thiopental and Epilepsy

Acute seizure and status epilepticus constitute one of the major medical emergencies in children. Among children, the incidence ranges from 4-38/100,000 children per year respectively. The incidence in developing countries is somewhat higher because of infections. Although, the definition of status epilepticus is based on duration of seizures, the operational definition is to treat any child who is brought seizing to the emergency room, as status epilepticus. An urgent time bound approach is of paramount importance when managing a child in status epilepticus. Benzodiazepines remain the first line antiepileptic drugs in the emergency room; a long acting drug (Lorazepam) is preferred when available. This is followed by Phenytoin (20 mg/kg) loading. In patients refractory to above drugs, valproate (30 mg/kg) loading is commonly used and if effective, followed by an infusion (5 mg/kg/h) for seizure free period of 6 h. In non-responders, a trial of Levetiracetam (40 mg/kg infused at 5 mg/kg/min) can be used before starting benzodiazepine or thiopental coma (3-4 mg/kg loading dose, followed by 2 mg/kg/min infusion). When pharmacological coma is initiated, the child needs to be shifted to pediatric intensive care unit for proper monitoring and titration of medications.

Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; Combined Modality Therapy; Cross-Sectional Studies; Developing Countries; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Emergency Service, Hospital; Epilepsy; Humans; India; Infant; Infusions, Intravenous; Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; Levetiracetam; Lorazepam; Phenytoin; Piracetam; Seizures; Status Epilepticus; Thiopental; Valproic Acid

Topics: Amobarbital; Bemegride; Cerebral Cortex; Electric Stimulation; Electrodes; Electrodes, Implanted; Electroencephalography; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Humans; Methohexital; Neurosurgery; Pentylenetetrazole; Photic Stimulation; Respiration; Sleep; Thiopental

Sevoflurane is a methyl ether anaesthetic commonly used for induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia in children. Sevoflurane is a non-irritant and acts quickly so induction is usually calm. However, inhalation induction with high concentrations of sevoflurane can cause convulsion-like movements and seizure-like changes in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Little is known about the EEG during maintenance of anaesthesia with sevoflurane, so we planned a prospective trial of sevoflurane maintenance after i.v. induction with benzodiazepine and barbiturate, which is another common induction technique in children.. EEG recordings were made before premedication with midazolam (0.1 mg kg(-1) i.v.), during induction of anaesthesia with thiopental (5 mg kg(-1)), and during maintenance with sevoflurane (2% end-tidal concentration in air/oxygen without nitrous oxide) in 30 generally healthy, 3- to 8-year-old children having adenoids removed. Noise-free EEG data of good quality were successfully recorded from all 30 children.. Two independent neurophysiologists did not detect epileptiform discharges in any of the recordings.. Premedication with midazolam, i.v. induction with thiopental and maintenance of anaesthesia with 2% sevoflurane in air does not cause epileptiform EEG patterns in children.

Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Methyl Ethers; Midazolam; Sevoflurane; Thiopental

To analyze the efficacy of barbiturate anesthesia in the treatment of intractable epilepsies in childhood.. Anesthesia for 4-5 days with thiopentone sodium was used to treat children with intractable epilepsy in the Department of Pediatrics, Oulu, Finland, from November 1980 through December 1995. The number of epileptic seizures, the number and dosage of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and psychomotor development before and after anesthesia were compared.. Fifty-four children with intractable epilepsy were treated with barbiturate anesthesia. Twenty-four children had infantile spasms; 22, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; seven, complex partial epilepsy; and one, myoclonic epilepsy. Twenty-four (44.4%) children had complications during the anesthesia. The seizures recurred in 53 of the 54 patients in a median time of 12 days after the anesthesia. In 42 (78%) children, the seizure frequency returned to a level equal to or higher than that before the anesthesia in a median time of 211 days. The number of AEDs was significantly greater after than before the anesthesia (6.33 vs. 4.8; p < 0.001). Seventeen (32.5%) children were treated surgically after the anesthesia.. Although the seizures are eliminated or the seizure frequency decreases for a short period after the barbiturate anesthesia, the anesthesia does not change the long-term outcome and is therefore inefficient in the treatment of childhood intractable epilepsies.

Topics: Adolescent; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Child; Child, Preschool; Epilepsy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Thiopental; Treatment Outcome

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is a major neurological parameter in animals and humans. ICP is a function of the relationship between the contents of the cranium (brain parenchyma, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood) and the volume of the skull. Increased ICP can cause serious physiological effects or even death in patients who do not quickly receive proper care, which includes ICP monitoring. Epilepsies are a set of central nervous system disorders resulting from abnormal and excessive neuronal discharges, usually associated with hypersynchronism and/or hyperexcitability. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common forms of epilepsy and is also refractory to medication. ICP characteristics of subjects with epilepsy have not been elucidated because there are few studies associating these two important neurological factors. In this work, an invasive (ICPi) and the new minimally invasive (ICPmi) methods were used to evaluate ICP features in rats with chronic epilepsy, induced by the experimental model of pilocarpine, capable of generating the main features of human TLE in these animals.

Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Hippocampus; Intracranial Pressure; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Muscarinic Agonists; Organ Size; Pilocarpine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thiopental

Mossy fiber sprouting (MFS) is a frequent finding following status epilepticus (SE). The present study aimed to test the feasibility of using manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) to detect MFS in the chronic phase of the well-established pilocarpine (Pilo) rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).. To modulate MFS, cycloheximide (CHX), a protein synthesis inhibitor, was coadministered with Pilo in a subgroup of animals. In vivo MEMRI was performed 3 months after induction of SE and compared to the neo-Timm histologic labeling of zinc mossy fiber terminals in the dentate gyrus (DG).. Chronically epileptic rats displaying MFS as detected by neo-Timm histology had a hyperintense MEMRI signal in the DG, whereas chronically epileptic animals that did not display MFS had minimal MEMRI signal enhancement compared to nonepileptic control animals. A strong correlation (r = 0.81, p < 0.001) was found between MEMRI signal enhancement and MFS.. This study shows that MEMRI is an attractive noninvasive method for detection of mossy fiber sprouting in vivo and can be used as an evaluation tool in testing therapeutic approaches to manage chronic epilepsy.

Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Cycloheximide; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Interactions; Epilepsy; Hippocampus; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Manganese; Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal; Muscarinic Agonists; Pilocarpine; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Statistics, Nonparametric; Thiopental

Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Dosage Calculations; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Epilepsy; Humans; Propofol; Thiopental

Seizure duration is an extensively studied and controversial indicator of treatment quality in electroconvulsive therapy. Previous research comparing the effect of the barbiturate anesthetics methohexital and thiopental on seizure duration has yielded conflicting results. A recent period of unavailability of methohexital in the United States allowed for retrospective comparison of seizure length as well as clinical improvement in treatment using each agent. Retrospective review was made of 837 treatments administered to 97 patients between January 2, 2002, and May 31, 2003, examining anesthetic, seizure duration, and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores of inpatients at hospital admission and discharge. Analysis of variance of treatments 2-5 showed no significant effect for anesthetic on seizure duration. Analysis on a treatment-by-treatment basis revealed a marginally significant trend toward shorter EEG seizures in the thiopental group at the second treatment (50.5 +/- 23.6 s vs. 61.1 +/- 27.9 s; P = 0.07) and fifth treatment (41.7 +/- 16.9 s vs. 51.8 +/- 24.0 s; P = 0.07). A difference approaching statistical significance revealed shorter convulsion length in the thiopental group at treatment 5 (29.0 +/- 12.3 s vs. 34.8 +/- 12.3 s; P = 0.07). Comparison of GAF score improvement at hospital discharge revealed no significant difference (GAF increase 26.4 +/- 9.4 for methohexital-treated patients vs. 24.8 +/- 12.0 for thiopental-treated patients; t = 1.00, df = 82, P > 0.1). Trends approaching significance in treatments 2 and 5 revealed shorter seizures in the thiopental group. However, data on clinical recovery reveals no greater improvement in the methohexital group. Thus, this study calls further into question the premise that choice of barbiturate anesthetic may affect clinical efficacy.

Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anesthesia; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Depressive Disorder; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Methohexital; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Thiopental; Treatment Outcome

Factors contributing to the duration of a single convulsive seizure > 5 minutes were analyzed in 157 children. The medically treated episodes were compared with seizure episodes resolving without treatment (n = 27). Major differences were in age (p = 0.016) and etiology (p = 0.003), and the association between treatment delay and response became significant after 30 minutes when this was analyzed as a single variable (p = 0.003) in Cox regression analysis.

Topics: Administration, Rectal; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Child, Preschool; Clinical Protocols; Disease Progression; Early Diagnosis; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Infusion Pumps; Male; Phenobarbital; Phenytoin; Retrospective Studies; Secondary Prevention; Status Epilepticus; Thiopental; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome

Between 1996 and 2000, a 36-year-old woman was admitted four times for the presumed diagnosis of status epilepticus. Major skin allergy followed by collapsus occurred each time after intravenous phenytoin therapy. Video-EEG demonstrated non epileptic, psychogenic seizure leading to the diagnosis of Münchausen syndrome by idiosyncratic reaction to antiepileptic drugs.

Topics: Adult; Anticonvulsants; Diazepam; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Female; Headache; Humans; Munchausen Syndrome; Panic Disorder; Phenytoin; Thiopental

To delineate a catastrophic childhood epileptic syndrome of unknown cause presenting with persistent intractable multifocal status.. Case note review.. Six children aged 5 months to 6 years presented with focal seizures that progressed within days to intractable multifocal seizures with or without secondary generalisation, which recurred every few minutes and persisted for weeks. One developed impaired consciousness shortly before seizures started. The two younger children showed mild developmental delay before onset but the others were normal. The seizures were unresponsive to all conventional anticonvulsants, steroids or pyridoxine and could only be controlled with doses of thiopentone sufficient to cause electrical suppression. MRI scans were initially normal but later showed focal cortical swelling followed by generalised atrophy. Two developed hepatomegaly, with a normal liver biopsy in one and steatosis in the other. No cause has been found even after neuropathological investigation. Three have died, two within 3 months of onset, while the three survivors have very severe neurological impairment and continued seizures.. The similarity of the clinical features suggests that this is a consistent clinical syndrome.

Topics: Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anticonvulsants; Atrophy; Brain; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Progression; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Female; Hepatomegaly; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Infant; Liver; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Seizures; Thiopental

The acute (ECoG) was examined in 291 patients with intractable epilepsy, without structural brain lesion--from 1971 to 1997. Temporal lobectomy was performed in 198 cases and extratemporal (frontal, parietal or occipital) in remaining 93 cases to achieve seizure control. Epileptic foci was activated during acute ECoG by i.v. administration of ketamine (154 cases) or short-acting barbiturates--methohexital (110 cases) and thiopental (27 cases).. Ketamine significantly more often caused ECoG identified electrographic seizures than methohexital: p = 0, 00001 or thiopental, which in no cases resulted in seizures. Also electrographic seizures occurred more frequently after administration of ketamine in patients with the extratemporal seizure focus localisation in comparison with temporal focus (p < 0.05). Electrographic seizures provoked after administration of ketamine improved the localisation of the area to be resected, more often in extratemporal epileptic foci.. The results of our investigations indicate that ketamine more effectively activated epileptic focus than short-acting barbiturates.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; Female; Humans; Ketamine; Male; Methohexital; Middle Aged; Monitoring, Intraoperative; Thiopental

General anaesthesia for a patient with tuberous sclerosis was complicated by epilepsy. The choice of drugs was related to control of his fits and intercurrent therapy. Thiopentone, vecuronium, and nitrous oxide with isoflurane were satisfactory.

Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Dental Care for Chronically Ill; Dental Prophylaxis; Epilepsy; Humans; Isoflurane; Male; Neuromuscular Blockade; Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; Nitrous Oxide; Thiopental; Tooth Extraction; Tuberous Sclerosis; Vecuronium Bromide

One hundred and three patients underwent a thiopental test during a presurgical evaluation for epilepsy surgery. Depth electrodes were implanted bilaterally into the mesial temporal and mesial frontal lobes. Thiopental was infused at 25 mg/30 s for adults and 0.3 mg/kg/20 s in children until loss of corneal reflexes or a total of 1 g. The absence of beta activity on the EEG, and activation of interictal spiking were two parameters monitored at all recording sites. Positive results were correlated with the anatomy of the ictal epileptic foci. Half of the patients produced increased interictal spiking and three-quarters of them showed absence of beta production in at least one lobe. Despite a reasonably high concordance between ictal foci and the two thiopental parameters, both measures yielded a low sensitivity and specificity. This work, as well as that reported in the literature, was unable to confirm the hypothesis that local damage within the temporal lobe was responsible for positive thiopental test results. An alternative hypothesis is proposed that the thalamus may be a distant source of these findings. Irrespective of the mechanism, the thiopental test must be used cautiously in the evaluation for epilepsy surgery.

Topics: Electrodes; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Temporal Lobe; Thiopental

Frequent epileptic seizures in children are often related to delayed psychomotor development, and status epilepticus is always a neurological emergency. In both situations barbiturate anaesthesia has been used for status epilepticus since the 1960s, and for intractable seizures in children since the 1980s. However, the clinical results on the effectiveness of barbiturate anaesthesia in children with chronic epileptic disorders remain contradictory. Between 1986 and 1991 in Tampere University Hospital in Finland long barbiturate anaesthesia was introduced--using thiopentone sodium--to eight children with very severe epilepsy. Children were 10 months to 7 years 11 months of age and the mean time from the onset of seizures to the introduction of BA was 2 years 8 months. Effects upon seizure frequency, antiepileptic medication and/or psychomotor development were clearly positive in three patients, slightly positive in one patient and in four patients there was no effect. Good effect seemed to be associated with an anaesthesia which is deep and long enough to produce loss of consciousness and spontaneous reactions, and an electroencephalographic pattern of burst-suppression. Positive results were also more often achieved when the treatment lag was less than 12 months. Physical and neurophysiological properties of barbiturates make their effectiveness as anticonvulsants understandable, but there is only little evidence to explain the mechanism of this action.

Topics: Anesthesia, General; Anticonvulsants; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epilepsies, Myoclonic; Epilepsies, Partial; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Phenobarbital; Polysomnography; Spasms, Infantile; Status Epilepticus; Thiopental

A thiopental test 2 weeks after insertion of intracranial electrodes may be used to evaluate patients with refractory epilepsy for surgical therapy. Barbiturates normally produce beta activity on the electroencephalogram. The absence of this response in a monitored brain region implies focal cerebral dysfunction. We describe a technique used to perform this test and the resultant morbidity. The thiopental test consists of intravenous injection of thiopental, 25 mg, every 30 s until either corneal reflexes are abolished, 1,000 mg of thiopental has been administered, or adverse events occur. In children, the dose is adjusted to approximately 0.3 mg/kg of thiopental every 20 s. A retrospective chart review was performed on 104 patients who underwent thiopental tests at the University of Pittsburgh Epilepsy Center. Records were systematically reviewed for thiopental dose, mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation in arterial blood, time to responsivity, need for airway intervention, and occurrence of nausea or vomiting. Thirty-six patients developed upper airway obstruction which required jaw lift maneuver, six patients were given 1,000 mg of thiopental without loss of corneal reflexes, and one patient briefly sustained an arterial saturation of 67%. Five patients exhibited electrographic seizures with clinical seizures evident in two patients. No permanent effects were evident in any patient as a consequence of the test. We conclude, with appropriate monitoring and personnel, that the thiopental test, as described, can be performed safely with acceptable morbidity.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Epilepsy; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Hemodynamics; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nausea; Oxygen; Retrospective Studies; Thiopental; Vomiting

Topics: Adult; Epilepsy; Esophagus; Female; Hernia, Diaphragmatic; Hernia, Hiatal; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Monitoring, Physiologic; Thiopental; Time Factors

Althesin antiparoxysmal effect was comparatively studied with diazepam and thiopental sodium on penicillin induced cortical epileptic focus and on mesencephalic reticular unitary activity triggered by cortical spikes. Althesin was shown to abolish both cortical and subcortical epileptic activity, while diazepam was able to suppress the paroxysmal unitary activity evoked from the cortical spikes at the level of the reticular mesencephalic formation, but was ineffective on focal paroxysm. Thiopental sodium exhibited behaviour similar to Althesin, but its action was weak and short lasting at both levels. A comparative study showed that Althesin had, at cortical and subcortical level, a more drastic and longer antiparoxysmal effect than the other two drugs tested. Althesin would seem to exert a potent antiepileptic effect through a double action: i) it suppresses abnormal activity at cortical focus level ii) it depresses the multineural mechanism involved in the seizure spread at subcortical level.

Topics: Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Cerebral Cortex; Diazepam; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Thiopental

Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Epilepsy; Etomidate; Ketamine; Methohexital; Thiopental

In 17 epileptic patients, most of them with seizures of partial type but with diffuse or focal alternating abnormalities in the electroencephalographic recordings, chronic implantation of subarachnoid electrodes was performed. Through two bicoronal burr-holes and under fluoroscopic control, 13 to 19 insulated monopolar flexible electrodes were introduced in the subarachnoid space, conducting them either to standardized cortical targets, or concentrating them in that area of interest showed by conventional EEG. The electrodes were placed bilaterally and symmetrically, and remained implanted for 10 days. During this period, the activity of multiple foci, the reciprocal dependence between them, its reaction to cortical electric stimulation, barbiturate administration and sleep, were studied. No morbidity was found. Because of the simplicity and safety of this technique, it appears to be a good diagnostic method placed between conventional EEG and stereoelectroencephalography.

Topics: Electric Stimulation; Electrodes, Implanted; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Sleep; Stereotaxic Techniques; Thiopental; Trephining

Ten instances of deliberate systemic temperature elevation in the 41.5 degrees C to 42.2 degrees C range have been evaluated electroencephalographically, demonstrating decrease in predominant frequency and voltage. Persistence of electro-cerebral activity suggests that previous reports of electro-cerebral inactivity with elevated temperatures reflect indirect serious effects due to cardiovascular compromise with cerebral ischemia, rather than to a direct temperature-related loss of CNS electrical activity.

Topics: Anesthesia, General; Beta Rhythm; Delta Rhythm; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Hyperthermia, Induced; Theta Rhythm; Thiopental

Topics: Adolescent; Brain; Child Behavior; Clonazepam; Diagnosis, Differential; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Male; Psychotic Disorders; Seizures; Stress, Psychological; Thiopental; Videotape Recording

Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Diazepam; Epilepsy; Humans; Thiopental

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Amobarbital; Birth Injuries; Brain Neoplasms; Carotid Arteries; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Follow-Up Studies; Frontal Lobe; Humans; Infant; Methods; Middle Aged; Pentylenetetrazole; Thiopental

In view of the observation of tonic-clonic convulsions after the use of Propanidid in certan patients, a study was undertaken of the effects of this drug (7 mg/kg) on the EEG of 2 volunteers with a known history of epilepsy. Both subjects developed tonic-clonic convulsions and showed typical alterations of the EEG pattern even before the onset of hyperventilation. These EEG alterations were producible also during complete relaxation. The convulsions were easily stopped by the administration of short-acting barbiturates. Similar observations reported in the literature are briefly discussed. The conclusion is drawn that Propanidid should not be given to patients with a known history of epilepsy or any other convulsive disease.

Topics: Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Male; Propanidid; Seizures; Thiopental

Topics: Acoustic Stimulation; Amygdala; Animals; Brain; Cerebral Cortex; Dogs; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Evoked Potentials; Female; Hippocampus; Male; Methohexital; Pentylenetetrazole; Photic Stimulation; Reticular Formation; Species Specificity; Tegmentum Mesencephali; Thalamic Nuclei; Thiopental

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, Dental; Brain Damage, Chronic; Carbon Dioxide; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Female; Halothane; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Ketamine; Male; Methohexital; Movement Disorders; Oxygen; Partial Pressure; Seizures; Thiopental

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Laughter; Male; Sleep; Thiopental; Wakefulness

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Brain Diseases; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Absence; Humans; Thiopental

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amobarbital; Carotid Arteries; Child; Child, Preschool; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Functional Laterality; Humans; Infant; Injections, Intra-Arterial; Injections, Intravenous; Methods; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Child; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Male; Methohexital; Thiopental

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Diazepam; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Male; Postoperative Complications; Thiopental

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Body Temperature; Child; Diazepam; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Male; Middle Aged; Thiopental

Topics: Cerebral Cortex; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Methohexital; Thiopental

Topics: Brain Diseases; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Absence; Humans; Methods; Neurologic Manifestations; Thiopental

Topics: Brain Diseases; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Post-Traumatic; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Sleep Stages; Thiopental

Topics: Anesthesia, Intravenous; Animals; Castration; Epilepsy; Female; Male; Methandrostenolone; Methyltestosterone; Mice; Pentobarbital; Pentylenetetrazole; Pregnanediones; Rats; Sex Factors; Thiopental; Time Factors

Topics: Amobarbital; Anesthesia; Diazepam; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Epilepsy; Humans; Methohexital; Reaction Time; Seizures; Statistics as Topic; Thiopental

Topics: Epilepsy; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Thiopental

Topics: Curare; Epilepsy; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Seizures; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Brain; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Doxapram; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Hydrochloric Acid; Hypertension; Hypoxia; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Morpholines; Pyrrolidinones; Thiopental

Topics: Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Pharmacology; Thiopental

Topics: Anticonvulsants; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Convolvulaceae; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Hypnotics and Sedatives; India; Mice; Pentylenetetrazole; Pharmacology; Physiology; Plants, Medicinal; Rabbits; Rats; Research; Thiopental; Toxicology; Valerian

Topics: Anesthesia; Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Humans; Neurons; Thiopental

Topics: Barbiturates; Epilepsy; Humans; Thiopental

Topics: Barbital; Epilepsy; Pregnancy; Sodium; Thiopental