thyronines and Goiter

Topics: Amiodarone; Goiter; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Thyronines

The presence of antithyroid hormone autoantibodies in the sera of patients with thyroid and nonthyroid disorders is a well-known condition. When circulating thyroid hormones bind to the patients' immunoglobulins, serum levels of total and free thyroid hormones are often in discordance with clinical features. This problem occurs because the autoantibodies can interfere with radioimmunoassays. To avoid inappropriate treatment of such patients, it is clinically important to consider the presence of autoantibodies in patients with unexpectedly high or low total and free thyroid hormone values. We have reviewed the English and Japanese literature, both case reports and basic works, and summarize the incidence of antithyroid hormone autoantibodies, clinical features, effects on appropriate testing of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, diagnostic methods for confirming their presence of autoantibodies, treatment of patients with these disorders, and possible pathogenetic mechanisms.

Topics: Autoantibodies; Cross Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Goiter; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulins; Radioimmunoassay; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Thyronines

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Dosage Forms; Goiter; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Placebos; Thyronines; Thyroxine; Tissue Extracts; Triiodothyronine

A radioimmunoassay for the estimation of 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) in human urine has been established. The urinary excretion of both glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of 3,5-T2 were estimated after enzymatic deconjugation. In 19 healthy controls the median excretion of unconjugated 3,5-T2 was 276 pmol/d, whereas the median excretion of glucuronidated and sulfated 3,5-T2 in 7 healthy subjects was 448 and 451 pmol/d, respectively. The median excretion of 154 pmol/d in 9 hypothyroid patients did not differ from that found in controls. In contrast 12 patients with hyperthyroidism had an enhanced excretion, 1312 pmol/d (P less than 0.01). Compared with previous data on the daily degradation of 3,5-T2, it is concluded that approximately one-sixth of degradated 3,5-T2 is excreted in the urine.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Diiodothyronines; Female; Glucuronates; Goiter; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Radioimmunoassay; Sulfates; Thyronines

Topics: Goiter; Humans; Thyroid Gland; Thyronines; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Circulating iodothyronine-binding autoantibodies interfere with total T4 and T3 RIAs, giving falsely high or falsely low values depending on the assay separation method used. Direct serum free T4 (FT4) measurement should compensate for such abnormal binding if the method is free of artefact. We assessed 5 different FT4 methods in 12 patients with immunoglobulin binding of iodothyronines, with limited assessment of a sixth method in 2 subjects. Thyroid status was assessed clinically and by measurement of TSH and its response to TRH. T4 methods which use analog tracers, i.e. Amerlex, and Clinical Assays One-step FT4, gave spuriously high values in almost all hypothyroid and some euthyroid patients, due to immunoglobulin binding of the tracers used in these techniques. The kinetic indirect method (Corning Immunophase FT4) gave inappropriately high values in 4 of 6 hypothyroid patients. FT4 by equilibrium dialysis or by adsorption chromatography and RIA, accurately assessed thyroid status. These findings suggest that FT4 methods are valid in patients with circulating iodothyronine-binding immunoglobulins only if the free hormone fraction is physically separated from serum binding proteins before the assay procedure.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Antibody Affinity; Autoantibodies; Female; Goiter; Graves Disease; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Protein Binding; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Thyronines; Thyroxine

The distribution of iodotyrosines and iodothyroinines has been studied in poorly iodinated 19 S thyroglobulins isolated by sucrose gradient centrifugation from five human thyroid tissue. The 19 S thyroglobulins have been fractionated by isopycnic centrifugation and 34.5% rubidium chloride gradient. The distribution of iodoamino acids depends on the total iodine content of each fraction. The variations in MIT) and DIT residues with increasing levels of iodination are not identical, the elevation of DIT residues being higher than that of MIT. The number of T4 residues increases quite rapidly after 5 atoms of iodine while T3 increases slightly and slowly. It is shown here that, even after fractionation of poorly iodinated thyroglobulin, the synthesis of thyroid hormones is observed at a level of iodine content as low as 1.4 and 1.8 atoms per molecule of thyroglobulin. This shows that the thyroglobulin fractions obtained by isopycnic centrifugation are still heterogeneous, although less than the initial non-fractionated thyroglobulin. In order to explain our data, it must be admitted that a large proportion of thyroglobulin molecules are not iodinated.

Topics: Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Centrifugation, Isopycnic; Goiter; Humans; Iodine; Monoiodotyrosine; Thyroglobulin; Thyronines

Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Goiter; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Immunodiffusion; Immunoelectrophoresis; Iodine Radioisotopes; Iodoproteins; Male; Neuraminic Acids; Osmolar Concentration; Rabbits; Serum Albumin; Solubility; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Thyroglobulin; Thyroid Gland; Thyronines; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Goiter; Humans; Thyronines; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Adolescent; Albumins; Carcinoma; Centrifugation, Density Gradient; Child; Chromatography; Chromatography, Gel; Female; Goiter; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Thyroglobulin; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyronines; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Goiter; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Molecular Conformation; Rats; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thiouracil; Thyronines; Thyroxine

Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Goiter; Mass Spectrometry; Methylation; Optical Rotation; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyronines

Topics: Biopsy; Chromatography, Paper; Electrophoresis; Female; Goiter; Half-Life; Humans; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Middle Aged; Monoiodotyrosine; NAD; Recurrence; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Gland; Thyroidectomy; Thyronines; Thyrotropin

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Goiter; Histidine; Humans; Iodides; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Monoiodotyrosine; Pronase; Rats; Thyroglobulin; Thyronines; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Animals; Cattle; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chromatography, Gel; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Diiodotyrosine; Goiter; Humans; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Iodoproteins; Isotope Labeling; Peroxides; Phenols; Phenylpyruvic Acids; Thyroglobulin; Thyronines; Tyrosine

Topics: Adult; Blood Protein Disorders; Female; Goiter; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Proteinuria; Radionuclide Imaging; Thyroglobulin; Thyronines; Thyroxine

Topics: Colorimetry; Goiter; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypopituitarism; Ion Exchange Resins; Thyroiditis; Thyronines; Thyroxine

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Chlorides; Chromatography, Paper; Cyanides; Drug Stability; Electrophoresis, Paper; Erythrocytes; Female; Goiter; Hot Temperature; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Iodides; Iodine Isotopes; Iodine Radioisotopes; Kinetics; Leukocytes; Male; Mercury; Middle Aged; Oxygen; Potassium; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Gland; Thyronines

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Chromatography, Paper; Electrophoresis; Female; Goiter; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Male; Rats; Thyroglobulin; Thyroid Gland; Thyroidectomy; Thyronines; Time Factors; Ultracentrifugation

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Chromatography; Diet; Female; Goiter; Iodides; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Male; Organ Size; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Thyronines; Thyroxine; Time Factors

Topics: Autoradiography; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Diiodotyrosine; Goiter; Humans; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Lipids; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroidectomy; Thyronines; Thyroxine; Tyrosine

Topics: Adult; Chromatography, Paper; Diiodotyrosine; Female; Goiter; Humans; Iodine Isotopes; Kidney Function Tests; Liver Function Tests; Monoiodotyrosine; Potassium; Thiocyanates; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Gland; Thyronines; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Diet; Diiodotyrosine; Female; Goiter; Humans; Iodine; Nigeria; Organ Size; Rats; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Gland; Thyronines; Water Pollution

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Chromatography; Female; Goiter; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Male; Rats; Thyroid Gland; Thyronines

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Chickens; Chromatography; Female; Goiter; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Male; Thyroid Gland; Thyronines; Thyroxine

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Autoradiography; Female; Goiter; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Myxedema; Technetium; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Gland; Thyronines; Thyroxine; Tyrosine

Topics: Adult; Chromatography, Gel; Female; Goiter; Humans; Iodine Isotopes; Male; Middle Aged; Protein Biosynthesis; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyronines; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine

Topics: Animals; Chromatography, Paper; Diiodotyrosine; Electrophoresis; Goiter; Humans; Immunoelectrophoresis; In Vitro Techniques; Iodine Isotopes; Male; Propylthiouracil; Rats; Thyroglobulin; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Thyronines; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine-Binding Proteins; Tyrosine; Ultracentrifugation

Topics: Animals; Biochemical Phenomena; Biochemistry; Female; Goiter; Rats; Thyronines; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Goiter; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Iodine; Thyroid Hormones; Thyronines; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Tissue Extracts; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Biological Assay; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chromatography; Diiodothyronines; Goiter; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Thyroid Hormones; Thyronines; Thyroxine

Topics: Blood Chemical Analysis; Chromatography; Geriatrics; Goiter; Hyperthyroidism; Iodine Isotopes; Monoiodotyrosine; Myxedema; Neoplasms; Propylthiouracil; Thiourea; Thyronines; Thyroxine; Tyrosine

Topics: Genetics, Medical; Goiter; Iodine Isotopes; Metabolism; Monoiodotyrosine; Thyronines; Tyrosine

Topics: Drug Therapy; Goiter; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine Isotopes; Myxedema; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroidectomy; Thyronines; Thyroxine

Topics: Drug Therapy; Goiter; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Methylthiouracil; Thyroid Hormones; Thyronines

Topics: Child; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Diiodotyrosine; Goiter; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Metabolism; Thyroglobulin; Thyronines; Tyrosine

Forty-two patients with non-toxic goitre and with a high 10-minute uptake of I(131) were treated with 100 mug. of l-triiodothyronine per day for periods up to 36 months. All of the goitres were reduced in size and 10 showed marked regression within one week. Hashimoto's disease was considered an unlikely cause of these goitres because only four of 20 tested had positive antithyroglobulin tests, and these were of low titre (up to 1:81). Chromatographic studies suggested a defect in thyroxine metabolism in many of these patients. It is concluded that a high 10-minute uptake test is useful in predicting a response to therapy and in selecting patients likely to have a detectable defect in thyroxine metabolism.

Topics: Adolescent; Antibodies; Biomedical Research; Chromatography; Geriatrics; Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Humans; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Prognosis; Thyroglobulin; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroiditis; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Thyronines; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Cochlea; Congenital Abnormalities; Deafness; Diiodotyrosine; Goiter; Hearing Loss; Humans; Iodine Isotopes; Metabolism; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Hormones; Thyronines; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Goiter; Isomerism; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Thyroid Hormones; Thyronines; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Congenital Hypothyroidism; Goiter; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Thyroid Gland; Thyronines; Tyrosine

Topics: Chromatography; Goiter; Humans; Iodine; Iodoproteins; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Hormones; Thyronines; Tyrosine

Topics: Chromatography; Goiter; Goiter, Endemic; Iodates; Iodides; Iodine Isotopes; Metabolism; Thyroid Gland; Thyronines; Tyrosine

Topics: Goiter; Guinea Pigs; Methylthiouracil; Thiouracil; Thyronines; Thyroxine