thromboplastin and Communicable-Diseases--Emerging

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerging human infectious disease that has quickly become a worldwide threat to health, mainly causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. In addition to the widely described respiratory syndrome, COVID-19 may cause life-treating complications directly or indirectly related to this infection. Among these, thrombotic complications have emerged as an important issue in patients with COVID-19 infection, particularly in patients in intensive care units. Thrombotic complications due to COVID-19 are likely to occur due to a pro-coagulant pattern encountered in some of these patients or to a progressive endothelial thrombo-inflammatory syndrome causing microvascular disease. In the present authors' experience, from five different hospitals in Italy and the UK, imaging has proved its utility in identifying these COVID-19-related thrombotic complications, with translational clinical relevance. The aim of this review is to illustrate thromboembolic complications directly or indirectly related to COVID-19 disease. Specifically, this review will show complications related to thromboembolism due to a pro-coagulant pattern from those likely related to an endothelial thrombo-inflammatory syndrome.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anticoagulants; Brain Ischemia; Cause of Death; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Coronavirus Infections; COVID-19; Female; Humans; Italy; Male; Middle Aged; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Pulmonary Embolism; Radiography, Thoracic; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Survival Analysis; Thromboembolism; Thromboplastin; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Filoviruses are responsible for highly lethal infections. Those viruses are found in intertropical areas of Africa and Asia where they circulate in their supposed natural reservoir, fruit bats. During filovirus outbreaks and depending on the strains, various modifications in hemostasis have been observed in patients. The disseminated intravascular coagulation identified in these infections is multicausal and involves both viral factors and abnormal physiological responses. In this review we will describe the mechanisms responsible for these disturbances and we will highlight some aspects of the basis of filovirus high pathogenicity.

Topics: Adrenal Cortex; Animals; Chiroptera; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Cytokines; Disease Reservoirs; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation; Endothelial Cells; Filoviridae; Filoviridae Infections; Haplorhini; Hepatocytes; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Necrosis; Recombinant Proteins; Thromboplastin; Viral Load; Viral Proteins