thyroxine and Affective Psychosis, Bipolar studies

Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Add-on supraphysiological dose of levothyroxine has a potential role in attenuating depressive symptoms in bipolar depression, especially in therapy-resistant BD."	9.22	Efficacy and safety of supraphysiologic doses of levothyroxine for patients with bipolar depression in adults: A systematic review. ( George, S; Jena, M; Maiti, R; Mishra, A; Ranjan Mishra, B, 2022)
"Adding supraphysiologic doses of levothyroxine (L-T4) to standard treatment for bipolar depression shows promise, but the mechanisms underlying clinical improvement are unknown."	9.22	Levothyroxine effects on depressive symptoms and limbic glucose metabolism in bipolar disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled positron emission tomography study. ( Adli, M; Bauer, M; Berman, S; Hellemann, GS; London, ED; Pilhatsch, M; Plotkin, M; Schlagenhauf, F; Stamm, T; Whybrow, PC, 2016)
" Recommendations regarding the threshold for initiation of thyroxine supplementation in patients with lithium-associated subclinical hypothyroidism are discussed in relationship to the degree of detrimental effects potentially associated with thyroid dysfunction."	8.80	Lithium-induced subclinical hypothyroidism: review of the literature and guidelines for treatment. ( Altshuler, L; Hendrick, V; Hershman, JM; Kleiner, J, 1999)
"We examined the relationships between regional brain activity and anxiety in bipolar depressed patients receiving adjunctive treatment with levothyroxine."	7.76	Regional cerebral glucose metabolism and anxiety symptoms in bipolar depression: effects of levothyroxine. ( Bauer, M; Berman, SM; London, ED; Mandelkern, MA; Rasgon, N; Schlagenhauf, F; Voytek, B; Whybrow, PC, 2010)
"This case suggests the potential utility of lamotrigine in treatment-resistant menstrually-related rapid cycling bipolar disorder, and raises the possibility that lamotrigine might be able to treat pathological entrainment of mood with the menstrual cycle."	7.72	Lamotrigine therapy in treatment-resistant menstrually-related rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a case report. ( Becker, OV; Glenn, T; Ketter, TA; Marsh, WK; Rasgon, NL, 2004)
" She also had hypothyroidism and bipolar disorder, which were treated with levothyroxine and lithium carbonate, respectively."	7.71	Calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, for the treatment of bipolar disorder during pregnancy. ( Mason, B; Utter, G; Vengalil, S; Yingling, DR, 2002)
"To report a case of neonatal goiter and biological hypothyroidism in a newborn exposed to lithium in utero resulting from therapy given to the mother before and during her pregnancy."	7.71	Goiter in a newborn exposed to lithium in utero. ( Barjhoux, CE; Bot, BL; Frassetto, F; Tourneur Martel, F; Villier, C; Vincent, F, 2002)
"Two cases of patients on long-term lithium therapy are reported who developed hyperparathyroidism."	7.67	Chronic lithium intake and hyperparathyroidism. ( Prasad, A, 1984)
" Additional levothyroxine treatment of her primary hypothyroidism resulted in rapid and complete recovery from her mania."	7.67	Treatment-resistant mania with primary hypothyroidism: a case of recovery after levothyroxine. ( Balldin, J; Berggren, U; Kjellbo, H; Lindstedt, G; Rybo, E, 1987)
"To explore whether lithium-induced hypothyroidism is related to an exacerbation of underlying autoimmune processes such as thyroiditis, the authors comprehensively assessed thyroid function in 16 manic-depressive patients."	7.67	Autoimmune thyroiditis in manic-depressive patients treated with lithium. ( Calabrese, JR; Gold, PW; Gulledge, AD; Gupta, MK; Hahn, K; Kotz, M; Krupp, N; Schumacher, OP; Skwerer, R, 1985)
"Although goiter formation and hypothyroidism are not infrequent following lithium therapy, the association of exophthalmos and/or elevated thyroxine levels with lithium is uncommon."	7.66	Exophthalmos and elevated thyroxine levels in association with lithium therapy. ( Evans, DC; Rabin, PL, 1981)
"Patients with a preexisting thyroiditis may be particularly susceptible to a rapid onset of lithium-induced hypothyroidism."	7.66	Lithium-induced hypothyroidism and thyroiditis. ( Berchou, R; Gupta, BK; Pohl, RB, 1979)
" The daily lithium dosage was adjusted to 600-1200 mg and the mean duration of treatment was 2."	5.33	Erythrocyte glutathione levels in lithium-induced hypothyroidism. ( Altan, N; Engin, A; Isik, E, 2005)
"Adding supraphysiologic doses of levothyroxine (L-T4) to standard treatment for bipolar depression shows promise, but the mechanisms underlying clinical improvement are unknown."	5.22	Levothyroxine effects on depressive symptoms and limbic glucose metabolism in bipolar disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled positron emission tomography study. ( Adli, M; Bauer, M; Berman, S; Hellemann, GS; London, ED; Pilhatsch, M; Plotkin, M; Schlagenhauf, F; Stamm, T; Whybrow, PC, 2016)
"Add-on supraphysiological dose of levothyroxine has a potential role in attenuating depressive symptoms in bipolar depression, especially in therapy-resistant BD."	5.22	Efficacy and safety of supraphysiologic doses of levothyroxine for patients with bipolar depression in adults: A systematic review. ( George, S; Jena, M; Maiti, R; Mishra, A; Ranjan Mishra, B, 2022)
" Add-on treatment with supraphysiologic doses of levothyroxine (LT4) has shown efficacy in open-label and in placebo-controlled studies, including in rapid cycling and prophylaxis-resistant bipolar disorder, and with acute refractory uni- or bipolar depression."	5.12	Role of thyroid hormone therapy in depressive disorders. ( Bauer, M; Whybrow, PC, 2021)
" The present pilot study examined selective HPA and HPG hormones in a detailed time series in women with bipolar disorder (depressed type) before and after treatment with levothyroxine (L-T4), and in matched control subjects."	5.12	Hypothalamic-pituitary-end organ function in women with bipolar depression. ( Bauer, M; Kenna, HA; Rasgon, NL; Whybrow, PC; Wong, ML, 2007)
"Supplementation of standard treatment with high-dose levothyroxine (L-T(4)) is a novel approach for treatment-refractory bipolar disorders."	5.11	Supraphysiological doses of levothyroxine alter regional cerebral metabolism and improve mood in bipolar depression. ( Altshuler, LL; Bauer, M; Berman, SM; Bramen, J; Frye, MA; London, ED; Mandelkern, MA; Mazziotta, JC; Rasgon, N; Voytek, B; Whybrow, PC; Woods, R, 2005)
"This investigation evaluated the relationship between changes in thyroid indices and mood stability during lithium and carbamazepine prophylaxis for bipolar disorder."	5.09	Association between lower serum free T4 and greater mood instability and depression in lithium-maintained bipolar patients. ( Ali, SO; Bryan, AL; Denicoff, KD; Frye, MA; Leverich, GS; Luckenbaugh, D; Post, RM; Smith-Jackson, EE, 1999)
"The efficacy resulting from adjunctive use of supraphysiological doses of levothyroxine has emerged as a promising approach to therapy and prophylaxis for refractory mood disorders."	4.82	Thyroid, brain and mood modulation in affective disorder: insights from molecular research and functional brain imaging. ( Bauer, M; Kirchheiner, J; London, ED; Rasgon, N; Silverman, DH; Whybrow, PC, 2003)
" Alternative and adjunctive treatments to lithium in bipolar disorder have been sought and the anticonvulsants carbamazepine and valproate show promise."	4.81	Developments in mood stabilisers. ( Ferrier, IN, 2001)
" Recommendations regarding the threshold for initiation of thyroxine supplementation in patients with lithium-associated subclinical hypothyroidism are discussed in relationship to the degree of detrimental effects potentially associated with thyroid dysfunction."	4.80	Lithium-induced subclinical hypothyroidism: review of the literature and guidelines for treatment. ( Altshuler, L; Hendrick, V; Hershman, JM; Kleiner, J, 1999)
"Exposure to maternal hypothyroxinemia was associated with a five-fold increased risk of offspring bipolar disorder with psychotic features, but not without psychotic features."	3.96	The association of serologically documented maternal thyroid conditions during pregnancy with bipolar disorder in offspring. ( Brown, AS; Cheslack-Postava, K; Spann, MN, 2020)
"Psychiatric disturbances can manifest after levothyroxine (LT4) treatment for severe hypothyroidism."	3.85	Acute mania after levothyroxine replacement for hypothyroid-induced heart block. ( Flores, KM; Isip-Tan, IT; Yu, MG, 2017)
"We examined the relationships between regional brain activity and anxiety in bipolar depressed patients receiving adjunctive treatment with levothyroxine."	3.76	Regional cerebral glucose metabolism and anxiety symptoms in bipolar depression: effects of levothyroxine. ( Bauer, M; Berman, SM; London, ED; Mandelkern, MA; Rasgon, N; Schlagenhauf, F; Voytek, B; Whybrow, PC, 2010)
"This case suggests the potential utility of lamotrigine in treatment-resistant menstrually-related rapid cycling bipolar disorder, and raises the possibility that lamotrigine might be able to treat pathological entrainment of mood with the menstrual cycle."	3.72	Lamotrigine therapy in treatment-resistant menstrually-related rapid cycling bipolar disorder: a case report. ( Becker, OV; Glenn, T; Ketter, TA; Marsh, WK; Rasgon, NL, 2004)
"To report a case of neonatal goiter and biological hypothyroidism in a newborn exposed to lithium in utero resulting from therapy given to the mother before and during her pregnancy."	3.71	Goiter in a newborn exposed to lithium in utero. ( Barjhoux, CE; Bot, BL; Frassetto, F; Tourneur Martel, F; Villier, C; Vincent, F, 2002)
" She also had hypothyroidism and bipolar disorder, which were treated with levothyroxine and lithium carbonate, respectively."	3.71	Calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, for the treatment of bipolar disorder during pregnancy. ( Mason, B; Utter, G; Vengalil, S; Yingling, DR, 2002)
"Euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia as a result of a transient increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels may contribute to the development of manic disorder."	3.70	Thyroid function and psychiatric morbidity in patients with manic disorder receiving lithium therapy. ( Ahuja, A; Chow, CC; Lee, DT; Lee, S; Leung, TY; Mak, TW; Shek, AC; Wing, YK, 2000)
"Serum concentrations of thyrotropine (TSH), thyroxine (T4), free T4 (fT4), triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse T3 (rT3) were measured 4 x during a 12-month period in 28 patients with major depressive disorder maintained on lithium prophylaxis for 4-23 years (mean = 11."	3.69	The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in patients maintained on lithium prophylaxis for years: high triiodothyronine serum concentrations are correlated to the prophylactic efficacy. ( Baumgartner, A; Gräf, KJ; Kürten, I; Müller-Oerlinghausen, B; von Stuckrad, M, 1995)
"Medication-free inpatients with major depression or bipolar disorder were studied with oxygen-15 water and positron emission tomography (PET) to measure CBF (N = 19) or with [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose and PET to measure cerebral glucose metabolism (N = 29)."	3.69	Inverse relationship of peripheral thyrotropin-stimulating hormone levels to brain activity in mood disorders. ( Andreason, PJ; Callahan, AM; George, MS; Herscovitch, P; Horwitz, B; Ketter, TA; Marangell, LB; Parekh, P; Pazzaglia, PJ; Post, RM, 1997)
"Thyrotropin (TSH), thyroxine (T4), free T4, triiodothyronine (T3), and free T3 (fT3) concentrations were measured in 25 patients with major depressive disorder at 8 a."	3.68	Thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormone concentrations during partial sleep deprivation in patients with major depressive disorder. ( Baumgartner, A; Gräf, KJ; Kürten, I; Meinhold, H, 1990)
"Two cases of patients on long-term lithium therapy are reported who developed hyperparathyroidism."	3.67	Chronic lithium intake and hyperparathyroidism. ( Prasad, A, 1984)
"Serum free thyroxine (FT4) and total thyroxine (TT4) levels were measured at 2-week intervals during the course of hospitalization in 29 male inpatients in the following four diagnostic groups: paranoid schizophrenia (PS); undifferentiated schizophrenia; bipolar I disorder, manic; and major depressive disorder, endogenous type."	3.67	Serum thyroxine levels in schizophrenic and affective disorder diagnostic subgroups. ( Giller, EL; Kennedy, JL; Kosten, TR; Mason, JW, 1989)
" In the present study, thyroid functions (TFTs) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured before and after treatment with desipramine (DMI) in 13 men with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder."	3.67	The thyroid axis and desipramine treatment in depression. ( Anton, RF; Brady, KT, 1989)
" Additional levothyroxine treatment of her primary hypothyroidism resulted in rapid and complete recovery from her mania."	3.67	Treatment-resistant mania with primary hypothyroidism: a case of recovery after levothyroxine. ( Balldin, J; Berggren, U; Kjellbo, H; Lindstedt, G; Rybo, E, 1987)
"To explore whether lithium-induced hypothyroidism is related to an exacerbation of underlying autoimmune processes such as thyroiditis, the authors comprehensively assessed thyroid function in 16 manic-depressive patients."	3.67	Autoimmune thyroiditis in manic-depressive patients treated with lithium. ( Calabrese, JR; Gold, PW; Gulledge, AD; Gupta, MK; Hahn, K; Kotz, M; Krupp, N; Schumacher, OP; Skwerer, R, 1985)
"Although goiter formation and hypothyroidism are not infrequent following lithium therapy, the association of exophthalmos and/or elevated thyroxine levels with lithium is uncommon."	3.66	Exophthalmos and elevated thyroxine levels in association with lithium therapy. ( Evans, DC; Rabin, PL, 1981)
"Patients with a preexisting thyroiditis may be particularly susceptible to a rapid onset of lithium-induced hypothyroidism."	3.66	Lithium-induced hypothyroidism and thyroiditis. ( Berchou, R; Gupta, BK; Pohl, RB, 1979)
" The following effects were noted with lithium treatment: (a) thyroid weight increased concomitant with a slowing of thyroidal iodine release; (b) the ability to concentrate iodide was increased only after goiters were established; (c) on the LID, (131)I uptake was elevated throughout all phases of treatment, even when the release rate was normal; (d) iodine organification was unaffected but the proportion of (131)I present as iodothyronines was decreased; (e) the thyroidal (127)I content was increased; (f) despite these changes, the serum PBI remained normal as did the thyroxine turnover rate; and (g) thyrotropin (TSH) levels in serum were the same as controls except for a slight elevation early in the course of treatment; TSH levels did not correlate with goitrogenesis."	3.65	Antithyroid effects of lithium. ( Berens, SC; Bernstein, RS; Robbins, J; Wolff, J, 1970)
" Levothyroxine was added to the baseline medication regimen, and the dosage was increased until clinical response occurred or until side effects precluded further increase."	2.67	Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. II. Treatment of refractory rapid cycling with high-dose levothyroxine: a preliminary study. ( Bauer, MS; Whybrow, PC, 1990)
"Bipolar disorder (BD)-mania is related to the dysfunction of anterior pituitary gland, but the pituitary-thyroid interaction on the acute stage of BD has been controversial."	1.62	A retrospective study of pituitary-thyroid interaction in patients with first-episode of bipolar disorder type I in Mania State. ( Han, Y; Huang, T; Wang, F; Zhang, H; Zhu, Y, 2021)
"The prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in the general population is estimated to be at about 5-14 %."	1.42	Association between autoimmune thyroiditis and depressive disorder in psychiatric outpatients. ( Degner, D; Haust, M; Meller, J; Reulbach, U; Rüther, E, 2015)
"Lingual thyroid is a rare developmental anomaly."	1.35	Lithium-induced enlargement of a lingual thyroid. ( Andley, M; Kumar, A; Mohan, S; Ravi, B; Talwar, N, 2008)
"Hypothyroidism is a common problem in clinical practice, with diverse manifestations."	1.35	Mania as a presentation of primary hypothyroidism. ( Mahadevan, S; Radhika, R; Sathya, A; Sriram, U, 2009)
" The daily lithium dosage was adjusted to 600-1200 mg and the mean duration of treatment was 2."	1.33	Erythrocyte glutathione levels in lithium-induced hypothyroidism. ( Altan, N; Engin, A; Isik, E, 2005)
"This was an 8-week open study to investigate side effects and levels of thyroid hormones in 13 healthy controls and to compare results with those of 13 patients with refractory depression (unipolar and bipolar) undergoing the similar procedures and T(4) dosing regimen in a previous augmentation study."	1.31	Effects of supraphysiological thyroxine administration in healthy controls and patients with depressive disorders. ( Bauer, M; Baumgartner, A; Baur, H; Berghöfer, A; Hellweg, R; Müller-Oerlinghausen, B; Ströhle, A, 2002)
"Carbamazepine treatment normalized REM sleep variables, damped the amplitude of mood cycling of the patient, increased TSH and decreased FT4."	1.29	48-hour rapid cycling: results of psychopathometric, polysomnographic, PET imaging and neuro-endocrine longitudinal investigations in a single case. ( Berger, M; Dressing, H; Gann, H; Hohagen, F; Müller, WE; Riemann, D; Strauss, LG, 1993)
"Bupropion was added to lithium and/or levothyroxine in four female and two male bipolar II patients who had established baselines of at least 2 years of rapid cycling that had not responded to several of the most commonly used anticycling interventions."	1.28	Bupropion as a promising approach to rapid cycling bipolar II patients. ( Akiskal, HS; Haykal, RF, 1990)
"Piribedil is a relatively selective dopamine agonist with moderate antidepressant activity."	1.27	Neuroendocrine effects of the dopamine agonist piribedil in depressed patients. ( Ballenger, JC; Gold, PW; Joffe, RT; Post, RM; Rakita, R; Rebar, R, 1986)
"The TSH response in the groups with reactive depression, reactive paranoid psychosis, and neurotic depression, respectively, did not differ significantly from that found in controls."	1.26	Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test in manic-depressive illness. ( Bjørum, N; Cohn, D; Kirkegaard, C; Lauridsen, UB, 1978)
"A 24-year-old woman with a unipolar depression had an augmented thyroid-stimulating hormone response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), suggesting subclinical hypothyroidism."	1.26	Does subclinical hypothyroidism predispose to tricyclic-induced rapid mood cycles? ( Extein, I; Gold, MS; Pottash, AL, 1982)
" In such a group, lower initial dosages and gradual increases in dosage may be indicated."	1.26	Thyroid-induced mania in hypothyroid patients. ( Josephson, AM; Mackenzie, TB, 1980)

Research

Studies (159)

Authors

Clinical Trials (2)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Basic Activities of Daily Living (BADL)

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	52 (32.70)	18.7374
1990's	40 (25.16)	18.2507
2000's	29 (18.24)	29.6817
2010's	30 (18.87)	24.3611
2020's	8 (5.03)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Chen, G	3
Lv, H	1
Zhang, X	1
Gao, Y	1
Liu, X	1
Gu, C	1
Xue, R	1
Wang, Q	1
Chen, M	1
Zhai, J	1
Yue, W	1
Yu, H	1
Wang, X	1
Luo, J	1
Yuan, XF	1
Chen, X	2
Yu, HY	1
Zhu, XQ	1
Wang, G	1
Chen, P	1
Zhong, S	2
Chen, F	2
Ye, T	1
Gong, J	1
Tang, G	1
Pan, Y	1
Luo, Z	1
Qi, Z	2
Huang, L	2
Wang, Y	2
George, S	1
Maiti, R	1
Mishra, A	1
Ranjan Mishra, B	1
Jena, M	1
Laycock, K	1
Beale, C	1
Peters, C	1
Anderson, J	1
Qureshi, MM	1
Young, AH	1
Nuñez, NA	1
Frye, MA	7
Spann, MN	1
Cheslack-Postava, K	1
Brown, AS	1
Gan, Z	1
Wu, X	1
Chen, Z	1
Liao, Y	1
Wu, Y	1
He, Z	1
Yang, Z	1
Zhang, Q	1
Kahn, DA	1
Avery, DH	1
Alexander, EM	1
Wehr, TA	1
Han, Y	1
Zhang, H	1
Huang, T	1
Wang, F	1
Zhu, Y	1
Kuś, A	1
Kjaergaard, AD	1
Marouli, E	1
Del Greco M, F	1
Sterenborg, RBTM	1
Chaker, L	1
Peeters, RP	1
Bednarczuk, T	1
Åsvold, BO	1
Burgess, S	1
Deloukas, P	1
Teumer, A	1
Ellervik, C	1
Medici, M	1
Bauer, M	15
Whybrow, PC	14
Walshaw, PD	1
Gyulai, L	3
Bauer, MS	4
Calimlim, B	1
Sugar, CA	1
Hahn, M	1
Roll, SC	1
Vedal, TSJ	1
Steen, NE	1
Birkeland, KI	1
Dieset, I	1
Reponen, EJ	1
Laskemoen, JF	1
Rødevand, L	1
Melle, I	1
Andreassen, OA	1
Molden, E	1
Jönsson, EG	1
Zhao, L	1
Jia, Y	1
Feng, G	1
Kang, C	1
Yuan, J	1
Zhang, Y	1
Wei, Y	1
Xu, L	1
Zhou, F	1
Fan, X	1
Yang, J	1
Kraszewska, A	1
Ziemnicka, K	1
Jończyk-Potoczna, K	1
Sowiński, J	2
Rybakowski, JK	2
Stamm, TJ	1
Lewitzka, U	2
Sauer, C	1
Pilhatsch, M	3
Smolka, MN	1
Koeberle, U	1
Adli, M	2
Ricken, R	1
Scherk, H	1
Juckel, G	2
Assion, HJ	2
Gitlin, M	1
Radhakrishnan, R	1
Calvin, S	1
Singh, JK	1
Thomas, B	1
Srinivasan, K	1
Chauhan, S	1
Tripathi, P	1
Goyal, P	1
Kumar, D	1
Uhl, I	1
Bez, JA	1
Stamm, T	2
Norra, C	1
Schlagenhauf, F	3
Degner, D	1
Haust, M	1
Meller, J	1
Rüther, E	1
Reulbach, U	1
Cobo, J	1
Giménez-Palop, O	1
Patró, E	1
Pérez, M	1
Bleda, F	1
Barbero, JD	2
Oliva, JC	1
Serrano, R	1
Berlanga, E	1
García-Parés, G	2
Palao, D	1
Berman, S	1
Plotkin, M	1
London, ED	4
Hellemann, GS	1
Gutiérrez-Zotes, A	1
Montalvo, I	1
Creus, M	1
Cabezas, Á	1
Solé, M	1
Algora, MJ	1
Vilella, E	1
Labad, J	1
Chen, PH	1
Gildengers, AG	1
Lee, CH	1
Chen, ML	1
Kuo, CJ	1
Tsai, SY	1
Yu, MG	1
Flores, KM	1
Isip-Tan, IT	1
Sathya, A	1
Radhika, R	1
Mahadevan, S	1
Sriram, U	1
Holtmann, M	1
Duketis, E	1
Goth, K	1
Poustka, L	1
Boelte, S	1
Lin, YT	1
Chang, CC	1
Tseng, MC	1
Lazarus, JH	1
Berman, SM	2
Voytek, B	2
Rasgon, N	4
Mandelkern, MA	2
Ozsoy, S	1
Mavili, E	1
Aydin, M	1
Turan, T	1
Esel, E	1
Moreno, C	1
Merchán-Naranjo, J	1
Alvarez, M	1
Baeza, I	1
Alda, JA	1
Martínez-Cantarero, C	1
Parellada, M	1
Sánchez, B	1
de la Serna, E	1
Giráldez, M	1
Arango, C	1
Post, RM	9
Altshuler, LL	2
Suppes, T	1
Keck, PE	1
McElroy, SL	1
Leverich, GS	2
Luckenbaugh, DA	2
Rowe, M	1
Pizzarello, S	1
Kupka, RW	1
Grunze, H	1
Nolen, WA	1
Khemka, D	1
Ali, JA	1
Koch, CA	1
Zepf, FD	1
Vloet, TD	1
Polier, GG	1
Baurmann, D	1
Bubenzer, S	1
Helmbold, K	1
Gaber, TJ	1
Schmidt, T	1
Herpertz-Dahlmann, B	1
Wöckel, L	1
Krishna, VN	1
Thunga, R	1
Unnikrishnan, B	1
Kanchan, T	1
Bukelo, MJ	1
Mehta, RK	1
Venugopal, A	1
Frassetto, F	1
Tourneur Martel, F	1
Barjhoux, CE	1
Villier, C	1
Bot, BL	1
Vincent, F	1
Yingling, DR	1
Utter, G	1
Vengalil, S	1
Mason, B	1
Cassidy, F	1
Ahearn, EP	1
Carroll, BJ	1
Lee, MS	1
Lessell, S	1
Nonomura, T	1
Iyo, M	1
Silverman, DH	1
Kirchheiner, J	1
Pfeiffer, H	1
Scherer, J	1
Albus, M	1
Becker, OV	1
Rasgon, NL	2
Marsh, WK	1
Glenn, T	1
Ketter, TA	3
Fairbanks, L	1
Berghöfer, A	3
Hierholzer, J	2
Bschor, T	1
Baethge, C	1
Sasse, J	1
Bramen, J	1
Woods, R	1
Mazziotta, JC	1
Goldstein, BI	1
Levitt, AJ	1
Engin, A	1
Altan, N	1
Isik, E	1
Shulman, KI	1
Sykora, K	1
Gill, SS	1
Mamdani, M	1
Anderson, G	1
Marras, C	1
Wodchis, WP	1
Lee, PE	1
Rochon, P	1
Khaldi, S	1
Dan, B	1
Basiaux, P	1
de Nutte, N	1
Kornreich, C	1
Gorman, JM	2
Łojko, D	1
Kenna, HA	1
Wong, ML	1
Tor, PC	1
Lee, HY	1
Fones, CS	1
Talwar, N	1
Mohan, S	1
Ravi, B	1
Andley, M	1
Kumar, A	1
Kjellman, BF	1
Ljunggren, JG	1
Beck-Friis, J	1
Wetterberg, L	1
Prasad, A	1
Leibow, D	1
Extein, I	2
Pottash, AL	2
Gold, MS	2
Cowdry, RW	1
O'Shanick, GJ	1
Ellinwood, EH	1
Linnoila, M	1
Lamberg, BA	1
Potter, WZ	1
Gold, PW	3
Goodwin, FK	2
Prange, AJ	1
Muscettola, G	1
Lipton, MA	1
Stancer, HC	2
Persad, E	2
Rabin, PL	1
Evans, DC	1
Caroff, SN	1
Josephson, AM	2
Mackenzie, TB	2
Weeke, A	2
Weeke, J	2
Baumgartner, A	7
von Stuckrad, M	1
Müller-Oerlinghausen, B	2
Gräf, KJ	2
Kürten, I	2
Papatheodorou, G	1
Kutcher, SP	2
Katic, M	1
Szalai, JP	1
Hellweg, R	3
Tellian, FF	1
Rueda-Vasquez, E	1
Gnam, W	1
Flint, AJ	1
Gann, H	1
Riemann, D	1
Hohagen, F	1
Strauss, LG	1
Dressing, H	1
Müller, WE	1
Berger, M	1
Weeston, TF	1
Constantino, J	1
Marangell, LB	2
George, MS	1
Pazzaglia, PJ	1
Callahan, AM	2
Parekh, P	1
Andreason, PJ	1
Horwitz, B	1
Herscovitch, P	1
Jaggi, J	1
Younkin, S	1
Rubin, L	1
Attie, M	1
Dubovsky, SL	1
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Haggerty, JJ	1
Silva, SG	1
Marquardt, M	1
Mason, GA	1
Chang, HY	1
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Roy-Byrne, PP	1
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Shek, AC	1
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Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Supraphysiological Doses of Levothyroxine as Adjunctive Therapy in Bipolar Depression: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study.[NCT01528839]	Phase 2/Phase 3	74 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-03-31	Completed
Treatment of Psychosis and Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease[NCT02129348]	Phase 2	77 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-06-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Basic Activities of Daily Living with items for 6 functions: bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, continence, and feeding. Each item is scored as unimpaired=1, impaired=0. Total score is the measure used, range 0-6; higher scores indicate better functioning. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Week 0, Week2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12

Change in Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) Agitation/Aggression Domain Score

Intervention	score on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Lithium Treatment Group	0.3
Placebo Group	0.1

Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) Agitation/Aggression Domain is the measure used that combines symptoms of agitation and aggression. Frequency X Severity rating score, range 0-12. Higher score indicates more agitation and aggressive behavior. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at screening, Week 0, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12

Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Behavior Change

Intervention	score on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Lithium Treatment Group	3.2
Placebo Group	2.5

Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Behavior Change score is the measure used to assess change in overall behavior; scoring range 1-7 with higher scores indicating worsening over time and lower scores indicating improvement over time. Scores ranging from 1-3 indicate improvement. Only patients that demonstrated improvement at week 12 were reported; scores for earlier weeks were only used to assess progress throughout the study. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Week 12

Clinical Responder Defined as a 30% Decrease in NPI Core Score (Sum Score of NPI Domains of Agitation/Aggression, Delusions and Hallucinations) Together With a Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Behavior Change Score of 1 or 2

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Lithium Treatment Group	12
Placebo Group	8

The patient is classified as a responder (score=1) if both criteria are met or as a non-responder (score=0) if both criteria are not met. The first criterion to determine responder status, NPI core score, has a scoring range 0-36; each of the three component scores for symptoms of agitation/aggression, delusions and hallucinations has a scoring range 0-12. For each symptom and the total score, higher score indicates more symptoms. The second criterion to determine responder status, Clinical Global Impression (CGI), is used to assess change in overall behavior; scoring range 1-7 with higher scores indicating worsening over time and lower scores indicating improvement over time. Only patients who met both criteria, assessed as change compared to baseline, were counted as responders; all other patients were non-responders. Patients that demonstrated improvement at week 12 were reported; scores for earlier weeks were only used to assess progress throughout the study. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Week 12

Folstein Mini-Mental Status Exam

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Lithium Treatment Group	12
Placebo Group	7

30 item questionnaire used to assess degree of cognitive impairment. Orientation, registration, attention/calculation, recall, language, repetitions and commands are assessed. Total score is the measure used; range 0-30, higher scores indicate better global cognitive function. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Screening, Week 12

Severe Impairment Battery

Intervention	score on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Lithium Treatment Group	0.9
Placebo Group	0.9

Neuropsychological test used to assess a patient's cognitive ability. The patient is asked to complete small tasks such as drawing shapes and printing their name. They are also asked to remember certain names and objects, such as a cup and a spoon, and the evaluator's first name. Total score is the measure used; range 0-100, higher scores indicate better cognition. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Week 0, Week 12

Simpson-Angus Scale

Intervention	score on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Lithium Treatment Group	2.1
Placebo Group	-0.0

Simpson Angus Scale for Extrapyramidal Sign requires in-person examination to assess gait, arm dropping, shoulder shaking, elbow rigidity, wrist rigidity, leg pendulousness, head dropping, glabella tap, tremor, and salivation. Total score is the measure used, range 0-40; higher scores indicate increased severity of signs. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Week 0, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12

Treatment Emergent Signs and Symptoms

Intervention	score on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Lithium Treatment Group	-0.0
Placebo Group	0.0

Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale that covers 26 somatic symptoms, each rated as present (score=1) or absent (score=0). Total score is the measure used with scoring range 0-26; higher scores indicate more somatic symptoms. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Week 0, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12

Young Mania Rating Scale

Intervention	score on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Lithium Treatment Group	0.6
Placebo Group	0.7

Young Mania Rating Scale total score is the measure used to assess symptoms that occur in mania; each item is a symptom that is rated for severity. Scoring range 0-60; higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Week 0, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12

Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview

Intervention	score on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Lithium Treatment Group	3.1
Placebo Group	1.1

Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview with the caregiver asked to rank 22 items on a scale with responses for each item from 'never' (score 0) to 'nearly always' (score 4). Total score is the measure used; range 0-88 with higher scores indicating greater caregiver burden. (NCT02129348)
Timeframe: Assessed at Week 0, Week 4, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12

Article	Year
Assessment of the relationships between genetic determinants of thyroid functions and bipolar disorder: A mendelian randomization study. Journal of affective disorders, 2022, 02-01, Volume: 298, Issue:Pt A Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Polymorph	2022
Efficacy and safety of supraphysiologic doses of levothyroxine for patients with bipolar depression in adults: A systematic review. Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 2022, Volume: 36, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Depression; Humans; Thyroxine	2022
Role of thyroid hormone therapy in depressive disorders. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2021, Volume: 44, Issue:11 Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Drug Interactions; Humans; Thyroid Dis	2021
Lithium and thyroid. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism, 2009, Volume: 23, Issue:6 Topics: Animals; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Goiter; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System;	2009
Primary hypothyroidism associated with acute mania: case series and literature review. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association, 2011, Volume: 119, Issue:8 Topics: Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Female; Hormone Repla	2011
[Antidepressant induced rapid cycling]. Ryoikibetsu shokogun shirizu, 2003, Issue:38 Topics: Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Antimanic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Drug Therapy, Combination; Hum	2003
Thyroid, brain and mood modulation in affective disorder: insights from molecular research and functional brain imaging. Pharmacopsychiatry, 2003, Volume: 36 Suppl 3 Topics: Animals; Bipolar Disorder; Brain; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Limbic System; Mood Disorders; Norepinephr	2003
The therapeutic use of triiodothyronine and high dose thyroxine in psychiatric disorder. Acta medica Austriaca, 1994, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Brain; Depressive Disorder; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Therapy, Combin	1994
Novel alternatives and supplements to lithium and anticonvulsants for bipolar affective disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1997, Volume: 58, Issue:5 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Bipolar Disorder; Calcium Channel Blockers;	1997
Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder: lack of relation to hypothyroidism. Psychiatry research, 1997, Aug-29, Volume: 72, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Male; Reference Values; Thyroid Function Te	1997
The use of thyroid supplements to augment antidepressant medication. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1998, Volume: 59 Suppl 5 Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Clinical Trials as Topic; Depressive Disorder; Drug Adminis	1998
[High dosage thyroxine treatment in therapy and prevention refractory patients with affective psychoses]. Der Nervenarzt, 1998, Volume: 69, Issue:11 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder, Major; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration	1998
Lithium-induced subclinical hypothyroidism: review of the literature and guidelines for treatment. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1999, Volume: 60, Issue:4 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lithium; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Thyroid Function Te	1999
Bipolar disorder therapeutics: maintenance treatment. Biological psychiatry, 2000, Sep-15, Volume: 48, Issue:6 Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Antimanic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Contraindications; Disease Management; Dr	2000
Treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 2001,Winter, Volume: 65, Issue:1 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Antimanic Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Combined Modality Therapy	2001
Developments in mood stabilisers. British medical bulletin, 2001, Volume: 57 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Antidepressive Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Carbamazepine; Elect	2001
Alternative therapies for bipolar disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1985, Volume: 46, Issue:8 Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Bipolar Disorder; Bupropion; Carbamazepine; Choline; Clonazepam; Clonidine; Clorgylin	1985
[Side-effects and effects of lithium therapy on the endocrinium in man]. Der Internist, 1973, Volume: 14, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Bipolar Disorder; Catecholamines; Diabetes Insipidus; Female; Gastrins; Glucagon; Goiter; H	1973

Article	Year
Relationship of free thyroxine and triiodothyronine on recurrence in maintenance therapy for bipolar depression. Asian journal of psychiatry, 2022, Volume: 71 Topics: Antidepressive Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Humans; Mania; Thyroxine; Triiodothyr	2022
Adjunctive thyroid hormone treatment in rapid cycling bipolar disorder: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of levothyroxine (L-T Bipolar disorders, 2018, Volume: 20, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Affect; Bipolar Disorder; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Psychiatric	2018
Supraphysiologic doses of levothyroxine as adjunctive therapy in bipolar depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2014, Volume: 75, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Antidepressive Agents; Antimanic Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Double-Blind	2014
Influence of levothyroxine in augmentation therapy for bipolar depression on central serotonergic function. Pharmacopsychiatry, 2014, Volume: 47, Issue:4-5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination	2014
Levothyroxine effects on depressive symptoms and limbic glucose metabolism in bipolar disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled positron emission tomography study. Molecular psychiatry, 2016, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Amygdala; Bipolar Disorder; Brain; Brain Mapping; Depression; Double-Blind Method; Female; Gl	2016
Ultrasonically determined thyroid volume and thyroid functions in lithium-naïve and lithium-treated patients with bipolar disorder: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Human psychopharmacology, 2010, Volume: 25, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Antimanic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diagnostic and Statistical Manua	2010
Supraphysiological doses of levothyroxine alter regional cerebral metabolism and improve mood in bipolar depression. Molecular psychiatry, 2005, Volume: 10, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Affect; Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Brain Mapping; Drug Administration Schedule;	2005
Hypothalamic-pituitary-end organ function in women with bipolar depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2007, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Case-Control Studies; Estradiol; Feedback, Phy	2007
The efficacy and safety of divalproex sodium in the treatment of acute mania in adolescents and young adults: an open clinical trial. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 1995, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Arousal; Bipolar Disorder; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug	1995
Treatment of intractable non-rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder with high-dose thyroxine: an open clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 1994, Volume: 10, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Male; Mid	1994
Lack of correlation between cerebrospinal fluid thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and TRH-stimulated thyroid-stimulating hormone in patients with depression. Biological psychiatry, 1999, Apr-15, Volume: 45, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; M	1999
Association between lower serum free T4 and greater mood instability and depression in lithium-maintained bipolar patients. The American journal of psychiatry, 1999, Volume: 156, Issue:12 Topics: Affect; Bipolar Disorder; Carbamazepine; Comorbidity; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination	1999
The effects of lithium discontinuation and the non-effect of oral inositol upon thyroid hormones and cortisol in patients with bipolar affective disorder. Journal of affective disorders, 1991, Volume: 22, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Inositol; Lithiu	1991
Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. II. Treatment of refractory rapid cycling with high-dose levothyroxine: a preliminary study. Archives of general psychiatry, 1990, Volume: 47, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Bl	1990
The therapeutic effect of lithium carbonate on a patient with a forty-eight hour periodic psychosis. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 1972, Volume: 121, Issue:562 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Diet; Electroencephalography; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lithium; Male; Periodicity;	1972
Artifactual elevation of PBI from an iodinated dye used to stain medicinal capsules pink. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1969, Volume: 29, Issue:9 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Blood Proteins; Capsules; Carbonates; Chromatography, Paper; Clinical Trials as To	1969

Article	Year
Thyroid hormones disturbances, cognitive deficits and abnormal dynamic functional connectivity variability of the amygdala in unmedicated bipolar disorder. Journal of psychiatric research, 2022, Volume: 150 Topics: Amygdala; Bipolar Disorder; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Th	2022
Intramuscular levothyroxine: a solution to a mental health related thyroid crisis. BMJ case reports, 2019, Aug-20, Volume: 12, Issue:8 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Female; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Mental Dis	2019
The Chimera of Circular Insanity and the labours of Thyreoidea. Bipolar disorders, 2019, Volume: 21, Issue:8 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine	2019
Adjunctive thyroid hormone treatment in rapid cycling bipolar disorder: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of levothyroxine (L-T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Bipolar disorders, 2019, Volume: 21, Issue:8 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine	2019
The association of serologically documented maternal thyroid conditions during pregnancy with bipolar disorder in offspring. Bipolar disorders, 2020, Volume: 22, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Case-Control Studies; Child; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Family; Female; Hum	2020
Rapid cycling bipolar disorder is associated with antithyroid antibodies, instead of thyroid dysfunction. BMC psychiatry, 2019, 12-02, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Autoantibodies; Biomarkers; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Thyroid Func	2019
Commentary on "Synchrony Between Bipolar Mood Cycles and Lunar Tidal Cycles Ended After Initiation of Light Treatment and Treatment of Hypothyroidism". Journal of psychiatric practice, 2019, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Affect; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Moon; Thyroxine	2019
Synchrony Between Bipolar Mood Cycles and Lunar Tidal Cycles Ended After Initiation of Light Treatment and Treatment of Hypothyroidism. Journal of psychiatric practice, 2019, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Moon; Nortriptyline;	2019
A retrospective study of pituitary-thyroid interaction in patients with first-episode of bipolar disorder type I in Mania State. Medicine, 2021, Feb-12, Volume: 100, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Case-Control Studies; China; Feedback, Physiological; Female; Humans; Male;	2021
Thyroid Function and Mood Disorders: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 2021, Volume: 31, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder, Major; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Male; Me	2021
A patient with acute mania after discontinuation of lithium. Medizinische Monatsschrift fur Pharmazeuten, 2016, Volume: 39, Issue:9 Topics: Azabicyclo Compounds; Bipolar Disorder; Drug Interactions; Drug Substitution; Drug Therapy, Combinat	2016
Free thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone in severe mental disorders: A naturalistic study with focus on antipsychotic medication. Journal of psychiatric research, 2018, Volume: 106 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Humans; Middle Aged; Psychotic Diso	2018
Correlation between Intrinsic Brain Activity and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Level in Unmedicated Bipolar II Depression. Neuroendocrinology, 2019, Volume: 108, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Case-Control Studies; Female; Functional Neuroimaging; Gyrus Ci	2019
Neuroendocrine abnormalities associated with untreated first episode patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2019, Volume: 107 Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder, Major; Endocrine System;	2019
Thyroid structure and function in long-term lithium-treated and lithium-naïve bipolar patients. Human psychopharmacology, 2019, Volume: 34, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Lithium Compounds; Male; Middle Aged; Thyroid Gland;	2019
Thyroid dysfunction in major psychiatric disorders in a hospital based sample. The Indian journal of medical research, 2013, Volume: 138, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Mood Di	2013
Bipolar disorder in Pendred syndrome: a case report of two siblings. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 2014, Volume: 48, Issue:9 Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Goiter, Nodular; Hearing Loss, Sens	2014
Association between autoimmune thyroiditis and depressive disorder in psychiatric outpatients. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2015, Volume: 265, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Autoantibodies; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Female; Human	2015
Lack of confirmation of thyroid endophenotype in Bipolar Disorder Type I and their first-degree relatives. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2015, Volume: 51 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Autoantibodies; Bipolar Disorder; Case-Control Studies;	2015
Free thyroxine levels are associated with cognitive abilities in subjects with early psychosis. Schizophrenia research, 2015, Volume: 166, Issue:1-3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Attention; Autoantibodies; Benzodiazepines; Bipolar Disorde	2015
High serum sodium level in affective episode associated with coronary heart disease in old adults with bipolar disorder. International journal of psychiatry in medicine, 2015, Volume: 50, Issue:4 Topics: Affect; Age Factors; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Comorbidity; Coronary Disease; Electrocardiography; Fem	2015
Acute mania after levothyroxine replacement for hypothyroid-induced heart block. BMJ case reports, 2017, Jan-18, Volume: 2017 Topics: Adult; Atrioventricular Block; Bipolar Disorder; Hashimoto Disease; Hormone Replacement Therapy; Hum	2017
Mania as a presentation of primary hypothyroidism. Singapore medical journal, 2009, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Antimanic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Depression; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Middle Aged; Psychot	2009
Severe affective and behavioral dysregulation in youth is associated with increased serum TSH. Journal of affective disorders, 2010, Volume: 121, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adolescent; Aggression; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Anxiety Disorders; Attention Deficit Disord	2010
Re-feeding-induced hypomania in an anorexia nervosa patient with hyperthyroidism. The American journal of psychiatry, 2009, Volume: 166, Issue:9 Topics: Anorexia Nervosa; Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Comorbidity; Feeding Behavior; Female; Hum	2009
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Thyroxine-associated hypomania. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005, Volume: 44, Issue:3 Topics: Anorexia Nervosa; Bipolar Disorder; Child; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Thyroxine	2005
Erythrocyte glutathione levels in lithium-induced hypothyroidism. Drugs in R&D, 2005, Volume: 6, Issue:1 Topics: Antioxidants; Bipolar Disorder; Erythrocytes; Glutathione; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lithium; Superoxi	2005
New thyroxine treatment in older adults beginning lithium therapy: implications for clinical practice. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 2005, Volume: 13, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anticonvulsants; Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Cohort Studies; Dr	2005
Manic episode precipitated by withdrawal of hormone replacement therapy in severe hypothyroidism. Journal of psychiatric practice, 2006, Volume: 12, Issue:6 Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Clopenthixol; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans;	2006
L-thyroxine augmentation of serotonergic antidepressants in female patients with refractory depression. Journal of affective disorders, 2007, Volume: 103, Issue:1-3 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Clomipramine; Depressive Disorder, Major; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Co	2007
Late-onset mania with psychosis associated with hypothyroidism in an elderly Chinese lady. Singapore medical journal, 2007, Volume: 48, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Dibenzothiazepines; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Ps	2007
Lithium-induced enlargement of a lingual thyroid. Singapore medical journal, 2008, Volume: 49, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Antimanic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Deglutition Disorders; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Li	2008
Reverse T3 levels in affective disorders. Psychiatry research, 1983, Volume: 10, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Dexamethasone; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Male; M	1983
Chronic lithium intake and hyperparathyroidism. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 1984, Volume: 27, Issue:4 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Calcium; Chlorides; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Lithium; Middle Aged; Sod	1984
L-thyroxine for rapid-cycling bipolar illness. The American journal of psychiatry, 1983, Volume: 140, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Thyroxine	1983
Using the protirelin test to distinguish mania from schizophrenia. Archives of general psychiatry, 1982, Volume: 39, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Affective Disorders, Psychotic; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Schizophrenia; Thyrot	1982
Persistent elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone in women with bipolar affective disorder. The American journal of psychiatry, 1982, Volume: 139, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Lithium; Lithium Carbonate; Middle Aged; Thyrotropin; Thyro	1982
Does subclinical hypothyroidism predispose to tricyclic-induced rapid mood cycles? The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1982, Volume: 43, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Desipramine; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lithium;	1982
High reverse T3 levels in manic an unipolar depressed women. Psychiatry research, 1982, Volume: 6, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Affective Disorders, Psychotic; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Thyrox	1982
Potentiation of antidepressant effects by L-triiodothyronine in tricyclic nonresponders. The American journal of psychiatry, 1982, Volume: 139, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amitriptyline; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Dis	1982
Treatment of intractable rapid-cycling manic-depressive disorder with levothyroxine. Clinical observations. Archives of general psychiatry, 1982, Volume: 39, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Male; Middle	1982
Exophthalmos and elevated thyroxine levels in association with lithium therapy. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1981, Volume: 42, Issue:10 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Exophthalmos; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Iodine Radioisotopes; Lithium; Male; Middle	1981
Thyrotoxicosis and mania. The American journal of psychiatry, 1980, Volume: 137, Issue:2 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Thyroxine	1980
Thyroid-induced mania in hypothyroid patients. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 1980, Volume: 137 Topics: Adult; Affective Disorders, Psychotic; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Child; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism	1980
The 24-hour pattern of serum TSH in patients with endogenous depression. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1980, Volume: 62, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Circadian Rhythm; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Middle A	1980
The hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in patients maintained on lithium prophylaxis for years: high triiodothyronine serum concentrations are correlated to the prophylactic efficacy. Journal of affective disorders, 1995, Jun-08, Volume: 34, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Hypothalamo-H	1995
Effect of serum lithium levels on thyrotropin levels. Southern medical journal, 1993, Volume: 86, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lithium Car	1993
New onset rapid cycling bipolar disorder in an 87 year old woman. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 1993, Volume: 38, Issue:5 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bipolar Disorder; Cerebral Infarction; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lith	1993
48-hour rapid cycling: results of psychopathometric, polysomnographic, PET imaging and neuro-endocrine longitudinal investigations in a single case. Journal of affective disorders, 1993, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Carbamazepine; Cerebral Cortex; Circadian Rhythm; Clonidine; Dose-Response Relatio	1993
Can antidepressants induce rapid cycling? Archives of general psychiatry, 1993, Volume: 50, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Lithium; Puerperal Disorders; Th	1993
High-dose T4 for rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1996, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Bipolar Disorder; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Male;	1996
Inverse relationship of peripheral thyrotropin-stimulating hormone levels to brain activity in mood disorders. The American journal of psychiatry, 1997, Volume: 154, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Brain; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Deoxyglucose; Depressive Disorder; Fema	1997
Bone mineral density and L-thyroxine treatment in rapidly cycling bipolar disorder. Biological psychiatry, 1997, Feb-15, Volume: 41, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Bone Density; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Menopause; Middle Ag	1997
Prevalence of antithyroid antibodies in mood disorders. Depression and anxiety, 1997, Volume: 5, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Age Distribution; Analysis of Variance; Antibodies; Biomarkers; Bipolar Disorder; Case-Contro	1997
Lamotrigine for treatment-refractory bipolar disorder. The American journal of psychiatry, 1997, Volume: 154, Issue:9 Topics: Anticonvulsants; Bipolar Disorder; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Lamotrigine; Male; Middle Aged	1997
General principles in the pharmacotherapy of antidepressant-induced rapid cycling: a case series. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 1997, Volume: 17, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Female; Follow-Up Studies	1997
Rapid efficacy of olanzapine augmentation in nonpsychotic bipolar mixed states. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1998, Volume: 59, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Bipolar Disorder; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; H	1998
Integrating pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy in the treatment of a bipolar patient. The American journal of psychiatry, 1998, Volume: 155, Issue:5 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Combined Modality Therapy; Countertransference; Denial, Psychological; Drug Therap	1998
Low levels of transthyretin in the CSF of depressed patients. The American journal of psychiatry, 1999, Volume: 156, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Bipolar Disorder; Blood-Brain Barrier; Central Nervous System; Depressi	1999
Hypomania in a patient with congenital familial hypothyroidism and mild mental retardation. Singapore medical journal, 1999, Volume: 40, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Intellectual Dis	1999
Evaluation of thyroid function in lithium-naive bipolar patients. European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 1999, Volume: 14, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Antimanic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Carbamazepine; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lithium; M	1999
Thyroid function and psychiatric morbidity in patients with manic disorder receiving lithium therapy. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2000, Volume: 20, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Antimanic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Euthyroid Sick Syndromes; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Huma	2000
High doses of levothyroxine for refractory rapid cycling. The American journal of psychiatry, 2000, Volume: 157, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Thyroxine; Treatment Outcome	2000
Bone mineral density in pre-and post-menopausal women with affective disorder treated with long-term L-thyroxine augmentation. Journal of affective disorders, 2001, Volume: 66, Issue:2-3 Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Bipolar Disorder; Bone Density; Depressive Disorder, Major; Female; Humans;	2001
Effects of supraphysiological thyroxine administration in healthy controls and patients with depressive disorders. Journal of affective disorders, 2002, Volume: 68, Issue:2-3 Topics: Adult; Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive	2002
Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test in manic-depressive illness. Archives of general psychiatry, 1978, Volume: 35, Issue:8 Topics: Adjustment Disorders; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Biperiden; Bipolar Disorder; Depression; Female; Hal	1978
The treatment of lithium-induced myxedema. The Journal of family practice, 1979, Volume: 8, Issue:4 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lithium; Middle Aged; Myxedema; Thyroxine	1979
Appearance of manic psychosis following rapid normalization of thyroid status. The American journal of psychiatry, 1979, Volume: 136, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroxine	1979
Lithium-induced hypothyroidism and thyroiditis. Biological psychiatry, 1979, Volume: 14, Issue:5 Topics: Autoantibodies; Bipolar Disorder; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lithium; Male; Middle Aged; Thyroid Gland;	1979
Endocrine effects of lithium. I. Hypothyroidism, its prevalence in long-term treated patients. Acta endocrinologica, 1978, Volume: 87, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lithium; Male; Middle Age	1978
Hormones, electrolytes, and cerebrospinal fluid proteins in manic-melancholic patients. Neuropsychobiology, 1978, Volume: 4, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Bipolar Disorder; Cerebrospinal Fluid Pro	1978
Disturbed circadian variation of serum thyrotropin in patients with endogenous depression. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1978, Volume: 57, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Bipolar Disorder; Circadian Rhythm; Fema	1978
Protirelin stimulation test and thyroid function during treatment of depression. Archives of general psychiatry, 1975, Volume: 32, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Fac	1975
Further report on prophylatic lithium in recurrent affective disorders. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 1975, Volume: 126 Topics: Adult; Affective Symptoms; Age Factors; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Female; Hos	1975
Grade II and grade III hypothyroidism in rapid-cycling bipolar patients. Neuropsychobiology, 1992, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lithium; Male; T	1992
Abrupt cessation of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder with the addition of low-dose L-tetraiodothyronine to lithium. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 1992, Volume: 12, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Lithium; Male; Thyroxine; Time Factors	1992
Diurnal profiles of thyroid hormones are altered in depression. Journal of affective disorders, 1992, Volume: 24, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Circadian Rhythm; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Mi	1992
Subclinical hypothyroidism in recurrent mania. Biological psychiatry, 1992, Apr-01, Volume: 31, Issue:7 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lithium; Middle Aged; N	1992
Hyperthyroxinemia in major affective disorders. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1991, Volume: 83, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroxinem	1991
Multidimensional hormonal discrimination of paranoid schizophrenic from bipolar manic patients. Biological psychiatry, 1991, Mar-01, Volume: 29, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Bipolar Disorder; Diagnosis, Differential; Epinephrine; Hormones; Hospitalization	1991
The prognostic significance of thyroid function in mania. Journal of psychiatric research, 1991, Volume: 25, Issue:1-2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Hospitalization; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Humans;	1991
Thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormone concentrations during partial sleep deprivation in patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of psychiatric research, 1990, Volume: 24, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Arousal; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Slee	1990
Bupropion as a promising approach to rapid cycling bipolar II patients. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1990, Volume: 51, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Bupropion; Carbamazepine; Clinical Protocols; Drug T	1990
Thyroid hormone elevations during acute psychiatric illness: relationship to severity and distinction from hyperthyroidism. Endocrine research, 1990, Volume: 16, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Blood Pressure; Depressive Disorder; Down-Regulation; Feedback; Female; Hal	1990
Serum thyrotropin in hospitalized psychiatric patients: evidence for hyperthyrotropinemia as measured by an ultrasensitive thyrotropin assay. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 1990, Volume: 39, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Bipolar Disorder; Dementia; Depression; Female; Humans; Male; Mental	1990
Resistant bipolar disorder. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 1990, Volume: 156 Topics: Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Commitment of Mentally Ill; Drug Resistance; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Fema	1990
The thyroid axis and desipramine treatment in depression. Biological psychiatry, 1989, Mar-15, Volume: 25, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Desipramine; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Psycholo	1989
The value of TSH in affective disorders. Indiana medicine : the journal of the Indiana State Medical Association, 1989, Volume: 82, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Affective Disorders, Psychotic; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Drug Combination	1989
Serum thyroxine levels in schizophrenic and affective disorder diagnostic subgroups. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 1989, Volume: 177, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mo	1989
Relationship between cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin and peripheral thyroid hormones with carbamazepine treatment. Neuropsychobiology, 1985, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Carbamazepine; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Somatostatin; Thyro	1985
Treatment-resistant mania with primary hypothyroidism: a case of recovery after levothyroxine. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1987, Volume: 48, Issue:12 Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; L	1987
Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and TSH response to dexamethasone in depressed patients and normal controls. Biological psychiatry, 1989, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Aged; Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Dexamethasone; Female; Fo	1989
Serum thyroxine change and clinical recovery in psychiatric inpatients. Biological psychiatry, 1989, Volume: 25, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Longitudi	1989
Central thyroid stimulation in severely ill depressed, manic and schizophrenic patients. Biological psychiatry, 1986, Volume: 21, Issue:4 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Dexamethasone; Humans; Pituitary Gland, Anterior; Schizophren	1986
The effect of changing thyroid function on cyclic affective illness in a human subject. The American journal of psychiatry, 1986, Volume: 143, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lithium; Lithium Carbonate; Male; Periodicity; Thyr	1986
Free T4 measurement is preferred to the T4 test for thyroid evaluation in lithium treated patients. Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie, 1987, Volume: 32, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Lithium; Lithium Carbonate; Male; Middle Aged; Thyroi	1987
Changes in the pituitary-thyroid axis accompanying major affective disorders. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1988, Volume: 77, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Affective Disorders, Psychotic; Aged; Antidepressive Agents; Bipolar Disorder; De	1988
[Hormonal profile of depressed patients]. Zhurnal nevropatologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova (Moscow, Russia : 1952), 1987, Volume: 87, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Depression; Female; Growth Hormone; Hormones; Humans; Hydrocortisone;	1987
Treatment of rapid cycling bipolar patients. The American journal of psychiatry, 1987, Volume: 144, Issue:12 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Carbamazepine; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isocarboxazid; Lithium; Phenelzi	1987
Neuroendocrine effects of the dopamine agonist piribedil in depressed patients. Clinical neuropharmacology, 1986, Volume: 9, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Piperazines; Piribe	1986
Autoimmune thyroiditis in manic-depressive patients treated with lithium. The American journal of psychiatry, 1985, Volume: 142, Issue:11 Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Autoimmune Diseases; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Hypothyroid	1985
Euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia and rapid cycling affective disorder: case report. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 1985, Volume: 46, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Appetite Depressants; Bipolar Disorder; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Hospitalization; Humans	1985
Decreased triiodothyronines in depression: a preliminary report. Biological psychiatry, 1985, Volume: 20, Issue:8 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Depressive Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine	1985
Free-thyroxine index and absolute free-thyroxine in affective disorders. Lancet (London, England), 1973, Apr-21, Volume: 1, Issue:7808 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Depression, Chemical; Humans; Lithium; Long-Term Care; Thyroid Gland; Thyro	1973
Hypothyroidism and hyperparathyroidism associated with lithium. Lancet (London, England), 1973, Aug-11, Volume: 2, Issue:7824 Topics: Bipolar Disorder; Calcium; Carbonates; Female; Humans; Hyperparathyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Lithium;	1973
Hypothyroidism in patients treated with lithium: a review and two case reports. Psychological medicine, 1973, Volume: 3, Issue:3 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine Radioisotopes; Lithium; Thyroid Func	1973
Serum thyrotropin and hypothyroidism during lithium therapy. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry, 1973, Oct-12, Volume: 48, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Bipolar Disorder; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Chromatography, Gel; Female; Humans;	1973
Antithyroid effects of lithium. The Journal of clinical investigation, 1970, Volume: 49, Issue:7 Topics: Animals; Bipolar Disorder; Goiter; Humans; Hypophysectomy; Iodine; Lithium; Male; Organ Size; Rats;	1970
Thyrotropin responses to TRH in depressive illness: relation to clinical subtypes and prolonged duration of depressive episode. Folia psychiatrica et neurologica japonica, 1974, Volume: 28, Issue:4 Topics: Adjustment Disorders; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bipolar Disorder; Depression; Depressive Disorder, Ma	1974
[Problems in lithium-induced goiter]. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete, 1974, Oct-01, Volume: 29, Issue:19 Topics: Adult; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Goiter; Humans; Lithium; Male; Middle Aged; Thyroid Function Tests;	1974
Serum thyrotropin and thyroxine concentrations in patients recieving lithium carbonate. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 1973, Volume: 36, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Binding, Competitive; Bipolar Disorder; Female; Humans; Iodine Radioisotope	1973
[Periodic catatonia]. Annales medico-psychologiques, 1971, Volume: 2, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Bipolar Disorder; Catatonia; Humans; Nitrogen; Periodicity; Schizoph	1971

thyroxine and Affective Psychosis, Bipolar