thromboxane-a2 and Pruritus

Topics: Animals; Autocrine Communication; Drug Design; Free Radicals; Histamine; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Immunoglobulin E; Keratinocytes; Leukotriene B4; Mast Cells; Nitric Oxide; Pruritus; Receptors, IgG; Substance P; Thromboxane A2

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic and severe pruritic skin disease. Interlukin-31 (IL-31) has been recently demonstrated to be one of the key pruritogens in atopic dermatitis. However, the mechanisms underlying IL-31-induced itching remains unclear. In our previous study, we have shown that thromboxane (TX) A. IL-31 was given intradermally into the rostral back of ICR mice and the hind-paw scratching to the injection site were counted. Expression of TX synthase and IL-31 receptors were analyzed using immunohistochemical staining or RT-PCR in mouse skin or primary cultures of mouse keratinocytes. The concentration of TXB. An intradermal injection of IL-31 elicited scratching, an itch-related response, in mice. The scratching was inhibited by TP TXA. It is suggested that IL-31 elicits itch-associated responses through TXA

Topics: Animals; Calcium; Interleukins; Keratinocytes; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Pruritus; Skin; Thromboxane A2

To investigate the mechanisms underlying itching in atopic dermatitis, we examined whether thromboxane (TX) A2, an arachidonic acid metabolite, is involved in spontaneous scratching, an itch-related response, in NC mice with atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions. The TXA2 receptor (TP) antagonist ONO-3708 inhibited the spontaneous scratching. The mRNA expression of TX synthase (TXSyn) distributed mainly in epidermis and the concentration of TXB2, a metabolite of TXA2, were increased in lesional skin. Scratching caused by the PAR2 agonist SLIGRL-NH2 was suppressed by ONO-3708. SLIGRL-NH2-induced scratching decreased approximately 75% in TP-deficient mice, compared to wild-type mice. In primary cultures of mouse keratinocytes, SLIGRL-NH2 induced the production of TXA2, as evidenced by the increased TXB2, which was inhibited by the TXSyn inhibitor sodium ozagrel and a PAR2-neutralizing antibody. Taken together, these results suggest that epidermal TXA2, which may be produced via PAR2 activation, is involved in itching in atopic dermatitis.

Topics: Animals; Dermatitis, Atopic; Keratinocytes; Male; Methacrylates; Mice; Oligopeptides; Pruritus; Receptor, PAR-2; RNA, Messenger; Thromboxane A2

Alpinia katsumadai is known to suppress thromboxane A2 (TXA2) receptor agonist-induced scratching in mice. The specific components of A. katsumadai responsible for these biological effects, however, are not known. In the present study, we investigated whether cardamonin (CDN), one of major principles of A. katsumadai, has suppressive effects on TXA2-induced scratching in mice. Scratching induced by U46619 (the TXA2 receptor agonist) at a dose of 10nmol/site was shown to be suppressed by CDN (0.1nmol-0.5nmol/site). Suppression of the U46619-induced scratching response by CDN was found to be unrelated to competition with the ligand at the TXA2 receptor, since CDN did not suppress [(3)H] SQ29548 (the TXA2 receptor antagonist) binding to TXA2 receptor. TXA2 receptor expression in A549, HaCaT, and SH-SY5Y cell lines was examined and determined to be significant in the A549 and SH-SY5Y cell lines. Further, binding of high molecular G protein Gh/transglutaminase-2 (Gh/Tgase-2) to TXA2 receptor was confirmed in the A549 and SH-SY5Y cells by co-immunoprecipitation. CDN suppressed the binding of TXA2 receptor with Gh/Tgase-2, which also acts as a G protein involved in TXA2 signaling. These results suggested that CDN suppresses TXA2 receptor agonist-induced scratching by suppressing TXA2 signaling, specifically via blocking of the binding of Gh/Tgase-2 to TXA2 receptor.

Topics: 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Blood Platelets; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Cell Line; Chalcones; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; GTP-Binding Proteins; Humans; Hydrazines; Mice; Protein Binding; Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; Pruritus; Radioligand Assay; Receptors, Thromboxane A2, Prostaglandin H2; Thromboxane A2; Transglutaminases; Tritium

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2), a metabolite of arachidonic acid produced by cyclooxygenase and thromboxane synthase, is thought to participate in chronic dermatitis. This study investigated the involvement of TXA2 in cutaneous itch. An intradermal injection of U-46619, a stable analogue of TXA2, elicited scratching, an itch-associated response, in mice. Dose-response curve was bell shaped with a maximum effect at 10 nmol per site. The action of U-46619 was inhibited by a coinjection of the TP antagonist ONO-3708 and was abolished by TP receptor deficiency. TP receptor was mainly expressed in nerve fiber in the skin and keratinocytes. Thromboxane synthase was also expressed in keratinocytes. U-46619 increased intracellular Ca2+ ion concentration in primary cultures of dorsal root ganglion neurons and keratinocytes. The results suggest that TXA2 synthesized by keratinocytes acts as an itch mediator. It may elicit itch through the activation of TP receptors on primary afferents and keratinocytes; keratinocytes may produce itch mediators including TXA2. Thus, thromboxane synthase inhibitor and TP receptor antagonists will be candidates for antipruritic medicines.

Topics: 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; Animals; Ganglia, Spinal; Keratinocytes; Male; Mast Cells; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Pruritus; Receptors, Thromboxane; Thromboxane A2; Thromboxane-A Synthase

Although the role of prostanoids in itch was actively studied a decade ago, interest in this area has waned in recent years. Andoh et al. (2007, this issue) demonstrate that the prostanoid thromboxane A2 elicits scratching through its TP receptor. Identification of new itch mediators and their respective receptors within the skin will undoubtedly be the focus of future drug development for this distressing symptom.

Topics: Animals; Humans; Interleukin-2; Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated; Pruritus; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Receptors, Histamine; Receptors, Histamine H4; Receptors, Thromboxane; Thromboxane A2