thiopental and Drug-Hypersensitivity

Topics: Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthetics, Local; Animals; Apnea; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Barbiturates; Central Nervous System; Critical Care; Diazepam; Drug Hypersensitivity; Epinephrine; Female; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Intubation, Intratracheal; Male; Monitoring, Physiologic; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Pregnancy; Procaine; Seizures; Succinylcholine; Thiopental

Topics: Affective Symptoms; Akathisia, Drug-Induced; Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Drug Hypersensitivity; Hemodynamics; Humans; Pain; Propanidid; Respiration Disorders; Thiopental; Time Factors

Severe histamine mediated reactions to intravenous drugs used in anaesthesia may occur as a result of anaphylactic and anaphylactoid reactions. The incidence is rare, but appears to be increasing. The difficulties in diagnosing such reactions and in determining the drug responsible and how these difficulties have led to confusion in the literature are discussed. Six cases of severe histamine mediated reactions are presented and detailed analyses of the drugs in these and other reported reactions is made showing varied clinical patterns with different drugs. The prevention, treatment, and follow-up of severe histamine mediated reactions are considered.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture; Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Drug Hypersensitivity; False Negative Reactions; False Positive Reactions; Female; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Histamine Release; Humans; Male; Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents; Propanidid; Skin Tests; Succinylcholine; Thiopental

In the perioperative setting multiple agents can cause anaphylaxis. Often the reactions are dramatic, and due to their lifethreatening potential it is crucial that the responsible agent is identified in order to avoid future adverse reactions. The aim of the present study was to measure the concentration of serum mast cell tryptase (MCT), to investigate the prevalence of serum IgE antibodies against ammonium groups, choline, morphine, suxamethonium, thiopentone and latex and to perform skin prick tests (SPTs) in 18 patients experiencing an anaphylactic reaction during induction of general anaesthesia.. Serum samples from 18 patients with an anaphylactic reaction during general anaesthesia were analyzed for MCT and specific IgE against ammonium groups, choline, morphine, suxamethonium, thiopentone and latex. Skin prick tests were performed in 11 out of 18 patients.. Ten patients had elevated MCT levels and specific IgE against ammonium ion, morphine and (with the exception of patient nos 3, 9 and 10) suxamethonium. Seven of these patients had positive SPTs to suxamethonium. One of the patients tested positive to latex in addition to suxamethonium. Two patients showed elevated MCT, while specific IgE against the drugs tested was not detected. Three patients tested positive to ammonium ion, morphine and suxamethonium, but negative to MCT. Three patients tested negative to both MCT and specific IgE.. Fifteen out of 18 sera tested positive for MCT and/or specific IgE against neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBDs). Ten of the 18 patients experienced an IgE-mediated anaphylactic reaction to NMBDs during anaesthesia, verified by detection of specific IgE and elevated levels of MCT.

Topics: Adult; Analgesics, Opioid; Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, General; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Biomarkers; Choline; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Latex; Male; Mast Cells; Morphine; Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Serine Endopeptidases; Skin Tests; Succinylcholine; Thiopental; Tryptases

Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, General; Benzodiazepines; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Latex; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Neuromuscular Agents; Preoperative Care; Skin Tests; Thiopental

Topics: Alcuronium; Anaphylaxis; Anesthetics; Drug Hypersensitivity; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Postoperative Period; Radioimmunoassay; Skin Tests; Succinylcholine; Thiopental

Two women experienced anaphylactoid reactions after induction of general anaesthesia. Prick tests, intradermal tests (IDT), human basophil degranulation tests (HBDT) and a quaternary ammonium sepharose radioimmunoassay were undertaken several weeks later and repeated together with a leucocyte histamine release (LHR) test after 4 months. Anaphylaxis to suxamethonium was documented by four tests in patient 1 and to pancuronium by four tests in patient 2. Anaphylaxis to thiopentone was shown with IDT, HBDT and LHR in both women. It was concluded that simultaneous anaphylaxis to thiopentone and a neuromuscular blocker had occurred in these patients.

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, General; Basophil Degranulation Test; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Histamine Release; Humans; Intradermal Tests; Leukocytes; Pancuronium; Succinylcholine; Thiopental

The three currently available paper radioallergosorbent tests ('suxamethonium', alcuronium and thiopentone) were evaluated. 'Suxamethonium' radioallergosorbent test (which employs choline conjugated to paper discs) proved to be reliable in the detection of allergy to neuromuscular blockers, which were confirmed as the most common cause of anaphylactic reaction during general anaesthesia. Thiopentone radioallergosorbent test may also be useful, and is recommended in conjunction with 'suxamethonium' radioallergosorbent test in the preliminary investigation of reactions. Patients with positive 'suxamethonium' radioallergosorbent test usually require further testing, including alcuronium radioallergosorbent test, skin testing with a wide range of drug concentrations or leucocyte histamine release test.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Alcuronium; Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, General; Antibodies; Child; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Histamine Release; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Male; Middle Aged; Radioallergosorbent Test; Skin Tests; Succinylcholine; Thiopental

Thiopentone-specific IgE antibodies from the sera of subjects who experienced a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction to the drug and IgE antibodies that cross-react with thiopentone via substituted ammonium groups in either cyclic or acyclic form, were studied by direct binding immunoassays and quantitative hapten inhibition methods. Findings provided an explanation for the apparent 'non-specific' nature of some IgE antibody reactions with thiopentone and reinforce the conclusion that the thiopentone IgE immunoassay is a valuable aid in the diagnosis of immediate allergic reactions to the drug.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Binding, Competitive; Drug Hypersensitivity; Haptens; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; Radioimmunoassay; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Arthroscopy; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Propofol; Skin Tests; Thiopental

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, General; Drug Hypersensitivity; False Positive Reactions; Humans; Risk Factors; Thiopental

Accidents observed during induction of anaesthesia are most often linked to non-specific histamine liberation. The sale of new hypnotics (Methohexital and Propofol), has brought the hope that their histamine-liberation potential would be lower. The study was done in patients who were at risk of histamine-liberation (atopics, drug allergies etc.). Two series of patients were studied after anti H1 and tranquilizer premedication. Histamine liberation by Propofol versus Thiopental as the inducer was studied in the first group. In the second, the combination was Methohexital versus Thiopental. In both series studied the new hypnotics Propofol and Methohexital did not release histamine non-specifically in atopics at risk. Neither clinical reactions non increase of histamineamia were seen. It is concluded that these two new drugs are safe.

Topics: Drug Hypersensitivity; Histamine; Histamine Release; Humans; Methohexital; Phenols; Propofol; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Anesthetics; Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Male; Muscular Atrophy, Spinal; Thiopental

The variations in blood pressure, heart rate and plasma histamine levels were monitored for 10 min in 40 patients at risk of releasing histamine after they had been given 2.5 mg X kg-1 propofol in oil emulsion (n = 20) or 7 mg X kg-1 thiopentone (n = 20). The measurements were carried out before anaesthesia, and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 min after injecting the drug. All the patients were premedicated with a specific anti-H1 antagonist only (terfenadine). Histamine was measured by radio-immunology (Immunotech). Two patients from the propofol group and three from the thiopentone group showed minor signs, that may have been linked to a release of histamine. Blood pressure fell in both groups by about 20% (p less than 0.001) within the first minute, becoming stable afterwards. The heart rate did not change significantly. Plasma histamine levels did not change in either group, nor in those patients who had presented a local erythema. Propofol did not seem to induce non-specific histamine release when injected over a period of 60 s in patients at risk of doing so.

Topics: Adult; Anesthetics; Blood Pressure; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Heart Rate; Histamine; Histamine Release; Humans; Phenols; Propofol; Thiopental

Using an immunoassay developed for the detection of thiopentone-reactive IgE antibodies, the combining site specificities of such antibodies found in sera of patients who experienced life-threatening anaphylactic reactions to the drug were studied. The antibody combining sites from one patient were complementary to the region of the thiopentone molecule containing a thio group at position 2 of the barbiturate ring. The allergenic determinant recognized by IgE antibodies from another patient encompassed a secondary pentyl group and an ethyl group attached to position 5 on the other side of the barbiturate ring. Thus, it is already clear that there is more than one allergenic determinant on the thiopentone molecule with the capacity to provoke IgE formation and drug-induced allergic reactions.

Topics: Allergens; Barbiturates; Binding Sites, Antibody; Drug Hypersensitivity; Haptens; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thiopental

We reported 38 observations with adverse reactions during anesthesia. These observations have collected over about one year. For each observation we studied some parameters like sex, aspect of the adverse reaction, number of general anesthesia before the accident, atopy, age etc. Among the parameters, we noticed the great frequency of reaction in the female group (81.5%) and an increased level of total IgE (greater than or equal to 150 Ul/ml) in 38%. For each investigated drug we realized skin test (Prick-test and when negative, intra-dermal test) and Lymphoblastic Transformation Test L.T.T.). The examinations are compared each other for a best diagnosis: when skin test (ST) and L.T.T. are together positive the allergic reaction is likely. when ST and L.T.T. are together negative, it is likely there is not allergic reactions with this drug. when there is a discordance between ST and L.T.T. prudently we recommend to avoid this drug for future anesthesia. Results of ST and L.T.T. are detailed for the 3 drugs which are more often investigated. That is to say: Thiopental, Suxamethonium, Fentanyl.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anesthesia, General; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Fentanyl; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lymphocyte Activation; Male; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Skin Tests; Succinylcholine; Thiopental

A three-week-old girl presented for surgery for congenital pyloric stenosis. The anaesthetic technique included intravenous induction with thiopentone and neuromuscular blockade with atracurium. The administration of these drugs was followed within 2-3 minutes by oedema of the eyelids and epiglottis, reduced peripheral circulation and central cyanosis. There was no previous exposure to either drug and no definite family history of allergy. Analysis of subsequent sequential blood samples indicated that the reaction mechanism was non-immune and was presumed to be due to pharmacological release of histamine.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Atracurium; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Isoquinolines; Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; Thiopental

There is an increasing awareness of adverse drug reactions and particularly those relating to anaesthesia and surgery where a wide variety of substances may be administered intravenously. The intravenous route offers considerable therapeutic and diagnostic advantage to the clinician. With pharmacologically active drugs the route avoids drug deactivation by digestive enzymes and first-pass hepatic metabolism. With large volumes of fluids, electrolytes, blood, blood fractions and their substitutes it is the only possible way of administration.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Child; Drug Hypersensitivity; Etomidate; Histamine; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Injections, Intravenous; Polyethylene Glycols; Skin Tests; Thiopental

A radioimmunoassay was developed to detect IgE antibodies to the anaesthetic induction agent thiopentone. Significant levels of thiopentone-reactive IgE antibodies were found in the sera of two patients who had experienced life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions following administration of the drug. Inhibition experiments revealed that cross-reactivity occurs between the drug-reactive IgE antibodies and four barbiturate analogues pentobarbitone, phenobarbitone, barbitone and methohexital. The assay should supplement skin testing for the detection of patients with potentially lethal sensitivity to thiopentone.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Middle Aged; Radioimmunoassay; Thiopental

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, General; Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Hypersensitivity; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Thiopental

A 32-year-old female was admitted for a minor elective surgical procedure. Her past history included at least six uneventful general anaesthetics. Anaphylaxis developed shortly following induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone, Innovar and gallamine. Resuscitation was successful but was complicated by ventricular fibrillation. Full recovery followed. Subsequent allergy skin tests revealed hypersensitivity to thiopentone. Recommendations for investigation of suspected hypersensitivity to anaesthetic agents are included, as are guidelines for the recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis.

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Anesthetics; Droperidol; Drug Combinations; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Fentanyl; Gallamine Triethiodide; Humans; Skin Tests; Thiopental

Topics: Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture; Anaphylaxis; Anesthetics; Animals; Cats; Dogs; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Plasma Substitutes; Polyethylene Glycols; Species Specificity; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Drug Hypersensitivity; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Female; Gallamine Triethiodide; Humans; Succinylcholine; Thiopental

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Drug Hypersensitivity; Histamine Release; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Thiopental

Topics: Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture; Ambulatory Surgical Procedures; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Drug Hypersensitivity; Etomidate; Humans; Ketamine; Methohexital; Phenols; Pregnanolone; Propanidid; Propofol; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Male; Thiopental

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anaphylaxis; Antigen-Antibody Complex; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Radioallergosorbent Test; Thiopental; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Bronchial Spasm; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Erythema; Female; Halothane; Humans; Intubation, Intratracheal; Thiopental; Tubocurarine

Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Drug Hypersensitivity; Gallamine Triethiodide; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Male; Succinylcholine; Thiopental

A detailed review of drug-induced bronchospasm is presented. Four types of reactions are described. Furthermore, pathogenesis, clinical picture, treatment and prophylaxis of the "Aspirin-induced asthma" are demonstrated.

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aspirin; Asthma; Bronchi; Bronchial Spasm; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Male; Pancuronium; Peptide Hydrolases; Proteins; Tartrazine; Thiopental

A patient who had shown some evidence of immunological sensitivity underwent several operations under general anaesthesia for otitis media without ill effect. On his second exposure to Althesin, however, he suffered a severe reaction. Facial angioneurotic oedema was accompanied by peripheral vasodilatation and sweating, and C3 conversion was observed in his plasma. Subsequent anaesthetics produced no reactions until four years later, when thiopentone and suxamethonium were given. This reaction was much milder, but C3 conversion again occurred. Although the clinical signs indicated an anaphylactoid reaction, the laboratory findings suggested that this patient had an underlying immunopathological condition involving complement activation, which could be triggered by any intravenous agent that activated complement. The judgment that a reaction to a particular drug is anaphylactic cannot be made on the basis of clinical signs alone. Simple laboratory analysis will show whether the reaction is due to an underlying immunopathological condition that may be triggered by any of several drugs.

Topics: Adult; Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture; Anaphylaxis; Complement C3; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Pregnanediones; Succinylcholine; Thiopental

Two cases of adverse sequelae associated with the use of 2.5% thiopentone are reported: one involved extensive local venous thrombosis at the site of the injection causing great distress to the patient; the other involved a histaminoid reaction in a patient who, like others who have been reported with this type of reaction, had a history of allergy.

Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Child; Drug Hypersensitivity; Edema; Female; Humans; Thiopental; Thrombophlebitis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Amniotic Fluid; Anaphylaxis; Anesthetics; Drug Hypersensitivity; Embolism, Amniotic Fluid; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Succinylcholine; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Male; Thiopental

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Child; Child, Preschool; Cyanosis; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Thiopental

In a patient who had been anaesthetised twice with penthiobarbitone, who had contracted a localised then a generalised eczema, collapse appeared during a third anaesthetic induction, 30 minutes after the injection of penthiobarbitone which was revealed by Shelley's test to be the most positive product.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, General; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Skin Tests; Thiopental

Two cases of anaphylactic shock during anaesthesia are presented, in which the etiology is confirmed by the lymphoblastic transformation test. In one case, the responsability was due to Pentothal, in the other to the combination of Pentothal-succinylcholine.

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Heart; Humans; Lymphocyte Activation; Succinylcholine; Thiopental

Topics: Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture; Anaphylaxis; Anesthetics; Drug Hypersensitivity; Histamine Release; Humans; Methohexital; Pancuronium; Propanidid; Succinylcholine; Thiopental

A case of anaphylaxis to thiopentone is reported and its immediate treatment with epinephrine is emphasized. Other reported cases of allergic reaction to thiopentone and to muscle relaxants are reviewed. There are no reliable diagnostic tests for allergy to these agents.

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia; Drug Hypersensitivity; Epinephrine; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Thiopental

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Animals; Bronchial Spasm; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Hypersensitivity; Keratitis; Male; Thiopental

One hundred consecutive reports of reactions to intravenous anaesthetics Althesin, thiopentone and Epontol are reviewed and analysed. Ten reactions are attributed to causes other than the anaesthetic drug, and four are believed to have been caused by the muscle relaxant employed. The remaining 86 reactions were grouped according to their clinical presentation: histaminoid reactions ( 19), histaminoid with bronchospasm (33), bronchospasm (12), cardiovascular collapse (uu), delayed histaminoid reactions (6), and clonic contractions (5). None of the first four reaction types was associated with only one anaesthetic. A knowledge of the sales of Althesin has allowed the incidence of reactions to be estimated as between one in 11,000 and one in 19,000.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alfaxalone Alfadolone Mixture; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Anesthetics; Bronchial Spasm; Cardiovascular System; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Histamine Release; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle Contraction; Pregnanediones; Propanidid; Thiopental

Three patients with sensitivity to an intravenous anaesthetic-thiopentone, propanidid, and Althesin (alphadolone and alphaxalone)-are described. In the cases of thiopentone and Althesin the reaction was characterized by cardiovascular collapse, while bronchospasm also occurred with thiopentone. The reaction to propanidid was a direct skin sensitivity. All patients had a personal or family history of asthma and all had been previously exposed to the offending drug. A leucocyte challenge test showed an allergic response to thiopentone and Althesin in two patients but gave a negative result in the patient with the skin reaction. Allergic reactions can occur to all types of intravenous anaesthetics in a few patients.

Topics: Adult; Aminophylline; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Asthma; Bronchial Spasm; Carbon Dioxide; Cardiovascular System; Child; Drug Combinations; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Edema; Humans; Hydroxysteroids; Immunoglobulin E; Lactates; Leukocytes; Male; Oxygen; Pregnanediones; Propanidid; Skin Tests; Thiopental

Topics: Acetone; Adolescent; Appendectomy; Body Temperature; Detergents; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Interactions; Erythrocyte Count; Heart Rate; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Male; Skin Tests; Thiopental; Tubocurarine

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Bicarbonates; Dexamethasone; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Gallamine Triethiodide; Humans; Infusions, Parenteral; Intubation, Intratracheal; Metaraminol; Promethazine; Sodium; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Arteries; Basophils; Blood Pressure; Drug Hypersensitivity; Electrocardiography; Female; Gastric Juice; Glucocorticoids; Heart Rate; Histamine; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Histamine Release; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Plasma Substitutes; Preanesthetic Medication; Propanidid; Pulse; Skin Tests; Solvents; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Animals; Basophils; Biopsy; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Histamine Release; Humans; Preoperative Care; Rabbits; Serologic Tests; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Cyanosis; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Tachycardia; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Arm; Drug Hypersensitivity; Erythema; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Thiopental

Topics: Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthetics; Decamethonium Compounds; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Skin Tests; Succinylcholine; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthesia, General; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Penicillins; Thiopental; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Basophils; Cytoplasmic Granules; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Thiopental

Topics: Amobarbital; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Infusions, Parenteral; Injections, Intravenous; Intubation, Intratracheal; Middle Aged; Oxygen; Promethazine; Respiration, Artificial; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Aminophylline; Anesthesia, General; Bronchial Spasm; Cyanosis; Cystoscopy; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Hypotension; Male; Middle Aged; Tachycardia; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Blood Pressure; Depression, Chemical; Drug Hypersensitivity; Eosinophils; Gastric Juice; Glucocorticoids; Histamine; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Histamine Release; Humans; Hypotension; Leukocyte Count; Leukocytes; Male; Mast Cells; Metaproterenol; Propanidid; Skin Tests; Stimulation, Chemical; Students; Thiopental; Vasoconstrictor Agents

Topics: Aged; Atrial Fibrillation; Digitalis; Drug Hypersensitivity; Electric Countershock; Humans; Male; Plants, Medicinal; Plants, Toxic; Quinidine; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Thiopental

Topics: Anaphylaxis; Anesthesia, General; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Thiopental

Topics: Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Thiopental