thymidine has been researched along with Astrocytoma, Grade IV in 44 studies
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| ") injection of radio-iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd), a thymidine (dThd) analogue, is envisaged for targeted Auger electron- or beta-radiation therapy of glioblastoma." | 7.72 | Highly efficient DNA incorporation of intratumourally injected [125I]iododeoxyuridine under thymidine synthesis blocking in human glioblastoma xenografts. ( Adamer, F; Buchegger, F; de Tribolet, N; Delaloye, AB; Dupertuis, YM; Grannavel, C; Kosinski, M; Mach, JP; Schaffland, AO, 2004) |
| "The combination of lonidamine and diazepam--drugs that target two distinct mitochondrial sites involved in cellular energy metabolism--potentiates the effects of the individual drugs and may prove useful in the treatment of human glioblastomas." | 7.70 | Potentiation of lonidamine and diazepam, two agents acting on mitochondria, in human glioblastoma treatment. ( Bourgeois, Y; Bras Gonçalves, R; Dutrillaux, B; Miccoli, L; Oudard, S; Poirson-Bichat, F; Poupon, MF; Sureau, F, 1998) |
| "To investigate whether thymidine can have an effect on the DNA damage and apoptosis, we arrested the cell cycle of human glioblastoma cells (U373) at G1/S phase by using thymidine and then exposed these cells to TTFields." | 4.02 | Thymidine decreases the DNA damage and apoptosis caused by tumor-treating fields in cancer cell lines. ( Hong, S; Jeong, H; Jo, Y; Yoon, M, 2021) |
| ") injection of radio-iododeoxyuridine (IdUrd), a thymidine (dThd) analogue, is envisaged for targeted Auger electron- or beta-radiation therapy of glioblastoma." | 3.72 | Highly efficient DNA incorporation of intratumourally injected [125I]iododeoxyuridine under thymidine synthesis blocking in human glioblastoma xenografts. ( Adamer, F; Buchegger, F; de Tribolet, N; Delaloye, AB; Dupertuis, YM; Grannavel, C; Kosinski, M; Mach, JP; Schaffland, AO, 2004) |
| "The combination of lonidamine and diazepam--drugs that target two distinct mitochondrial sites involved in cellular energy metabolism--potentiates the effects of the individual drugs and may prove useful in the treatment of human glioblastomas." | 3.70 | Potentiation of lonidamine and diazepam, two agents acting on mitochondria, in human glioblastoma treatment. ( Bourgeois, Y; Bras Gonçalves, R; Dutrillaux, B; Miccoli, L; Oudard, S; Poirson-Bichat, F; Poupon, MF; Sureau, F, 1998) |
| "A series of laboratory investigations were used to demonstrate antiproliferative effects (MTT assay, colony forming assay, thymidine incorporation), cell cycle synchronization (flow cytometry), intracellular localization of binding sites (immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy), and activity in subcutaneous xenografts of human glioblastoma." | 3.69 | Targeting microtubule-associated proteins in glioblastoma: a new strategy for selective therapy. ( Greer, C; Pedersen, PE; Piepmeier, JM; Yoshida, D, 1996) |
| "Tritiated thymidine (3-H-T) was administered intravenously to seven patients with cerebral gliomas." | 3.65 | Gemistocytic astrocytes in gliomas. An autoradiographic study. ( Ellis, WG; Hoshino, T; Wilson, BC, 1975) |
| "Malignant brain tumors pose diagnostic and therapeutic problems." | 2.69 | 2-[C-11]thymidine imaging of malignant brain tumors. ( Berger, MS; Eary, JF; Krohn, KA; Link, JM; Mankoff, DA; O'Sullivan, F; Olshen, A; Spence, AM, 1999) |
| "Glioblastomas are particularly resistant to classical antitumor treatments." | 1.31 | Effects of retinoic acid and tumor necrosis factor alpha on GL-15 glioblastoma cells. ( Chambaut-Guérin, AM; Costa, SL; Fages, C; Gauthereau, X; Lefrançois, T; Tardy, M, 2000) |
| "Patients with malignant brain tumors have a variety of immunologic abnormalities, including the impaired responsiveness of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to mitogens and alloantigens." | 1.27 | Cytokinetic basis for the impaired activation of lymphocytes from patients with primary intracranial tumors. ( Brooks, WH; Elliott, LH; Roszman, TL, 1984) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 15 (34.09) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 10 (22.73) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 11 (25.00) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 6 (13.64) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 2 (4.55) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Kumar, R | 1 |
| Wang, T | 1 |
| Veedu, RN | 1 |
| Kumar, S | 1 |
| Jeong, H | 1 |
| Jo, Y | 1 |
| Yoon, M | 1 |
| Hong, S | 1 |
| Laks, DR | 1 |
| Ta, L | 1 |
| Crisman, TJ | 1 |
| Gao, F | 1 |
| Coppola, G | 1 |
| Radu, CG | 1 |
| Nathanson, DA | 1 |
| Kornblum, HI | 1 |
| Wei, LH | 1 |
| Su, H | 1 |
| Hildebrandt, IJ | 1 |
| Phelps, ME | 1 |
| Czernin, J | 1 |
| Weber, WA | 1 |
| Soletti, RC | 1 |
| Alves, T | 1 |
| Vernal, J | 1 |
| Terenzi, H | 1 |
| Anderluh, G | 1 |
| Borges, HL | 1 |
| Gabilan, NH | 1 |
| Moura-Neto, V | 2 |
| Ross, HH | 1 |
| Rahman, M | 1 |
| Levkoff, LH | 1 |
| Millette, S | 1 |
| Martin-Carreras, T | 1 |
| Dunbar, EM | 1 |
| Reynolds, BA | 1 |
| Laywell, ED | 1 |
| Fonseca, AC | 1 |
| Romão, L | 1 |
| Amaral, RF | 1 |
| Assad Kahn, S | 1 |
| Lobo, D | 1 |
| Martins, S | 1 |
| Marcondes de Souza, J | 1 |
| Lima, FR | 1 |
| Neschadim, A | 1 |
| Wang, JC | 1 |
| Lavie, A | 1 |
| Medin, JA | 1 |
| Laymon, CM | 1 |
| Oborski, MJ | 1 |
| Lee, VK | 1 |
| Davis, DK | 1 |
| Wiener, EC | 1 |
| Lieberman, FS | 1 |
| Boada, FE | 1 |
| Mountz, JM | 1 |
| Ohno, S | 1 |
| Nishi, T | 1 |
| Kojima, Y | 1 |
| Haraoka, J | 1 |
| Ito, H | 1 |
| Mizuguchi, J | 1 |
| Barbero, S | 1 |
| Bajetto, A | 1 |
| Bonavia, R | 1 |
| Porcile, C | 1 |
| Piccioli, P | 1 |
| Pirani, P | 1 |
| Ravetti, JL | 1 |
| Zona, G | 1 |
| Spaziante, R | 1 |
| Florio, T | 1 |
| Schettini, G | 1 |
| FLIEDNER, TM | 3 |
| CRONKITE, EP | 3 |
| ROBERTSON, JS | 1 |
| KILLMANN, SA | 1 |
| BOND, VP | 1 |
| Bauréus-Koch, C | 1 |
| Nyberg, G | 1 |
| Widegren, B | 1 |
| Salford, LG | 1 |
| Persson, BR | 1 |
| Buchegger, F | 2 |
| Adamer, F | 1 |
| Schaffland, AO | 1 |
| Kosinski, M | 1 |
| Grannavel, C | 1 |
| Dupertuis, YM | 2 |
| de Tribolet, N | 2 |
| Mach, JP | 2 |
| Delaloye, AB | 1 |
| Amos, S | 1 |
| Martin, PM | 1 |
| Polar, GA | 1 |
| Parsons, SJ | 1 |
| Hussaini, IM | 1 |
| Rao, RD | 1 |
| Mladek, AC | 1 |
| Lamont, JD | 1 |
| Goble, JM | 1 |
| Erlichman, C | 1 |
| James, CD | 1 |
| Sarkaria, JN | 1 |
| Ellis, AG | 1 |
| Doherty, MM | 1 |
| Walker, F | 1 |
| Weinstock, J | 1 |
| Nerrie, M | 1 |
| Vitali, A | 1 |
| Murphy, R | 1 |
| Johns, TG | 1 |
| Scott, AM | 1 |
| Levitzki, A | 1 |
| McLachlan, G | 1 |
| Webster, LK | 1 |
| Burgess, AW | 1 |
| Nice, EC | 1 |
| Icard, C | 1 |
| Liepkalns, VA | 1 |
| Yates, AJ | 1 |
| Singh, NP | 1 |
| Stephens, RE | 1 |
| Hart, RW | 1 |
| Elliott, LH | 1 |
| Brooks, WH | 1 |
| Roszman, TL | 1 |
| Murphy, GM | 1 |
| Lee, YL | 1 |
| Jia, XC | 1 |
| Yu, AC | 1 |
| Majewska, A | 1 |
| Song, Y | 1 |
| Schmidt, K | 1 |
| Eng, LF | 1 |
| Muir, D | 1 |
| Sukhu, L | 1 |
| Johnson, J | 1 |
| Lahorra, MA | 1 |
| Maria, BL | 1 |
| Piepmeier, JM | 1 |
| Pedersen, PE | 1 |
| Yoshida, D | 1 |
| Greer, C | 1 |
| Oelmann, E | 1 |
| Kraemer, A | 1 |
| Serve, H | 1 |
| Reufi, B | 1 |
| Oberberg, D | 1 |
| Patt, S | 1 |
| Herbst, H | 1 |
| Stein, H | 1 |
| Thiel, E | 1 |
| Berdel, WE | 1 |
| Conti, PS | 1 |
| Hilton, J | 1 |
| Wong, DF | 1 |
| Alauddin, MM | 1 |
| Dannals, RF | 1 |
| Ravert, HT | 1 |
| Wilson, AA | 1 |
| Anderson, JH | 1 |
| Yamamoto, S | 1 |
| Wakimoto, H | 1 |
| Aoyagi, M | 1 |
| Hirakawa, K | 1 |
| Hamada, H | 1 |
| Ullrich, N | 1 |
| Sontheimer, H | 1 |
| Miccoli, L | 1 |
| Poirson-Bichat, F | 1 |
| Sureau, F | 1 |
| Bras Gonçalves, R | 1 |
| Bourgeois, Y | 1 |
| Dutrillaux, B | 1 |
| Poupon, MF | 1 |
| Oudard, S | 1 |
| Abaza, MS | 1 |
| Shaban, FA | 1 |
| Narayan, RK | 1 |
| Atassi, MZ | 1 |
| Eary, JF | 1 |
| Mankoff, DA | 1 |
| Spence, AM | 1 |
| Berger, MS | 1 |
| Olshen, A | 1 |
| Link, JM | 1 |
| O'Sullivan, F | 1 |
| Krohn, KA | 1 |
| Chambaut-Guérin, AM | 1 |
| Costa, SL | 1 |
| Lefrançois, T | 1 |
| Fages, C | 1 |
| Gauthereau, X | 1 |
| Tardy, M | 1 |
| Robe, PA | 1 |
| Rogister, B | 1 |
| Merville, MP | 1 |
| Bours, V | 1 |
| Vazquez, M | 1 |
| Pichard, C | 1 |
| Slosman, DO | 1 |
| Hoshino, T | 2 |
| Wilson, BC | 1 |
| Ellis, WG | 1 |
| Takahashi, T | 1 |
| Takeno, Y | 1 |
| Takaki, R | 1 |
| Kajiyama, T | 1 |
| Takii, M | 1 |
| Hugosson, R | 1 |
| Källén, B | 1 |
| Nilsson, O | 1 |
| Laeger, F | 1 |
| Foltz, EL | 1 |
| Tym, R | 1 |
| Aksiutina, MS | 1 |
| Lipchina, LP | 1 |
| Iablonovskaia, LIa | 1 |
| Jagarlamoody, SM | 1 |
| Aust, JC | 1 |
| Tew, RH | 1 |
| McKhann, CF | 1 |
| Barker, M | 1 |
| Wilson, CB | 1 |
| Boldrey, EB | 1 |
| Fewer, D | 1 |
| Mundinger, F | 1 |
| Wahlström, T | 1 |
| Saksela, E | 1 |
| Troupp, H | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Could Positon Emission Tomography With Radiolabelled 3'-Deoxy-3'-(18)F-Fluoro-L-Thymidine be a Theranostic Tool During Erlotinib Treatment in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients ?[NCT02069418] | Phase 2 | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2014-02-28 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
1 trial available for thymidine and Astrocytoma, Grade IV
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
2-[C-11]thymidine imaging of malignant brain tumors.
Topics: Astrocytoma; Blood-Brain Barrier; Brain Neoplasms; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Radioisotopes; Glioblastom | 1999 |
43 other studies available for thymidine and Astrocytoma, Grade IV
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Novel 3'-[4-fluoroaryl-(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)]-3'-deoxythymidine analogues: Design, synthesis, characterization and their potential as anticancer agents.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Glioblastoma; Humans; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thym | 2022 |
Thymidine decreases the DNA damage and apoptosis caused by tumor-treating fields in cancer cell lines.
Topics: Apoptosis; BRCA1 Protein; cdc25 Phosphatases; Cell Line, Tumor; DNA Damage; Electromagnetic Fields; | 2021 |
Inhibition of Nucleotide Synthesis Targets Brain Tumor Stem Cells in a Subset of Glioblastoma.
Topics: Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Deoxycytidine Kinase; | 2016 |
Changes in tumor metabolism as readout for Mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibition by rapamycin in glioblastoma.
Topics: Animals; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Fluorine Radioisotopes; | 2008 |
Inhibition of MAPK/ERK, PKC and CaMKII signaling blocks cytolysin-induced human glioma cell death.
Topics: Calcium; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2; Cell Death; Cell Line, Tumor; Cnidarian | 2010 |
Ethynyldeoxyuridine (EdU) suppresses in vitro population expansion and in vivo tumor progression of human glioblastoma cells.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Comet Assay; | 2011 |
Microglial stress inducible protein 1 promotes proliferation and migration in human glioblastoma cells.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Cerebral Cortex; Cult | 2012 |
Bystander killing of malignant cells via the delivery of engineered thymidine-active deoxycytidine kinase for suicide gene therapy of cancer.
Topics: Astrocytoma; Cell Line, Tumor; Deoxycytidine Kinase; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genes, Transgenic, Su | 2012 |
Combined imaging biomarkers for therapy evaluation in glioblastoma multiforme: correlating sodium MRI and F-18 FLT PET on a voxel-wise basis.
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Brain Neoplasms; Female; Fluorine Radioisotopes; Glioblastoma; Humans; Image Proc | 2012 |
Combined stimulation with interferon alpha and retinoic acid synergistically inhibits proliferation of the glioblastoma cell line GB12.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Apoptosis; bcl-2-Associated X Protein; Brain Neoplas | 2002 |
Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor 1 in human brain tumors and their involvement in glial proliferation in vitro.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Astrocytes; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Division; Chemokine CXCL12; Chemokines, | 2002 |
GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS. I. SENESCENCE AND RANDOM LOSS OF NEUTROPHILIC GRANULOCYTES IN HUMAN BEINGS.
Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Pernicious; Autoradiography; Glioblastoma; Granulocytes; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Leuk | 1964 |
GRANULOCYTOPOIESIS. II. EMERGENCE AND PATTERN OF LABELING OF NEUTROPHILIC GRANULOCYTES IN HUMANS.
Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Pernicious; Glioblastoma; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Leukemia; Lymphoma; Lymphoma, Non-H | 1964 |
Radiation sterilisation of cultured human brain tumour cells for clinical immune tumour therapy.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Cell Division; Cell Survival; Cesium Radioisotopes; Genetic Therapy; Glioblastoma; | 2004 |
Highly efficient DNA incorporation of intratumourally injected [125I]iododeoxyuridine under thymidine synthesis blocking in human glioblastoma xenografts.
Topics: Animals; Brain Neoplasms; DNA; Floxuridine; Glioblastoma; Humans; Idoxuridine; Iodine Radioisotopes; | 2004 |
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate induces epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation via protein kinase Cdelta/c-Src pathways in glioblastoma cells.
Topics: Acetophenones; Astrocytes; Benzopyrans; Blotting, Western; Butadienes; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Prolif | 2005 |
Disruption of parallel and converging signaling pathways contributes to the synergistic antitumor effects of simultaneous mTOR and EGFR inhibition in GBM cells.
Topics: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Carrier Proteins; Cell Cycle | 2005 |
Preclinical analysis of the analinoquinazoline AG1478, a specific small molecule inhibitor of EGF receptor tyrosine kinase.
Topics: Animals; Area Under Curve; Cell Line, Tumor; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Inhibitors; Er | 2006 |
Growth characteristics of human glioma-derived and fetal neural cells in culture.
Topics: Cell Count; Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Cells, Cultured; Chromosome Aberrations; DNA; DNA, Neoplasm; | 1981 |
Cytokinetic basis for the impaired activation of lymphocytes from patients with primary intracranial tumors.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Astrocytoma; Brain Neoplasms; Female; Glioblastoma; Humans; Interleukin-2; | 1984 |
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and basic fibroblast growth factor decrease glial fibrillary acidic protein and its encoding mRNA in astrocyte cultures and glioblastoma cells.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Base Sequence; Cells, Cultured; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; Glial Fibrillary Ac | 1995 |
Quantitative methods for scoring cell migration and invasion in filter-based assays.
Topics: Cell Count; Cell Movement; Chemotaxis; Colorimetry; Filtration; Glioblastoma; Humans; Neoplasm Invas | 1993 |
Targeting microtubule-associated proteins in glioblastoma: a new strategy for selective therapy.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; Brain Neoplasms; Carrier Proteins; Cell Line; Colony-For | 1996 |
Autocrine interleukin-1 receptor antagonist can support malignant growth of glioblastoma by blocking growth-inhibiting autocrine loop of interleukin-1.
Topics: Binding Sites; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Division; Glioblastoma; Humans; Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagoni | 1997 |
High performance liquid chromatography of carbon-11 labeled thymidine and its major catabolites for clinical PET studies.
Topics: Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Carbon Radioisotopes; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dogs; Glioblas | 1994 |
Modulation of motility and proliferation of glioma cells by hepatocyte growth factor.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Base Sequence; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Division; Cell Movement; DNA Primers; | 1997 |
Cell cycle-dependent expression of a glioma-specific chloride current: proposed link to cytoskeletal changes.
Topics: Actins; Cell Cycle; Cell Division; Cell Line; Chloride Channels; Cytoskeleton; Flow Cytometry; Gliob | 1997 |
Potentiation of lonidamine and diazepam, two agents acting on mitochondria, in human glioblastoma treatment.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Division; Diaz | 1998 |
In vitro inhibition of human malignant brain tumour cell line proliferation by anti-urokinase-type plasminogen activator monoclonal antibodies.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Astrocytoma; Biomarkers, Tumor; Brain Neoplasms; | 1998 |
Effects of retinoic acid and tumor necrosis factor alpha on GL-15 glioblastoma cells.
Topics: Antigens, CD; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Apoptosis; Bucladesine; Cell Size; Cul | 2000 |
Growth regulation of astrocytes and C6 cells by TGFbeta1: correlation with gap junctions.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Astrocytes; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Communication; Cell Division; Connexin | 2000 |
Fluorodeoxyuridine improves imaging of human glioblastoma xenografts with radiolabeled iododeoxyuridine.
Topics: Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Cycle; DNA, Neoplasm; Drug Synergism; Floxuridine; Glioblastoma; Huma | 2001 |
Gemistocytic astrocytes in gliomas. An autoradiographic study.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Astrocytes; Astrocytoma; Autoradiography; Brain Neoplasms; Frontal Lobe; Gl | 1975 |
Screening of carcinostatic agents in organ culture.
Topics: Animals; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Carcinoma; Cerebellar Neoplasms; Chickens; Culture Techniques; | 1968 |
Neuroglia proliferation studies in tissue culture.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytoma; Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Cell Division; Colchicine; Culture Techniques; DNA; Gl | 1968 |
[Cytokinetic studies on human blood monocytes].
Topics: Anemia, Pernicious; Arteriosclerosis; Autoradiography; DNA; Glioblastoma; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Inf | 1969 |
Neurologic surgery.
Topics: Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Cats; Dogs; Fluorouracil; Glioblastoma; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Lami | 1970 |
Distribution of cell doubling times in in vivo human cerebral tumors.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Deoxyuridine; DNA; Glioblastoma; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Mitosis; Models, Th | 1969 |
[Proliferative activity of neuroglial tumors].
Topics: Adult; Animals; Astrocytoma; Autoradiography; Brain Neoplasms; Child, Preschool; Ependymoma; Female; | 1970 |
In vitro detection of cytotoxic cellular immunity against tumor-specific antigens by a radioisotopic technique.
Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Antigens; Antigens, Neoplasm; Autoradiography; | 1971 |
Cell kinetics of human gliomas.
Topics: Astrocytoma; Autoradiography; Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Carbon Isotopes; DNA; Glioblastoma; Glioma; Hu | 1972 |
[Clinical and experimental results of interstitial Curie-therapy combined with radiosensitizing agents in DS carcinoma of the rat and in infiltrating brain neoplasms].
Topics: Animals; Brain Neoplasms; Bromodeoxyuridine; Carcinosarcoma; Cytidine; Ependymoma; Glioblastoma; Hum | 1972 |
Cell-bound antiglial immunity in patients with malignant tumors of the brain.
Topics: Antigens, Neoplasm; Astrocytoma; Autoradiography; Brain Neoplasms; Cells, Cultured; Chromium Isotope | 1973 |