thiopental and Chronic-Disease

Topics: Acute Disease; Anesthesia; Animals; Blood Circulation; Chronic Disease; Endorphins; Halothane; Humans; Ketamine; Naloxone; Pain; Receptors, Opioid; Shock; Sleep; Thiopental

Over the past several decades, psychopharmacological treatments in psychiatry have been subjected to intensive methodological scrutiny in the continual assessment of their efficacy and safety. Although one of the most dramatic and controversial therapeutic approaches in psychiatry, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has not received the same concentrated, systematic attention. Through a comprehensive literature search, the present authors have attempted to provide answers relating to the efficacy and the safety of conventional ECT and some of its more prominent variations. Although specific discernible trends are reported in the text, results of the survey are too disparate for a simplistic summary statement to be made regarding efficacy in all diagnostic categories. As with most somatic treatments in psychiatry, bilateral ECT does present some apparent risk, reduced but not entirely eliminated by precautionary techniques, which must be weighed against the possible benefits to be derived in a given case. Other variations of ECT offer promise of fewer side effects but must be accepted as standard clinical practice.

Topics: Acute Disease; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Depression; Electric Stimulation; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Histamine; Humans; Insulin; Length of Stay; Mental Disorders; Nitrous Oxide; Psychotherapy; Safety; Schizophrenia; Succinylcholine; Thiopental; Tranquilizing Agents

Over the past several decades, psychopharmacological treatments in psychiatry have been subjected to intensive methodological scrutiny in the continual assessment of their efficacy and safety. Although one of the most dramatic and controversial therapeutic approaches in psychiatry, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has not received the same concentrated, systematic attention. Through a comprehensive literature search, the present authors have attempted to provide answers relating to the efficacy and the safety of conventional ECT and some of its more prominent variations. Although specific discernible trends are reported in the text, results of the survey are too disparate for a simplistic summary statement to be made regarding efficacy in all diagnostic categories. As with most somatic treatments in psychiatry, bilateral ECT does present some apparent risk, reduced but not entirely eliminated by precautionary techniques, which must be weighed against the possible benefits to be derived in a given case. Other variations of ECT offer promise of fewer side effects but must be accepted as standard clinical practice.

Topics: Acute Disease; Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Inhalation; Anesthesia, Intravenous; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Depression; Electric Stimulation; Electroconvulsive Therapy; Histamine; Humans; Insulin; Length of Stay; Mental Disorders; Nitrous Oxide; Psychotherapy; Safety; Schizophrenia; Succinylcholine; Thiopental; Tranquilizing Agents

In 32 patients with chronic liver disease, undergoing major abdominal surgery, anaesthesia was induced with either Althesin (alphaxalone and alphadolone acetate) or thiopentone, and maintained with nitrous oxide, oxygen and increments of either pethidine or fentanyl. The patients were ventilated artificially to maintain PaCO, values in the normal range. Pancuronium bromide was used as the muscle relaxant. Liver function tests at 24 hr and 5 day after surgery showed only minor changes compared with findings before operation. There was no significant difference between the Althesin and thiopentone groups. In two patients with severe obstructive jaundice there was difficulty in reversing the effects of pancuronium, but "pancuronium resistance" was observed in all patients. It is concluded that the anaesthetic sequence described, with either Althesin or thiopentone induction, is satisfactory with respect to changes in liver function in patients with chronic liver disease undergoing major surgery.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anesthesia, General; Chronic Disease; Humans; Liver Diseases; Liver Function Tests; Middle Aged; Nitrous Oxide; Pancuronium; Pregnanediones; Serum Albumin; Thiopental

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is a major neurological parameter in animals and humans. ICP is a function of the relationship between the contents of the cranium (brain parenchyma, cerebrospinal fluid, and blood) and the volume of the skull. Increased ICP can cause serious physiological effects or even death in patients who do not quickly receive proper care, which includes ICP monitoring. Epilepsies are a set of central nervous system disorders resulting from abnormal and excessive neuronal discharges, usually associated with hypersynchronism and/or hyperexcitability. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common forms of epilepsy and is also refractory to medication. ICP characteristics of subjects with epilepsy have not been elucidated because there are few studies associating these two important neurological factors. In this work, an invasive (ICPi) and the new minimally invasive (ICPmi) methods were used to evaluate ICP features in rats with chronic epilepsy, induced by the experimental model of pilocarpine, capable of generating the main features of human TLE in these animals.

Topics: Animals; Anticonvulsants; Brain; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Hippocampus; Intracranial Pressure; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Muscarinic Agonists; Organ Size; Pilocarpine; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthesia, General; Anesthesia, Spinal; Anesthetics; Asthma; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrous Oxide; Oxygen; Postoperative Complications; Pulmonary Emphysema; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Thiopental

Topics: Adult; Aged; Airway Resistance; Anesthesia, General; Atropine; Bronchi; Bronchial Spasm; Chronic Disease; Halothane; Humans; Lung Compliance; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Muscle, Smooth; Nitrous Oxide; Reflex; Respiration; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Spirometry; Thiopental; Tubocurarine

Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Consciousness; Electroencephalography; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Middle Aged; Schizophrenia; Sleep; Thiopental

Topics: Choline; Chronic Disease; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Liver Diseases; Methionine; Thiopental