thiouracil and Hypothyroidism

Topics: Adult; Child; Chlordiazepoxide; Diazepam; Eye Manifestations; Female; Glucocorticoids; Graves Disease; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Imidazoles; Infant, Newborn; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Myxedema; Perchlorates; Potassium; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Propranolol; Reserpine; Thiouracil; Thyroid Crisis; Thyroidectomy

Topics: Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Antimony; Barbiturates; Child; Child, Preschool; Cobalt; Depression, Chemical; Diazepam; Female; Goiter; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Hydantoins; Hypoglycemic Agents; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Iodine; Lithium; Male; Perchlorates; Phenothiazines; Phenylbutazone; Pregnancy; Sulfonamides; Thiocyanates; Thiouracil; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Gland; Xanthines

Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Cerebellum; Cerebral Cortex; DNA; Female; Gestational Age; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Mitosis; Pregnancy; Rats; Thiouracil; Thymidine; Thyroxine; Time Factors; Tritium

Topics: Adenoma; Alpha-Globulins; Antibody Formation; Antigens; Autoantibodies; Autoimmune Diseases; Beta-Globulins; Blood Proteins; Child; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Organ Specificity; Serum Globulins; Species Specificity; Thiouracil; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyroiditis; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune; Thyrotropin; Triiodothyronine

In adults, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) are considered as serological markers of several diseases, especially vasculitis and glomerulonephritis. Since ANCA are rarely positive in children, few data about the clinical relevance of these auto-antibodies in pediatric population have been reported. Therefore, our study aims to describe the spectrum of disorders associated with positive ANCA in Tunisian children. This study had been carried out over a period of 12 years and a half. All patients under the age of 15 for whom ANCA screening was performed in our laboratory were included. Clinical data were collected retrospectively. Indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) technique for ANCA detection was performed using PNN smears fixed with ethanol, formalin and, if necessary, methanol. Positive results were tested using immunodot to characterize the antigenic targets (myeloperoxydase (MPO) and proteinase 3 (PR3)). Our results showed that 410/5,990 (6.8%) laboratory requests for ANCA screening were for children. Forty (9.7%) requests were positive (24 children). Clinical data were available for 19 patients only. Sex-ratio (F/M) was 1.25. The mean age was 9 years and a half (3-15 years). The most frequent IIF patterns were x-ANCA (n=12) and p-ANCA (n=7). In our patients, the most frequent conditions associated to ANCA were treatment with benzylthiouracil for hypothyroidism (n=6), inflammatory bowel disease (n=4) and hemolytic anemia (n=4). In conclusion, the positivity of ANCA in children seems to be a rare event. Associated conditions include clinical disorders specific to the pediatric population. Treatment with benzylthiouracil is an etiology to be taken into consideration.

Topics: Adolescent; Anemia, Hemolytic; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; Biomarkers; Blood Chemical Analysis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Male; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Thiouracil; Vasculitis

The effect of the thyroid activity on the formation of lipid peroxidation and on liver and heart antioxidant enzyme activities was investigated in Wistar rats. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism conditions were induced for five weeks by the administration of 0.05% benzythiouracile (BTU) and L-thyroxine sodium salt (0.0012%), in drinking water, respectively. No significant effect was observed on the rates of both lipid peroxidation and the vitamin E in hepatic and cardiac tissues of hypothyroidism rats compared to the controls, contrary to the hyperthyroidism rats, which expressed a pronounced increase. The increased glutathione peroxidase activity in rats suffering from hyperthyroidism was associated with a fall of the reduced glutathione in the homogenate and a marked increase in the glutathione reductase activity. An increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities was also recorded in hyperthyroidism. Our results explain the thyroid activity variation in relation to the lipid peroxidation and the tissular contents of the enzymatic and the non-enzymatic antioxidants. To conclude, our results show the occurrence of a state of oxidizing stress in relation to hyperthyroidism.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Catalase; Glutathione; Glutathione Peroxidase; Glutathione Reductase; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Male; Myocardium; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Superoxide Dismutase; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Thyroxine

A novel approach for determination of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI) and other thyreostatic residues in animal tissues by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in selected ion monitoring mode was developed. The analytes in animal tissues (including hypothyroid, pork muscle and beef samples) were extracted by acetonitrile, and then purified by a matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) procedure after the extraction residues had been dissolved in water. The thyreostatic residues were derivatized by pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr) under strong basic conditions and then N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) before GC/MS analysis. Different kinds of solid supports with various polarities for the MSPD procedure were investigated, and it was found that silica gel was suitable for the purpose. The average recoveries of the thyreostatic drugs in animal tissues ranged from 71.5-96.9% with the relative standard deviations below 10%. By using the developed method, the limits of detection were 10 microg/kg for MBI; 5 microg/kg for 6-phenyl-2-thiouracil; and 2 microg/kg for 2-thiouracil, 6-methyl-2-thiouracil and 6-propyl-2-thiouracil. The stability of the thyreostatic drugs in spiked animal tissues was tested, and the results showed that the thyreostatic drugs did not decompose within 3 months if the sample was stored in darkness below -20 degrees C.

Topics: Animals; Antithyroid Agents; Benzimidazoles; Cattle; Drug Residues; Food Contamination; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hypothyroidism; Meat; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Swine; Thiouracil

Hypothyroidism in the developing rat brain is associated with enhanced oxidative stress, one of the earliest manifestations of which is a decline in the level of glutathione (GSH). To investigate the role of thyroid hormone (TH) on GSH homeostasis, the effect of TH on gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gammaGT), the key enzyme involved in the catalysis of GSH, was studied. Hypothyroidism declined the specific activity of cerebral gammaGT at all postnatal ages examined (postnatal day 1-20) with a maximum inhibition of 42% at postnatal day 10. Intraperitoneal injection of TH to 15-day-old rat pups increased the specific activity of gammaGT by 25-30% within 4-6 hr. Treatment of primary cultures of astrocytes by TH also enhanced the specific activity of gammaGT by 30-40% within 4-6 hr. The induction of gammaGT by TH was blocked by actinomycin D or cycloheximide. gammaGT is an ectoenzyme that is normally involved in the catabolism of GSH released by astrocytes. In the presence of the gammaGT-inhibitor, acivicin, GSH released in the culture medium of astrocytes increased linearly for at least 6 hr and TH had no effect on this accumulation pattern. In the absence of acivicin, GSH content of the medium from TH-treated cells was significantly lower than that of untreated controls due to activation of gammaGT by TH and a faster processing of GSH. Because the products of gammaGT reaction are putative precursors for neuronal GSH, the activation of gammaGT by TH may be conducive to GSH synthesis in neurons and their protection from oxidative stress.

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Antithyroid Agents; Astrocytes; Body Weight; Cell Survival; Cerebral Cortex; Drug Interactions; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Inhibitors; Female; gamma-Glutamyltransferase; Glutathione; Hypothyroidism; Immunohistochemistry; Isoxazoles; Male; Pregnancy; Radioimmunoassay; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroid Hormones; Time Factors

The deficit of thyroid hormone leads to several structural and physiological modifications in the auditory receptor: the outer hair cells present an immature morphology, abnormal persistence of the afferent dendrites and incomplete development of the efferent terminals. The aim of this work was to perform a quantitative and morphometric study of the spiral ganglion neurons in control and hypothyroid animals. The cochleae from both experimental groups were processed in order to obtain plastic sections. In control animals the size of the neurons increased throughout development and was larger in the basal than in the apical portion of the cochlea. In hypothyroid animals, the cell death that takes place normally during development did not occur, and there was no differentiation into types I and II neurons. The size of the neurons also increased with development in treated animals, but they were smaller than in control animals, and in this case the neurons in the apex were larger than in the base. This study shows that hypothyroidism alters the normal development of the spiral ganglion neurons.

Topics: Animals; Antithyroid Agents; Cell Count; Cell Size; Hypothyroidism; Neurons; Organ of Corti; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Spiral Ganglion; Thiouracil

This study determined the effects of thyroid hormone on the renal dopaminergic system. Surgical thyroidectomy (Tx) and treatment with 2-thiouracil (Thio) decreased renal cortex Na+/K+ ATPase activity and urinary volume. Tx also decreased urinary Na+ and urinary L-DOPA without changing urinary excretion of Dopamine (DA). Thio treatment decreased slightly urinary L-DOPA and Na+, but increased urinary excretion of DA. In both models of thyroid hormone deficiency, the ratio urinary DA/DOPA increased. Changes after Thio treatment were reversed after one month of drug withdrawal. Treatment with T3 via osmotic minipump increased Na+/K+ ATPase activity and urinary L-DOPA, did not change urinary DA, and increased the ratio DA/DOPA. To further analyze the effects of thyroid hormone deficiency, we administered selective DA1 (SCH-23390), DA2 (Sulpiride), and a non selective (Haloperidol) DA receptor antagonists to Thio treated and control animals. The DA1 antagonist decreased diuresis, natriuresis and urinary L-DOPA in control, but had no effect in Thio treated rats. Sulpiride had no effect in either group. The combination of SCH-23390 plus Sulpiride decreased urinary L-DOPA and urinary volume only in Thio treated animals. Haloperidol decreased urinary volume in Thio treated animals, but had no effect in controls. Our findings suggest that renal DA synthesis is to some extent dependent on thyroid hormone levels, and that the response of DA receptors is altered by thyroid hormone deficiency, indicating a role of this hormone in the regulation of the renal dopaminergic system.

Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; Animals; Antithyroid Agents; Benzazepines; Catechols; Dihydroxyphenylalanine; Dopamine; Dopamine Antagonists; Haloperidol; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Kidney; Male; Rats; Receptors, Dopamine D1; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Thiouracil; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroidectomy

Changes in thyroid status affect metabolism not only directly, but influence it also by alterations in insulin secretion and action. Despite several investigations, these effects are, however, poorly characterised or even controversial. The aim of the studies was to investigate the effect of hyperthyreosis (HT) and hypothyreosis (HPT) on insulin binding by rat liver membranes. Some metabolic parameters reflecting insulin and thyroid hormones action were also determined. HT and HPT were developed by daily administration for 3 weeks of thyroxine (T (4) ) and thiouracil (TU), respectively. Experimental hyperthyreosis and hypothyreosis caused deep changes in metabolism. The greatest alterations were observed in body and thyroid glands weight, blood triiodothyronine (T (3) ), T (4), glucose, and insulin levels, liver glycogen amount and number of insulin receptors. HT reflected in rats in slower rate of growth and in smaller thyroid glands weight. In comparison to controls, T (4) concentration in HT was almost doubled and it was reduced by about 30% in HPT. Also, T(3), insulin and glucose levels in HT were heightened. Simultaneously, binding of insulin to liver membranes was elevated in HT and reduced in HPT. In HT the number of high affinity insulin receptors (HAIRs) and low affinity insulin receptors (LAIRs) was increased, whereas in HPT the amount of HAIRs was diminished. HT caused a drastic reduction of glycogen concentration in liver, but no changes were observed for muscle glycogen. Considering lipid metabolism, only free fatty acids (FFA) level in blood was changed (in HPT), but no differences were observed in serum concentration of triglycerides and cholesterol. Several metabolic changes observed in HT and HPT seem to be the dire ct consequence of alterations of thyroid hormone concentrations. These disturbances, together with the direct effect of HT or HPT on insulin secretion, binding and action lead, in turn, to changes in the other metabolic parameters. As a result of these disturbances the adaptive mechanisms appear. One of them is change in the number of insulin membrane receptors taking place even against the well known "down-regulation" theory.

Topics: Animals; Antithyroid Agents; Cholesterol; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Glucose; Glycogen; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Insulin; Liver; Male; Protein Binding; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Receptor, Insulin; Thiouracil; Thyroxine; Triglycerides

The relationship between hypothyroidism and disturbance of the hypothalamo-hypophysial-adrenal axis was investigated using adult male rats. Hypothyroidism was produced by administration of 4-methyl-2-thiouracil (thiouracil) in the drinking water for 2 weeks. Hypothyroidism decreased adrenal weights to 57% of controls and plasma concentrations of corticosterone to 48% of controls. The changes in the weight of adrenals recovered to control levels by administration of thyroxine. The pituitary responsiveness to corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) for ACTH release markedly increased in hypothyroid rats as compared with euthyroid rats. In vivo release of CRH and AVP in median eminence significantly increased in hypothyroid rats as compared with euthyroid rats. There were no significant differences in hypothalamic concentrations of CRH and AVP. These results indicate that hypothyroidism causes adrenal dysfunction directly and results in hypersecretion of ACTH mediated by increases in synthesis of CRH and AVP in the hypothalamus.

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Arginine Vasopressin; Corticosterone; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Hypothyroidism; Male; Median Eminence; Organ Size; Perfusion; Pituitary Gland; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thiouracil

Male copulatory behavior and the function of the hypothalamo-hypophysial-gonadal axis in hypothyroid male rats were investigated in the present study. Hypothyroidism was induced by thyroidectomy or thiouracil. In male copulatory behavior test, intromission latencies in hypothyroid rats were significantly longer than those in euthyroid rats and ejaculation frequencies were reduced in hypothyroid male rats compared to control rats without reduction of plasma concentrations of testosterone. These changes in copulatory behavior in hypothyroid male rats were restored to control levels by administration of T4 (5 micrograms/rat). Hypothyroidism decreased adrenal weights, and basal and peak concentrations of corticosterone during diurnal variation, whereas it increased peak concentrations of ACTH in adult male rats. These results indicate that hypothyroidism causes adrenal dysfunction directly and results in hypersecretion of ACTH. The adrenal disturbance observed in hypothyroid rats may affect male copulatory behavior.

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Copulation; Ejaculation; Female; Hydrocortisone; Hypothyroidism; Male; Organ Size; Proestrus; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sexual Behavior, Animal; Testis; Thiouracil; Thyroidectomy; Thyroxine

1. Alterations in the cardiac alpha 1-adrenoceptor and its subtypes in hypothyroid rats were studied by radioligand binding assays and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Hypothyroidism was created by feeding rats with 0.2% 2-thiouracil solution instead of daily drinking water for 20 days. 2. The density of cardiac alpha 1-adrenoceptors (Bmax) was increased from 67.5 +/- 4.3 fmol/mg in control rats to 81.1 +/- 7.2 fmol/mg (P < 0.05) in hypothyroid rats. 3. Compared with control rats, in hypothyroid rats the percentages of high-affinity sites for (+)-niguldipine and 5-methylurapidil were increased from 13.8 +/- 5.6 and 31.9 +/- 6.3%, respectively, to 24.9 +/- 7.3 and 45.5 +/- 2.4%, respectively (both P < 0.05), while those for BMY7378 were decreased from 37.2 +/- 8.9 to 23.8 +/- 8.4% (P < 0.05), respectively. The percentage of high-affinity sites for WB4101 was not significantly different in control and hypothyroid rats (43.3 +/- 9.1 and 39.4 +/- 3.6%, respectively). 4. Reverse transcription-PCR experiments revealed that the steady state levels of mRNA for alpha 1A- and alpha 1B-adrenoceptors were increased, while those for alpha 1D-adrenoceptor were decreased in the hearts of hypothyroid rats. 5. The concentration-contraction response curves for noradrenaline in the presence of a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist in control and hypothyroid rats showed that the maximal response was reduced from 344 +/- 58 to 200 +/- 23 mg, respectively (P < 0.05). 6. The data suggest that in hypothyroid rats the total number of cardiac alpha 1-adrenoceptors is increased. The change is subtype-selective, with levels of alpha 1A- and alpha 1B-adrenoceptors being increased and levels of alpha 1D-adrenoceptors being reduced. Furthermore, the positive inotropic response mediated by alpha 1-adrenoceptors is reduced in hypothyroid rats.

Topics: Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; Animals; Atrial Function; Binding, Competitive; Dihydropyridines; Dioxanes; DNA Primers; Heart Atria; Hypothyroidism; Male; Myocardial Contraction; Norepinephrine; Phenethylamines; Piperazines; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protein Binding; Radioligand Assay; Rats; Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha; RNA, Messenger; Tetralones; Thiouracil

The effect of melatonin on cholesterol metabolism in the rat was investigated in the dietary and hypothyroid models of hypercholesterolemia. In normal and dietary hypercholesterolemia (induced by 1% cholesterol, 0.5% bile acid), melatonin treatment (12.5mg/kg i.p.) reduced total serum cholesterol concentration and total low density lipoprotein (VLDL+LDL) cholesterol. The protective action of melatonin was manifested only following the induction of cholesterolemia in such animals. Enhanced catabolism of cholesterol to bile acids is likely involved as shown by an increase in fecal bile acid excretion following melatonin treatment. Incorporation of 1-14C acetate into sterols was unaffected by melatonin treatment which suggests its lack of influence on sterol biosynthesis. In secondary hypercholesterolemia (hypothyroidism induced by 2-thiouracil), melatonin exerted a beneficial effect by increasing the HDL/total LDL cholesterol ratio. These findings suggest that the hypocholesterolemic effect of melatonin may work through the augmentation of endogenous cholesterol clearance mechanisms. This is accompanied by the lowering of the cholesterol fraction associated with low density lipoproteins.

Topics: Animals; Anticholesteremic Agents; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholesterol; Cholesterol, Dietary; Cholesterol, HDL; Cholesterol, LDL; Cholesterol, VLDL; Feces; Homeostasis; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypothyroidism; Male; Melatonin; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thiouracil

To investigate the mechanism of the antagonistic effect of Na-((1S,2R)-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopentylcarbonyl)-L-histidyl-L-prolin amide monohydrate (CAS 131404-34-7, JTP-2942) on reserpine-induced hypothermia, the role of the autonomic nervous system, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland regarding the effects of JTP-2942 has been studied in mice. Both phenoxybenzamine and propranolol significantly attenuated the hyperthermic effect of JTP-2942 on reserpine-induced hypothermia, although neither drug caused complete inhibition. A high dose of hexamethonium also significantly antagonized the hyperthermic effect of JTP-2942. The hyperthermic effect of JTP-2942 was almost abolished by adrenal demedullation. In mice with thiouracil-induced hypothyroidism, both thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and JTP-2942 significantly increased the rectal temperature. However, the increase induced by TRH was smaller in hypothyroid mice than in control mice, while the temperature increase induced by JTP-2942 was similar in both hypothyroid and control mice. These results suggest that the hyperthermic effect of JTP-2942 is mainly mediated by the adrenal gland and the autonomic nervous system. In addition, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis does not regulate the hyperthermic effect of JTP-2942, unlike that of TRH.

Topics: Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Body Temperature; Hexamethonium; Hypothermia; Hypothyroidism; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred ICR; Phenoxybenzamine; Propranolol; Reserpine; Thiouracil; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether hypothyroidism would affect the components of the rat plasma fibrinolytic system. Hypothyroidism was induced by feeding rats a thiouracil-containing diet for 2 weeks. During this period, half of the animals received subcutaneous injections of L-thyroxine (20 micrograms/kg daily) to restore thyroid hormone levels. Groups of euthyroid rats were similarly treated with L-thyroxine. Plasma tissue-type PA (t-PA) activity was not affected by thyroid status. Plasma urokinase-type PA (u-PA) activity was significantly decreased by the thiouracil-containing diet; however, this effect was not abolished by L-thyroxine. Plasminogen, alpha 2-antiplasmin and fibrinogen were not affected by hypothyroidism. In the hypothyroid group, plasma PAI activity was significantly increased; no such increase was found in animals simultaneously receiving L-thyroxine. Plasma PAI activity correlated with T3 (r = -0.586; P < 0.005) and cholesterol (r = +0.737; P < 0.001); in multiple regression analysis, however, the correlation between PAI activity and T3 was not significant. The increase in plasma PAI activity during hypothyroidism may thus not be a direct effect of the thyroid hormone, but an indirect one through some other, possibly cholesterol related, component.

Topics: Animals; Cholesterol; Hypothyroidism; Male; Plasminogen Inactivators; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thiouracil; Thyroxine; Tissue Plasminogen Activator; Triiodothyronine; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator

Previous investigations have supported the suggestion that perinatal induction of hypothyroidism, using the goitrogen thiouracil, completely prevents elevation of circulating corticosterone levels 15 min after ether stress in 15 day old rats. The present study used radioimmunoassay (RIA) to evaluate the effect of chemical hypothyroidism on response of circulating corticosterone to ether stress, or to exogenous corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), at 15, 30, or 45 min after stimulation. Fifteen day old hypothyroid rat pups responded to ether stress with a linear increase in circulating corticosterone over the time course of the study, and with the levels at 30 and 45 min significantly greater than unstimulated. However, the slope of the increase was markedly subnormal, as was corticosterone level at each time point after stress. On the other hand, CRF injection resulted in elevations of corticosterone along the time course that were similar for normal and thiouracil exposed rats. The results of this study do not support the previous conclusion that chemical hypothyroidism entirely abolishes adrenal axis response in 15 day old rats. Instead, thiouracil depresses the response at a number of post-stimulation time points, rather than causing a time-dependent delay in a normal corticosterone elevation. This is likely the result of thiouracil-induced functional deficits in all components of the neuroendocrine axis regulating corticosterone secretion, with particularly severe effects at the hypothalamus.

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Corticosterone; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Female; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Hypothyroidism; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stress, Physiological; Thiouracil

This work tests the notion that the effect of thyroid hormone on orbital and ocular tissues is mediated through its action on their lysosomal enzymes. Hyperthyroidism was produced in guinea pigs by thyroxin and TSH; hypothyroidism was induced by thiouracil. After treatment for 10 to 21 days, several ocular and orbital tissues were taken for histological, morphometrical, and histochemical examinations. High acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated in extraocular muscles, optic nerve and the retinal pigment epithelium of thyroxine- and TSH-treated animals. The findings fit the notion that the effects of thyroid hormones are mediated through lysosomes also in ocular and orbital tissues.

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Eye; Female; Guinea Pigs; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Lysosomes; Oculomotor Muscles; Retina; Thiouracil; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine

Effects of additions of amino acids to a 20% casein diet on serum cholesterol (Ch) were studied in hypothyroid and hepatoma-bearing rats with endogenous hypercholesterolemia as well as in normal rats. In normal Wistar rats, methionine (Met) was hypercholesterolemic at the "nutritional" level (0.2-0.4%), but hypocholesterolemic at the "excess" level (1.2-2.4%). In Wistar rats with hypothyroidism induced by thiouracil, the addition of excess (1.2%) Met to the 20% casein diet reduced an endogenous hypercholesterolemia due to hypothyroidism by suppressing an elevation in (VLDL + LDL)-Ch with no significant influence on HDL-Ch. In Donryu rats received a subcutaneous implantation of AH109A cells (an ascites hepatoma line), either 1.2% Met, 1.2% cystine (Cys), or 1.2% Met and 2.5% glycine (Gly) in combination improved a hepatoma-induced hypercholesterolemia and abnormal serum lipoprotein profiles by suppressing a hepatoma-induced increase in (VLDL + LDL)-Ch. From Ch turnover studies in hepatoma-bearing rats, an impaired catabolism of Ch in the liver was suggested to be one cause for the hepatoma-induced elevation in (VLDL + LDL)-Ch. One of the dietary manipulations. met and Gly in combination (Met + Gly), was found to improve the impaired Ch catabolism, this leading to a reduction of the (VLDL + LDL)-Ch level by Met + Gly in hepatoma-bearing rats.

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Caseins; Cystine; Dietary Proteins; Glycine; Hypercholesterolemia; Hypothyroidism; Liver Neoplasms, Experimental; Male; Methionine; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thiouracil

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of thymic and bursal lymphocytes from hypothyroidic chicks to take up 3H-thymidine. To produce hypothyroidism, chicks were fed a diet containing thiouracil (0.1%) from day of hatch to 3 weeks of age. At 1, 2 and 3 weeks of age, body weights were significantly lower for hypothyroid chicks, and at 2 and 3 weeks of age, the relative weights of the thymus and bursa were significantly less than those of controls. Furthermore, chicks treated with thiouracil had significantly lower serum concentrations of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Thymic cells from hypothyroid chicks incorporated less 3H-thymidine at 1 and 3 weeks of age as assessed by liquid scintillation counting and autoradiography. Liquid scintillation counts for labeled bursal cells from hypothyroid chicks were not lower at 1 week of age, but the counts were lower at 3 weeks of age. Autoradiographic studies with bursal cells revealed that 3H-thymidine incorporation was less, but not significantly less, in medium-size lymphocytes from thiouracil-treated chicks at both 1 and 3 weeks of age. Thymidine incorporation into large bursal cells was affected more by thiouracil treatment at 1 than 3 weeks of age.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; B-Lymphocytes; Body Weight; Bursa of Fabricius; Cells, Cultured; Chickens; Diet; Hypothyroidism; T-Lymphocytes; Thiouracil; Thymidine; Thymus Gland

Chickens from lines selected for high (HA) and low (LA) antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were fed ad libitum either a diet containing 0 (control) or .1% thiouracil (TF) throughout two trials. Chicks were injected intravenously with .1 ml of .25% SRBC at 37 days of age in Trial 1, and a booster of the same dosage was given to half of these chicks at 61 days of age. Antibody titers were measured 5 and 3 days after primary and secondary inoculations. In Trial 2, primary inoculations of SRBC were given at 21 and 38 days of age, and chicks were bled 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after inoculation. TF chicks had lower body weights and higher feed efficiencies than controls. Plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations were similar for both lines, but line by diet interactions were present for plasma triiodothyronine (T3) and T3/T4 ratios. When fed the control diet, T3 concentrations and T3/T4 ratios were higher for line HA than line LA, but the pattern was reversed when thiouracil was fed. Antibody titers to SRBC in both trials were higher for HA than LA chicks, but were similar for TF and control chicks. Persistence of elevated titers appeared to be greater in TF than control chicks. There were no differences between TF and control chicks for heterohphil/lymphocyte ratios.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Chickens; Erythrocytes; Female; Hypothyroidism; Male; Sheep; Species Specificity; Thiouracil; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

The effect of hypo- and hyperthyroidism on vitamin B-12 metabolism in the rat was studied by measuring methylmalonic acid excretion, B-12 content of liver and oxidation of 2-[14C]histidine. Ten percent pectin was added to increase severity of B-12 deficiency. The addition of thiouracil to a diet containing 10% pectin decreased the excretion of methylmalonic acid suggesting an amelioration of the B-12 deficiency. It was found that part of this decreased methylmalonic acid excretion was due to a decreased food consumption with a correspondingly decreased intake of branched-chain amino acids which are precursors of methylmalonic acid. When attempts were made to increase the protein intake of animals receiving thiouracil so their amino acid intake was equal to that of the control animals, methylmalonic acid excretion was still lower than that of the controls. It was also found that the vitamin B-12 content of the liver was higher in the animals receiving thiouracil than in the controls. Thyroidectomy had the same effect as feeding thiouracil. Liver B-12 levels are rapidly depleted on a B-12 deficient diet containing 10% pectin. It appears that hypothyroidism, induced either by thyroidectomy or by feeding thiouracil, slows the rate of depletion of hepatic B-12 which in turn facilitates the metabolism of methylmalonic acid and decreases its excretion in the urine.

Topics: Animals; Dietary Proteins; Folic Acid; Histidine; Hypothyroidism; Liver; Malonates; Methylmalonic Acid; Mice; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroidectomy; Vitamin B 12; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency

Thiouracil-induced hypothyroidism reduced the thymus weights of young chickens. Thyroid weights were greater in thiouracil-fed (TF) chicks, and the circulating levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine were lower. Thiouracil treatment resulted in higher relative adrenal weights and serum corticosterone concentrations. Absolute weights of adrenals were equivalent between control and TF groups. The TF chicks showed depressions of total white blood cell counts and numbers of lymphocytes. Monocyte and granulocyte numbers were unchanged from those of controls. Thiouracil treatment lowered the phytohemagglutinin M responsiveness of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). On the other hand, the PBL from TF chicks produced the higher graft vs host (GvH) response. Therefore, while the hypothyroidic state impaired cycling activity in T cells, this condition did not significantly influence a functional parameter of T cells, the GvH response.

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Graft vs Host Reaction; Hypothyroidism; Lymphocyte Activation; Organ Size; Phytohemagglutinins; T-Lymphocytes; Thiouracil; Thymus Gland; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones

Both clinical diabetes and chemically-induced diabetes have been reported to alter control processes of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. One of the sites of alteration appears to be depression of thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulated thyrotrophin (TSH) release. The present study examined the influence of sequential administration of streptozotocin and the goitrogen thiouracil to male mice for 4 weeks in view of their possibly opposing effects on TSH release. The drugs produced the expected results when administered singly, with streptozotocin producing hyperglycemia and thiouracil causing hypothyroxinemia and goitrogenesis. Additionally, thiouracil administration produced hyperinsulinemia. Sequential administration of the drugs appeared to ameliorate the thyroid status and glycemic condition caused by individual exposure. Streptozotocin reduced the goitrogenic influence of thiouracil and thiouracil reduced the hyperglycemia of streptozotocin, but not to control levels. Thus, sequential administration resulted in mice with simultaneously elevated circulating glucose and insulin levels, and depressed thyroxine levels. Similar effects on glucose, insulin, and the thyroxine levels have been reported clinically in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Hyperinsulinism; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Hypothyroidism; Male; Mice; Streptozocin; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Thyrotropin; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

The objective of this experiment was to examine the relationship between levels of circulating T3, T4, and humoral immunity in immature male chickens. Three week old Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks were used as the experimental animals. In order to produce a wide range of circulating thyroid hormone concentrations, birds were divided into groups and received one of nine treatments including surgical thyroidectomy; 0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU) in the feed; 1 ppm T3 and 10 ppm T4 in the feed. Antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (thymus-dependent antigen) and Brucella abortus (BA) (thymus-independent antigen) was tested at 6 weeks of age. Concentrations of T3 and T4 were measured in birds from each treatment group at 7 and 11 weeks of age. At 11 weeks of age, birds were weighed, sacrificed and lymphoid organs removed and weighed. There were positive correlations between circulating thyroid hormones and weights of bursa of Fabricius and spleens. There were no significant correlations between circulating thyroid hormones and antibody production. It was concluded that physiological levels of thyroid hormones are needed to maintain normal weights of bursa and spleen. Furthermore, we conclude that lower than physiological levels might be sufficient for normal antibody production. Finally, stimulation of antibody production using thyroid hormones may require different doses than what were utilized in this study.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Bursa of Fabricius; Chickens; Hypothyroidism; Male; Organ Size; Spleen; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Thyroidectomy; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of feeding a diet containing .1% thiouracil to two lines of New Hampshire chickens differing in growth rate and relative bursa size. Body weight, serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine, and thyroxine were reduced by the thiouracil treatment. The primary total anti-sheep red blood cell (SRBC) titer in Experiment 1 was higher for thiouracil-fed (TF) chicks at 7 days postprimary immunization (PPI). In Experiment 2, the total anti-SRBC titers were higher for control chicks 3 days PPI; but from 5 to 10 days PPI, TF chicks had higher titers. During the secondary response in both experiments, the total anti-SRBC titers were not consistently higher for one dietary group over the other from 3 to 10 days postimmunization. Mercaptoethanol-resistant antibody titers were not significantly different between the two dietary groups in either experiment during the primary and secondary responses. Thiouracil-fed chicks had higher immunoglobulin G (IgG) and M (IgM) concentrations in serum during both the primary and secondary responses in Experiment 2. Although there was no genotype effect on antibody production to SRBC, serum immunoglobulins were different between lines. Small bursa line (SBL) chickens had higher serum IgG while the IgM concentrations of chicks from the Lester J. Dreesen strain were greater than those of SBL.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Chickens; Hypothyroidism; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Mercaptoethanol; Poultry Diseases; Thiouracil; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Long-term (35 days) effects of thyroid hormone on the number of myocardial beta-adrenergic receptors and the c-AMP concentration were studied in the rat. The ventricles from triiodothyronine-administered rats (T3 rats) showed an increase in the number of beta-receptors compared to controls (54.3 +/- 3.1 vs 39.3 +/- 1.8 fmole of [125I]-iodohydroxybenzylpindolol (IHYP) binding sites/mg protein p less than 0.001) on the 35th day. Conversely, the ventricles from thiouracil-administered rats (TU rats) showed a decrease in the number of beta-receptors compared to controls (31.4 +/- 1.6 vs. 38.4 +/- 2.6 fmole/mg protein, p less than 0.05). The equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) for the interaction of receptors with IHYP did not differ significantly (0.10 to 0.15 nM). The myocardial concentration of cyclic AMP was not significantly different (T3 rats, 1.09 +/- 0.09 nM/g wet weight tissue; T3 controls, 1.12 +/- 0.07; TU rats, 1.13 +/- 0.07; TU controls, 1.16 +/- 0.12) on the 35th day. On serial effects of triiodothyronine from the first to the 35th day, the number of beta-receptors of T3 rats increased significantly on the 24th and the 35th day, but the c-AMP concentration was not significantly different from that in control rats. These results demonstrated that thyroid hormone affects the number of myocardial beta-receptors in rats, and suggested a different mechanism of action of thyroid hormone on the myocardium from that of catecholamines.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cyclic AMP; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Myocardium; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta; Thiouracil; Triiodothyronine

Although previous in vivo studies have shown thiouracil to delay maturation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress, the nature of the developmental deficit was not determined. By in vitro methods we determined which HPA components are influenced by thiouracil-induced hypothyroidism in 15 day old rats. Our results indicate that adrenal response to ACTH stimulation and adenohypophysial ACTH content were not significantly modified by thiouracil exposure. On the other hand, the corticotropin-releasing factor-like activity of median eminence extracts was severely depressed by thiouracil-induced hypothyroidism. Thus, the delayed maturation of functional capacity of the central nervous system caused by hypothyroidism includes synthesis of biologically active corticotropin-releasing factor.

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Animals; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; Female; Hypothyroidism; Median Eminence; Pituitary Gland, Anterior; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thiouracil

Hypothyroidism was produced in weanling albino rats by the oral administration of 2-thiouracil (TU) for 110 days. These animals recorded nearly 50 per cent reduction in mitochondrial oxidation of succinate, protein content and the activity of inner mitochondrial membrane-bound beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. Administration of iodobenzene (IB; 0.1 microgram/rat/day) and L-thyroxine (T4; 0.6 microgram/rat/day) to two sets of hypothyroid rats restored the reduced oxidation rate, enzyme activity and protein content to near normal values. IB was comparable to T4 and may act as a thyroid stimulant.

Topics: Animals; Female; Hypothyroidism; Iodobenzenes; Male; Mitochondria; Oxygen Consumption; Protein Biosynthesis; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thiouracil; Thyroxine

This study was conducted to determine if hypothyroidism has an effect on humoral immunity in immature male chickens. Two week old Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks were used as experimental animals. Two experiments were conducted using different methods to induce hypothyroidism. In Experiment 1, birds were surgically thyroidectomized (Tx group) and in Experiment 2, hypothyroidism was induced by supplementing the feed throughout the experiment with 0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU group). Antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) (thymus-dependent antigen) and Brucella abortus (BA) (thymus-independent antigen) was tested at 4 weeks of age. Serum concentrations of T4 and T3 were measured in birds from each treatment group at 5 and 9 weeks of age. Body weights were recorded and birds were then autopsied and thyroid gland weights were measured. Hypothyroidism was successfully induced in both Tx and PTU birds, as reflected by significant reduction in body weights in both groups, enlargement of thyroid glands in PTU birds and absence of thyroid glands in Tx birds. Though T4 and T3 were reduced in sera of treated birds, considerable amounts of these hormones were detected. Hypothyroidism did not seem to have profound or consistent effects on antibody production against SRBC or BA. The possibility that thyroid hormones play a role in antibody production was not ruled out. However, it was suggested that within the physiological range of thyroid gland activity, thyroid hormones may not significantly regulate antibody production.

Topics: Animals; Antibody Formation; Chickens; Hypothyroidism; Male; Organ Size; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroidectomy

Topics: Animals; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Female; Hypothyroidism; Kinetics; Ovarian Cysts; Ovary; Rats; Receptors, Cell Surface; Receptors, FSH; Receptors, LH; Thiouracil

The functional maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been studied in rats of 20-35 days of age made hypothyroid by the administration of thiouracil from conception. Basal concentrations of corticosterone in serum were normal in hypothyroid animals. Ether stress led to an increase corticosterone content of the adrenal glands of hypothyroid and normal rats but not to a rise in serum corticosterone of hypothyroid rats until 30 days of age. Corticosterone secretion in response to ACTH administration was subnormal in hypothyroid rats. The hypothyroid state delays the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-portion of the HPA axis until 30 days of age and causes a diminution in adrenal response to ACTH beyond this time.

Topics: Animals; Corticosterone; Female; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Hypothyroidism; Male; Organ Size; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Rats; Stress, Physiological; Thiouracil

Topics: Animals; Calcium; Cholesterol; Hypothyroidism; Rats; Thiouracil

Topics: Animals; Cadmium; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Kidney; Liver; Male; Radioisotopes; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroxine; Time Factors

Myoelectrical activity was studied in normothyroid and hypothyroid Labrador dogs in the resting state, following injection of pentagastrin, bethanechol chloride, and after feeding. Hypothyroidism was produced by total thyroidectomy and chronic treatment with thiouracil. Electrodes were surgically implanted over the serosa of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum and used for repeated recording of myoelectrical activity of gastrointestinal muscles. A strain gauge was implanted over the gastric antrum and served to record mechanical activity of the stomach. As compared with control dogs, hypothyroid animals showed (a) decreased frequency of electrical control activity of the stomach and jejunum, (b) decreased occurrence of electrical response activity (spike potentials) following stimulation, and (c) decreased mechanical response to the same stimulants, ie, pentagastrin, bethanechol chloride, and food.

Topics: Animals; Bethanechol Compounds; Dogs; Duodenum; Electrophysiology; Female; Food; Gastrointestinal Motility; Hypothyroidism; Ileum; Intestines; Jejunum; Muscle, Smooth; Pentagastrin; Stimulation, Chemical; Stomach; Thiouracil; Thyroidectomy

Principal glycoproteins and amino acids of the secretions from Heidenhain pouches, were studied in normothyroid and hypothyroid Labrador dogs in the resting state, following injection of pentagastrin, histamine and after feeding. Hypothyroidism was produced by total thyroidectomy and chronic treatment with thiouracil. All samples showed the presence of galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, fucose, mannose, uronic acid and sulfate. Galactose and glucosamine were found in equimolar amounts and the galactose to galactosamine ratio was 2:1. Concentrations of most carbohydrate components studied were higher in normothyroid than in hypothyroid dogs. Concentrations of most amino acids analyzed were also higher in normothyroid than in hypothyroid dogs, following stimulation with secretagogues.

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Dogs; Food; Fucose; Galactosamine; Galactose; Gastric Mucosa; Glucosamine; Glycoproteins; Histamine; Hypothyroidism; Mannose; Pentagastrin; Sulfates; Thiouracil; Thyroidectomy; Uronic Acids

The TRH-degrading activity of rat serum in vitro is five times more potent than that of human serum. In rats, it is significantly reduced in hypothyroidism (thiouracil-induced) and significantly increased in hyperthyroidism (T3 or T4-induced). This suggests a possible role in the regulation of adenohypophysial-thyroid function which is probably, in turn, dependent on thyroid hormone, rather than TSH, levels.

Topics: Animals; Cold Temperature; Enzyme Activation; Female; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothalamus; Hypothyroidism; Male; Peptide Hydrolases; Pituitary Gland, Anterior; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

Topics: Androstenedione; Animals; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Estradiol; Estrone; Female; Hypothyroidism; Organ Size; Ovary; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Rats; Thiouracil

Behavioral deficits in adult rats exposed perinatally to thiouracil were substantially reduced or elimated by a 5-week period of "superenriched" postweaning rearing conditions before testing. This treatment resulted in remediation of hypothyroid rats' deficits in maze learning, maze retention, and resistance to extinction of bar-pressing; the facilitative effect persisted for more than 4 months. These behavioral results were consistent with neurohistological findings from studies of early thyroid deficiency and postweaning environmental stimulation in rats.

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Disease Models, Animal; Environment; Extinction, Psychological; Female; Hypothyroidism; Learning; Pregnancy; Rats; Retention, Psychology; Thiouracil

Five groups of female rats which were exposed to thiouracil for varying periods around the time of birth were compared with a 6th group of untreated controls in motivational, metabolic, and hormonal test situations during adolescence and adulthood. The thiouracil-treated rats displayed reduced fearfulness in lever-touching and lever-pressing tasks in operant conditioning chambers and in their initial adaptation to activity-wheel and maze apparatuses. These rats also showed hyperactivity in asymptotic running-wheel performance, increased spontaneous recovery of extinguished lever-pressing, and elevated responding in lever-pressing for variable-interval food reinforcement. A supplemental study revealed significantly greater ad libitum food and water intake and oxygen consumption in male thiouracil-treated rats and elevated serum thyroxine levels in thiouracil-treated females. In general the results indicate that perinatal thyroid deficiency engenders a chronic hypermetabolic state in both sexes which may be associated with a persistent, mild hyperthyroid condition in the case of female rats.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Conditioning, Operant; Drinking Behavior; Estrus; Extinction, Psychological; Feeding Behavior; Female; Hypothyroidism; Male; Metabolism; Motivation; Motor Activity; Pregnancy; Rats; Reinforcement Schedule; Sex Factors; Spirometry; Thiouracil; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Birth Weight; Body Weight; Congenital Hypothyroidism; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Learning Disabilities; Litter Size; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Brain; Exploratory Behavior; Female; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Handling, Psychological; Hypothyroidism; Male; Motor Activity; Organ Size; Rats; Social Isolation; Thiouracil

Possible interrelationships of manganese-deficient and hypothyroid (thiouracil treatment) states in rats were examined. Clinical signs, necropsy changes, and plasma thyroxine concentrations were determined in control rats (group A), thiouracil-treated (hypothyroid) rats (group B), rats given manganese-deficient feed (group C), and rats given thiouracil and manganese-deficient feed (group D). Clinical signs observed included a hyperemic condition of the ears in group C and D rats that was considerably more severe in the latter group. One rat from group D also had middle ear changes, as reflected by a tilting of the head. Fluid intake was severely reduced in group D rats near the end of the 60-day experimental period and resulted in marked dehydration. Pathologic change (fatty liver) was observed at necropsy in only 1 rat from group D. Thiouracil treatment of rats reduced plasma thyroxine concentration to 48 to 68% of base line from experimental days 20 to 60. The same thiouracil treatment combined with feeding a manganese-deficient ration significantly reduced plasma thyroxine concentrations to 37% of base line at day 20 and 5% of base line at day 40; the concentration at day 60 was 76% of base line, apparently approaching normal because of concentration of the plasma (and thyroxine) in the dehydrated rats. Mean adrenal gland weight was significantly less than normal in group D rats, whereas mean thyroid gland weight in this group was increased, although less than that of group B rats treated with thiouracil only. Thus, clinical signs of deficiency were enhanced when athyreotic and manganese-deficient states were combined, and plasma thyroxine concentrations were markedly decreased, giving added meaning to the need for awareness of hormonal and trace mineral status of animals.

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dehydration; Ear Diseases; Hyperemia; Hypothyroidism; Male; Manganese; Rats; Rodent Diseases; Thiouracil; Thyroxine

An infant, whose mother was treated for thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy, appeared normal at birth, but laboratory data were indicative of hypothyroidism. On the sixth day of life the infant had clinical and laboratory evidence of hyperthyroidism. A plan of management is proposed for infants born to thyrotoxic mothers.

Topics: Adult; Female; Fetal Blood; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Iodine; Long-Acting Thyroid Stimulator; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Protein Binding; Thiouracil; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine

Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Chemistry; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Goiter; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Imidazoles; Iodine Radioisotopes; Lithium; Perchlorates; Pregnancy; Thiouracil; Thyroid (USP); Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroid Neoplasms; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Animals; Benzyl Compounds; Hot Temperature; Hypothyroidism; Kinetics; Male; Monoamine Oxidase; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; Myocardium; Rats; Stimulation, Chemical; Thiouracil; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroxine; Tyramine

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Collagen; Decalcification Technique; Glycosaminoglycans; Histocytochemistry; Hypothyroidism; Periodontium; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Aging; Animals; Half-Life; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Monoamine Oxidase; Myocardium; Organ Size; Pargyline; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroxine

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Eyelids; Female; Hypothyroidism; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Keratins; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Morphogenesis; Pregnancy; Rats; Receptors, Cell Surface; Thiouracil; Thyroxine

Topics: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Weight; Bone and Bones; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium; Chickens; Deficiency Diseases; Erythropoiesis; Goiter; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Mitochondria, Muscle; Oxygen Consumption; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin E

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Body Composition; Body Water; Body Weight; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Proteins; Eating; Hypothyroidism; Locomotion; Male; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Aerobiosis; Anaerobiosis; Animals; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Female; Glucose; Hypothyroidism; In Vitro Techniques; Lactates; Organ Size; Ovary; Oxygen Consumption; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Rats; Thiouracil

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Cestode Infections; Chickens; Hemoglobins; Hyperplasia; Hypertrophy; Hypothyroidism; Leukocyte Count; Lipids; Poultry Diseases; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Antithyroid Agents; Carbimazole; Child; Goiter; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Propranolol; Thiouracil; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Angina Pectoris; Animals; Epinephrine; Glycols; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Nitrates; Nitroglycerin; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Chlorates; Diet; Ethyl Ethers; Hypothyroidism; Insulin; Iodine; Male; Potassium; Rats; Thiocyanates; Thiouracil

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Avoidance Learning; Body Weight; Conditioning, Operant; Critical Period, Psychological; Discrimination Learning; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Extinction, Psychological; Female; Fetus; Gestational Age; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Learning Disabilities; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Rats; Reflex; Reversal Learning; Space Perception; Thiouracil

Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Depression, Chemical; Female; Hypothyroidism; In Vitro Techniques; Mitochondria, Liver; Oxygen Consumption; Polarography; Rats; Stimulation, Chemical; Succinates; Thiouracil; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Acclimatization; Altitude; Animals; Female; Goiter; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thiouracil; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Gland; Thyroidectomy; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine

Topics: Animals; Benzyl Compounds; Drug Synergism; Gallamine Triethiodide; Germ-Free Life; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; Rats; Succinylcholine; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Thyroidectomy; Thyrotropin; Tissue Extracts; Tubocurarine

Topics: Animals; Anorexia Nervosa; Hair; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Joint Diseases; Laryngeal Diseases; Neurologic Manifestations; Pigmentation Disorders; Radiography; Swine; Swine Diseases; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Thyroidectomy; Thyroxine

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Animals; Body Weight; Epinephrine; Hypothyroidism; Norepinephrine; Organ Size; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Thyroidectomy; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Cardiac Output; Heart Rate; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Organ Size; Rats; Temperature; Thiouracil; Thyroxine

Topics: Animals; Cytoplasm; Ethanol; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Liver; Male; Mitochondria, Liver; NAD; Oxidation-Reduction; Rats; Sorbitol; Thiouracil; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Animals; Drug Tolerance; Hypothyroidism; Male; Pentobarbital; Rats; Sleep; Thiopental; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Animals; Antithyroid Agents; Body Weight; Bursa of Fabricius; Caseins; Chickens; Comb and Wattles; Fasting; Hepatomegaly; Hypertrophy; Hypothyroidism; Liver; Liver Glycogen; Male; Organ Size; Propylthiouracil; Testis; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Acrylic Resins; Animals; Autoradiography; Carbon Isotopes; Electrophoresis, Disc; Gels; Goiter; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Immune Sera; Immunodiffusion; Iodine; Iodine Isotopes; Iodoproteins; Methods; Proteins; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroglobulin; Thyroid Hormones; Tissue Extracts

Topics: Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Brain; Cytoplasm; Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Liver; Malate Dehydrogenase; Mitochondria; Mitochondria, Liver; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroxine; Tissue Extracts

Topics: Animals; Caseins; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Female; Histamine; Hypothyroidism; Organ Size; Ovarian Cysts; Ovary; Rats; Thiouracil

Topics: Animals; Gastric Juice; Gastric Mucosa; Histamine; Hypothyroidism; Infusions, Parenteral; Male; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antithyroid Agents; Basal Metabolism; Chromatography; Female; Goiter; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine Isotopes; Male; Middle Aged; Radionuclide Imaging; Thiouracil; Thyroid Function Tests

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antithyroid Agents; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine Isotopes; Male; Middle Aged; Reflex, Stretch; Thiouracil; Thyroid Function Tests

Topics: Animals; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Body Weight; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Female; Food; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Organ Size; Protein Biosynthesis; Rats; Saliva; Submandibular Gland; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Animals; Castration; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Female; Hypothyroidism; Organ Size; Ovary; Pituitary Diseases; Pituitary Gland; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Animals; Ascariasis; Ascaris; Ecology; Female; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Male; Mice; Thiouracil; Thyroxine

Topics: Adult; Animals; Electrocardiography; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Eye Movements; Female; Hippocampus; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothalamus; Hypothyroidism; Male; Middle Aged; Rats; Respiration; Sleep; Thiouracil; Thyroxine

Topics: Biological Phenomena; Diet; Drug Synergism; Growth; Hypothyroidism; Iodides; Organ Size; Pathology; Physiological Phenomena; Rats; Research; Thiouracil; Thyroxine; Toxicology

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Cholesterol; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Cysts; Female; Gonadotropins; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Ovarian Cysts; Ovary; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Thiouracil; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Adrenal Glands; Butter; Caseins; Cholesterol; Cottonseed Oil; Dietary Fats; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Liver; Metabolism; Rats; Research; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Diagnosis; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Thiouracil; Thyroid Diseases

Topics: Chorionic Gonadotropin; Collagen; Female; Gonadotropins; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Metabolism; Ovary; Pharmacology; Rats; Research; Thiouracil

Topics: Blood; Hypothyroidism; Intellectual Disability; Pharmacology; Phenylketonurias; Thiouracil; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyrotropin; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone; Tyrosine

Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Blood; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Chromium Isotopes; Cysts; Electrophoresis; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Glycoproteins; Gonadotropins; Gonadotropins, Equine; Horses; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Leucine; Methionine; Ovarian Cysts; Ovary; Proteins; Rats; Research; Thiouracil; Toxicology

Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Erythrocytes; Hypothyroidism; Iodine Isotopes; Research; Thiouracil; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroidectomy; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Body Weight; Body Weights and Measures; Hoarseness; Hypothyroidism; Iodine Isotopes; Larynx; Myxedema; Pathology; Rats; Research; Thiouracil; Thyroid Function Tests; Vocal Cords

Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Caseins; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Cysts; Female; Gonadotropins; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Methionine; Ovary; Pharmacology; Proteins; Rats; Research; Sulfur; Thiouracil

Topics: Acromegaly; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Digitalis Glycosides; Growth Hormone; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypopituitarism; Hypothyroidism; Thiouracil; Thyroid Hormones

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; Antithyroid Agents; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes; Radioisotopes; Thiouracil

Topics: Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes; Propylthiouracil; Radioisotopes; Thiouracil; Thyroxine

Topics: Animals; Cysts; Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Ovarian Neoplasms; Rats; Thiouracil

Topics: Histological Techniques; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes; Methylthiouracil; Thiouracil; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodides; Iodine; Methylthiouracil; Thiouracil

Topics: Animals; Hypothyroidism; Mechlorethamine; Neoplasms, Experimental; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; Thiouracil

Topics: Hypothyroidism; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Thyroid Hormones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viscera

Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Animals; Connective Tissue; Hypothyroidism; Rats; Skin; Sulfur; Thiouracil; Thyroxine

Topics: Animals; Cholesterol; Hypothyroidism; Inactivation, Metabolic; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Rats; Thiouracil

Topics: Amobarbital; Animals; Chloral Hydrate; Hypothyroidism; Narcotics; Pain; Skin Diseases; Thiouracil

Topics: Animals; Hypothyroidism; Liver; Liver Diseases; Liver Regeneration; Rats; Thiouracil; Thyroid Hormones; Triiodothyronine

Topics: Animals; Bile Acids and Salts; Cholesterol; Dogs; Hypothyroidism; Inactivation, Metabolic; Lipid Metabolism; Salts; Thiouracil

Topics: Anabolic Agents; Animals; Hypothyroidism; Proteins; Rats; Testosterone; Testosterone Propionate; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Viscera

Topics: Guinea Pigs; Hypothyroidism; Liver; Propylthiouracil; Thiouracil

Topics: Gonadotropins; Gonadotropins, Pituitary; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pituitary Diseases; Pituitary Gland; Thiouracil

Topics: Animals; Antithyroid Agents; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Brugada Syndrome; Cardiac Conduction System Disease; Heart Conduction System; Hypothyroidism; Rats; Thiouracil

Topics: Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Thiouracil

Topics: Body Temperature; Body Temperature Regulation; Cold Temperature; Guinea Pigs; Hypothyroidism; Methylthiouracil; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland; Viscera

Topics: Guinea Pigs; Hypothyroidism; Thiouracil

The preoperative use of antithyroid drugs is mandatory if surgical treatment of complicated hyperthyroidism is contemplated. Six months to a year may be required for suitable preparation. The long-term use of antithyroid drugs is less effective for the "cure" of hyperthyroidism than is operation or the use of radioactive iodine. Propyl and methyl thiouracil are the antithyroid drugs of choice. Either of these thiouracil derivatives is capable of producing leukopenia. The antithyroid drugs exert no favorable effect on exophthalmos. The antithyroid drugs are suitable for the control of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. The patient probably should not be kept hypothyroid during pregnancy but rather in a state of mild hyperthyroidism.

Topics: Antithyroid Agents; Exophthalmos; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Thiouracil

Topics: Central Nervous System; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Animals; Chickens; Eimeria tenella; Hypothyroidism; Thiouracil

Topics: Animals; Coitus; Female; Guinea Pigs; Hypothyroidism; Maintenance; Male; Thiouracil; Thiourea; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Animals; Estradiol; Estrogens; Female; Guinea Pigs; Hypothyroidism; Thiouracil; Thiourea; Thyroid Gland

Topics: Animals; Estrus; Female; Hypothyroidism; Rats; Reproduction; Thiouracil; Thyroid Gland