y; Morioka, I; Tairaku, S; Tanimura, K; Uenaka, M; Yamada, H, 2014)
"Pregnancy is a special condition where many metabolic changes may occur because of increased requirement of essential micronutrients such as iron and iodine."	3.80	Early gestation screening of pregnant women for iodine deficiency disorders and iron deficiency in urban centre in Vadodara, Gujarat, India. ( Joshi, K; Khade, C; Nair, S; Rajan, MG, 2014)
"Levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) were measured in 3882 Chinese women during the first and second trimester of pregnancy."	3.80	Screening strategies for thyroid disorders in the first and second trimester of pregnancy in China. ( Cai, L; Chen, L; Chen, Q; Lin, Z; Lu, X; Shao, M; Yang, H; Yu, L; Zhang, C, 2014)
" Assessment of hormones such as thyroxine could optimize the interpretation of screening tests for pathological conditions during pregnancy."	3.79	Correlation of nuchal translucency and thyroxine at 11-13 weeks of gestation. ( Abdollahi, A; Farrokhi, B; Ganjizadeh, M; Ghaffari, SR; Gharedaghi, MH; Hantoushzadeh, S; Javadian, P; Nasri, K; Salmanian, B; Sheikh, M; Tahmasebpour, AR; Tara, F, 2013)
"In this study, we researched the pattern of thyroid function of subclinical hypothyroid (SCH) women with levothyroxine (LT4) throughout pregnancy and determined the optimal dosages of LT4 for such women."	3.79	The pattern of thyroid function of subclinical hypothyroid women with levothyroxine treatment during pregnancy. ( Chen, Y; Ding, B; Fan, C; Gao, B; Guo, R; Li, C; Li, J; Li, Y; Liu, Q; Liu, W; Ma, Y; Shan, Z; Shang, T; Teng, W; Wang, H; Wang, W; Wu, Y; Xu, H; Yu, X; Zhang, H; Zhou, J; Zhou, W, 2013)
" All women were treated with levothyroxine (L-T₄) during pregnancy."	3.79	Pregnancy outcomes in women with severe hypothyroidism. ( Hirsch, D; Kopel, V; Levy, S; Nadler, V; Shainberg, B; Toledano, Y, 2013)
"The main object of the present study was to explore the effect on thyroidal proteins following mild iodine deficiency (ID)-induced maternal hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy and lactation."	3.79	Hypothyroxinemia induced by mild iodine deficiency deregulats thyroid proteins during gestation and lactation in dams. ( Chen, J; Dong, J; Min, H; Shan, Z; Song, B; Teng, W; Wang, Y; Wei, W; Xi, Q, 2013)
"Transient gestational hypothyroxinemia in rodents induces cortical neuronal migration brain lesions resembling those of autism."	3.79	Association of gestational maternal hypothyroxinemia and increased autism risk. ( Bongers-Schokking, JJ; de Rijke, YB; Ghassabian, A; Hofman, A; Jaddoe, VW; Román, GC; Tiemeier, H; Verhulst, FC, 2013)
"The 2 reported cases raise the possibility of uteroplacental ischemia and placental abruption being mechanisms by which hypothyroidism can lead to stillbirth; they also highlight the potential of minimizing this risk via adequate levothyroxine treatment from early pregnancy."	3.79	Optimal treatment of hypothyroidism associated with live birth in cases of previous recurrent placental abruption and stillbirth. ( Chan, SY; Charlesworth, D; Cox, P; Imtiaz, R; Kilby, MD; Vanes, NK, 2013)
"We aimed to determine whether subclinical hypothyroidism and maternal hypothyroxinemia resolve postdelivery."	3.79	Five-year follow-up for women with subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. ( Hattersley, AT; Hill, AV; Knight, BA; Shields, BM; Vaidya, B, 2013)
"375 pregnant women between 11 and 14 weeks of gestation who were offered routine first trimester prenatal aneuploidy screening and whose thyroid hormone levels (Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free and total thyroxine, free and total triiodothyronine, anti thyroid peroxidase antibody) were measured were assessed."	3.79	Relationship between maternal thyroid hormones and the biochemical markers of the first trimester aneuploidy screening. ( Aytan, H; Caliskan, AC; Demirturk, F; Erdogan, F; Kuzu, Z; Sahin, S, 2013)
" Due to low thyrotropin (TSH) in the second trimester, the levothyroxine dose was decreased by the obstetrician, and free T4 was low throughout the latter half of pregnancy."	3.79	Vertical transmission of hypopituitarism: critical importance of appropriate interpretation of thyroid function tests and levothyroxine therapy during pregnancy. ( Pine-Twaddell, E; Radovick, S; Romero, CJ, 2013)
" The Endocrine Society guidelines recommend the use of propylthiouracil as a first-line drug for thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy because of associations between carbimazole or methimazole and congenital anomalies."	3.78	Carbimazole embryopathy: implications for the choice of antithyroid drugs in pregnancy. ( Bowman, P; Osborne, NJ; Sturley, R; Vaidya, B, 2012)
"For a pregnant woman with newly diagnosed overt hypothyroidism, most responders initiated a full dose of l-thyroxine (l-T(4))."	3.78	Treatment and screening of hypothyroidism in pregnancy: results of a European survey. ( Hubalewska-Dydejczyk, A; Laurberg, P; Negro, R; Poppe, K; Vaidya, B; Vermiglio, F, 2012)
"Lower neurocognitive development scores at age 2 yr have been reported in association with euthyroid hypothyroxinemia during early pregnancy."	3.78	Mid-gestational maternal free thyroxine concentration and offspring neurocognitive development at age two years. ( Allan, WC; Craig, WY; Haddow, JE; Kloza, EM; Neveux, LM; Palomaki, GE; Pulkkinen, AJ; Spratt, DI; Waisbren, S, 2012)
" The present study aimed to investigate whether maternal subclinical hypothyroidism impairs spatial learning in the offspring, as well as the efficacy and optimal time of levothyroxine (L-T(4)) treatment in pregnancy."	3.78	Early levothyroxine treatment on maternal subclinical hypothyroidism improves spatial learning of offspring in rats. ( Fan, C; Gao, Y; Shan, Z; Teng, W; Wang, S; Zhang, H, 2012)
"Iodine deficiency (ID) remains common in Europe, and may be especially detrimental during pregnancy."	3.78	Pregnant French women living in the Lyon area are iodine deficient and have elevated serum thyroglobulin concentrations. ( Borson-Chazot, F; Bournaud, C; Claustrat, B; Claustrat, F; Gaucherand, P; Mellier, G; Orgiazzi, J; Raverot, V; Sassolas, G; Zimmermann, M, 2012)
" Women with hypothyroidism were treated with levothyroxine 0."	3.78	In vitro fertilization pregnancy rates in levothyroxine-treated women with hypothyroidism compared to women without thyroid dysfunction disorders. ( Demir, H; Fierro, MA; Kang, Y; Scoccia, B; Winston, NJ, 2012)
"We identified three women who had TSH receptor blocking Ab-induced MH during pregnancy and were treated with L-thyroxine (L-T4), starting at 27 weeks, 5 weeks, and the first month of gestation."	3.78	Severe maternal hypothyroidism corrected prior to the third trimester is associated with normal cognitive outcome in the offspring. ( Brown, RS; Carswell, J; Downing, S; Halpern, L, 2012)
" In normal female rats, the sera total thyroxine (TT4) and total triiodothyronine (TT3) levels were detectably increased at day 10 post-partum than those at day 10 of pregnancy."	3.78	Effects of experimentally induced maternal hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on the development of rat offspring: II-the developmental pattern of neurons in relation to oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system. ( Abd El-Tawab, SM; Ahmed, OM; Ahmed, RG; El-Bakry, AM; El-Gareib, AW, 2012)
" Although various studies have shown an association between subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia with obstetric problems and/or neurocognitive impairment in the offspring, no evidence on the possible positive effects of treatment of such conditions with thyroxin has been demonstrated so far."	3.78	[Detection of thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women: universal screening is justified]. ( González, S; Lailla, JM; Martinez-Astorquiza, T; Morales, F; Puig-Domingo, M; Sánchez, E; Velasco, I; Vila, L, 2012)
"To investigate the iodine nutritional status and thyroid function of pregnant women during different periods of pregnancy, to provide evidence for guiding iodine supplementation for them."	3.78	[Analysis on iodine nutritional status and thyroid function in pregnant women]. ( Dou, Y; Huang, D; Li, H; Liang, L; Ren, X; Wang, Y; Zheng, J; Zhu, X, 2012)
" In pregnancy, increased thyroid hormone synthesis is required to meet fetal needs, resulting in increased iodine requirements."	3.78	Thyroid disease in the perinatal period. ( Forehan, S, 2012)
"The study included 168 women receiving prenatal preparations containing 150 μg of iodine from early pregnancy (150-I group); 105 women who had regularly used (>2 years) iodized salt prior to becoming pregnant (I-salt group); 160 women neither taking iodine supplements nor using iodized salt (no-I group)."	3.77	Maternal thyroid function in different conditions of iodine nutrition in pregnant women exposed to mild-moderate iodine deficiency: an observational study. ( Alibrandi, A; De Vivo, A; Di Bella, B; Giorgianni, G; Mancuso, A; Moleti, M; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F, 2011)
"A descriptive study was conducted in the three healthcare areas of Burgos, Avila, and Ponferrada on 1,200 women in the first trimester of pregnancy The study consisted of a survey and thyroid hormone and urinary iodine measurements."	3.77	[Assessment of iodine nutritional status and thyroxine levels in pregnant women from different geographic areas of the Castile and Leon]. ( Díez Hernández, A; Fernández Fernández, M; García Menéndez, L; González Mateo, MC; Rodríguez Rodríguez, R; Valdazo Revenga, V, 2011)
"Severe iodine deficiency in pregnancy can result in cretinism."	3.77	Are pregnant women in New Zealand iodine deficient? A cross-sectional survey. ( Croxson, M; Gray, A; Pettigrew-Porter, A; Skeaff, S; Thomson, C, 2011)
"An adequate intake of iodine during pregnancy is essential for the synthesis of maternal thyroid hormones needed to support normal fetal development."	3.77	The effect of maternal iodine status on infant outcomes in an iodine-deficient Indian population. ( Das, PK; Ferguson, EL; Gray, AR; Menon, KC; Pandav, CS; Saraf, A; Skeaff, SA; Thomson, CD; Zodpey, S, 2011)
" The influence of maternal thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and L-thyroxine therapy during pregnancy on neonatal thyroid function was also investigated."	3.76	Newborn of mothers affected by autoimmune thyroiditis: the importance of thyroid function monitoring in the first months of life. ( Chiumello, G; Corbetta, C; Corrias, A; Giovanettoni, C; Maina, L; Mosca, F; Passoni, A; Rovelli, R; Vigone, MC; Weber, G, 2010)
"It is not known if surgeons who place women of reproductive age on thyroid hormone replacement (levothyroxine, LT4) routinely inform them of the increased LT4 demands with future pregnancy."	3.76	Thyroid hormone replacement in women of reproductive age: is surgeon knowledge related to operative volume? ( Cayo, MA; Chen, H; Haymart, MR, 2010)
" The aim of this study was to determine the impact of pregnancy on Hashimoto's thyroiditis as revealed by changes in postpregnancy levothyroxine requirements."	3.76	Increased postpartum thyroxine replacement in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. ( Davies, TF; Galofré, JC; Haber, RS; Mitchell, AA; Pessah, R, 2010)
"The aim of this study in pregnant women with hypothyroidism treated by levothyroxine is to examine the interrelations between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT(4)) and free tri-iodothyronine (FT(3)), and examine whether in such patients the treatment is adequate."	3.76	Maternal thyroid function at 11-13 weeks of gestation in women with hypothyroidism treated by thyroxine. ( Ashoor, G; Kametas, NA; Maiz, N; Nicolaides, KH; Rotas, M, 2010)
"Most women with hypothyroidism require an increase in their dose of levothyroxine (LT4) after conception."	3.76	The relationship of preconception thyrotropin levels to requirements for increasing the levothyroxine dose during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. ( Abalovich, M; Alcaraz, G; Cornelio, C; Gutierrez, S; Kleiman-Rubinsztein, J; Levalle, O; Pavlove, MM, 2010)
"The fetus is most vulnerable to severe iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism during pregnancy."	3.75	Iodine levels and thyroid hormones in healthy pregnant women and birth weight of their offspring. ( Alvarez-Pedrerol, M; Canet, Y; Espada, M; Guxens, M; Martorell, R; Mendez, M; Plana, E; Rebagliato, M; Sunyer, J, 2009)
" Although thyroid autoimmunity carried a 5-fold increased risk of hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency seems to be a major determinant in the occurrence of thyroid underfunction."	3.75	Gestational thyroid function abnormalities in conditions of mild iodine deficiency: early screening versus continuous monitoring of maternal thyroid status. ( De Vivo, A; Di Bella, B; Giorgianni, G; Lo Presti, VP; Mancuso, A; Mattina, F; Moleti, M; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F, 2009)
"The effect of constant rich iodine intake, especially during pregnancy, has not been well understood."	3.75	Thyroid function in early pregnancy in Japanese healthy women: relation to urinary iodine excretion, emesis, and fetal and child development. ( Amino, N; Hata, M; Ichihara, K; Kawakita, K; Kubota, S; Manki, K; Miyake, M; Miyauchi, A; Nunotani, T; Oku, H; Orito, Y; Shimogaki, K; Sugino, S; Tanaka, Y; Tatsumi, N; Ueta, M, 2009)
"To examine the relationship between maternal TSH and free thyroxine (FT(4)) concentrations in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage, fetal or neonatal death."	3.75	Higher maternal TSH levels in pregnancy are associated with increased risk for miscarriage, fetal or neonatal death. ( Benhadi, N; Bonsel, GJ; Reitsma, JB; Vrijkotte, TG; Wiersinga, WM, 2009)
" During pregnancy, there are some alterations in thyroid gland, such as elevation of thyroxine binding globulin, increased iodium clearance in kidneys, and stimulation of thyroid gland by human chorionic gonadotropin."	3.75	Gestational transient thyrotoxicosis. ( Adam, JM; Albaar, MT, 2009)
"Iodine deficiency (ID) is still common in Western Europe and its prevention remains a challenge, particularly during pregnancy."	3.75	[Iodine status and thyroid function of 330 pregnant women from Nice area assessed during the second part of pregnancy]. ( Bec-Roche, M; Brucker-Davis, F; Chevalier, N; Fénichel, P; Ferrari, P; Hiéronimus, S, 2009)
"Uncertainty exists about the best approach to manage levothyroxine dosage in women with hypothyroidism, once they become pregnant."	3.75	Thyroid function: the complexity of maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy. ( Alexander, EK, 2009)
"One hundred and ninety-nine pregnant women three times during pregnancy were assessed for depressive disorder and for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT(4)) concentrations."	3.75	Depressive disorder and thyroid axis functioning during pregnancy. ( Bunevicius, A; Bunevicius, R; Kusminskas, L; Mickuviene, N; Pedersen, CA; Pop, VJ, 2009)
"Among 89 hypothyroxinemic women, there was no evidence of an increased risk for fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, or low Apgar score."	3.75	The impact of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia on perinatal morbidity. ( Bamforth, F; Burstyn, I; Cherry, NM; Hamm, MP; Martin, JW, 2009)
"Changes between the first trimester and later stages of pregnancy of all biochemical variables studied corresponded with those described for other European areas with a comparable iodine nutrition."	3.74	Inadequate iodine nutrition of pregnant women from Extremadura (Spain). ( de Escobar, GM; del Rey, FE; Fariñas-Seijas, H; Sánchez-Vega, J, 2008)
"To establish pregnancy-specific free thyroxine thresholds and to assess perinatal effects associated with isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia identified in the first half of pregnancy."	3.74	Perinatal significance of isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia identified in the first half of pregnancy. ( Casey, BM; Cunningham, GF; Dashe, JS; Leveno, KJ; McIntire, DD; Spong, CY, 2007)
"A unique case of fetal goiter accompanied by bilateral ovarian cysts in a mother treated with methimazole for Graves'disease is reported."	3.74	Fetal goiter and bilateral ovarian cysts. ( Juul, A; Lassen, PD; Skibsted, L; Sundberg, K, 2008)
"Mild to moderate iodine deficiency during pregnancy can cause transient maternal hypothyroidism and impaired mental development of the progeny."	3.74	Iodine prophylaxis using iodized salt and risk of maternal thyroid failure in conditions of mild iodine deficiency. ( Campolo, MC; De Domenico, D; Galletti, M; Giorgianni, G; Lo Presti, VP; Mandolfino, M; Mattina, F; Moleti, M; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F; Violi, MA, 2008)
" The effects of thyroxine dose requirement during pregnancy and serum concentrations of TSH within such clinic settings are still not known."	3.73	Maternal hypothyroidism in early and late gestation: effects on neonatal and obstetric outcome. ( Idris, I; Page, RC; Simm, A; Srinivasan, R, 2005)
"We sought to examine the neurobehavioral profile of neonates who are born to women with hypothyroxinemia during early pregnancy."	3.73	Neonatal effects of maternal hypothyroxinemia during early pregnancy. ( Brouwers, EP; Crawford, S; Kooistra, L; Pop, VJ; van Baar, AL, 2006)
"The fetus is totally dependent in early pregnancy on maternal thyroxine for normal brain development."	3.73	Iodine supplementation for pregnancy and lactation-United States and Canada: recommendations of the American Thyroid Association. ( Becker, DV; Braverman, LE; Delange, F; Dunn, JT; Franklyn, JA; Hollowell, JG; Lamm, SH; Mitchell, ML; Pearce, E; Robbins, J; Rovet, JF, 2006)
"The neonates from mothers with AITD, independently of the presence also of TRab in the mothers, had a transient hyperthyroxinemia one week following birth."	3.73	Transient hyperthyroxinemia in newborns from women with autoimmune thyroid disease and raised levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies. ( Kvetny, J; Poulsen, H, 2006)
" Feto-placental growth, tissue glycogen stores and glucose levels in sera and amniotic fluid were determined in rat dams partially thyroidectomized (TX) before pregnancy and in euthyroid controls."	3.72	Maternal hypothyroidism in the rat influences placental and liver glycogen stores: fetal growth retardation near term is unrelated to maternal and placental glucose metabolic compromise. ( Edwards, PR; Ekins, RP; Evans, IM; Leonard, AJ; Ogilvie, LM; Pickard, MR; Sinha, AK, 2003)
" For fetal hyperthyroidism, the mother received antithyroid drugs; for fetal hypothyroidism, maternal antithyroid treatment was reduced, and thyroxine was injected into the amniotic sac."	3.72	Graves' disease in pregnancy: prospective evaluation of a selective invasive treatment protocol. ( Nachum, Z; Rakover, Y; Shalev, E; Weiner, E, 2003)
"Pregnancy-associated changes in thyroid hormone economy are well-established and are of significant clinical relevance to women with established hypothyroidism because they usually result in increased thyroxine dose requirements by these women."	3.72	Impact of thyroxine-binding globulin on thyroid hormone economy during pregnancy. ( Cohen, SE; Garber, JR; Zigman, JM, 2003)
"Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH) is a familial autosomal dominant syndrome caused by abnormal albumin with an increased affinity for thyroxine (T4)."	3.72	Artifactually elevated serum-free thyroxine levels measured by equilibrium dialysis in a pregnant woman with familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia. ( Hoshikawa, S; Ito, S; Kaise, N; Mori, K; Nakagawa, Y; Yoshida, K, 2004)
" Fourteen of the hypothyroid mothers had been diagnosed and treated before and during pregnancy on a dosage of thyroxine that was unchanged."	3.72	The sequelae of untreated maternal hypothyroidism. ( Klein, RZ; Mitchell, ML, 2004)
"Bipolar disorder in pregnancy was treated with nimodipine, because of lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus."	3.71	Calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, for the treatment of bipolar disorder during pregnancy. ( Mason, B; Utter, G; Vengalil, S; Yingling, DR, 2002)
" Chronic treatment with thyroxine (T(4)) during pregnancy advances parturition, blocks lactation and changes several hormone receptors in mammary gland and liver."	3.71	Effect of chronic thyroxine treatment on IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF-binding protein expression in mammary gland and liver during pregnancy and early lactation in rats. ( Drop, S; Jahn, G; Lindenbergh-Kortleve, D; Neck, Jv; Rosato, R, 2002)
" The woman was encouraged to continue her pregnancy and received levothyroxine in a dose to render her slightly thyrotoxic."	3.70	Radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism in a pregnant women. ( Berg, GE; Jacobsson, L; Lindberg, S; Lindstedt, RG; Mattsson, S; Niklasson, CA; Norén, AH; Nyström, EH; Westphal, OG, 1998)
" In particular it illustrates the derangements of thyroid function seen in pregnant women with eating disorders and reminds us that when a cause for thyrotoxicosis remains obscure, thyroxine abuse should be considered and explored."	3.70	Thyroxine abuse: an unusual case of thyrotoxicosis in pregnancy. ( Tippett, C; Wallace, EM; Wark, H; Wigg, S, 1998)
"In an effort to assess the impact of moderate iodine deficiency on maternal thyroid function during pregnancy, we measured serum thyrotropin, total and free thyroid hormones, thyroid-binding globulin (TGB) at 8, 14, 20, 29, and 36 weeks of gestation, along with urinary iodide excretion, in 10 healthy women from a moderately iodine deficient region (group A), and compared them with 6 women from an iodine sufficient region (group B)."	3.70	Increased risk of maternal thyroid failure with pregnancy progression in an iodine deficient area with major iodine deficiency disorders. ( Artemisia, A; Castagna, MG; Finocchiaro, MD; Lo Presti, VP; Mattina, F; Moleti, M; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F; Violi, MA, 1999)
"Iodine availability for maternal thyroid during pregnancy results from a combination of specific factors (increased urinary iodine loss, fetal-placental unit competition) and is critically reduced by the nutritional deficiency."	3.70	[Iodine deficiency and pregnancy]. ( Lo Presti, VP; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F, 1998)
" Four groups of rat dams, namely control, Group I, II and III were treated with propylthiouracil (PTU) in water for different length of time during pregnancy and nursing periods."	3.70	Effect of propylthiouracil induced hypothyroidism in developing rat cerebellum: comparison of cerebellar parameters in five day old normal and treated rat pups. ( Mwangi, DK, 1998)
"In women with hypothyroidism, levothyroxine (LT) requirements after delivery are assumed to return to prepregnancy values."	3.70	Postpartum thyroiditis in women with hypothyroidism antedating pregnancy? ( Albareda, M; Caixàs, A; Corcoy, R; de Leiva, A; García-Patterson, A; Rodríguez-Espinosa, J, 1999)
" Recovery from hypothyroidism does occur and can be aided by the L-thyroxine withdrawal test."	3.70	[Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis in the child]. ( Czernichow, P; Garel, C; Léger, J; Marinovic, D, 2000)
"Urine iodine concentration, thyroid function tests and thyroid volume (TV) by ultrasound were determined in the mothers during pregnancy and up to 3 months postpartum and in the neonates."	3.70	Goitrogenesis during pregnancy and neonatal hypothyroxinaemia in a borderline iodine sufficient area. ( Chau, MT; Kung, AW; Lao, TT; Low, LC; Tam, SC, 2000)
"A woman receiving thyroxine substitution therapy for acquired hypothyroidism caused by autoimmune thyroiditis gave birth to three babies who had transient primary hypothyroidism."	3.69	Outcome in three siblings with antibody-mediated transient congenital hypothyroidism. ( Brown, RS; Dussault, JH; Gattereau, A; Glorieux, J; Huot, C; Pacaud, D; Van Vliet, G, 1995)
"The amount of levothyroxine that was adequate in the nonpregnant state was found to be inadequate during pregnancy."	3.69	Hypothyroid women need more thyroxine when pregnant. ( Maclin, N; McDougall, IR, 1995)
"Two patients with stable hypothyroidism experienced symptoms of hypothyroidism with increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations after switching from 1 levothyroxine product to another."	3.69	Two cases of therapeutic failure associated with levothyroxine brand interchange. ( Copeland, PM, 1995)
"Iodine deficiency is well known as the cause of several disorders such as endemic goitre and cretinism, along with a wide spectrum of psychoneurological development disorders including endemic mental deficiency and endemic cognitive deficiency, which are generally correlated to damage to the fetus."	3.69	Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during the first half of gestation in an iodine deficient area with endemic cretinism and related disorders. ( Finocchiaro, MD; Gullo, D; Lo Presti, VP; Scaffidi Argentina, G; Squatrito, S; Trimarchi, F; Vermiglio, F, 1995)
"Our purpose was to demonstrate that propylthiouracil and methimazole are equally effective and safe in the treatment of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy."	3.69	A comparison of propylthiouracil versus methimazole in the treatment of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. ( Koonings, PP; Mestman, JH; Millar, LK; Montoro, MN; Wing, DA, 1994)
"In 35 infants of lactating mothers with thyrotoxicosis who were receiving 5 to 20 mg methimazole daily, serum levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, thyrotropin were within normal ranges 1 month after the start of breast-feeding."	3.69	Effect of methimazole treatment of maternal thyrotoxicosis on thyroid function in breast-feeding infants. ( Azizi, F, 1996)
"Around mid-1995, the Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory of the Regional Hospital (Malaga, Spain) began detecting an increase in TSH levels in the serum of patients under study to control the treatment of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine."	3.69	Increase in plasma thyrotropin levels in hypothyroid patients during treatment due to a defect in the commercial preparation. ( Asunción, M; Garriga, MJ; Morreale de Escobar, G; Peran, M; Peran, S, 1997)
" Iodine deficiency and pregnancy are known to influence thyroid hormone metabolism."	3.69	Effects of marginal iodine deficiency during pregnancy: iodide uptake by the maternal and fetal thyroid. ( Boogerd, L; Schröder-van der Elst, JP; van der Heide, D; Versloot, PM, 1997)
" In 2 women hypothyroidism was diagnosed during pregnancy; others were diagnosed before pregnancy and continued to receive thyroxine replacement therapy throughout pregnancy."	3.68	Hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy. ( Bhargava, VL; Buckshee, K; Kapil, A; Kriplani, A; Takkar, D, 1992)
"This study examines the effect of women's alcohol abuse during pregnancy on the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4) levels of their babies at birth."	3.68	The effect of drug exposure on thyroid hormone levels of newborns. ( Cvejin, S; Hernandez, JT; Hoffman, L; Prange, AJ; Weavil, S, 1992)
"Data were analyzed from 77 pregnancies in 65 hypothyroid women treated with levothyroxine (T4) to determine (a) how often, how severely, and when serum thyrotropin (TSH) and free T4 concentrations become abnormal during pregnancy in women taking constant T4 doses and (b) how much to increase T4 doses to normalize elevated serum TSH levels."	3.68	Monitoring thyroxine treatment during pregnancy. ( Kaplan, MM, 1992)
"To assess whether pregnancy changes the thyroxine requirements of hypothyroid women."	3.68	Thyroxine dosage during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. ( de Swiet, M; Girling, JC, 1992)
"The relationships between biochemical severity of hypothyroidism (as judged by plasma thyroxine) and the clinical and radiographic findings at diagnosis were evaluated in 449 infants born in 1982-4 with congenital hypothyroidism identified by neonatal screening."	3.68	Congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screening: relationship between biochemical severity and early clinical features. ( Chapple, J; Fuggle, PW; Grant, DB; Smith, I; Tokar, S, 1992)
" During a first pregnancy that ended by miscarriage in the 3rd month, the titer of anti-thyroxine autoantibodies decreased by about 30%."	3.68	Changes in serum thyroid hormone autoantibody concentrations during pregnancy: a case report. ( Abs, R; Blockx, P; Martin, M, 1991)
"We have evaluated an alternative method of preparation of hyperthyroid patients for surgery, using betamethasone, iopanoic acid and propranolol."	3.68	Rapid preoperative preparation in hyperthyroidism. ( Aguayo, J; Baeza, A; Barria, M; Pineda, G, 1991)
"Women with hypothyroidism have been thought not to require an increase in thyroxine replacement during pregnancy."	3.68	Increased need for thyroxine during pregnancy in women with primary hypothyroidism. ( Brent, GA; Larsen, PR; Mandel, SJ; Seely, EW, 1990)
"Serum levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine during pregnancy were measured in women from a severely iodine deficient region in the highlands of Papua New Guinea."	3.67	Maternal thyroid hormone levels in pregnancy and the subsequent cognitive and motor performance of the children. ( Connolly, KJ; Ekins, RP; Harding, AG; Pharoah, PO, 1984)
" These symptoms progressed for a year; at age 16, she was found to have a firm goiter, thyroid autoantibodies, very low serum thyroxine and high thyrotropin values, indicating autoimmune thyroiditis with hypothyroidism."	3.67	Graves' disease in pregnancy years after hypothyroidism with recurrent passive-transfer neonatal Graves' disease in offspring. Therapeutic considerations. ( Ehrlich, R; Row, VV; Steiner, G; Volpé, R, 1984)
"We compared fetal and maternal serum indexes of thyroid status at delivery in 70 patients with Graves' disease who required therapy with thionamides (such as propylthiouracil) during pregnancy."	3.67	Antithyroid drug therapy for Graves' disease during pregnancy. Optimal regimen for fetal thyroid status. ( Ishikawa, N; Ito, K; Momotani, N; Noh, J; Oyanagi, H, 1986)
"T-lymphocyte subpopulations, anti-thyroid microsomal antibody titres, and free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine levels were investigated in 10 patients with Graves' disease before, during and after pregnancy."	3.67	T-lymphocyte subsets in pregnant women with Graves' disease. ( Bizzarro, A; Daponte, A; De Bellis, A; Fontana, A; Iacono, G; Peluso, G, 1987)
"Previous studies have characterized the pharmacology of propylthiouracil (PTU) in normal and hyperthyroid subjects, but there is little information available regarding PTU pharmacokinetics in pregnant hyperthyroid women."	3.67	Pharmacology of propylthiouracil (PTU) in pregnant hyperthyroid women: correlation of maternal PTU concentrations with cord serum thyroid function tests. ( Cooper, DS; Cruikshank, DP; Gardner, DF; Hays, PM, 1986)
"Concentrations of prolactin (PRL), estradiol (E2), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and reverse T3 in umbilical cord blood were measured by radioimmunoassay in neonates with (n = 60) and in a control group without (n = 345) hyaline membrane disease."	3.66	Prolactin, estradiol, and thyroid hormones in umbilical cord blood of neonates with and without hyaline membrane disease: a study of 405 neonates from midpregnancy to term. ( Burch, P; Cannon, W; Ho Yuen, B; Phillips, WD; Redford, D; Sy, L, 1982)
"An increased free thyroxine (T4) index was observed in 73% of 33 consecutive pregnancies complicated by severe hyperemesis gravidarum."	3.66	Thyroid function in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum. ( Bouillon, R; De Keyser, L; De Moor, P; De Roo, M; De Vos, P; Naesens, M; Renaer, M; Van Assche, FA, 1982)
"Propylthiouracil (PTU) disposition was investigated in hyperthyroid women during pregnancy and post partum."	3.66	Propylthiouracil disposition in pregnant and post-partum women. ( Abu-Bakare, A; Gardiner, RJ; Sitar, DS, 1982)
"Blood levels of phenytoin, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine were determined in 10 epileptic women during and following pregnancy."	3.66	Epilepsy and pregnancy. Serum thyroxine levels during phenytoin therapy. ( Ramsay, RE; Spellacy, WN; Strauss, RG; Wilder, BJ; Willmore, LJ, 1979)
"L-Thyroxine (L-T4) was injected into mature rats daily at levels of 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 mug/100 g body weight through estrous cycling, conception, pregnancy, parturition and 20 days of lactation."	3.65	Thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism upon the reproductive performance of female rats. ( Anderson, RR; Lu, MH, 1975)
"Serum concentrations of total and free thyroxine (T4 and FT4) and total and free triiodothyronine (T3 and FT3) were measured in normal pregnant women, in patients with toxemia of pregnancy, and in patients with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD)."	3.65	Total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in normal and complicated pregnancy. ( Chopra, IJ; Osathanondh, R; Tulchinsky, D, 1976)
"The patient responded well to the treatments, and her neck pain disappeared in gestational week 21."	2.82	Subacute thyroiditis during early pregnancy: a case report and literature review. ( Bai, CF; Geng, XQ; R Hayden, M; Shen, GH; Yang, K; Yang, Y; Zhou, YY, 2022)
"These results quantify the risks of gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia in women with thyroid function test abnormalities, adding to the total body of evidence on the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy."	2.82	Association between maternal thyroid function and risk of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia: a systematic review and individual-participant data meta-analysis. ( Alexander, EK; Auvinen, J; Bassols, J; Bliddal, S; Boucai, L; Brito, JP; Brown, SJ; Carty, DM; Chaker, L; Chatzi, L; Chen, L; Delles, C; Derakhshan, A; Feldt-Rasmussen, U; Grineva, EN; Guxens, M; Hisada, A; Itoh, S; Jiménez-Zabala, A; Kishi, R; Korevaar, TIM; López-Bermejo, A; Lopez-Espinosa, MJ; Lu, X; Männistö, T; Maraka, S; Mosso, L; Nelson, SM; Oken, E; Pearce, EN; Peeters, RP; Pop, VJM; Popova, PV; Prokop, LJ; Riaño-Galan, I; Rodriguez-Gutierrez, R; Roeters van Lennep, JE; Shilova, E; Singh Ospina, N; Sunyer, J; Suvanto, E; Taylor, P; Toloza, FJK; Vrijkotte, TGM; Walsh, JP; Yoshinaga, J, 2022)
" Most women with pre-existing treated hypothyroidism require an increase in levothyroxine (LT4) dosing to maintain euthyroidism during gestation."	2.82	Management of Hypothyroidism and Hypothyroxinemia During Pregnancy. ( Pearce, EN, 2022)
"Women with treated hypothyroidism must increase their l-T(4) in pregnancy to prevent maternal hypothyroidism, although how this should be accomplished is unclear."	2.75	Thyroid hormone early adjustment in pregnancy (the THERAPY) trial. ( Alexander, EK; Fawcett, R; Marqusee, E; Yassa, L, 2010)
"Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with adverse obstetric and offspring outcomes."	2.72	Subclinical thyroid diseases and isolated hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy. ( Corsello, A; Locantore, P; Policola, C; Pontecorvi, A, 2021)
"Pregnancy is a complex state with many endocrinological challenges to a woman's physiology."	2.72	Understanding the Pathogenesis of Gestational Hypothyroidism. ( Li, X; Mallawa Kankanamalage, O; Zhou, Q, 2021)
"Overt hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder affecting 1-2% of women of reproductive age."	2.66	Management of overt hypothyroidism during pregnancy. ( Chan, SY; Li, SW, 2020)
" Women with overt hypothyroidism (OH) must be treated by levothyroxine (LT4) pre- and during pregnancy, however, it is controversial that when and how to initiate LT4 therapy and further optimize dosing so that pregnant women and their offspring may truly benefit."	2.61	Thyroid hormone therapy of hypothyroidism in pregnancy. ( Shan, Z; Teng, W, 2019)
" Most pregnant women will require an increase in their dosing from 25% to 30%."	2.61	Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy. ( Sullivan, SA, 2019)
"Hypothyroidism is one of the most prevalent diseases in pregnancy, but there is no consensus about its management in pregnant women."	2.58	Pregnancy Complications Associated With Maternal Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review. ( Aristides, SMA; de Carvalho, HC; Demarchi, IG; Günther, LSA; Lopes, LCB; Santos, TDS; Shinohara, DR; Teixeira, JJV, 2018)
"Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) produced by the thyroid gland."	2.55	Epidemiology of iodine deficiency. ( Vanderpump, MP, 2017)
"Subclinical hypothyroidism has been found to be associated with adverse reproductive outcomes, such as infertility, miscarriage, preterm birth, and complications of pregnancy."	2.53	The Impact and Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism for Improving Reproductive Outcomes such as Fertility and Miscarriage. ( Seungdamrong, A, 2016)
"Data regarding prevention and treatment of thyroid diseases during pregnancy are reported from analysis of the literature."	2.52	Thyroid diseases in pregnancy: a current and controversial topic on diagnosis and treatment over the past 20 years. ( Giacobbe, AM; Granese, R; Grasso, R; Tonni, G; Triolo, O, 2015)
"Inadequately treated maternal hypothyroidism is associated with numerous adverse fetal and maternal outcomes."	2.52	Combination Levothyroxine + Liothyronine Treatment in Pregnancy. ( Foeller, ME; Silver, RM, 2015)
"Hypopituitarism is defined as the partial or complete defect of anterior pituitary hormone secretion."	2.52	Recovery of HPA Axis Function After Successful Gonadotropin-Induced Pregnancy and Delivery in a Woman With Panhypopituitarism: Case Report and Review. ( He, M; Li, S; Li, Y; Shou, X; Wang, Y; Yang, J; Ye, H; Zhang, Q; Zhao, X, 2015)
"Hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrinopathies in reproductive-age and pregnant women."	2.50	Controversies in the management of hypothyroidism during pregnancy. ( Caughey, AB; Patton, PE; Samuels, MH; Trinidad, R, 2014)
"Subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with multiple adverse outcomes in the mother and fetus, including spontaneous abortion, pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, preterm delivery, and decreased IQ in the offspring."	2.50	Diagnosis and management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. ( Negro, R; Stagnaro-Green, A, 2014)
"The female infertility is also adversely affected by thyrotoxicosis and myxedema, the clinical presentation of hyper and hypothyroidism."	2.49	Female reproduction physiology adversely manipulated by thyroid disorders: a review of literature. ( Mansourian, AR, 2013)
"There is consensus on the need to treat subclinical hypothyroidism of any magnitude in pregnant women and women who are contemplating pregnancy, to decrease the risk of pregnancy complications and impaired cognitive development of the offspring."	2.48	Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism: who to treat and how. ( Khandelwal, D; Tandon, N, 2012)
"If left untreated, both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with adverse effects on pregnancy and fetal outcomes."	2.48	Thyroid disorders during pregnancy. ( Sullivan, SD; Yazbeck, CF, 2012)
"Unrecognised or untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes that can be ameliorated or prevented by adequate therapy with thyroxine."	2.48	[Hypothyroidism in pregnancy]. ( Krysiak, R; Okopień, B, 2012)
"All forms of thyroid diseases are much more frequently observed in women than men, although the reasons are still not completely elucidated."	2.48	Thyroid disorders. ( Gessl, A; Kautzky-Willer, A; Lemmens-Gruber, R, 2012)
"Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with maternal and neonatal pregnancy complications."	2.48	[Thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women: clinical dilemmas]. ( Bisschop, PH; Fliers, E; Goddijn, M; Mol, BW; van der Post, JA; Vissenberg, R, 2012)
"Thyroid diseases are common in women of childbearing age and it is well known that untreated thyroid disturbances result in an increased rate of adverse events, particularly miscarriage, preterm birth and gestational hypertension."	2.47	Thyroid disease in pregnancy. ( Mestman, JH; Negro, R, 2011)
"Hypothyroidism is one of the most common disorders encountered in an endocrine office practice."	2.44	Hypothyroidism. ( Burman, KD; Devdhar, M; Ousman, YH, 2007)
"Hypothyroidism is very often subclinical in nature and not easily recognized without specific screening programs."	2.44	Obstetric management of thyroid disease. ( Rashid, M; Rashid, MH, 2007)
" This review examines the methodology and statistical acceptance criteria and summarizes findings of a previously published relative bioavailability study that brings into question the use of standard criteria to assess bioequivalence of levothyroxine sodium."	2.43	Current methodology to assess bioequivalence of levothyroxine sodium products is inadequate. ( Blakesley, VA, 2005)
"Severe mental retardation of the child can occur due to compromised iodine intake or thyroid disease."	2.43	Thyroid hormones and fetal brain development. ( Franklyn, JA; Kilby, MD; Pemberton, HN, 2005)
"Thyroid nodules are very common lesions, frequently detected by modern imaging methods (mainly ultrasonography)."	2.43	Thyroid nodule: a potentially malignant lesion; optimal management from a surgical perspective. ( Peros, G; Sakorafas, GH, 2006)
"Graves' disease is most often managed with radioiodine in the United States today."	2.41	Surgical management in Graves' disease. ( Thompson, GB, 2002)
" Two weeks after the transfer, despite a preemptive increase in Euthyrox dosage once pregnancy was confirmed, TSH values rose to 7."	1.91	[The management of hypothyroidism during pregnancy.] ( Goggi, G, 2023)
"Hypothyroidism is the second most common endocrinological disease during pregnancy, with percentages that can range between 3."	1.72	Adherence to treatment for hypothyroidism in pregnancy and relationship with thyrotropin control: a retrospective observational cohort study. ( Galván, L; Orós, M; Ortega, M; Perejón, D; Serna, MC; Siscart, J, 2022)
"Pregnancy has an important impact on the thyroid gland and its function."	1.72	A practical approach to the management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy. ( Campagnolo, L; Dal Lago, A; Lazzarin, N; Moretti, C; Valensise, H; Vaquero, E, 2022)
"Maternal hypothyroidism has been reported to have concerns over neonatal outcomes, not only in the context of neurocognitive development but also in the short term as birth weight and neonatal jaundice."	1.62	Neonatal outcomes and congenital anomalies in pregnancies affected by hypothyroidism. ( Humayun, KN; Islam, N; Kiran, Z; Sheikh, A, 2021)
"The effect of levothyroxine treatment on pregnancy and children's cognitive outcomes remains unclear."	1.62	Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy: controversies on diagnosis and treatment. ( Gietka-Czernel, M; Glinicki, P, 2021)
"Hyperthyroidism was associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (PTB, adjusted OR: 2."	1.62	Impact of maternal thyroid hormone in late pregnancy on adverse birth outcomes: A retrospective cohort study in China. ( Gao, Y; Wang, H; Wang, J; Yu, B; Yuan, X, 2021)
"Pexacerfont is a corticotrophin-releasing factor subtype 1 receptor (CRF-1) antagonist developed for potential treatment of anxiety and stress-related disorders."	1.62	T4-mediated rescue of aortic malformations in hypothyroid rats indicates maternal thyroid status can affect great vessel development. ( Augustine-Rauch, K; Graziano, M; Liaw, JJ, 2021)
"There was a 73% less chance of gestational hypertension for thyroid autoimmune groups."	1.62	Association of thyroid antibodies status on the outcomes of pregnant women with hypothyroidism (maternal hypothyroidism on pregnancy outcomes, MHPO-4). ( Islam, N; Kiran, Z; Sheikh, A, 2021)
" Patients older than 60 years or with known or suspected ischemic heart disease should start at a lower dosage of levothyroxine (12."	1.62	Hypothyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment. ( Bruehlman, RD; Stem, LA; Wilson, SA, 2021)
"Methimazole was changed to potassium iodide to reduce the risk of congenital anomalies during the first trimester."	1.62	Fetal Goitrous Hyperthyroidism in a Pregnant Woman with Triiodothyronine-Predominant Graves' Disease. ( Deguchi, M; Fujioka, K; Nishida, K; Tanimura, K; Uenaka, M; Washio, K; Yamada, H, 2021)
"A 31-year-old woman had unstable thyroid function during the third trimester of pregnancy, making it impossible to reduce her dosage of antithyroid medication."	1.56	Fetal goiter identified in a pregnant woman with triiodothyronine-predominant graves' disease: a case report. ( Adachi, H; Ariake, C; Fujishima, A; Fukuoka, Y; Kameyama, S; Miura, H; Sato, A; Shimoda, Y; Terada, Y, 2020)
"Activity of Graves' disease (GD) is known to improve during gestation, as values of thyrotropin (TSH) receptor antibody (TRAb) also improve."	1.56	TRAb elevations occurred even in the third trimester; a case of a mother of a child with neonatal thyroid dysfunction, who received radioactive iodine therapy for Graves' disease. ( Ito, K; Kinoshita, K; Ohnishi, J; Saito, M; Sugino, K; Suzuki, N; Yoshihara, A; Yoshimura Noh, J, 2020)
"Hypothyroidism is a common condition in which the thyroid gland provides insufficient amounts of thyroid hormone for the needs of peripheral tissues."	1.56	Hypothyroidism. ( McDermott, MT, 2020)
"The pregnancy was achieved after the use of assisted reproductive technology."	1.56	Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 2 and Pregnancy. ( Chaveeva, P; Milcheva, R; Staynova, R; Yanachkova, V, 2020)
"Iodine is an essential micronutrient for cognitive development and growth."	1.56	Adequately iodized salt is an important strategy to prevent iodine insufficiency in pregnant women living in Central Java, Indonesia. ( Farebrother, J; Kusrini, I; Mulyantoro, DK, 2020)
"The hypothyroidism was higher in pregnant women had CED than those non-CED, 50% vs."	1.56	The Influence of Iron Depletion and Chronic Energy Deficiency on the Risk of Hypothyroidism in Pregnant Women Living in Iodine Deficiency Disorders Endemic Areas in Badegan Ponorogo District East Java, Indonesia. ( Kusrini, I; Kusumawardani, HD; Supadmi, S, 2020)
"Maternal hypothyroidism is associated with several pregnancy and perinatal complications, but consistent LT4 use may reduce many of the risks."	1.51	Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcome Among Hypothyroid Mothers: A Population-Based Cohort Study. ( Gissler, M; Hartikainen, AL; Lahesmaa-Korpinen, AM; Männistö, T; Suvanto, E; Turunen, S; Vääräsmäki, M, 2019)
"We examined whether inferior thyroid artery peak systolic velocity (ITA-PSV) predicts an increase in levothyroxine (LT4) dosage in pregnant women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis."	1.51	Thyroid blood flow in inferior thyroid artery as predictor for increase in levothyroxine dosage during pregnancy in women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis - a retrospective study. ( Emoto, M; Imanishi, Y; Inaba, M; Kurajoh, M; Nagasaki, T; Nagata, Y; Shintani, A; Takahashi, K; Yamada, S; Yamamoto, K; Yamasaki, A, 2019)
"Maternal hypothyroidism was associated with ASD for both boys (3."	1.48	Association between maternal hypothyroidism and autism spectrum disorders in children. ( Chiu, VY; Fassett, MJ; Getahun, D; Jacobsen, SJ; Peltier, MR; Wing, DA; Xiang, AH, 2018)
" For example, 39 % of the gynaecologists routinely determined TSH, while only 59% carried out a dosage adjustment for known hypothyroidism."	1.48	Inconsistencies in the management of neonates born to mothers with "thyroid diseases". ( Gohlke, B; Joergens, M; Korsch, E; Weissenfels, PC; Woelfle, J, 2018)
"Congenital hypothyroidism is a preventable cause of intellectual disability."	1.46	Infants of hypothyroid mothers- are postnatal Thyroid Function Tests necessary? A Retrospective Study in a Regional Hospital. ( Hawke, A; Neylon, OM; Ruth, E; Stanzelova, A, 2017)
"Uncontrolled hypothyroidism has been associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes."	1.46	Effects of increasing levothyroxine on pregnancy outcomes in women with uncontrolled hypothyroidism. ( Coddington, CC; Espinosa De Ycaza, AE; Juhn, YJ; Maraka, S; Montori, VM; O'Keeffe, DT; Rodriguez-Gutierrez, R; Singh Ospina, NM; Wi, CI, 2017)
"Obesity is associated with alterations in thyroid hormone (TH) levels in obese, pregnant individuals."	1.43	Increasing maternal obesity is associated with alterations in both maternal and neonatal thyroid hormone levels. ( Aagaard, KM; Antony, KM; DelBeccaro, M; Hu, M; Kahr, MK; Suter, MA, 2016)
"Hypothyroidism in pregnancy is associated with adverse obstetrical events and neurodevelopmental disorders in infants."	1.43	Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and thyroid antibodies in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney. ( Blumenthal, NJ; Byth, K; Eastman, CJ, 2016)
"Pregnancy complications have yet to be evaluated in patients treated early for congenital hypothyroidism (CH)."	1.42	Pregnancy outcomes and relationship to treatment adequacy in women treated early for congenital hypothyroidism: a longitudinal population-based study. ( dos Santos, S; Ecosse, E; Larroque, B; Léger, J, 2015)
"Treatment with carbimazole along with thyroxine was followed by a live birth at 35 wk; but the baby developed severe fatal neonatal thyrotoxicosis with crisis on day 9 and died on day 12."	1.42	Fetal Hyperthyroidism: Intrauterine Treatment with Carbimazole in Two Siblings. ( Batra, CM; Gupta, N; Gupta, V; Menon, PS, 2015)
"Fetal tachyarrhythmias complicate 0."	1.42	Fetuses of Mothers with Thyroid Disease May Be at Higher Risk of Developing Supraventricular Tachycardia. ( Fish, FA; Johnson, JA; Kavanaugh-McHugh, A; Killen, SA; Lu, Z; Williams, P, 2015)
"Perinatal outcomes of women with treated overt hypothyroidism were similar to women with euthyroidism."	1.42	An analysis of population-based prenatal screening for overt hypothyroidism. ( Bryant, SN; Casey, BM; Cunningham, FG; McIntire, DD; Nelson, DB, 2015)
"In twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), which is a severe complication of monochorionic twin pregnancies, a close association between maternal serum hCG concentration and TTTS has been reported."	1.42	Change of maternal thyroid function in twin-twin transfusion syndrome. ( Arata, N; Hanaoka, M; Sago, H, 2015)
"The incidence of the pregnancy complications in the TPOAb (+) treated group was higher than those in the control group, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0."	1.42	[Effect of the treatment acceptance on the perinatal outcomes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism, positive thyroid gland peroxidase antibody in early pregnancy]. ( Ding, S; Guo, H; Tao, B; Yang, J; Zhang, X, 2015)
"Overt neonatal Graves' disease is rare, but may be severe, even life threatening, with deleterious effects on neural development."	1.40	Follow-up of newborns of mothers with Graves' disease. ( Boyko, V; Lerner-Geva, L; Levy-Shraga, Y; Pinhas-Hamiel, O; Tamir-Hostovsky, L, 2014)
"Lower birth weight has been reported in conjunction with high maternal free T4 (FT4) in euthyroid pregnancies, raising concerns for suboptimal outcomes."	1.40	Implications of High Free Thyroxine (FT4) concentrations in euthyroid pregnancies: the FaSTER trial. ( Craig, WY; D'Alton, ME; Haddow, HR; Haddow, JE; Lambert-Messerlian, G; Malone, FD; Neveux, LM; Palomaki, GE, 2014)
"Thyroiditis is a general term that encompasses several clinical disorders characterized by inflammation of the thyroid gland."	1.40	Thyroiditis: an integrated approach. ( Gaitonde, DY; Stewart, C; Sweeney, LB, 2014)
"After treatment of fetal hyperthyroidism through oral maternal administration of methimazole (MMI) starting at 33 weeks gestation, fetal heart rate and amniotic fluid volume returned to normal ranges."	1.40	A case of fetal hyperthyroidism treated with maternal administration of methimazole. ( Hayashi, S; Ishii, K; Mitsuda, N; Murata, M; Sasahara, J; Sato, Y, 2014)
"Congenital hypothyroidism was confirmed by fetal blood sampling that was treated with weekly intra-amniotic injections of L-thyroxin."	1.39	Prenatal diagnosis and treatment perspective of fetal hypothyroidism with goiter. ( Gulraze, A; Kurdi, W; Niaz, FA; Tulbah, M, 2013)
"In the twin-twin transfusion syndrome group, compared to normal twin pregnancies, TSH, FT4, and free β-hCG were not significantly different."	1.39	Maternal thyroid function at gestational weeks 11-13 in twin pregnancies. ( Ashoor, G; Muhaisen, M; Muto, O; Nicolaides, KH; Poon, LC, 2013)
"When hypothyroidism is newly discovered during pregnancy, we suggest initiating the treatment with the following LT4 doses: 1."	1.39	Adequate levothyroxine doses for the treatment of hypothyroidism newly discovered during pregnancy. ( Abalovich, M; Alcaraz, G; Astarita, G; Calabrese, C; Frydman, M; Gutiérrez, S; Kitaigrodsky, A; Szuman, G; Vázquez, A, 2013)
"Iodine levels were excessive in 83."	1.39	Thyroid function: comparison of women in late pregnancy with control women of reproductive age in regions of dietary iodine excess. ( Du, Q; Yao, L; Zhu, H, 2013)
"In the setting of maternal Graves' disease (GD), fetal and neonatal goiters are most commonly caused by maternal treatment with antithyroid medication, and the goiter resolves within days of initiation of thyroxine replacement in the neonate."	1.39	Thyroid "vise" in an infant with neonatal Graves' disease. ( Rapaport, R; Regelmann, MO; Sullivan, CK, 2013)
"Bexarotene is a synthetic retinoid from the subclass of retinoids called rexinoids which selectively activate retinoid X receptors."	1.39	U.K. consensus statement on safe clinical prescribing of bexarotene for patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. ( Azurdia, R; Cowan, R; Eagle, M; Gallop-Evans, E; Graham-Brown, R; Illidge, T; Morris, S; Parry, E; Scarisbrick, JJ; Soran, H; Wachsmuth, R; Wain, EM; Whittaker, S; Wierzbicki, AS, 2013)
"Bilobar thyroid agenesis is one of rare diseases."	1.39	Infant's bilobar thyroid agenesis and mother's I-131 accidental administration. ( Chen, X; Zhao, S; Zhu, G, 2013)
"Maternal hypothyroidism affects postnatal lung structure."	1.38	Prenatal iodine deficiency results in structurally and functionally immature lungs in neonatal rats. ( Babu, S; Godbole, MM; Khare, D; Mohan, V; Nath, A; Paul, BN; Rao, G; Singh, P; Singh, PK; Tiwari, S, 2012)
"Euthyroid goiter is frequent for general practitioners (GPs) and endocrinologists (ENDOs)."	1.38	The DIAGONALE study: a survey designed to analyze the diagnosis and management of goiter in France. ( Caron, P; Landron, F; Lehert, P; Picard, S, 2012)
"Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder that mainly affects women and the elderly."	1.38	Hypothyroidism. ( Grossmann, M; MacIsaac, RJ; So, M, 2012)
"Treatment of Graves' disease during pregnancy with antithyroid drugs (ATDs) poses a risk of inducing hypothyroidism and, thus, development of a goiter to the fetus."	1.37	Graves' disease in two pregnancies complicated by fetal goitrous hypothyroidism: successful in utero treatment with levothyroxine. ( Bliddal, S; Brocks, V; Feldt-Rasmussen, U; Rasmussen, ÅK; Skovbo, P; Sundberg, K, 2011)
"Spontaneous pregnancy in affected women is uncommon."	1.37	Spontaneous pregnancy in a patient with a combination of ovarian and thyroid failure. ( Bashir, MI; Ganie, MA; Laway, BA; Tufail, S; Zargar, AH, 2011)
"Clinical hyperthyroidism was associated with hearing dysplasia; the adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) was 12."	1.37	Maternal thyroid function in the first twenty weeks of pregnancy and subsequent fetal and infant development: a prospective population-based cohort study in China. ( Hao, JH; Huang, K; Li, T; Su, PY; Tao, FB; Xu, YH; Xu, YQ; Yan, SQ, 2011)
"Perinatal hypothyroidism was induced by adding the anti-thyroid drug, methimazole, to the drinking water of pregnant dams from gestational day 15 to postnatal day 21."	1.36	A volumetric analysis of the brain and hippocampus of rats rendered perinatal hypothyroid. ( Hasegawa, M; Kida, I; Wada, H, 2010)
"Most fetal goitrous hypothyroidisms are reportedly caused by the maternal use of an antithyroid drug or fetal dyshormonogenesis."	1.36	Fetal goitrous hypothyroidism due to maternal thyroid stimulation-blocking antibody: a case report. ( Ashida, T; Hirabayashi, K; Kanai, M; Kikuchi, N; Kobara, H; Miyake, M; Nishio, S; Ohira, S; Osada, R; Shiozawa, T, 2010)
" We investigated the pharmacokinetic properties of levothyroxine during pregnancy through the use of a novel, traceable form of levothyroxine."	1.36	Longitudinal comparison of thyroxine pharmacokinetics between pregnant and nonpregnant women: a stable isotope study. ( Landy, HJ; Soldin, OP; Soldin, SJ; Vinks, AA; Younis, I, 2010)
"5%) increased L-T4 doses during gestation one or more times, eight (6%) reached a definitive therapeutic dosage within the 12th week of pregnancy, 64 (47."	1.35	Adjustment of L-T4 substitutive therapy in pregnant women with subclinical, overt or post-ablative hypothyroidism. ( Beck-Peccoz, P; Bergamaschi, S; Cortelazzi, D; Marconi, AM; Ronzoni, S; Verga, U, 2009)
"Autoimmune thyroiditis is associated with reduced fertility and higher incidence of fetal loss."	1.35	Increased fetal abortion rate in autoimmune thyroid disease is related to circulating TPO autoantibodies in an autoimmune thyroiditis animal model. ( Kung, AW; Lau, KS; Lee, YL; Liu, WM; Ng, HP; O, WS; Yeung, WS, 2009)
" Inadequate pre-pregnancy control of thyroid function is associated with a need to increase thyroxine dosage during pregnancy."	1.35	Hypothyroidism in pregnancy: pre-pregnancy thyroid status influences gestational thyroxine requirements. ( Girling, J; Kothari, A, 2008)
"Two cases of fetal tachycardia are described in pregnancies complicated by fetal thyrotoxicosis where maternal thyroid history was unknown at the time of testing."	1.35	The fetal heart monitor tracing in pregnancies complicated by fetal thyrotoxicosis. ( Steiger, RM; Thomas, S; Towers, CV, 2009)
" The optimal management strategy for thyroid hormone dosing in hypothyroid women during pregnancy is controversial."	1.35	The magnitude of increased levothyroxine requirements in hypothyroid pregnant women depends upon the etiology of the hypothyroidism. ( Burman, KD; Jonklaas, J; Loh, JA; Wartofsky, L, 2009)
"Screening for hypothyroidism has to be included as a routine screening test to improve maternal and foetal outcomes."	1.35	Subclinical hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis in pregnancy--a study in south Indian subjects. ( Gayathri, R; Lavanya, S; Raghavan, K, 2009)
"In adult women primary hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis have a prevalence of 3."	1.35	Thyroid function disorders--Guidelines of the Netherlands Association of Internal Medicine. ( Berghout, A; Hermus, AR; Kooy, A; Muller, AF; Smits, JW; Wiersinga, WM, 2008)
"Clinical thyrotoxicosis is rare in molar pregnancy and has yet to be reported in a patient with a partial mole."	1.35	Thyroid storm caused by a partial hydatidiform mole. ( Bruno, CP; Chiniwala, NU; Kaur, S; Spector, H; Woolf, PD; Yacono, K, 2008)
"Keratoconus is a bilateral non-inflammatory corneal ectasia with an incidence of approximately 1 per 2000 in the general population."	1.35	Acute keratoconus induced by hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy. ( Gatzioufas, Z; Thanos, S, 2008)
"Moreover, hypothyroidism is also associated with obstetric complications and morbidity to the fetus."	1.34	Prospective evaluation of pregnant women with hypothyroidism: implications for treatment. ( Da Costa, SM; De Almeida, CA; Neto, LV; Vaisman, M, 2007)
" The dosage of LT4 was adjusted to maintain the normal level of thyroid function."	1.34	[Clinical analysis of hypothyroidism during pregnancy]. ( Wang, YF; Yang, HX, 2007)
" Women with known hypothyroidism and receiving levothyroxine (LT4) before pregnancy should plan to increase their dosage by 30% to 60% early in pregnancy."	1.33	Are detection and treatment of thyroid insufficiency in pregnancy feasible? ( Hollowell, JG; Mandel, SJ; Spencer, CA, 2005)
" Thyroid function and ATD dosage were monitored in the mothers."	1.33	Management of Graves' disease during pregnancy: the key role of fetal thyroid gland monitoring. ( Boissinot, C; Castanet, M; Czernichow, P; Garel, C; Guibourdenche, J; Le Gac, I; Léger, J; Luton, D; Noel, M; Oury, JF; Polak, M; Schlageter, MH; Tébeka, B; Toubert, ME; Vuillard, E, 2005)
"Women with a past history of Graves' disease and no current treatment display a normal thyroid function and adaptation during pregnancy."	1.33	Thyroid function during pregnancy in women with past Graves' disease. ( Guibourdenche, J; Le Gac, I; Luton, D; Noel, M; Polak, M, 2005)
"Groups A and C showed a similar miscarriage rate (3."	1.33	Levothyroxine treatment in euthyroid pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease: effects on obstetrical complications. ( Dazzi, D; Formoso, G; Hassan, H; Mangieri, T; Negro, R; Pezzarossa, A, 2006)
"Both gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy compromise maternal and fetal health."	1.33	Thyroid function abnormalities and antithyroid antibody prevalence in pregnant women at high risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. ( Agarwal, MM; Bishawi, B; Dhatt, GS; Punnose, J; Zayed, R, 2006)
"Maternal Graves' disease can, due to the presence of anti-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor antibodies and the maternal use of anti-thyroid drugs, result in thyroid dysfunction in the neonate."	1.33	[Central congenital hypothyroidism due to Graves' disease in the mother]. ( de Mol, AC; Kempers, MJ; Liebrand, CA; Noordam, C, 2006)
"Because all mothers were insufficiently treated during pregnancy, it is hypothesized that a hyperthyroid fetal environment impaired maturation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system."	1.32	Central congenital hypothyroidism due to gestational hyperthyroidism: detection where prevention failed. ( de Vijlder, JJ; Kempers, MJ; van Tijn, DA; van Trotsenburg, AS; Vulsma, T; Wiedijk, BM, 2003)
"The iodine content was determined in the breast milk of all mothers on day 5."	1.32	Iodine status remains critical in mother and infant in Central Anatolia (Kayseri) of Turkey. ( Akcakus, M; Atabek, ME; Budak, N; Delange, F; Gunes, T; Karakucuk, I; Kocaoglu, C; Kurtoglu, S, 2004)
"Out of 758 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, 545 (71."	1.31	Pregnancy following operative and complementary treatment of thyroid cancer. ( Bartos, M; Narebski, J; Pomorski, L, 2000)
"To examine the relation between certain pregnancy complications and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) measurements in a cohort of pregnant women."	1.31	Maternal thyroid deficiency and pregnancy complications: implications for population screening. ( Allan, WC; Faix, JD; Haddow, JE; Hermos, RJ; Klein, RZ; Mitchell, ML; Palomaki, GE; Williams, JR, 2000)
"Spontaneous remission of Graves' disease during pregnancy is thought to be due to a reduction of thyroid-stimulating antibody activity."	1.31	Epitope mapping of tsh receptor-blocking antibodies in Graves' disease that appear during pregnancy. ( Kohn, LD; Kung, AW; Lau, KS, 2001)
"The adequate treatment of hypothyroidism during gestation minimizes risks and generally, makes it possible for pregnancies to be carried to term without complications."	1.31	Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism complicating pregnancy. ( Abalovich, M; Alcaraz, G; Garcia, A; Gutierrez, S; Levalle, O; Maccallini, G, 2002)
"With the diagnosis of neonatal Graves' disease established, both twins were treated with propranolol (2 mg/kg."	1.30	[Neonatal Basedow's disease in twins from a mother with severe T3 hyperthyroidism]. ( Grüters, A; Hüfner, M; Lakomek, M; Roth, C; Siggelkow, H, 1997)
"However, as pregnancy is associated with type 2 rather than type 1 cytokine production, a decrease in thyroid-stimulating antibody (TSAb) activity alone is unlikely to account for the remission during pregnancy."	1.30	A change from stimulatory to blocking antibody activity in Graves' disease during pregnancy. ( Jones, BM; Kung, AW, 1998)
"Spontaneous remission of Graves' disease with a decrease of thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) activity is commonly observed in pregnancy."	1.30	Development of primary hypothyroidism with the appearance of blocking-type antibody to thyrotropin receptor in Graves' disease in late pregnancy. ( Fukui, H; Mitani, Y; Murakami, H; Murao, A; Santou, Y; Shigemasa, C; Taniguchi, S; Ueta, Y; Yamamoto, R; Yamanouchi, Y, 1999)
"Severe hypothyroidism was discovered in a young woman in her 29th week of pregnancy."	1.30	Successful outcome of pregnancy in a thyroidectomized-parathyroidectomized young woman affected by severe hypothyroidism. ( Bellastella, A; Caccavale, C; Carella, C; Del Buono, A; Di Serio, C; Glinoer, D; Rotondi, M; Sorvillo, F, 1999)
"Twenty-five patients with Graves' disease were untreated before pregnancy (Group A) and twenty treated with carbimazole throughout pregnancy (Group B)."	1.29	Thyroid function parameters and TSH-receptor antibodies in healthy subjects and Graves' disease patients: a sequential study before, during and after pregnancy. ( Escobar-Jiménez, F; Fernández-Soto, ML; Glinoer, D; González-Jiménez, A; Navarrete, L, 1993)
"Women with a hypothyroidism have a lower rate of pregnancy and a higher rate of spontaneous miscarriages compared to a normal population."	1.29	[The course of pregnancy in congenital thyroid gland aplasia. Case report with special reference to maternal hypothyroidism]. ( Bolz, M; Nagel, H, 1994)
"Thyrotoxicosis in Graves' disease is often aggravated in early pregnancy and is closely associated with postpartum recurrence of stimulative thyrotoxicosis."	1.29	Crucial role of serum human chorionic gonadotropin for the aggravation of thyrotoxicosis in early pregnancy in Graves' disease. ( Amino, N; Asahi, K; Itoh, E; Kaneda, T; Mitsuda, N; Tamaki, H; Tanizawa, O, 1993)
"Propranolol was again administered 6 hours after the surgery."	1.29	[Hyperthyroidism induced by molar pregnancy]. ( Banssillon, V; Besson, L; Doussin, JF; Laurent, V; Rondelet, B, 1993)
"37% of the mothers had postpartal recurrence of hyperthyroidism."	1.29	[Treatment of Basedow-Graves disease in pregnancy]. ( Konrády, A, 1995)
"We present two cases of maternal Graves' disease complicated by fetal goitrous hypothyroidism."	1.29	In utero treatment of fetal goitrous hypothyroidism caused by maternal Graves' disease. ( Hadi, HA; Strickland, D, 1995)
"Gestational thyrotoxicosis is now widely believed to result from excessive thyroidal stimulation by hCG."	1.29	Asian women are at increased risk of gestational thyrotoxicosis. ( Davies, R; Heller, SR; Milford-Ward, A; Price, A; Weetman, AP, 1996)
"Seventy-eight patients with Graves' disease had been treated with MMI for 1-3 yr before pregnancy, and MMI was discontinued 5-6 months after the onset of pregnancy because the levels of antibodies to TSH receptors decreased during early pregnancy."	1.28	Effect of administration of thyroxine on the risk of postpartum recurrence of hyperthyroid Graves' disease. ( Hashizume, K; Ichikawa, K; Kobayashi, M; Miyamoto, T; Nishii, Y; Sakurai, A; Suzuki, S; Takeda, T, 1992)
"Endemic goiter is one of the health effects of iodine deficiency."	1.28	Thyroid function in newborn infants from goitrous and non goitrous mothers. ( Nakamura, H, 1991)
"In conclusion, pregnancy is associated with a greater thyroidal risk in women with TA, thereby emphasizing a potential link between pregnancy and thyroid disorders."	1.28	Pregnancy in patients with mild thyroid abnormalities: maternal and neonatal repercussions. ( Bourdoux, P; de Nayer, P; Delange, F; Glinoer, D; Grun, JP; Kinthaert, J; Lejeune, B; Lemone, M; Robijn, C; Soto, MF, 1991)
"In pregnant women with active Graves' disease TBII levels reflect stimulatory TSH receptor antibody activity."	1.28	Graves' disease in pregnancy: TSH receptor binding inhibiting immunoglobulins and maternal and neonatal thyroid function. ( Galligan, JP; Mortimer, RH; Perry-Keene, DA; Tan, YM; Tyack, SA, 1990)
"Goiter was detected in 106 subjects (15%)."	1.28	Autoimmune thyroid disease in the puerperium. Predictive value of thyroid enlargement and related hormonal changes occurring during pregnancy. ( Fardella, C; López, JM; Miranda, M; Nuñez, M; Valdés, ME, 1990)
"In 4 patients with Graves' disease, the placental T4 concentration was elevated."	1.27	Measurement of thyroid hormone concentrations in human placenta. ( Furuhashi, N; Saito, S; Sakurada, T; Suzuki, M; Takahashi, T; Yamamoto, M; Yoshida, K; Yoshinaga, K, 1987)
"In 272 patients with Graves' disease, 209 of 240 (87%) untreated patients without complications had high T3 to T4 ratios (nanograms per micrograms) of more than 20."	1.26	Serum ratio of triiodothyronine to thyroxine, and thyroxine-binding globulin and calcitonin concentrations in Graves' disease and destruction-induced thyrotoxicosis. ( Amino, N; Iwatani, Y; Kumahara, Y; Miki, T; Miyai, K; Mori, H; Morimoto, S; Nakatani, K; Nishi, K; Yabu, Y, 1981)
"Serum TBPA levels in patients with untreated hyperthyroidism were 12."	1.26	Measurement of serum thyroxine binding prealbumin in various thyroidal states by radioimmunoassay. ( Hachiya, T; Ijichi, H; Ishida, M; Kajita, Y; Miyazaki, T; Ochi, Y; Yoshimura, M, 1982)
"These data indicate that Graves' disease is aggravated in early pregnancy and after delivery and ameliorates in the latter half of pregnancy."	1.26	Aggravation of thyrotoxicosis in early pregnancy and after delivery in Graves' disease. ( Amino, N; Iwatani, Y; Kumahara, Y; Kurachi, K; Miyai, K; Mori, H; Tanizawa, O; Yamada, T, 1982)
"Sheehan's syndrome is a complication of pregnancy rarely encountered in modern obstetric practice."	1.26	Sheehan's syndrome followed by successful pregnancy: A case report. ( Baillie, P; Cohen, BL, 1980)
"The authors have dosed by radioimmunoassay the rT3 concentrations in the amniotic fluid of 12 normal pregnant women and of 25 women with high risk pregnancies at the same period of gestation."	1.26	Amniotic fluid reverse triiodothyronine in normal and high risk pregnancies. ( Bizzarro, A; De Placido, G; Parlati, O; Tedeschi, A; Tolino, A, 1980)
"Maternal protein deficiency significantly lowered fetal T4, whereras food restriction caused an elevation."	1.26	Production and metabolism of thyroid hormones in protein-deficient and food-restricted pregnant rats. ( Hastings, MM; Zeman, FJ, 1979)
"None of the patients with molar pregnancy was clinically thyrotoxic, though serum thyroxine (T4) was increased in 13 and free T4 concentrations were above normal in four of ten in whom measurements were made."	1.26	Thyroid function in molar pregnancy. ( Irie, M; Mizuno, M; Nagataki, S; Sakamoto, S; Shizume, K, 1977)
"Four patients with Graves' disease whose hyperthyroidism was in remission following antithyroid therapy were studied without any treatment during and after pregnancy."	1.26	Transient recurrence of hyperthyroidism after delivery in Graves' disease. ( Amino, N; Kuro, R; Miyai, K; Tanaka, F; Yamamoto, T, 1977)
"If pregnancy is advanced when the diagnosis of hypothyroidism is made, it would seem that replacement therapy may be withheld without detriment to the fetus."	1.26	Hypothyroidism in pregnancy. ( Kennedy, AL; Montgomery, DA, 1978)
"Mild hyperthyroidism is not a hazard to an otherwise normal pregnancy and does not require therapy on the basis of this presumption."	1.25	Thyroid disease in pregnancy. ( Prout, TE, 1975)
"Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis may undergo spontaneous remission during pregnancy."	1.25	A remission of goitrous hypothyroidism during pregnancy. ( Nelson, JC; Palmer, FJ, 1975)
"Sera of patients with molar pregnancy contained high levels of thyroid stimulating activity, as assessed in the McKenzie mouse bioassay system."	1.25	Alterations in thyroid hormone economy in patients with hydatidiform mole. ( Galton, VA; Hershman, JM; Inggar, SH; Jimenez-Fonseca, J, 1971)

Research

Studies (861)

Authors

Clinical Trials (20)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Abruption

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	157 (18.23)	18.7374
1990's	115 (13.36)	18.2507
2000's	183 (21.25)	29.6817
2010's	314 (36.47)	24.3611
2020's	92 (10.69)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Nazarpour, S	9
Ramezani Tehrani, F	8
Rahmati, M	3
Amiri, M	4
Azizi, F	13
Kiran, Z	3
Sheikh, A	3
Humayun, KN	1
Islam, N	3
Runkle, I	1
de Miguel, MP	1
Barabash, A	1
Cuesta, M	1
Diaz, Á	2
Duran, A	1
Familiar, C	1
de la Torre, NG	1
Herraiz, MÁ	1
Izquierdo, N	1
Marcuello, C	1
Matia, P	1
Melero, V	1
Montañez, C	1
Moraga, I	1
Perez-Ferre, N	1
Perez, N	1
Assaf-Balut, C	1
Rubio, MÁ	1
Ruiz-Sanchez, JG	1
Sanabria, C	1
Torrejon, MJ	1
Valerio, J	1
Del Valle, L	1
Calle-Pascual, A	1
Ding, Z	1
Guo, F	2
Zhou, Y	3
Huang, X	1
Liu, Z	3
Fan, J	4
Gao, X	3
Wang, X	5
Han, Y	3
Wang, H	11
Li, J	12
Hou, Y	2
Yang, Y	3
Teng, W	20
Shan, Z	20
Bai, CF	1
Shen, GH	1
Yang, K	2
R Hayden, M	1
Zhou, YY	1
Geng, XQ	1
Pearce, EN	10
Korevaar, TIM	7
Leung, AM	1
Cai, Y	2
Xu, Y	3
Ban, Y	2
Sun, Z	1
Zhang, M	1
Wang, B	3
Hou, X	2
Hao, Y	1
Ouyang, Q	1
Wu, B	1
Wang, M	1
Wang, W	10
Siscart, J	1
Orós, M	1
Serna, MC	1
Perejón, D	1
Galván, L	1
Ortega, M	1
Capozzi, A	1
Scambia, G	1
Lello, S	1
Toloza, FJK	2
Derakhshan, A	2
Männistö, T	6
Bliddal, S	4
Popova, PV	2
Carty, DM	2
Chen, L	5
Taylor, P	1
Mosso, L	2
Oken, E	3
Suvanto, E	5
Itoh, S	1
Kishi, R	1
Bassols, J	2
Auvinen, J	2
López-Bermejo, A	2
Brown, SJ	2
Boucai, L	2
Hisada, A	2
Yoshinaga, J	2
Shilova, E	1
Grineva, EN	2
Vrijkotte, TGM	2
Sunyer, J	5
Jiménez-Zabala, A	2
Riaño-Galan, I	1
Lopez-Espinosa, MJ	1
Prokop, LJ	1
Singh Ospina, N	1
Brito, JP	1
Rodriguez-Gutierrez, R	3
Alexander, EK	6
Chaker, L	8
Peeters, RP	17
Feldt-Rasmussen, U	4
Guxens, M	5
Chatzi, L	2
Delles, C	2
Roeters van Lennep, JE	1
Pop, VJM	3
Lu, X	5
Walsh, JP	2
Nelson, SM	3
Maraka, S	8
Khalid, W	1
Liu, A	3
Zhang, C	4
Wang, J	2
Ouyang, L	1
Li, Y	11
Sheidaei, A	1
Qian, X	1
Sun, Y	1
Xu, X	1
Peng, C	1
Sun, W	3
Fan, L	1
Li, L	2
Zhang, X	9
Gao, Y	7
Leng, T	1
Li, X	6
Zhang, H	7
Fotakis, C	1
Moros, G	1
Kontogeorgou, A	1
Iacovidou, N	1
Boutsikou, T	1
Zoumpoulakis, P	1
Li, G	1
Liu, Y	2
Su, X	1
Huang, S	1
Liu, X	1
Du, Q	2
Ayala-Yáñez, R	1
Villapando-Basaldúa, A	1
Halffter-Mijares, A	1
Morgenstern-Kaplan, D	1
Ruíz-Cabrera, IL	1
Herrera-Fernández, G	1
Rotondi, M	5
Bendotti, G	1
Croce, L	2
Molteni, M	1
Carbone, A	1
Magri, F	2
Chiovato, L	4
Dhillon-Smith, RK	1
Boelaert, K	1
Jeve, YB	1
Maheshwari, A	1
Coomarasamy, A	1
Peng, CC	2
Orois, A	1
López-Quesada, E	1
Jalencas, G	1
Barahona, MJ	1
Perea, V	1
Chen, Y	6
Luo, ZC	1
Zhang, T	1
Fan, P	1
Ma, R	1
Zhang, J	6
Ouyang, F	1
Moretti, C	2
Lazzarin, N	2
Vaquero, E	2
Dal Lago, A	2
Campagnolo, L	2
Valensise, H	3
Bellingeri, C	1
De Maggio, I	1
Coperchini, F	1
Spinillo, A	1
Beneventi, F	1
Moleti, M	7
Alibrandi, A	3
Di Mauro, M	1
Paola, G	1
Perdichizzi, LG	1
Granese, R	2
Giacobbe, A	1
Scilipoti, A	1
Ragonese, M	1
Ercoli, A	1
Benvenga, S	2
Vermiglio, F	10
Aryee, NA	1
Adu-Bonsaffoh, K	1
Arko-Boham, B	1
Quaye, O	1
Asazu, H	1
Tagoe, E	1
Lee, SY	2
Ye, E	2
Sun, M	1
Lin, H	2
Yu, L	3
Lin, Z	3
Peng, M	2
Lin, D	1
Zhao, Z	1
Zhou, Q	3
Zhao, H	1
Xiong, Y	1
Chen, YT	2
Ho, CH	1
Chung, MT	1
Wen, JY	1
Lin, YL	1
Hsiao, TW	1
Tsai, YC	1
Goggi, G	1
Bidhendi Yarandi, R	2
Taylor, PN	4
Meima, M	1
Meems, M	1
Vaidya, B	10
Shields, B	2
Ghafoor, F	1
Bramer, WM	1
Dayan, C	2
Vafeiadi, M	1
Tkachuck, AS	1
Vrijkotte, TG	5
Riaño, I	1
Murcia, M	3
Mukhtar, S	1
Steegers, EAP	1
Marín Urueña, SI	1
Infante López, ME	1
Samaniego Fernández, CM	1
Montejo Vicente, MM	1
Escribano García, C	1
Izquierdo Caballero, R	1
Mulero Collantes, I	1
Caserío Carbonero, S	1
Zhang, Y	7
Zhu, S	1
Huang, Y	3
Yang, H	6
Guo, X	3
Liang, L	2
Mao, Y	1
Zhang, JR	2
Zhang, SC	2
Yang, HX	2
Iqbal, S	1
Rust, P	1
Weitensfelder, L	1
Ali, I	1
Kundi, M	1
Moshammer, H	1
Ekmekcioglu, C	1
Etemadi, A	1
Amouzegar, A	2
Mehran, L	2
Tohidi, M	5
Moradi, K	1
Delshad, H	1
Spann, MN	1
Cheslack-Postava, K	1
Brown, AS	2
Knøsgaard, L	2
Andersen, S	4
Hansen, AB	2
Vestergaard, P	3
Andersen, SL	4
Tosun, G	1
Kose, S	1
İşbilen Başok, B	1
Altunyurt, S	1
Costantine, MM	1
Smith, K	1
Thom, EA	3
Casey, BM	9
Peaceman, AM	3
Varner, MW	3
Sorokin, Y	3
Reddy, UM	3
Wapner, RJ	3
Boggess, K	1
Tita, ATN	2
Rouse, DJ	3
Sibai, B	3
Iams, JD	3
Mercer, BM	3
Tolosa, JE	1
Caritis, SN	3
VanDorsten, JP	2
Levie, D	2
Bath, SC	3
Dineva, M	2
Fano, E	1
Ibarluzea, JM	2
Llop, S	1
Rayman, MP	3
Tiemeier, H	12
Cigrovski Berković, M	1
Herman Mahečić, D	1
Marinković Radošević, J	1
Strinović Morić, M	1
Bilić-Ćurčić, I	1
Iijima, S	1
Zhou, L	2
Xu, J	1
Liu, J	3
Yan, C	1
Muller, I	3
Daniel, RM	1
Hales, C	2
Scholz, A	1
Candler, T	1
Pettit, RJ	1
Evans, WD	1
Shillabeer, D	1
Draman, MS	2
Dayan, CM	1
Tang, HKC	1
Okosieme, O	2
Gregory, JW	2
Lazarus, JH	18
Rees, DA	2
Ludgate, ME	1
Yang, X	3
Yu, Y	1
Chen, Z	2
Dubois, L	1
Huang, HF	1
Fraser, WD	1
Fujishima, A	1
Sato, A	1
Miura, H	1
Shimoda, Y	1
Kameyama, S	1
Ariake, C	1
Adachi, H	1
Fukuoka, Y	1
Terada, Y	1
Suzuki, N	3
Yoshihara, A	3
Yoshimura Noh, J	1
Kinoshita, K	1
Ohnishi, J	1
Saito, M	1
Sugino, K	3
Ito, K	7
Li, SW	1
Chan, SY	2
McDermott, MT	1
Yanachkova, V	1
Chaveeva, P	1
Staynova, R	1
Milcheva, R	1
Nana, M	1
Velasco, I	4
Christensen, PA	1
Handberg, A	1
Wang, C	1
Xu, H	4
Ma, ZF	1
Visser, WE	2
Tan, H	1
Bai, Y	2
Fang, F	1
Faramand, A	1
Chong, W	1
Hai, Y	1
Gietka-Czernel, M	2
Glinicki, P	1
Tsunemi, A	1
Uchida, T	1
Kuroda, K	1
Ikemoto, Y	1
Ochiai, A	1
Goto, H	1
Sugiyama, R	1
Satoh, H	1
Itakura, A	1
Watada, H	1
Yuan, X	1
Yu, B	1
Cai, Z	1
Kusrini, I	2
Farebrother, J	1
Mulyantoro, DK	1
Augustine-Rauch, K	1
Liaw, JJ	1
Graziano, M	1
Schiller, T	1
Agmon, A	1
Ostrovsky, V	1
Shefer, G	1
Knobler, H	1
Zornitzki, T	1
Sharma, A	1
Noor, N	1
Dadhwal, V	1
Cheng, WL	1
Liu, XR	1
Zuo, Y	1
Zheng, W	1
Wu, SS	1
Jiang, B	1
Supadmi, S	1
Kusumawardani, HD	1
Jeon, Y	1
Lee, SG	1
Lee, EH	1
Kim, CW	1
Kim, SH	1
Lau, L	1
Benham, JL	2
Lemieux, P	1
Yamamoto, J	2
Donovan, LE	3
Bein, M	1
Yu, OHY	2
Grandi, SM	2
Frati, FYE	1
Kandil, I	1
Filion, KB	2
Luo, J	1
Yuan, L	1
Guo, L	1
Locantore, P	1
Corsello, A	1
Policola, C	1
Pontecorvi, A	1
Ma, C	1
Liu, L	1
Cheng, X	2
Xue, F	2
Wu, J	1
Xia, L	1
Yin, Y	1
Wang, D	2
Zou, Y	1
Qiu, L	2
Hua, J	1
Shen, J	2
Du, W	1
Williams, GJ	1
Bohlega, B	1
Zahedi, A	1
Tomlinson, G	1
Feig, DS	1
Mammen, JSR	1
Cappola, AR	1
Wilson, SA	1
Stem, LA	1
Bruehlman, RD	1
Washio, K	1
Uenaka, M	2
Tanimura, K	2
Deguchi, M	1
Nishida, K	1
Fujioka, K	1
Yamada, H	2
Topaloğlu, Ö	1
Yavuz, A	1
Tiryaki Aylıkcı, AB	1
Mallawa Kankanamalage, O	1
Han, L	1
Ma, Y	6
Liang, Z	1
Chen, D	1
Yu, YH	1
Reynier, P	1
Platt, RW	1
Qin, L	1
Baruah, P	1
Jasraj, K	1
Ahmad, I	1
Oostenbroek, MHW	1
Kersten, RHJ	1
Tros, B	1
Kunst, AE	1
Finken, MJJ	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Preconceptional Thyroid Screening and Childhood Nerocognitive Function[NCT01744743]		600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Recruiting
Randomized, Prospective Trial Comparing the Safety and Efficacy of Empiric Levothyroxine (LT4) Dose Increase Versus Individualized LT4 Dose Increase in Hypothyroid Women During Pregnancy[NCT03115515]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
The Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction: A Multi-center, Controlled, Double-blind Randomized Trial.[NCT00467363]		1,228 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-06-30	Completed
Monitoring and Evaluation of the Levothyroxin Replacement Therapy in Pregnant Women[NCT02094079]		80 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-03-31	Completed
Study on the Displacement of Iodine Balance Value During Pregnancy and the Mechanism of Breast Iodine Homeostasis During Lactation Under Different Iodine Exposure[NCT05730803]		1,200 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2023-02-17	Not yet recruiting
A Randomized Trial of Thyroxine Therapy for Subclinical Hypothyroidism or Hypothyroxinemia Diagnosed During Pregnancy[NCT00388297]	Phase 3	1,203 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-31	Completed
Iodine Nutrition During Pregnancy and Related Neonatal Physical Development[NCT02586220]		250 participants (Actual)	Observational	2015-08-31	Completed
Neuroimaging Epigenetics of Prospective Postpartum Depression Biomarkers[NCT03638687]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2014-05-31	Completed
Thyroid Hormone Dose Adjustments During Pregnancy in Women With Primary Hypothyroidism.[NCT00230802]		48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-07-31	Completed
Desiccated Thyroid Extract Compared to Levothyroxine in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: A Randomized, Double-blind, Crossover Study.[NCT01739972]		180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Recruiting
Randomized Thyroid Screening Protocol During Pregnancy: a Multi-center Prospective Controlled Study[NCT01838031]		1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-09-30	Completed
A Prospective Evaluation of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) in the Treatment of Relapsed Graves' Disease[NCT02685514]		22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Completed
Efficacy Of Non Invasive Diagnostic Procedures In Evaluating The Influence Of Maternal Autoimmune Thyroid Gland Disease On Fetus[NCT02017080]		300 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2014-01-31	Recruiting
Maternal TSH Level and TPOAb Status in Early Pregnancy and Their Relationship to the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus[NCT02555332]		7,729 participants (Actual)	Observational	2012-12-31	Completed
Corneal Tomographic Analysis Among Patients With Thyroid Gland Dysfunction.[NCT04433936]		100 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-02-01	Completed
Influence of Pregnancy-related Hormonal Fluctuations on Corneal Biomechanics in Humans[NCT01629264]		50 participants (Actual)	Observational	2012-06-30	Completed
The Effect of Dietary Supplements for Pregnant Women on Levothyroxine Absorption[NCT04988802]		37 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-10-20	Recruiting
Are IQs Low in Offspring of Euthyroid Women With Low T4?[NCT00147433]		5,000 participants	Observational	2004-02-29	Recruiting
Community Salt Testing and Relation of Iodine Intake to Visual Information Processing of Ethiopian Infants[NCT03889431]		106 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-02	Completed
A Multi-center, Open Label, Randomised Parallel- Group Study to Compare the Efficacy of Cholestyramine Plus Standard Treatment Versus Prednisolone Plus Standard Treatment Versus Standard Treatment Alone in Treatment of Overt Hyperthyroidism[NCT03303053]	Phase 3	135 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-05-11	Recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Partial or complete abruption (ie, premature separation of the placenta) (NCT00467363)
Timeframe: until delivery

Clinically Recognized Pregnancy

Early Pregnancy Loss (EPL)

Ectopic Pregnancy

Fetal Pregnancy Loss

hCG Recognized Pregnancy

Live Birth

Intervention	participants (Number)
Aspirin	7
Placebo	5

Intervention	pregnancy (Number)
Aspirin	374
Placebo	346

Intervention	pregnancy (Number)
Aspirin	28
Placebo	27

Intervention	pregnancy (Number)
Aspirin	3
Placebo	3

Intervention	pregnancy (Number)
Aspirin	4
Placebo	6

Intervention	pregnancy (Number)
Aspirin	394
Placebo	363

Live birth was obtained prospectively by maternal report and abstraction from medical records by trained staff . (NCT00467363)
Timeframe: after delivery

Molar Pregnancy

Preeclampsia

Pregnancy Losses Occurring Less Than 10 Weeks

Intervention	livebirths (Number)
Aspirin	309
Placebo	286

Intervention	pregnancy (Number)
Aspirin	0
Placebo	0

Intervention	participants (Number)
Aspirin	32
Placebo	30

Includes preembryonic and embryonic losses (exclusive of implantation failures) (NCT00467363)
Timeframe: less than 10-weeks

Preterm Birth

Small for Gestational Age Infant

Stillbirth

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Index Score From the Connors' Rating Scales (Parent-S) - Revised

Intervention	pregnancy (Number)
Aspirin	56
Placebo	53

Intervention	infants (Number)
Aspirin	22
Placebo	31

Intervention	grams (Mean)
Aspirin	3327
Placebo	3315

Intervention	participants (Number)
Aspirin	2
Placebo	2

The Conners' Rating Scales-Revised were used to assess attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A T score of 45 to 55 is considered to be typical or average; a T score of 44 or less is not a concern, a T score of 56 to 60 is considered to be a borderline score, and a T score of 61 or higher indicates a possible or clinically significant problem. (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: 48 months of age

Cognitive and Achievement Levels From the Differential Ability Scales (DAS II)

Intervention	T-score (Median)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	48
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	49
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	50
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	49

"Overall general conceptual ability score as measured by the DAS-II at 36 months of age.~GCA General Conceptual Ability Classification ≥ 130 Very high 120-129 High 110-119 Above average 90-109 Average 80-89 Below average 70-79 Low~≤ 69 Very low" (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: 36 months

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	90
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	90
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	90
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	89

A patient is considered to have gestational diabetes if clinically diagnosed with class A1 or A2 (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: During pregnancy until delivery

Infants With Birth Weight < 10th Percentile (Gestational Age z Score)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	25
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	22
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	21
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	24

Birth weight < 10th percentile (gestational age z score) (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: Delivery

Intellectual Function of Children at 5 Years of Age in Women Diagnosed With a) Subclinical Hypothyroidism or b) Hypothyroxinemia During the First Half of Pregnancy, or Death.

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	33
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	27
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	23
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	20

"The primary outcome was death or IQ score at 5 years of age (or at 3 years of age if the 5-year examination was missing). The full-scale IQ was assessed with the use of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence III (WPPSI-III) at 5 years of age or the overall (general conceptual ability) score from the Differential Ability Scales-II at 3 years of age if the WPPSI-III score was not available. Results are expressed as an age-standardized score, with an expected population mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Death before 3 years of age was assigned a score of 0 (lowest possible rank) and was included in the estimation of the median.~For Quotient and Composite score:~below 70 is Extremely Low, 70-79 is Borderline, 80-89 is Low Average, 90-109 is Average, 110-119 is High Average, 120-129 is Superior, 130+" (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: 60 months of age

Neonatal Head Circumference (Centimeters)

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	97
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	94
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	94
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	91

Neonatal head circumference measured within 24 hours of birth. This measurement is included based on a report showing that maternal treatment with thyroxine for overt hypothyroidism was associated with reduced head circumference in the newborn infant (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: Within 24 hours of birth

Number of Days in the Hospital Nursery

Intervention	centimeters (Mean)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	33.9
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	33.9
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	33.9
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	34.2

Median number of days in the hospital nursery (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: Through hospital discharge

Number of Infants Admitted to NICU

Number of Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Intervention	days (Median)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	2
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	2
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	2
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	2

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	29
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	21
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	31
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	31

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is defined as the need for supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks corrected age, for babies born <34 weeks by project gestational age only (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: Through 72 hours post delivery

Number of Infants With Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	0
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	0
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	1

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is defined by the following: the unequivocal presence of intramural air on abdominal x-ray, perforation seen on abdominal x-ray, clinical evidence as suggested by erythema and induration of the abdominal wall, or intra-abdominal abscess formation, or stricture formation observed at surgery or autopsy following an episode of suspected NEC. The condition is classified based on the Bell staging system (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: Delivery within 2 weeks of birth

Number of Infants With Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	2
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	0

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) will be defined based on a clinical diagnosis of RDS Type I and oxygen therapy (FiO2 ≥ 0.40) for greater than or equal to 24 hours. For infants dying before 24 hours of age, a clinical diagnosis of RDS Type I and oxygen therapy (FiO2 ≥ 0.40) are sufficient. (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: Delivery and greater than or equal to 24 hours

Number of Infants With Respiratory Therapy Greater Than or Equal to 1 Day

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	9
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	6
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	4
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	5

oxygen therapy (FiO2 ≥ 0.40) for greater than or equal to 24 hours (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: 72 hours post delivery

Number of Infants With Retinopathy or Prematurity

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	11
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	11
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	13
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	12

This diagnosis will be reached when an ophthalmologic examination of the retina has been performed and ROP is diagnosed at Stage I (demarcation line in the retina) or greater (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: Through 72 hours of birth

Number of Neonatal Deaths

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	0
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	0
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	0

Fetal and neonatal death (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: Through 72 hours post delivery

Participants Who Experienced a Stillbirth or Miscarriage

Participants With Composite Neonatal Outcome

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	0
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	1
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	1

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	4
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	7
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	2
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	5

The composite neonatal outcome was defined as periventricular leukomalacia, intraventricular hemorrhage of grade III or IV, necrotizing enterocolitis (stage ≥II), severe retinopathy of prematurity (stage ≥III), the severe respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, neonatal death, stillbirth, or serious infectious complication. (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: Within 72 hours of delivery.

Participants With Gestational Hypertension

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	7
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	12
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	5
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	7

Gestational hypertension defined as patient having a diastolic ≥ 90 during pregnancy without proteinuria (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: During pregnancy and until delivery

Participants With Placental Abruption

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	33
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	36
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	20
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	24

Clinically significant placental abruption will be determined by centralized (blinded) chart review (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: Duration of pregnancy, delivery

Participants With Preeclampsia

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	1
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	5
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	3
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	2

Preeclampsia defined as patient having a diastolic ≥ 90 during pregnancy with at least 1 + proteinuria. Preeclampsia will also include HELLP syndrome or eclampsia. (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: Duration of pregnancy, Delivery

Selected Cognitive Abilities From the Subscales of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI-III)

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	22
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	20
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	9
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	11

"Standardized full-scale IQ scores from the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence III (WPPSI-III) at 5 years of age. Quotient and Composite scores have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Subtest scaled scores have a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3.~For Quotient and Composite score:~below 70 is Extremely Low, 70-79 is Borderline, 80-89 is Low Average, 90-109 is Average, 110-119 is High Average, 120-129 is Superior, 130+ is Very Superior." (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: 60 months

Week of Gestation at Delivery

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	97
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	95
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	94
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	92

Gestational age at delivery and preterm birth < 37 weeks' gestation or < 34 weeks' gestation (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: Delivery

Behavioral Problems and Social Competencies at 36 and 60 Months of Age, as Measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)

Intervention	weeks (Mean)
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	39.1
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	38.9
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	39.0
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	38.8

Behavioral problems and social competencies at 36 and 60 months of age, as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The CBCL is filled out by the caregiver. Each of the 100 questions indicates a behavior for which the caregiver scores as Not True (0), Sometimes True (1), or Often True (2). The scores for all the questions are then summed and evaluated against the normative data/T-scores. A Tscore of less than 60 is considered to be in the normal range. A T score of 60-63 is a borderline, and a T score of more than 63 is in the clinical range. Lower scores represent better outcomes. (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: 36 and 60 months of age

Cognitive and Achievement Levels From Two DAS-II Subtests (Recall of Digits Forward and Recognition of Pictures)

Intervention	T-score (Median)
	CBCL T score at 36 mo	CBCL T score at 60 mo
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	48	45
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	46	44
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	48	43
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	46	44

"Cognitive and achievement levels from two DAS-II subtests (Recall of Digits Forward and Recognition of Pictures)~GCA General Conceptual Ability Classification ≥ 130 Very high 120-129 High 110-119 Above average 90-109 Average 80-89 Below average 70-79 Low~≤ 69 Very low" (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: 48 months of age

Cognitive, Motor and Language Scale Scores From the Bayley Certified Scales of Infant Development III Edition

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
	Median Recall of Digits Forward Score	Median Recognition of Pictures Score
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	91	84
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	84	74
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	74	74
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	84	74

Composite scores are derived for cognitive, language, and motor development and scaled to a metric, with a mean of 100, standard deviation of 15, and range of 40 to 160. Results can also be expressed as percentile ranks relative to the standardization sample, with a mean and median of 50 and range from 1 to 99 (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: 12 and 24 months of age

Number of Infants With Apgar Score 4 at 1 Minute and < 7 at 5 Minutes

Intervention	score on a scale (Median)
	Median 12 mo cognitive score	Median 12 mo motor score	Median 12 mo language score	Median 24 mo cognitive score	Median 24 mo motor score	Median 24 mo language score
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	100	97	94	90	97	89
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	100	97	94	90	97	89
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	100	97	94	90	97	89
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	100	97	94	90	97	91

Apgar score < 4 at 1 minute and < 7 at 5 minutes (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: 1 minute and 5 minutes post delivery

Number of Participants With Preterm Delivery

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Apgar < 4 at 1 minute	Apgar < 7 at 5 minutes
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	6	2
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	6	2
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	7	4
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	7	3

Preterm delivery at less than 37 weeks or less than 34 weeks gestation (NCT00388297)
Timeframe: Delivery

Proportion of Patients in Each Treatment Arm Euthyroid Through Gestation

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Preterm birth < 34 wk	Preterm birth < 37 wk
Levothyroxine for Hypothyroxinemia	10	31
Levothyroxine for Subclinical Hypothyroidism	9	31
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Hypothyroxinemia	7	20
Placebo for Levothyroxine - Subclinical Hypothyroidism	10	37

The proportion of patients in each treatment arm euthyroid through gestation (NCT00230802)
Timeframe: 9 months

Article	Year
Subacute thyroiditis during early pregnancy: a case report and literature review. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2022, Jan-07, Volume: 22, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Live Birth; Neck Pain; Prednisone; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Comp	2022
Subclinical hypothyroidism in women's health: from pre- to post-menopause. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022, Volume: 38, Issue:5 Topics: Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Male; Postmenopause; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complicat	2022
Association between maternal thyroid function and risk of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia: a systematic review and individual-participant data meta-analysis. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology, 2022, Volume: 10, Issue:4 Topics: Female; Humans; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Pre-Eclampsi	2022
Relationship Between Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy and Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in endocrinology, 2022, Volume: 13 Topics: Female; Humans; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications;	2022
Management of Hypothyroidism and Hypothyroxinemia During Pregnancy. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, 2022, Volume: 28, Issue:7 Topics: Drug Monitoring; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Postnatal Care; Preconception Care; Pregnancy; Preg	2022
Under and overtreatment with thyroid hormone replacement during pregnancy. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity, 2022, 10-01, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Overtreatment; Pregnan	2022
Levothyroxine treatment and pregnancy outcomes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2019, Volume: 300, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Outcome; Thyrox	2019
Association of Thyroid Function Test Abnormalities and Thyroid Autoimmunity With Preterm Birth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA, 2019, 08-20, Volume: 322, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infant,	2019
Thyroid hormone therapy of hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Endocrine, 2019, Volume: 66, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Thyroxine	2019
Pitfalls in the assessment of gestational transient thyrotoxicosis. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2020, Volume: 36, Issue:8 Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Hyperemesis Gravidarum; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications;	2020
Management of overt hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism, 2020, Volume: 34, Issue:4 Topics: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications	2020
Indications for treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism and isolated hypothyroxinaemia in pregnancy. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism, 2020, Volume: 34, Issue:4 Topics: Asymptomatic Diseases; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal	2020
Interpretation of thyroid function tests during pregnancy. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism, 2020, Volume: 34, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenata	2020
Effect of levothyroxine on pregnancy outcomes in women with thyroid autoimmunity: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertility and sterility, 2020, Volume: 114, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Autoantibodies; Autoantigens; Autoimmune Diseases; Biomarkers; Birth Weight; Female; Humans;	2020
[Effect of levothyroxine treatment on pregnancy outcomes in euthyroid women with thyroid autoantibody positive: a Meta-analysis]. Zhonghua fu chan ke za zhi, 2021, Jan-25, Volume: 56, Issue:1 Topics: Autoantibodies; China; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complic	2021
Impact of levothyroxine in women with positive thyroid antibodies on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ open, 2021, 02-23, Volume: 11, Issue:2 Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Premature Birth; Randomized Con	2021
Levothyroxine and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC endocrine disorders, 2021, Feb-27, Volume: 21, Issue:1 Topics: Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Observational Studies as Topic; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications;	2021
Iron Deficiency, a Risk Factor of Thyroid Disorders in Reproductive-Age and Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in endocrinology, 2021, Volume: 12 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Iron Deficiencies; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnant Women; Risk F	2021
Subclinical thyroid diseases and isolated hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy. Minerva endocrinology, 2021, Volume: 46, Issue:3 Topics: Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prospective Studies; Thyroid Dis	2021
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in Women. JAMA, 2021, Jun-15, Volume: 325, Issue:23 Topics: Age Factors; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Humans; Iodide Peroxidase; Pregnancy; Preg	2021
Understanding the Pathogenesis of Gestational Hypothyroidism. Frontiers in endocrinology, 2021, Volume: 12 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Abruptio Placentae; Animals; Estrogens; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Hypothyr	2021
Effects of Levothyroxine on Pregnancy Outcomes in Women With Thyroid Dysfunction: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Alternative therapies in health and medicine, 2017, Volume: 23, Issue:2 Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Infertility, Female; Pregnancy	2017
Principles of ear nose and throat surgery for pregnant women. British journal of hospital medicine (London, England : 2005), 2017, Apr-02, Volume: 78, Issue:4 Topics: Abscess; Adenoma; Airway Obstruction; Analgesics; Anesthesia; Epistaxis; Female; Hormone Replacement	2017
Preconception management of thyroid disorders. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2017, Volume: 67, Issue:4 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Pr	2017
Management of thyroid disorders in pregnancy: Recommendations made simple. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2017, Volume: 67, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Antithyroid Agents; Disease Management; Female; Fluid Therapy; Humans;	2017
Evaluation of Thyroid Function during Pregnancy: Have We Taken a Wrong Turn? Clinical chemistry, 2018, Volume: 64, Issue:3 Topics: Female; Humans; Immunoassay; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregn	2018
Maternal thyroid hormone insufficiency during pregnancy and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical endocrinology, 2018, Volume: 88, Issue:4 Topics: Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Neurodevelopmental Disorders; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pr	2018
Appraisal of clinical practice guidelines on the management of hypothyroidism in pregnancy using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument. Endocrine, 2018, Volume: 60, Issue:1 Topics: Disease Management; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Practice Guidelines as	2018
Pregnancy Complications Associated With Maternal Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review. Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 2018, Volume: 73, Issue:4 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal	2018
Thyroid Function in Early Pregnancy, Child IQ, and Autistic Traits: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2018, 08-01, Volume: 103, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Autistic Disorder; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Female; Gestational Age; Human	2018
Impact of levothyroxine therapy on obstetric, neonatal and childhood outcomes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism diagnosed in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ open, 2018, 09-08, Volume: 8, Issue:9 Topics: Asymptomatic Diseases; Child; Child Development; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnanc	2018
The impact of gestational hypothyroxinemia on the cognitive and motor development of offspring. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 2020, Volume: 33, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Brain; Child Development; Cognition; Female; Fetal Development; Humans; Hypothy	2020
Differences in Diagnostic Criteria Mask the True Prevalence of Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2019, Volume: 29, Issue:2 Topics: Endocrinology; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications;	2019
Resistance to thyroid hormone β in autoimmune thyroid disease: a case report and review of literature. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2018, Dec-03, Volume: 18, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Mutation; Postp	2018
Fetal thyroid disorders: Pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapeutic approaches. Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction, 2019, Volume: 48, Issue:4 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Female; Fetal Diseases; Gestational Age; Goiter; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypoth	2019
Management for women with subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Drug and therapeutics bulletin, 2019, Volume: 57, Issue:2 Topics: Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Thyrotr	2019
Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 2019, Volume: 62, Issue:2 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Antibodies; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Fetal Development; Humans; Hypo	2019
Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity, 2019, Volume: 26, Issue:5 Topics: Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Thyroxine	2019
Maternal hypothyroxinemia and effects on cognitive functioning in childhood: how and why? Clinical endocrinology, 2013, Volume: 79, Issue:2 Topics: Brain; Child; Cognition; Female; Humans; Iodine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Exposu	2013
Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2013, May-31, Issue:5 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pre-Eclampsia; P	2013
Controversies in endocrinology: On the need for universal thyroid screening in pregnant women. European journal of endocrinology, 2014, Volume: 170, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Health Policy; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyr	2014
[Neonatal hyperthyroidism: a case report and literature review]. Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University, 2013, Volume: 33, Issue:10 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Apnea; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Infant,	2013
Female reproduction physiology adversely manipulated by thyroid disorders: a review of literature. Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS, 2013, Feb-01, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Autoantibodies; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infertility, Female; Iodine; Pregna	2013
Influence of cigarette smoking on thyroid gland--an update. Endokrynologia Polska, 2014, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: Female; Graves Disease; Hashimoto Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregn	2014
Impact of mild thyroid hormone deficiency in pregnancy on cognitive function in children: lessons from the Generation R Study. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism, 2014, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Child, Preschool; Cognition; Cohort Studies; Executive Function; Female; Fetal Blood; Head; Humans;	2014
Thyroid disease in pregnancy. American family physician, 2014, Feb-15, Volume: 89, Issue:4 Topics: Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Functi	2014
Controversies in the management of hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 2014, Volume: 69, Issue:6 Topics: Asymptomatic Diseases; Autoantibodies; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stim	2014
Universal screening versus selective case-based screening for thyroid disorders in pregnancy. Endocrine, 2015, Volume: 48, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Humans; Mass Screening; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Th	2015
Diagnosis and management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2014, Oct-06, Volume: 349 Topics: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Hyp	2014
Update on a new controversy in endocrinology: isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2015, Volume: 38, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Endocrinology; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complicati	2015
Maternal Hypothyroxinemia-Induced Neurodevelopmental Impairments in the Progeny. Molecular neurobiology, 2016, Volume: 53, Issue:3 Topics: Brain; Cohort Studies; Endocrine Disruptors; Female; Forecasting; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, P	2016
Thyroid diseases in pregnancy: a current and controversial topic on diagnosis and treatment over the past 20 years. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 2015, Volume: 292, Issue:5 Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Iodine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complication	2015
Thyroid autoantibodies and the effect on pregnancy outcomes. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2016, Volume: 36, Issue:1 Topics: Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy O	2016
Combination Levothyroxine + Liothyronine Treatment in Pregnancy. Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 2015, Volume: 70, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Maternal-Fetal Exc	2015
Recovery of HPA Axis Function After Successful Gonadotropin-Induced Pregnancy and Delivery in a Woman With Panhypopituitarism: Case Report and Review. Medicine, 2015, Volume: 94, Issue:39 Topics: Adenoma; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Female; Fertility Agents, Female; Gonadotropins; Hormone R	2015
Are we overtreating subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy? BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2015, Oct-12, Volume: 351 Topics: Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Medical Overuse; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Severity of Ill	2015
[Management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism]. Vnitrni lekarstvi, 2015, Volume: 61, Issue:10 Topics: Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine Radioisotopes; Methimazole; Pregnancy; Pregn	2015
[Subclinical thyroid disease]. Vnitrni lekarstvi, 2015, Volume: 61, Issue:10 Topics: Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Reference Value	2015
The impact of maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy on neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2016, Volume: 32, Issue:1 Topics: Birth Weight; Female; Fetal Macrosomia; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infant,	2016
Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2016, Volume: 26, Issue:4 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy	2016
[Obstetrical complications of thyroid peroxidase antibody positive during pregnancy and effects of intervention: a meta-analysis]. Zhonghua fu chan ke za zhi, 2016, Apr-25, Volume: 51, Issue:4 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Autoantibodies; China; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Iodide Peroxidase; Pre	2016
Overview of Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy. Seminars in reproductive medicine, 2016, Volume: 34, Issue:6 Topics: Biomarkers; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Pregnancy; Pre	2016
The Impact and Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism for Improving Reproductive Outcomes such as Fertility and Miscarriage. Seminars in reproductive medicine, 2016, Volume: 34, Issue:6 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Biomarkers; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Fertility; Humans; Hypothyroi	2016
Current challenges in the pharmacological management of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. Expert review of clinical pharmacology, 2017, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Carbimazole; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnan	2017
Epidemiology of iodine deficiency. Minerva medica, 2017, Volume: 108, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Global Health; Goiter; Humans; Infant,	2017
Management of hypothyroidism in adults. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2008, Jul-28, Volume: 337 Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Male; Myocardial Infarction; Pregnancy; Preg	2008
[Clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of subclinical thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. Working Group on Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction of the Spanish Endocrinology Society]. Endocrinologia y nutricion : organo de la Sociedad Espanola de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, 2009, Volume: 56, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Embryonic Development; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodin	2009
Drugs for thyroid disorders. Treatment guidelines from the Medical Letter, 2009, Volume: 7, Issue:84 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Antithyroid Agents; Drug Combinations; Drug Interactions; Female; Human	2009
[Primary hypothyroidism: Considerations for a rational use of levothyroxine therapy]. Medicina clinica, 2011, Feb-26, Volume: 136, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Atrial Fibrillation; Autoimmune Diseases; Comorbidity; Contraindications; Dose-Response Relat	2011
Thyroid diseases in pregnancy. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, 2009, Volume: 21, Issue:6 Topics: Brain; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Intelligence Tests;	2009
Autoimmune thyroid disease in pregnancy: a review. Journal of women's health (2002), 2009, Volume: 18, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Antithyroid Agents; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Pregnanc	2009
[Thyroid and pregnancy]. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2010, Volume: 160, Issue:7-8 Topics: Breast Feeding; Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; Cooperative Behavior; Female; Humans; H	2010
Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2010, Jul-07, Issue:7 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pre-Eclampsia; P	2010
[Iodine deficiency in infancy - a risk for cognitive development]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2010, Volume: 135, Issue:31-32 Topics: Breast Feeding; Child; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Food, Organic; Germany; Goiter, Endemic; H	2010
Diagnosis and management of thyroid disease in pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 2010, Volume: 37, Issue:2 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine Radioiso	2010
Thyroid disorders during pregnancy: impact on the fetus. Hormone research in paediatrics, 2011, Volume: 76 Suppl 1 Topics: Adult; Antithyroid Agents; Female; Fetal Diseases; Goiter; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism;	2011
Management of hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity, 2011, Volume: 18, Issue:5 Topics: Autoantibodies; Autoimmunity; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodide Pe	2011
Thyroid function tests during first-trimester of pregnancy: a review of literature. Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS, 2010, Jul-15, Volume: 13, Issue:14 Topics: Antibodies; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hyp	2010
Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism, 2011, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Antithyroid Agents; Autoimmunity; Female; Humans; Hyperemesis Gravidaru	2011
Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism: who to treat and how. Drugs, 2012, Jan-01, Volume: 72, Issue:1 Topics: Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Male; Patien	2012
Subclinical thyroid disease. Lancet (London, England), 2012, Mar-24, Volume: 379, Issue:9821 Topics: Atrial Fibrillation; Cardiovascular Diseases; Comorbidity; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Progress	2012
[Thyroid and pregnancy]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2012, Volume: 137, Issue:5 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Female; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Ne	2012
Thyroid disorders during pregnancy. The Medical clinics of North America, 2012, Volume: 96, Issue:2 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Diet; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Ma	2012
[Hypothyroidism in pregnancy]. Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, 2012, Volume: 32, Issue:192 Topics: Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Thyroxine	2012
Thyroid disorders. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 2012, Issue:214 Topics: Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male	2012
[Thyroid dysfunction in pregnant women: clinical dilemmas]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 2012, Volume: 156, Issue:49 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infa	2012
Measurement of total rather than free thyroxine in pregnancy: the diagnostic implications. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2013, Volume: 23, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Clinical Chemistry Tests; Endocrinology; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Pre	2013
[Thyroid gland and pregnancy--physiology and pathology]. Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960), 2002, Volume: 55, Issue:7-8 Topics: Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications	2002
Surgical management in Graves' disease. Panminerva medica, 2002, Volume: 44, Issue:4 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Incidence; Iodine Rad	2002
Subclinical hypothyroidism in women: who to treat. Disease-a-month : DM, 2002, Volume: 48, Issue:10 Topics: Age Factors; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infertility, Female; Pregnancy	2002
[Common, mostly in women and easy to treat. Primary hypothyroidism--an unknown public disease]. Lakartidningen, 2003, Feb-20, Volume: 100, Issue:8 Topics: Child; Child Development; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Risk F	2003
Feto-maternal repercussions of iodine deficiency during pregnancy. An update. Annales d'endocrinologie, 2003, Volume: 64, Issue:1 Topics: Diet; Female; Goiter; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Iodine; Nervous System Diseases; Pregnancy; P	2003
Maternal hypothyroxinemia versus hypothyroidism and potential neurodevelopmental. Alterations of her offspring. Annales d'endocrinologie, 2003, Volume: 64, Issue:1 Topics: Brain; Cerebral Palsy; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Gestation	2003
Neurodisability: metabolic and hormonal aspects. Developmental medicine and child neurology. Supplement, 2003, Volume: 95 Topics: Child; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Nervous System Diseases;	2003
THE USE OF THIOURACIL DERIVATIVES DURING PREGNANCY: A REVIEW. Marquette medical review, 1964, Volume: 30 Topics: Basal Metabolism; Female; Fetal Death; Goiter; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Infant; Infant Mortality; In	1964
Lack of a relation between human neonatal thyroxine and pediatric neurobehavioral disorders: neonatal total thyroxine is not a good proxy measure of maternal thyroid hormone insufficiency. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2004, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Child Behavior Disorders; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Nervous System Diseases;	2004
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 2004, Volume: 50 Topics: Adult; Breast Feeding; Developmental Disabilities; Drug Monitoring; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism;	2004
[Hypothyroidism--therapy]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 2004, Jul-09, Volume: 129, Issue:28-29 Topics: Autoantibodies; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyroidism;	2004
Three-dimensional sonography in the evaluation and management of fetal goiter. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2005, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Antithyroid Agents; Female; Fetal Diseases; Goiter; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Imaging, Three-D	2005
Antithyroid drugs. The New England journal of medicine, 2005, Mar-03, Volume: 352, Issue:9 Topics: Agranulocytosis; Algorithms; Antithyroid Agents; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Me	2005
[An effect of iodine deficiency on neuromental development: a modern view on the problem]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova, 2005, Volume: 105, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Fetal Development; Ge	2005
Screening for thyroid disease in pregnancy. Journal of clinical pathology, 2005, Volume: 58, Issue:5 Topics: Diet; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating; Iodide	2005
Thyroid disease in pregnancy and childhood. Minerva endocrinologica, 2005, Volume: 30, Issue:2 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Autoantibodies; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Hy	2005
Current methodology to assess bioequivalence of levothyroxine sodium products is inadequate. The AAPS journal, 2005, Mar-30, Volume: 7, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Area Under Curve; Biological Availability; Biopharmaceutics; C	2005
Thyroid hormones and fetal brain development. Minerva ginecologica, 2005, Volume: 57, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Brain; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Fetal Development; Fetal Growth Retardation; Fetus;	2005
[Subclinical hypothyroidism--what level of TSH is an indication for substitution?]. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 2006, Mar-02, Volume: 148, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Algorithms; Cholesterol, LDL; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Hashimoto D	2006
Thyroid nodule: a potentially malignant lesion; optimal management from a surgical perspective. Cancer treatment reviews, 2006, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Algorithms; Female; Frozen Sections; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Laser Coagulation; Minimally Inva	2006
[Subclinical hypothyroidism]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 2006, May-28, Volume: Suppl 1 Topics: Arteriosclerosis; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Hypothyr	2006
Thyroid medications during pregnancy. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2006, Volume: 28, Issue:3 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Contraindications; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hyp	2006
Overt and 'subclinical' hypothyroidism in women. Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 2006, Volume: 61, Issue:8 Topics: Female; Hashimoto Disease; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy	2006
Hypothyroidism in the pregnant woman. Drug and therapeutics bulletin, 2006, Volume: 44, Issue:7 Topics: Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Outcom	2006
[Current thyroid diagnostics and therapy in disorders of fertility and in pregnancy]. Medizinische Klinik (Munich, Germany : 1983), 2006, Aug-15, Volume: 101, Issue:8 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Adult; Antithyroid Agents; Autoantibodies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabete	2006
Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2006, Volume: 108, Issue:5 Topics: Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Thyroid Diseases; Thyrotropin;	2006
Thyroid disease and female reproduction. Clinical endocrinology, 2007, Volume: 66, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Autoimmune Diseases; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Menstruation Disturbances; Pregnanc	2007
Hypothyroidism. Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America, 2007, Volume: 36, Issue:3 Topics: Coma; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Myxedema; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Comp	2007
Unresolved questions in managing hypothyroidism during pregnancy. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2007, Aug-11, Volume: 335, Issue:7614 Topics: Adult; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Postnatal Care; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complica	2007
Obstetric management of thyroid disease. Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 2007, Volume: 62, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infant; Pregnancy; Pregnancy	2007
Significance of low thyroid-stimulating hormone in pregnancy. Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity, 2007, Volume: 14, Issue:5 Topics: Autoantibodies; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Fetal Diseases; Graves Disease; Humans; Hype	2007
Evaluating iodine deficiency in pregnant women and young infants-complex physiology with a risk of misinterpretation. Public health nutrition, 2007, Volume: 10, Issue:12A Topics: Adult; Female; Fetal Blood; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Iodine; Male; Nutrition Assessment; Nut	2007
Recommendations for thyroxin therapy during pregnancy. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2008, Volume: 9, Issue:3 Topics: Autoimmunity; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complica	2008
Recent considerations in the treatment of hypothyroidism. Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England : 2000), 2008, Volume: 9, Issue:4 Topics: Euthyroid Sick Syndromes; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pr	2008
Treatment of hyperthyroidism. Annual review of medicine, 1980, Volume: 31 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Antithyroid Agents; Diet; Female; Goiter, Nodular; Graves Disease; Huma	1980
Adaptation to iodine deficiency in the light of some newer concepts of thyroid physiology. Progress in clinical and biological research, 1983, Volume: 116 Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Female; Fetal Blood; Fetus; Gestational Age; Goiter, Endemic; Hu	1983
Management of endocrine disorders in pregnancy Part I--thyroid and parathyroid disease. Postgraduate medical journal, 1984, Volume: 60, Issue:702 Topics: Adult; Calcium; Carbimazole; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Dihydrotachysterol; Female; Humans; Hyperpar	1984
Pregnancy in Sheehan's syndrome. Report of a case and review. Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 1980, Volume: 35, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Cortisone; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Hypopituitarism; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormones; P	1980
Review of antithyroid drug use during pregnancy and report of a case of aplasia cutis. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 1994,Spring, Volume: 4, Issue:1 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Antithyroid Agents; Child Development; Female; Humans; Hyperthyr	1994
Thyroxine therapy. The New England journal of medicine, 1994, Jul-21, Volume: 331, Issue:3 Topics: Contraindications; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Thyroxine	1994
Neonatal hypothyroxinemia with normal thyrotropin. Clue to maternal Graves' disease. Clinical pediatrics, 1993, Volume: 32, Issue:2 Topics: Autoantibodies; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Graves Disease; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Immunoglobu	1993
Thyroxine replacement therapy. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 1993, Volume: 22, Issue:4 Topics: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Myocardial Ischem	1993
Thyroid function and hyperfunction during gestation. Endocrine reviews, 1993, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Female; Goiter; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Pregna	1993
Clinical review 80: Management of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in the pregnant woman. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1996, Volume: 81, Issue:5 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn	1996
Consensus statement for good practice and audit measures in the management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians of London, the Endocrinology and Diabetes Committee of the Royal College of Physicians o BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 1996, Aug-31, Volume: 313, Issue:7056 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Carbimazole; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyro	1996
Management of hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 1997, Volume: 40, Issue:1 Topics: Drug Monitoring; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Mass Screening; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications;	1997
[Physiopathology of maternal and feto-neonatal thyroid in pregnant women with endemic goiter]. Minerva ginecologica, 1997, Volume: 49, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Female; Fetus; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications;	1997
Treatment of thyroid disease in pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 1997, Volume: 24, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Antithyroid Agents; Contraindications; Female; Fetus; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism	1997
[Therapy of hypo- and hyperthyroidism in pregnancy]. Acta medica Austriaca, 1997, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Antithyroid Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; H	1997
Thyroid hormone and intellectual development: a clinician's view. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 1999, Volume: 9, Issue:7 Topics: Brain; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intel	1999
Maternal hypothyroidism: recognition and management. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 1999, Volume: 9, Issue:7 Topics: Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Thyroxine	1999
Maternal hypothyroidism and child development. A review. Hormone research, 1999, Volume: 52, Issue:2 Topics: Brain; Child; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Intellectual Disability; M	1999
Thyroid disease in relation to pregnancy: a decade of change. Clinical endocrinology, 2000, Volume: 53, Issue:3 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Developmental Di	2000
The potential repercussions of maternal, fetal, and neonatal hypothyroxinemia on the progeny. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2000, Volume: 10, Issue:10 Topics: Developmental Disabilities; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Hypothy	2000
Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism or to maternal hypothyroxinemia? The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2000, Volume: 85, Issue:11 Topics: Animals; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Humans; Hyp	2000
Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Hospital medicine (London, England : 1998), 2000, Volume: 61, Issue:12 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Embryonic and Fetal Development; Female; Humans; Hypere	2000
Iodine deficiency as a cause of brain damage. Postgraduate medical journal, 2001, Volume: 77, Issue:906 Topics: Brain Damage, Chronic; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Intellectual Disability; Iodine; Pregnancy;	2001
[Neonatal hypothyroidism]. Ryoikibetsu shokogun shirizu, 2000, Issue:31 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Autoantibodies; Carrier Proteins; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Graves Diseas	2000
Pregnancy and iodine. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2001, Volume: 11, Issue:5 Topics: Female; Goiter; Humans; Intellectual Disability; Iodine; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Nervous System Dis	2001
Managing hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 2001, Volume: 47 Topics: Drug Interactions; Drug Monitoring; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complicatio	2001
The case for more aggressive screening and treatment of mild thyroid failure. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 2002, Volume: 69, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Risk Factors; Thyroid Dise	2002
Thyroid diseases in pregnancy. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 2002, Volume: 31, Issue:3 Topics: Antibodies; Antithyroid Agents; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Inc	2002
Thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy. Annales chirurgiae et gynaecologiae, 1978, Volume: 67, Issue:5 Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Antibodies; Antithyroid Agents; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Immuno	1978
Ehe diagnosis and treatment of thyrotoxicosis. Clinical endocrinology, 1976, Volume: 5, Issue:6 Topics: Carbimazole; Child; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Iodine Radioisotopes; Lithium; Methimazole; Pre	1976
Thyroid disease in relation to pregnancy. Clinical endocrinology, 1991, Volume: 34, Issue:1 Topics: Breast Feeding; Carbimazole; Female; Fetus; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn	1991
Thyroid disease in pregnancy and the postpartum period. The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York, 1985, Volume: 52, Issue:1 Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Breast Feeding; Female; Fertility; Fetus; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidis	1985
Thyroid disease in pregnancy. Clinics in perinatology, 1985, Volume: 12, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Autoimmune Diseases; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidi	1985
Thyroid function in pregnancy and infancy. Maternal hypothyroxinemia and retardation of progeny. CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences, 1972, Volume: 3, Issue:2 Topics: Birth Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroid	1972
Thyroid diseases. The Practitioner, 1974, Volume: 213, Issue:1276 SPEC Topics: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; Carbimazole; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Goiter; Graves Disease;	1974
Thyroid function and dysfunction during pregnancy. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 1973, Volume: 16, Issue:3 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; Female; Fetal Diseases; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Maternal-Fet	1973
Cretinism and the fetal-maternal relationship. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1972, Volume: 30 Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Maternal	1972

Article	Year
Levothyroxine treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism improves the rate of live births in pregnant women with recurrent pregnancy loss: a randomized clinical trial. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022, Volume: 38, Issue:6 Topics: Abortion, Habitual; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Live Birth; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications;	2022
Effect of Levothyroxine on Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women With Hypothyroxinemia: An Interventional Study. Frontiers in endocrinology, 2022, Volume: 13 Topics: Abortion, Spontaneous; China; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Placenta; Pregnancy; Pregnanc	2022
Association between levothyroxine treatment for maternal subclinical hypothyroidism with negative TPOAb and early child neurodevelopment: A prospective real-world clinical trial. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 2023, Volume: 102, Issue:9 Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infant; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prospective Studi	2023
Effect of Thyroxine Therapy on Depressive Symptoms Among Women With Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Obstetrics and gynecology, 2020, Volume: 135, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Cohort Studies; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Com	2020
Outcome of in vitro fertilization in women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E, 2017, May-25, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Asymptomatic Diseases; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; H	2017
Second trimester levothyroxine treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinaemia of pregnancy does not improve cognitive outcomes of children. Evidence-based medicine, 2017, Volume: 22, Issue:4 Topics: Child, Preschool; Cognition; Evidence-Based Medicine; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Intelligence;	2017
Randomized Trial Comparing Two Algorithms for Levothyroxine Dose Adjustment in Pregnant Women With Primary Hypothyroidism. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2017, 09-01, Volume: 102, Issue:9 Topics: Academic Medical Centers; Adult; Algorithms; Analysis of Variance; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2017
Effects of Levothyroxine on Pregnant Women With Subclinical Hypothyroidism, Negative for Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2018, 03-01, Volume: 103, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Autoantibodies; Autoantigens; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newbor	2018
Thyroid function in neonates of women with subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia. Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association, 2018, Volume: 38, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Thyroid	2018
Evaluation of the impact of levothyroxine treatment on the psychomotor developmental status of three-year-old children born to mothers with mild thyroid impairment; Tehran Thyroid and pregnancy study: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Trials, 2019, Jan-28, Volume: 20, Issue:1 Topics: Age Factors; Asymptomatic Diseases; Child Behavior; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Female; Hum	2019
Slightly elevated thyrotropin levels in pregnancy in our clinical practice. Endocrinologia, diabetes y nutricion, 2019, Volume: 66, Issue:10 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Middle Age	2019
Maternal hypothyroxinemia in early pregnancy predicts reduced performance in reaction time tests in 5- to 6-year-old offspring. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2013, Volume: 98, Issue:4 Topics: Child; Child of Impaired Parents; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Ge	2013
The dose of levothyroxine in pregnant women with hypothyroidism should be increased by 20-30% in the first trimester. Danish medical journal, 2014, Volume: 61, Issue:12 Topics: Adult; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complicatio	2014
Effects of levothyroxine treatment on pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease. European journal of endocrinology, 2017, Volume: 176, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Autoantibodies; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Iodide Peroxidase; Pregnancy	2017
Treatment of Subclinical Hypothyroidism or Hypothyroxinemia in Pregnancy. The New England journal of medicine, 2017, 03-02, Volume: 376, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Child, Preschool; Developmental Disabilities; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hypothyroidi	2017
Pregnant women on thyroxine substitution are often dysregulated in early pregnancy. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2009, Volume: 19, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Fetal Development; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complicat	2009
Universal screening versus case finding for detection and treatment of thyroid hormonal dysfunction during pregnancy. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2010, Volume: 95, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating; Infant	2010
Thyroid hormone early adjustment in pregnancy (the THERAPY) trial. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2010, Volume: 95, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complicati	2010
Antenatal thyroid screening and childhood cognitive function. The New England journal of medicine, 2012, Feb-09, Volume: 366, Issue:6 Topics: Child, Preschool; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Intellectual Disability; Intellig	2012
Treatment with fixed thyroxine doses in pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Endocrinologia y nutricion : organo de la Sociedad Espanola de Endocrinologia y Nutricion, 2012, Volume: 59, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Autoantibodies; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Pre	2012
The effect of infertility medication on thyroid function in hypothyroid women who conceive. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2007, Volume: 17, Issue:8 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Estradiol; Female; Gonadotropins; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans;	2007
A randomized trial for the treatment of mild iodine deficiency during pregnancy: maternal and neonatal effects. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1995, Volume: 80, Issue:1 Topics: Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Iodine; Potassium Iodide; Pregnancy; Pregnancy	1995
Prevention of iodine deficiency disorders by oral administration of lipiodol during pregnancy. European journal of endocrinology, 1994, Volume: 130, Issue:6 Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Algeria; Birth Weight; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Drug Administration S	1994
Development of thyroid gland volume during the first 3 months of life in breast-fed versus iodine-supplemented and iodine-free formula-fed infants. The Clinical investigator, 1993, Volume: 71, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Breast Feeding; Female; Germany; Goiter; Humans; Infant Food; Infant, Newborn; Iodine; Male;	1993
Comparison of two different doses of iodide in the prevention of gestational goiter in marginal iodine deficiency: a longitudinal study. European journal of endocrinology, 2002, Volume: 147, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Antibodies; Female; Goiter; Humans; Iodide Peroxidase; Iodine; Italy; Longitudinal Studies; P	2002
A controlled trial of iodinated oil for the prevention of endemic cretinism: a long-term follow-up. International journal of epidemiology, 1987, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Dou	1987
Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy: a study of 37 pregnancies in 34 patients. Singapore medical journal, 1973, Volume: 14, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antithyroid Agents; Birth Weight; Female; Fetal Death; Humans; Hypertension; Hype	1973

thyroxine and Complications, Pregnancy