thioacetazone and Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to claim the lives of around 1.7 million people per year. Most concerning are the reports of multidrug drug resistance. Paradoxically, this global health pandemic is demanding new therapies when resources and interest are waning. However, continued tuberculosis drug discovery is critical to address the global health need and burgeoning multidrug resistance. Many diverse classes of antitubercular compounds have been identified with activity in vitro and in vivo. Our analyses of over 100 active leads are representative of thousands of active compounds generated over the past decade, suggests that they come from few chemical classes or natural product sources. We are therefore repeatedly identifying compounds that are similar to those that preceded them. Our molecule-centered cheminformatics analyses point to the need to dramatically increase the diversity of chemical libraries tested and get outside of the historic

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Discovery; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nitroimidazoles; Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Anti-HIV Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Rifabutin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Meningeal; Tuberculosis, Miliary; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Tuberculosis, Urogenital

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Bronchitis; Cough; Diagnosis, Differential; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Mass Screening; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Costs and Cost Analysis; Drug Eruptions; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Humans; Liver; Optic Neuritis; Rifampin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Peptides; Pyrazinamide; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Tuberculosis, Urogenital; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Cycloserine; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Geography; Guinea Pigs; Hematopoietic System; Humans; Isoniazid; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Skin Manifestations; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

The genome of the human intracellular pathogen

Topics: Adamantane; Epoxide Hydrolases; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Phenylurea Compounds; Thioacetazone; Thiourea; Tuberculosis; Urea

Topics: Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Global Health; Humans; Pharmacovigilance; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; World Health Organization

Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Eruptions; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Virus Replication

Because the number of cases of multiforme skin lesions encountered in the medical department of Yekatit 12 Hospital has increased in recent years, we conducted a retrospective study to identify the likely precipitating factors and the possible relationship of these with HIV infection. Forty-seven patients with Multiforme Skin Lesions (29 males, 18 females) were admitted between 1976 and January 1994, of whom 43 (92%) were admitted in the past 5 years. Most patients were aged 15-49 years. Thirty patients (64%) were discharged improved and 14 (30%) expired in hospital. The outcome of 3 patients are not known. The charts of only 16 patients could be retrieved for review. Fifteen of these (94%) gave a history of intake of streptomycin, isoniazed and thiacetazone prior to developing the skin manifestation. The anti-TB medications were discontinued initially; 14 patients were restarted on STM, INH and ethambutol without recurrence of the rash. All but 1 were discharged improved. HIV screening tests were done on 24 patients with multiforme skin lesion of whom 21 (88%) were seropositive. Our study suggested that the adverse effects of thiacetazone are increased in HIV associated tuberculous patients. We recommend that further studies be conducted in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Erythema Multiforme; Ethiopia; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Hospitalization; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Precipitating Factors; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies; Thioacetazone; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis

To establish the role of home visiting in an NGO-run tuberculosis control programme in Nepal, information was collected on home visits to a cohort of 205 smear-positive patients. Almost one third of new smear-positive cases were visited, either for treatment initiation (n = 33) or for retrieval following non-attendance (n = 29); thus 14% of patients required a home visit to ensure treatment completion. It is unlikely that the WHO-recommended target of 85% cure rate would be achieved without defaulter tracing, although a further study comparing home visiting against no visiting would be necessary to assess the contribution that this activity makes to improving treatment outcomes.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cohort Studies; Communicable Disease Control; Disease Outbreaks; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; House Calls; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Nepal; Program Development; Program Evaluation; Rural Health Services; Thioacetazone; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis

Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Eruptions; Humans; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Severe skin reactions due to thiacetazone (T) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive tuberculosis patients have been reported in several publications, one of them from Kenya. However, the abandoning of T may not be feasible in Kenya as this may increase the cost of drugs by about three-fold per regimen.. To compare the cost-effectiveness and total cost of three strategies in which T is replaced with ethambutol (E).. Three strategies are compared with a baseline strategy in which T is not replaced. The indicator for cost-effectiveness is the cost-per-averted-death attributable to T.. Education of patients on the possibility of side-effects and replacement of T with E is the most cost-effective strategy at HIV prevalence rates of 1-90%. Abandonment of T and replacement with E is the most cost-effective at over 90% HIV prevalence.. In Kenya, education of patients on the possibility of skin reactions should be preferred at low range HIV prevalence rates. Routine HIV testing would be the most attractive strategy in the middle range, and total replacement of T with E is to be preferred in the higher range of HIV prevalence.. In Kenya, the National Leprosy Tuberculosis Programme (NLTP) used previously reported data from Nairobi to compare the cost-effectiveness and total costs of a hypothetical strategy with three intervention strategies for the prevention and management of severe skin reactions caused by thiacetazone in treating HIV-positive patients with tuberculosis (TB). The hypothetical strategy was continued use of thiacetazone despite adverse skin reactions. The intervention strategies included patient education about possible side effects of anti-TB drugs (discontinue use if skin rash develops, report situation to clinic, replace thiacetazone with ethambutol when other skin diseases have been excluded), abandonment of thiacetazone and replacement with ethambutol, and HIV testing and pre- and post-test counseling. NLTP currently used the education strategy. It assumed a mortality rate of 5%. When the HIV prevalence rate is 1-90%, the education strategy is the most cost-effective strategy. In terms of total costs, the education strategy was also the most inexpensive strategy regardless of the HIV prevalence. At an HIV prevalence rate greater than 65%, the abandonment of thiacetazone strategy was the cheapest strategy. When the assumed mortality rate was 3%, the cost per averted death for the education strategy was reduced from about US$120 to about US$80 and the education strategy became the most cost-effective strategy over the entire range of HIV prevalence. In addition, the cost of HIV testing significantly increased the cost per averted death. Thus, the findings of this study are truly sensitive to different program conditions. Based on these findings, the authors recommended that the education strategy be applied with a range of HIV prevalence of 1-45%, that HIV testing be applied with a range of 46-72%, and that total abandonment be applied with an HIV prevalence greater than 72%.

Topics: AIDS Serodiagnosis; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Drug Eruptions; Health Care Costs; HIV Infections; Humans; Kenya; Patient Education as Topic; Prevalence; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Eruptions; Humans; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

We have studied the relationship between the plasma concentration-time profile of thiacetazone over the 24 h between doses [AUC(0.24h)] and the incidence of cutaneous reactions among HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis in Kenya. Cutaneous reactions due to thiacetazone occurred in 4/14 [28.6%] HIV+ve patients compared with 3/47 [6.4%] HIV-ve patients [RR = 4.48, 95% CI-1.1 to 17.7], and all resolved on alternative therapy. Among the HIV+ve patients, those with cutaneous reactions had higher AUC(0.24h) values, although the difference was not significant. These results do not exclude pharmacokinetic change as being at least partly responsible for cutaneous reactions to TCZ in HIV+ve patients, and do not refute an immunological basis for the reaction. With regard to the operational use of TCZ in Africa, there is no indication that a modification of the dose will reduce the frequency of drug reactions.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Skin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: AIDS Serodiagnosis; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Costs; Drug Therapy, Combination; HIV Seroprevalence; Humans; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Zambia

Topics: Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Male; Patient Compliance; Rifampin; Risk Factors; South Africa; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Because thiacetazone has been linked with serious adverse cutaneous reactions, we undertook 1 year of systematic surveillance for cutaneous thiacetazone-associated adverse reactions within the national tuberculosis programme of Tanzania. For individual cases, we collected information on age, sex, interval between commencing thiacetazone-containing treatment and occurrence of adverse reaction, most severe clinical presentation (toxic epidermal necrolysis, rash without necrolysis, itching without rash), and outcome (dead or alive) within 2 weeks of onset. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done of variables relevant to outcome. 1273 patients with adverse reactions were reported. The frequency of fatal outcome from any cutaneous reaction was 3.1 per 1000 among all tuberculosis patients, and 19.1% among patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis. About 60% of all adverse reactions and deaths occurred within 20 days of starting thiacetazone. Case fatality from adverse cutaneous reactions was considerably less frequent than reported previously, suggesting that improved management might allow retention of thiacetazone in the armamentarium of national tuberculosis programmes even where infection with HIV is prevalent.. Thiacetazone is a useful and inexpensive companion drug in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Its main contribution is its ability to prevent failure and relapse in patients with initially isoniazid-resistant strains. Early toxicity studies showed that the drug was generally better tolerated in East Africa than in many other countries. Thiacetazone is an essential drug in the Tanzania National Tuberculosis/Leprosy Program. Under trial conditions in Tanzania, before the HIV epidemic, adverse reactions associated with thiacetazone were uncommon. Serious, and occasionally fatal, toxic cutaneous reactions to sulphur-containing drugs in HIV-infected patients have been recognized for several years. Recently, the use of thiacetazone in HIV-infected patients has been linked with serious adverse cutaneous reactions, including toxic epidermal necrolysis. Most reports, however, concerned only patients admitted to referral hospitals, so the Tanzania National Tuberculosis Program began a nationwide one-year systematic surveillance study to determine the frequency and severity of adverse cutaneous reactions. Individual-level data were collected on each case's age, sex, interval between commencing thiacetazone-containing treatment and occurrence of adverse reaction, most severe clinical presentation, and outcome within two weeks of onset. The study identified 1273 patients with adverse reactions. The frequency of fatal outcome from any cutaneous reaction was 3.1 per 1000 among all tuberculosis patients and 19.1% among patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis. Approximately 60% of all adverse reactions and deaths occurred within twenty days of starting thiacetazone. Case fatality from adverse cutaneous reactions was considerably less frequent than previously reported, suggesting that improved management may allow the retention of thiacetazone as a weapon against TB even where infection with HIV is prevalent.

Topics: Adult; Drug Eruptions; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Risk Factors; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Tanzania; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Developing Countries; Drug Therapy, Combination; HIV Seropositivity; HIV Seroprevalence; Humans; Infant; Tanzania; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Zambia

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Developing Countries; Drug Eruptions; Drug Therapy, Combination; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Tanzania; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is one of the most common infections in Zambian adults and children infected with HIV. In Africa, cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions attributed to thiacetazone during treatment of tuberculosis in adults infected with HIV-I have been well documented. This study monitored adverse drug reactions during treatment for tuberculosis over an 18 month period (1 April 1990 to 31 October 1991) in 237 children with a clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis (125 boys and 112 girls; 88/237 (37%) infected with HIV-I) and 242 control children (149 boys and 93 girls; 26/242 (11%) infected with HIV-I). Twenty two (9%) of the 237 children with tuberculosis developed hypersensitivity skin reactions during the course of treatment. Adverse skin reactions were seen more often in children infected with HIV than in those who were not (odds ratio 11.65, 95% confidence interval 3.07 to 34.88). These represented 19 (21%) of 88 children infected with HIV and three (2%) of 149 children not infected with HIV. These skin reactions occurred after a period of treatment ranging between two and four weeks among 14 children receiving the HST (isoniazid, streptomycin, thiacetazone) regimen and eight children receiving the HSTR (isoniazid, streptomycin, thiacetazone, rifampicin) regimen. Twelve (55%) of the 22 children who reacted adversely to treatment developed the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. All 12 of these children with the Stevens-Johnson syndrome were infected with HIV. The mortality among these children who developed the Stevens-Johnson syndrome was 91% (11 of 12 died within three days of the onset of the reaction). No further reactions were observed in the 11 children who recovered from the cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions after thiacetazone was discontinued over a period of six months of further treatment of tuberculosis. The results of this study were in part responsible for the recommendations put forward by the World Health Organization to avoid the use of thiacetazone in the treatment of tuberculosis in children infected with HIV.

Topics: Adolescent; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Eruptions; Female; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Male; Prospective Studies; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis; Zambia

There is evidence that in human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infected patients with tuberculosis the rate of recurrence of tuberculosis is increased in those patients treated with a standard thiacetazone-containing regimen. To assess the impact of HIV-1 on tuberculosis in Kenya, patients with tuberculosis were studied prospectively. After treatment with either a standard thiacetazone plus isoniazid regimen or a short-course thiacetazone-containing regimen, overall recurrence rate of tuberculosis was 34 times greater in 58 HIV-1-positive patients than in 138 HIV-1-negative patients (adjusted rate ratio 33.8, 95% CI 4.3-264). Recurrence in the HIV-1-positive group was strongly associated with a cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction due to thiacetazone during initial treatment (rate ratio 13.2, 95% CI 3.1-56.2). In all patients with a cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction ethambutol was substituted for thiacetazone. No significant association was found between recurrence among HIV-1-positive patients and initial resistance, initial treatment regimen, a diagnosis of AIDS (WHO definition), or poor compliance. DNA fingerprinting suggested that both relapse and new infection may have produced recurrence of tuberculosis. In patients who had a cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction, increased recurrence rate may have been related to interruption of treatment, subsequent poor compliance, or more advanced immunosuppression. Alternatively, a change to the combination of ethambutol and isoniazid in the continuation phase for 11 months only may not be adequate.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adolescent; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Cohort Studies; Drug Eruptions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Female; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Isoniazid; Kenya; Male; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Descriptions in the medical literature of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in children with tuberculosis (TB) are scanty. This study determined the seroprevalence of HIV-1 in 237 hospitalized children between the ages of 1 month and 14 years with a clinical diagnosis of TB (125 males and 112 females) and in 242 control children (149 males and 93 females). The overall HIV-1 seroprevalence rate in patients with TB was 37% (88 of 237) compared with 10.7% (26 of 242) among the control group (P < 0.00001: odds ratio 5.37, 95% confidence interval = 3.21 < 5.37 < 9.47). HIV-1 seropositivity in children with TB ranged from 53% (31 of 58) in the 12- to 18-month age group to 14% (9 of 61) in the 10- to 14-year-olds. The risk of TB attributable to HIV infection was 29%. The predominant clinical presentation in both seronegative (84.6%) and seropositive (89.7%) groups was that of pulmonary TB and there were no significant differences in clinical presentation between the two groups of patients. Only 54.8% of the patients attended follow-up clinics regularly whereas 32% were lost to follow-up within 3 months. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination coverage was 87.3% among TB patients and 90.5% in the controls. No significant differences in B. Calmette-Guérin vaccination rates between the seronegative and seropositive children were seen. Coinfection with HIV and TB in children is now one of the major public health problems in Zambian children.

Topics: Adolescent; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; BCG Vaccine; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Seropositivity; HIV-1; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Male; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis; Zambia

Topics: Africa; Communicable Diseases; Developing Countries; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Economics; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Mortality; Patient Care; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Eruptions; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Dermatitis, Exfoliative; Humans; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

To document the influence of HIV status on drug reactions occurring in patients on antituberculous therapy in Harare, Zimbabwe.. Retrospective cohort study.. City of Harare Tuberculosis Unit.. Records of 906 patients with tuberculosis, of whom 162 reacted to antituberculous therapy, were analysed.. Reactions to antituberculous drugs were more frequent in HIV-positive (98 out of 363) than in HIV-negative (64 out of 543; P less than 0.0001) patients. The most common drug reaction was cutaneous hypersensitivity, occurring in 139 patients, 89 (64%) of whom were HIV-positive. Thiacetazone was implicated in 115 (82.7%) of the 139 cutaneous reactions and streptomycin in 10 (7.2%). Almost all cutaneous reactions occurred within 8 weeks of beginning treatment. Severe cutaneous reactions occurred more often in HIV-positive patients (P less than 0.001) and the only two deaths occurred in this group. Reactions to multiple drugs occurred in 18 HIV-positive and three HIV-negative patients (P = 0.017).. The use of thiacetazone and streptomycin in antituberculous drug regimens should be reassessed in those countries where coinfection with HIV and tuberculosis is common.

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Cohort Studies; Drug Eruptions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Zimbabwe

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Humans; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Between January 1983 and January 1988, a total of 146 children started TB treatment in Turiani Hospital, Tanzania. During the treatment period 16 children died and another 16 have been transferred out. From the remaining 114, 84 could be traced and were visited at home. Out of this group, 85% were found to be in good clinical condition, and 1% was in bad shape. Death had occurred in 7% after finishing their treatment. Medical records of all children were analysed. Tuberculin sensitivity testing has been carried out in 53 children from the follow-up group. The indications for treatment and the results of the follow-up study are discussed.. Physicians began tuberculosis (TB) treatment on 146 children at Turiani Hospital in the Morogoro North district, Tanzania between January 1983-January 1988. 46% were 2 years old and 9% were 12 years old. Treatment consisted of daily doses of 20 mg/kg streptomycin and 15 mg/kg thiazina for the 8 week hospital stay followed by the same dose of thiazina for 10 months. Some cases also received rifampicin and pyrazinamide. They administered tubercullin sensitivity tests to 53 of the 84 children who could be traced and visited. Researchers followed the TB case to evaluate indications for and the results of TB treatment in children. The physicians began treatment in some case even though the cases did not exhibit clear symptoms of TB. 74% of the patients whose BCG status was recorded had earlier received a BCG vaccination. Research showed that BCG vaccination protects against 2 severe forms of TB, meningeal and milliary, both of which were not present in this population. At the end of 5 years, 7% (6) of the patients died and only 1% (1) was in poor condition. 85% of all follow up patients were in good condition and well nourished. Even most of the patients who ended treatment rather early after leaving the hospital (74%) were well. In fact, no significant difference in the condition between defaulters and patients who completed treatment existed. This showed that a shorter duration of treatment may be as effective as 10 months of treatment. Only 34% of tested children reacted to the tuberculin sensitivity test which could mean that physicians overtreated around 60% of the patients. 25% of the children who had a negative reaction had abcesses while none of those with a positive reaction had abcesses. In conclusion, physicians should administer a tuberculin sensitivity test at the end of the 8 weeks of treatment to prevent overtreatment.

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Drug Combinations; Drug Therapy, Combination; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Survival Rate; Tanzania; Thioacetazone; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis

An investigation was carried out to establish the extent of drug resistance among treated patients. A sample population of patients living in Lahore, Pakistan, which is a high prevalence area for tuberculosis, was studied. The total of 256 culture-positive cases in this study were divided into three groups according to the length of previous treatment. There was no significant difference in the antituberculosis treatment regimens or the drug resistance pattern among the three groups. All the patients had had at least three drugs for more than 6 months, and streptomycin and isoniazid were always included in the regimen. About one-third of the patients showed resistance to one or more drug, with the highest resistance being to streptomycin and INH. Resistance to rifampicin, which was introduced fairly recently in this area, was a little more than 5%, which is an increase from the last report.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acid; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pakistan; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Problems of tuberculosis treatment in Thailand are an obstacle in the national tuberculosis control programme. Reasons concerning the problems on the health provider side being the most important are the budget and the health personnel attitude and behavior, convenience of service, distance of service, health provider-consumer social relation, social support and health service quality. On the health consumer side are patient attitude and behavior and patient economy. The most important understanding to the problems is the socio-economic status of the nation and health providers are responsible for the problems.

Topics: Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; National Health Programs; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thailand; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Since the discovery of isoniacid in 1952, it has become apparent that there are considerable variations in the manner in which individuals react to the drug. We studied 90 patients from La Paz (3.600 m. over sea level) and 50 patients from Santa Cruz (470 m. over sea level). Our results in the two groups tested suggest that the high altitude hypoxia increases the velocity of inactivation. Despite to the influence of hypoxia it was seen that both groups have the some frequency of rapid and slow inactivators.

Topics: Acetylation; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Altitude; Antitubercular Agents; Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase; Biotransformation; Bolivia; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypoxia; Isoniazid; Kinetics; Liver; Male; Middle Aged; Phenotype; Polymorphism, Genetic; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

The cost effectiveness of short tuberculosis treatment regimes using rifampicin (R) or ethambutol (E) is calculated and compared to long regimes based on thiacetazone and isoniazid (TH). Although rifampicin and ethambutol are more costly per case they are only about one half the cost of the isoniazid based regimes per person effectively treated. This result is primarily derived from higher patient compliance with the short regimes. In addition, ambulatory treatment, where practical, is approximately one third the cost per person effectively treated of regimes using inpatient treatment for the first 2 months. Applied to 1982 data for Botswana, the analysis reveals that treating 80% of patients through ambulatory R and E regimes would have reduced total health expenditures for tuberculosis care by two thirds compared to inpatient regimes based on TH, and the number of people complying and cured would have doubled.

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Antitubercular Agents; Botswana; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Patient Compliance; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Female; Humans; Leprostatic Agents; Male; Middle Aged; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

In this paper we will discuss the genetic consequences of drug interaction in tuberculosis patients. Blood from tuberculosis patients was cultured before, during, and after withdrawal of therapy involving five different drug combinations of isoniazid (INH), thiacetazone (TAZ), para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), and streptomycin (SM). The approaches used to detect DNA damage were chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). A total of 179 subjects were analyzed. In combination these drugs showed synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effects, though they were found to be nonclastogenic individually. Four of the drug combinations, INH + TAZ, INH + PAS, INH + TAZ + SM, and INH + PAS + SM, induced a significant increase in the frequency of aberrations, whereas INH + SM did not induce aberrations. In fact, SM appeared to reduce the frequency of aberrations. SCEs were increased in only two patients: one treated with INH + TAZ and the other with INH + PAS. The frequency of aberrations after withdrawal of therapy was decreased; it was slightly higher than the controls, though it was insignificant. The return to normalcy could be due to elimination of damaged cells or the repair of DNA in lymphocytes. Though the drug-induced aberrations do not persist after withdrawal of therapy, the chromosome damaging combinations of drugs should be used with caution, because the possibility of meiotic chromosome damage in germ cells (during therapy), which might be passed on to the next generation, cannot be ruled out.

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Antitubercular Agents; Cells, Cultured; Chromosome Aberrations; Crossing Over, Genetic; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Lymphocytes; Metaphase; Sister Chromatid Exchange; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Brazil; Child; Drug Eruptions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hydrazines; Male; Middle Aged; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Antitubercular drugs in general are given in various combinations, one being isoniazid and thiacetazone. In the present study, was evaluated the in vivo chromosome-damaging effects of a combination of these two drugs in 72 h lymphocyte cultures. Chromosome aberrations were significantly increased in the patients treated with INH and thiacetazone as compared with two types of controls: (1) tuberculosis patients before starting the drug treatment and (2) individuals from the general population. The most frequently observed aberrations were chromatid breaks and gaps. It has been shown that individually, isoniazid may not be clastogenic on human chromosomes in therapeutic doses. The effects of thiacetazone on human chromosomes are not known. Consequently, the enhancement in chromosomal aberrations in the drug-exposed patients may be due to a synergistic effect of isoniazid and thiacetazone or to the clastogenic effects of thiacetazone alone.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cells, Cultured; Chromosomes, Human; Drug Combinations; Humans; Isoniazid; Lymphocytes; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Eruptions; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

The informant gives an account of the situation of tuberculosis in India (Epidemiology, Tuberculosis Control). Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates of tuberculosis are still high. The results of antituberculosis therapy are in general rather poor. There is existing still a serious problem of chronic tuberculosis. Drug resistant mycobacteria are often found. Nonspecific pulmonary diseases are frequent in spite of a low frequency of smoking.

Topics: BCG Vaccine; Communicable Disease Control; Education, Medical, Graduate; Epidemiologic Methods; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Travel; Tuberculosis

In a series of 1,212 tuberculosis patients treated on a regime of streptomycin/isoniazid/thiacetazone (S/INH/thiacetazone) over a period of 10 years in Nigeria there were 171 cases considered to have toxic reactions to thiacetazone (14%). 134 of these (11%) were sufficient to require a change of treatment. Giddiness and rashes were the commonest effects, the former occurring mainly in association with streptomycin, and considered to be largely due to potentiation of streptomycin toxicity by thiacetazone. The advantages of the S/INH/thiacetazone regime in Nigeria are considered to outweigh the disadvantages, so long as necessary precautions are taken to keep the effects of toxicity to a minimum.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Dizziness; Drug Combinations; Drug Eruptions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Exanthema; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Animals; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Mice; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Allied Health Personnel; Antitubercular Agents; Dapsone; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Health Services; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Leprosy; Organization and Administration; Sulfones; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Capreomycin; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cycloserine; Deafness; Drug Hypersensitivity; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Goiter; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Liver; Mental Disorders; Mice; Nervous System Diseases; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Capreomycin; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Prothionamide; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium; Senegal; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

This survey was conducted in 1969/70 in a random sample of 15 of the 61 administrative districts in Tanzania. It included clinics with a long established tuberculosis service (A group), those with a tuberculons service of recent inception (B group) and those with no specialised tuberculosis service (C group), and 3 additional centres of special interest. The aim was to obtain, for tuberculous patients newly registered for treatment during a specified 6-month period, information on: a) the proportions of patients with pulmonary and/or extra-pulmonary tuberculosis; b) the history of previous chemotherapy with antituberculosis drugs: c) the prevalence of bacteriologically-positive pulmonary tuberculosis; d) the prevalence of initial and acquired resistance to the standard antituberculosis drugs; e) the radiographic extent and type of disease and of cavitation. Of 1884 patients in the random sample, 87.4 per cent had pulmonary tuberculosis only, 2.5 per cent had pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and 10.1 per cent had extra-pulmonary tuberculosis only. Although there were differences in the proportions with extra-pulmonary disease in individual districts in each group there were no important differences in the average levels for the A, B and C groups. Of 256 extra-pulmonary tuberculous lesions in 237 patients, 58 per cent were lymph node, 26 per cent bone and joint and 12 per cent pleural, pericardial or peritoneal. Of 1694 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with or without extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, 96.3 per cent gave no history of previous chemotherapy and 3.6 per cent a definite history. A sputum specimen from each of 1338 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was examined by direct smear; 675 (50 per cent) were positive as were 694 (55 per cent) of 1257 cultures. For the patients with no history of previous chemotherapy the positivity rates were 59 per cent on smear and 66 per cent on culture for the A group, 53 per cent and 57 per cent for the B group and 35 per cent and 38 per cent for the C group. Of 636 patients with no history of previous chemotherapy and sensitivity test results, 9 per cent had a strain resistant to isoniazid and/or streptomycin. The total prevalence of resistance to isoniazid was 6 per cent and to streptomycin 4 per cent. Of 1278 patients aged 5 or more with a postero-anterior chest radiography available and a diagnosis of intra-thoracic tuberculosis in Tanzania, 86 per cent were reported at an independent assessment in

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Radiography; Sampling Studies; Streptomycin; Tanzania; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Isoniazid; Malawi; Medication Systems; Monitoring, Physiologic; Tablets; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis

Topics: Humans; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: BCG Vaccine; Botswana; Carrier State; Complementary Therapies; Disease Reservoirs; Drug Combinations; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Registries; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Costs and Cost Analysis; Humans; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; United Kingdom

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Self Medication; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adolescent; BCG Vaccine; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Health Services; Delivery of Health Care; Health Education; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malaysia; Physician Assistants; Rural Health; Rural Population; Social Isolation; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Humans; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Europe; History of Medicine; Humans; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; United States

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Humans; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Liver; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Humans; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Animals; Ethionamide; Growth; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Isoniazid; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Turkey

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Phenylthiourea; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Isoniazid; Kenya; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Sex Factors; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Culture Media; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Phenylthiourea; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Africa, Eastern; Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Techniques; India; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Species Specificity; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Virulence

Topics: Africa, Eastern; Bacteriological Techniques; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Species Specificity; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Animals; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Guinea Pigs; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Community Health Services; Costs and Cost Analysis; Fees, Pharmaceutical; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Anemia; Hong Kong; Humans; Isoniazid; Jaundice; Male; Nausea; Neurologic Manifestations; Skin Manifestations; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Vomiting

Topics: Adult; Drug Synergism; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Morocco; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Techniques; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Phenylthiourea; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kenya; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography; Sampling Studies; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular; Tuberculosis, Pleural; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Costs and Cost Analysis; Cycloserine; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Australia; Humans; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Guinea Pigs; In Vitro Techniques; Isoniazid; Methods; Phenylthiourea; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Africa, Eastern; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Humans; Isoniazid; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Therapy; Humans; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Agranulocytosis; Female; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Communicable Disease Control; Follow-Up Studies; Oxytetracycline; Pathology; Prognosis; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aerosols; Drug Therapy; Pneumonectomy; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Humans; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Oxytetracycline; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Africa; Africa, Eastern; Animals; Bacillus; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Mice; Research; Spleen; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tissue Culture Techniques; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Blood Sedimentation; Humans; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Guinea Pigs; Health; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Animals; Asian People; Benzoquinones; Humans; Mice; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Isoniazid; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: IgA Vasculitis; Purpura; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Blood; Isomerism; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular

Topics: Endometritis; Female; Humans; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Female Genital

Topics: Fatty Acids; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Phospholipids; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Isomerism; Isoniazid; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Dermatology; Drug Eruptions; Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: 4-Aminobenzoic Acid; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular; Vaccination; Vaccines

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Meningeal

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Coproporphyrins; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Porphyrins; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Larynx; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Laryngeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Autonomic Nervous System; Blood Circulation; Mucous Membrane; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Pharynx; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Diseases; Siblings; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drainage; Pulmonary Surgical Procedures; Talc; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Larynx; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Laryngeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Brain Edema; Combined Modality Therapy; Hypothyroidism; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Biometry; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ammonia; Body Fluids; Child; Chlorine; Infant; Ions; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Larynx; Larynx, Artificial; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Laryngeal

Topics: Child; Humans; Infant; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular

Topics: Cholestanes; Ergocalciferols; In Vitro Techniques; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Cutaneous; Vitamin D; Vitamins

Topics: Black People; Humans; Kenya; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Stomach; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Pleural Effusion; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Biomedical Research; Digestion; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: In Vitro Techniques; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Abscess; Cold Temperature; Humans; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Spinal

Topics: Child; Humans; Infant; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Spinal

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Hyperglycemia; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Cutaneous

Topics: Blood Sedimentation; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Disease; Female; Humans; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Female Genital; Vulva

Topics: Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carbohydrates; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Humans; Pulmonary Surgical Procedures; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Thoracoplasty; Thorax; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Lung; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Copper; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Prognosis; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ethnicity; Humans; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Guinea Pigs; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Hospitals; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mucous Membrane; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Sputum; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Virulence

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Hemorrhage; Lung; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Mucous Membrane; Neoplasms; Stomach; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Humans; Mucous Membrane; Pharynx; Prognosis; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Laryngeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Larynx; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Laryngeal

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Larynx; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Laryngeal

Topics: Autonomic Nervous System; Central Nervous System Depressants; Meningitis; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Meningeal

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Hepatitis; Liver; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Pilot Projects; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Humans; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular

Topics: Blood; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Skin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Cutaneous

Topics: Guinea Pigs; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Bacteria; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Bone and Bones; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular

Topics: Ergocalciferols; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Cutaneous

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Capillary Permeability; Skin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Cutaneous; Vitamin D; Vitamins

Topics: Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Biochemical Phenomena; Lung; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Humans; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Guinea Pigs; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Iodides; Iodine; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Caves; Lung; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Biomedical Research; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Rectum; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Meningitis; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Meningeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Leukocytes; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Injections; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Cicatrix; Guinea Pigs; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Biomedical Research; Laboratories; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Erythrocytes; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Animals; Bacillus; Humans; Insecta; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Humans; Lupus Vulgaris; Skin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Humans; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Larynx; Larynx, Artificial; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Laryngeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Salicylates; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Hospitals; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anal Canal; Fistula; Humans; Rectum; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Guinea Pigs; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Biological Phenomena; Salicylic Acid; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Humans; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary