thioctic acid has been researched along with Nerve Pain in 21 studies
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.
| Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| " After 15 days, rats were investigated for the presence of mechanical and cold allodynia, and those with allodynia received intraperitoneal injection with normal saline or 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg thioctic acid." | 7.81 | The effect of thioctic acid on allodynia in a rat vincristine-induced neuropathy model. ( Chung, EY; Kahng, J; Kim, TK; Kim, YS; Moon, JY, 2015) |
| " After 15 days, rats were investigated for the presence of mechanical and cold allodynia, and those with allodynia received intraperitoneal injection with normal saline or 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg thioctic acid." | 3.81 | The effect of thioctic acid on allodynia in a rat vincristine-induced neuropathy model. ( Chung, EY; Kahng, J; Kim, TK; Kim, YS; Moon, JY, 2015) |
| "Its efficacy in neuropathic pain in diabetes mellitus still lacks enough research." | 3.11 | The 8-Week Efficacy of Frequency Rhythmic Electrical Modulated System (FREMS) as an Add-on Therapy in the Treatment of Symptomatic Diabetic Peripheral Polyneuropathy. ( Dziemidok, P; Gorczyca-Siudak, D, 2022) |
| "Therefore, ALA should be used to treat diabetic polyneuropathy pain symptoms." | 2.82 | Evaluation of the analgesic effect of ɑ-lipoic acid in treating pain disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. ( Cassanego, G; De Freitas Bauermann, L; Rodrigues, P; Trevisan, G, 2022) |
| " Although (R)-alpha lipoic acid (ALA) evoked significant pain relief efficacy in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis-associated central neuropathic pain (MS-CNP), this dietary supplement has poor oral bioavailability due to low gastric stability." | 1.72 | Design, synthesis and evaluation of alpha lipoic acid derivatives to treat multiple sclerosis-associated central neuropathic pain. ( Blanchfield, JT; Carpinelli de Jesus, M; Jones, A; Khan, N; Kong, D; Saqer, AA; Smith, MT; Williams, CM, 2022) |
| "Central neuropathic pain is a common untreated symptom in progressive multiple sclerosis (PMS) and is associated with poor quality of life and interference with patients' daily activities." | 1.56 | Nociception in a Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Model in Mice Is Dependent on Spinal TRPA1 Channel Activation. ( Antoniazzi, CT; Dalenogare, DP; de Almeida, AS; Ferreira, J; Fialho, MFP; Kudsi, SQ; Lückemeyer, DD; Oliveira, SM; Pereira, GC; Pereira, VL; Ritter, C; Trevisan, G, 2020) |
| "Acrylamide (ACR) is a well-known neurotoxicant and carcinogenic agent which poses a greater risk for human and animal health." | 1.42 | The effect of lipoic acid on acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats with reference to biochemical, hematological, and behavioral alterations. ( Gad, SB; Lebda, MA; Rashed, RR, 2015) |
| " Formulations that increase the bioavailability of a-LA have a better potential efficacy as adjuvants for the treatment of these conditions." | 1.42 | Increasing bioavailability of (R)-alpha-lipoic acid to boost antioxidant activity in the treatment of neuropathic pain. ( Brufani, M; Citro, G; Maglione, E; Marcuccio, F; Marrese, C; Migliaro, E; Panico, C; Quercio, M; Roncagliolo, F; Salvati, C; Torello, C, 2015) |
| Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 1 (4.76) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 11 (52.38) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 9 (42.86) | 2.80 |
| Authors | Studies |
|---|---|
| Falsini, M | 1 |
| Catarzi, D | 1 |
| Varano, F | 1 |
| Ceni, C | 1 |
| Dal Ben, D | 1 |
| Marucci, G | 1 |
| Buccioni, M | 1 |
| Volpini, R | 1 |
| Di Cesare Mannelli, L | 1 |
| Lucarini, E | 1 |
| Ghelardini, C | 1 |
| Bartolucci, G | 1 |
| Menicatti, M | 1 |
| Colotta, V | 1 |
| Cassanego, G | 1 |
| Rodrigues, P | 1 |
| De Freitas Bauermann, L | 1 |
| Trevisan, G | 3 |
| Kong, D | 1 |
| Saqer, AA | 1 |
| Carpinelli de Jesus, M | 1 |
| Khan, N | 1 |
| Jones, A | 1 |
| Blanchfield, JT | 1 |
| Smith, MT | 1 |
| Williams, CM | 1 |
| Gorczyca-Siudak, D | 1 |
| Dziemidok, P | 1 |
| Orellana-Donoso, M | 1 |
| López-Chaparro, M | 1 |
| Barahona-Vásquez, M | 1 |
| Santana-Machuca, A | 1 |
| Bruna-Mejias, A | 1 |
| Nova-Baeza, P | 1 |
| Valenzuela-Fuenzalida, JJ | 1 |
| Ritter, C | 1 |
| Dalenogare, DP | 1 |
| de Almeida, AS | 1 |
| Pereira, VL | 1 |
| Pereira, GC | 1 |
| Fialho, MFP | 1 |
| Lückemeyer, DD | 1 |
| Antoniazzi, CT | 1 |
| Kudsi, SQ | 1 |
| Ferreira, J | 2 |
| Oliveira, SM | 1 |
| Zhang, BY | 1 |
| Zhang, YL | 1 |
| Sun, Q | 1 |
| Zhang, PA | 1 |
| Wang, XX | 1 |
| Xu, GY | 1 |
| Hu, J | 1 |
| Zhang, HH | 1 |
| Martínez, AL | 1 |
| Brea, J | 1 |
| Barro, M | 1 |
| Monroy, X | 1 |
| Merlos, M | 1 |
| Burgueño, J | 1 |
| Loza, MI | 1 |
| Orliaguet, M | 1 |
| Misery, L | 1 |
| Agathos, E | 1 |
| Tentolouris, A | 1 |
| Eleftheriadou, I | 1 |
| Katsaouni, P | 1 |
| Nemtzas, I | 1 |
| Petrou, A | 1 |
| Papanikolaou, C | 1 |
| Tentolouris, N | 1 |
| Rowin, J | 1 |
| Hassanien, M | 1 |
| Elawamy, A | 1 |
| Kamel, EZ | 1 |
| Khalifa, WA | 1 |
| Abolfadl, GM | 1 |
| Roushdy, ASI | 1 |
| El Zohne, RA | 1 |
| Makarem, YS | 1 |
| Battisti, E | 1 |
| Albanese, A | 1 |
| Guerra, L | 1 |
| Argnani, L | 1 |
| Giordano, N | 1 |
| Costantino, M | 1 |
| Guaraldi, C | 1 |
| Costantino, D | 1 |
| De Grazia, S | 1 |
| Unfer, V | 1 |
| Kahng, J | 1 |
| Kim, TK | 1 |
| Chung, EY | 1 |
| Kim, YS | 1 |
| Moon, JY | 1 |
| Lebda, MA | 1 |
| Gad, SB | 1 |
| Rashed, RR | 1 |
| Onysko, M | 1 |
| Legerski, P | 1 |
| Potthoff, J | 1 |
| Erlandson, M | 1 |
| Maglione, E | 1 |
| Marrese, C | 1 |
| Migliaro, E | 1 |
| Marcuccio, F | 1 |
| Panico, C | 1 |
| Salvati, C | 1 |
| Citro, G | 1 |
| Quercio, M | 1 |
| Roncagliolo, F | 1 |
| Torello, C | 1 |
| Brufani, M | 1 |
| Benemei, S | 1 |
| Materazzi, S | 1 |
| De Logu, F | 1 |
| De Siena, G | 1 |
| Fusi, C | 1 |
| Fortes Rossato, M | 1 |
| Coppi, E | 1 |
| Marone, IM | 1 |
| Geppetti, P | 1 |
| Nassini, R | 1 |
| Chaparro, LE | 1 |
| Wiffen, PJ | 1 |
| Moore, RA | 1 |
| Gilron, I | 1 |
| Wernicke, JF | 1 |
| Wang, F | 1 |
| Pritchett, YL | 1 |
| Smith, TR | 1 |
| Raskin, J | 1 |
| D'Souza, DN | 1 |
| Iyengar, S | 1 |
| Chappell, AS | 1 |
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ozone Therapy in Clinical, Psychological and Neurophysiological Pain Alleviation in Patients With Diabetic Neuropathy[NCT05000463] | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-02-25 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Topical Compounded Pain Creams And Pain Perception (TOPCAPP)[NCT01862848] | 285 participants (Actual) | Observational [Patient Registry] | 2012-11-30 | Completed | |||
| Hypoalgesic Effect of Median Nerve Neural Mobilization in Cervicobrachial Pain Compared to a Controlled Group[NCT02596815] | 51 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-07-31 | Completed | |||
| Hypoalgesic Effect of Neural Mobilization in Cervicobrachial Pain Compared to a Controlled Group[NCT02595294] | 52 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-07-31 | Completed | |||
| Hypoalgesic Effect of Median Nerve Neural Mobilization Versus Ibuprofen Pharmacologic Treatment in Patients With Cervicobrachial Pain[NCT02593721] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Two Different Bladder Instillation Treatments for Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome[NCT03463915] | Phase 3 | 90 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-01-25 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
Total scores range: 0-36 (0= no symptoms to 36= the most severe symptoms) (NCT03463915)
Timeframe: Assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 weeks; change from baseline to week 6 reported
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Bladder Instillation WITH Triamcinolone Acetonide | -6.7 |
| Bladder Instillation WITHOUT Triamcinolone Acetonide | -5.8 |
VAS is measured on marking on a 10-centimeter (cm) ruler (measured in cm, 0= no pain and 10= most severe pain possible) (NCT03463915)
Timeframe: Assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 weeks; change from baseline to week 6 reported
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Bladder Instillation WITH Triamcinolone Acetonide | -1.9 |
| Bladder Instillation WITHOUT Triamcinolone Acetonide | -1.8 |
Adverse events will only be those determined to be related to the study drug (NCT03463915)
Timeframe: End of study (6 weeks)
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Bladder Instillation WITH Triamcinolone Acetonide | 1 |
| Bladder Instillation WITHOUT Triamcinolone Acetonide | 5 |
Total scores range: 0-100 (higher scores on the symptom-severity scale suggestive of greater severity of symptoms and higher scores on the quality-of-life scale suggestive of better quality of life) (NCT03463915)
Timeframe: Assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 weeks; change from baseline to week 6 reported
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Bladder Instillation WITH Triamcinolone Acetonide | -24.2 |
| Bladder Instillation WITHOUT Triamcinolone Acetonide | -18.8 |
20 question self-administered questionnaire on the presence and absence of pelvic floor symptoms. Score ranges from 0 (least distress) to 300 (most distress). (NCT03463915)
Timeframe: Assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 weeks; change from baseline to week 6 reported
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Bladder Instillation WITH Triamcinolone Acetonide | -5.3 |
| Bladder Instillation WITHOUT Triamcinolone Acetonide | -6.4 |
Total scores range: 0-35 (0= no symptoms to 35= the most severe symptoms) (NCT03463915)
Timeframe: Assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 weeks; change from baseline to week 6 reported
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Bladder Instillation WITH Triamcinolone Acetonide | -5.3 |
| Bladder Instillation WITHOUT Triamcinolone Acetonide | -2.7 |
Measures sexual function in women with pelvic floor disorders. Queries about arousal, orgasm, partner-related issues, sexual quality, and desire. The tool also takes into account those who are not sexually active. The questionnaire was used in the study solely to determine if patients had improved dyspareunia (as a categorical variable). (NCT03463915)
Timeframe: Assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 weeks; change from baseline to week 6 reported
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Bladder Instillation WITH Triamcinolone Acetonide | 4 |
| Bladder Instillation WITHOUT Triamcinolone Acetonide | 4 |
7 reviews available for thioctic acid and Nerve Pain
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Evaluation of the analgesic effect of ɑ-lipoic acid in treating pain disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Topics: Analgesics; Diabetic Neuropathies; Humans; Neuralgia; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Thiocti | 2022 |
Effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid in patients with neuropathic pain associated with type I and type II diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Topics: Antioxidants; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Neuralgia; Thioctic Acid | 2023 |
Neuropathic and Psychogenic Components of Burning Mouth Syndrome: A Systematic Review.
Topics: Burning Mouth Syndrome; Capsaicin; Cytokines; Humans; Low-Level Light Therapy; Neuralgia; Pain; Pain | 2021 |
Integrative neuromuscular medicine: Neuropathy and neuropathic pain: Consider the alternatives.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Curcumin; Diet; Diet Therapy; Dietary Supp | 2019 |
Peripheral neuropathy in obstetrics: efficacy and safety of α-lipoic acid supplementation.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Neuralgia; Obstetrics; Peripheral Nervou | 2014 |
Targeting neuropathic pain: consider these alternatives.
Topics: Acetylcarnitine; Capsaicin; Complementary Therapies; Family Practice; gamma-Linolenic Acid; Humans; | 2015 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
Combination pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuropathic pain in adults.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adult; Amines; Analgesics; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepinones; Cyclo | 2012 |
4 trials available for thioctic acid and Nerve Pain
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
The 8-Week Efficacy of Frequency Rhythmic Electrical Modulated System (FREMS) as an Add-on Therapy in the Treatment of Symptomatic Diabetic Peripheral Polyneuropathy.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Neuropathies; Humans; Neuralgia; Polyneuropathies; Quality of Life; Sing | 2022 |
Effect of α-lipoic acid on symptoms and quality of life in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Demography; Diabetic Neuropathies; Disability Evaluation; Female; Humans; Male; Neuralg | 2018 |
Perineural Platelet-Rich Plasma for Diabetic Neuropathic Pain, Could It Make a Difference?
Topics: Adult; Analgesics; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Neuropathies; Female; Glycemic Control; Human | 2020 |
An open-label 52-week clinical extension comparing duloxetine with routine care in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Amitriptyline; Analgesics; Carbamazepine; Diabetes Complications; Diabetic Neuropathi | 2007 |
10 other studies available for thioctic acid and Nerve Pain
| Article | Year |
|---|---|
Antioxidant-Conjugated 1,2,4-Triazolo[4,3-
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Antioxidants; Cell Survival; CHO Cells; Cricetulus; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cyc | 2019 |
Design, synthesis and evaluation of alpha lipoic acid derivatives to treat multiple sclerosis-associated central neuropathic pain.
Topics: Animals; Biological Availability; Caco-2 Cells; Humans; Mice; Multiple Sclerosis; Neuralgia; Prodrug | 2022 |
Nociception in a Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Model in Mice Is Dependent on Spinal TRPA1 Channel Activation.
Topics: Acetanilides; Acetophenones; Analgesics; Animals; Antipyrine; Dipyrone; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmun | 2020 |
Alpha-lipoic acid downregulates TRPV1 receptor via NF-κB and attenuates neuropathic pain in rats with diabetes.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Female; Ganglia, Spinal; Neuralgia; NF-kappa | 2020 |
Development of a novel in vitro assay to screen for neuroprotective drugs against iatrogenic neurite shortening.
Topics: Analgesics; Cell Line; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Ganglia, Spinal; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Me | 2021 |
Alpha lipoic acid and superoxide dismutase in the treatment of chronic low back pain.
Topics: Aged; Antioxidants; Chronic Pain; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans | 2013 |
The effect of thioctic acid on allodynia in a rat vincristine-induced neuropathy model.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, | 2015 |
The effect of lipoic acid on acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats with reference to biochemical, hematological, and behavioral alterations.
Topics: Acrylamide; Animals; Brain; Gait; Male; Neuralgia; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Thi | 2015 |
Increasing bioavailability of (R)-alpha-lipoic acid to boost antioxidant activity in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Antioxidants; Biological Availability; Humans; Neuralgia; Pharmaceutical Solut | 2015 |
TRPA1 mediates trigeminal neuropathic pain in mice downstream of monocytes/macrophages and oxidative stress.
Topics: Acetanilides; Acetophenones; Animals; Chemokine CCL2; Clodronic Acid; Hyperalgesia; Macrophages; Mal | 2016 |