thioacetazone and Tuberculosis--Pulmonary

One of the first approaches undertaken in the quest for antitubercular compounds was that of understanding the mechanism of action of old drugs and proposing chemical modifications or other strategies to improve their activity, generally lost to the mechanisms of resistance developed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A leading case was the work carried out on a set of compounds with proven activity on the essential pathway of the synthesis of mycolic acids. As a result, different solutions were presented, improving the activity of those inhibitors or producing novel compounds acting on the same molecular target(s), but avoiding the most common resistance strategies developed by the tubercle bacilli. This review focuses on the activity of those compounds, developed following the completion of the studies on several of the classic antitubercular drugs.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Design; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mycolic Acids; Phenylthiourea; Structure-Activity Relationship; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Patient Dropouts; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Meningeal; Tuberculosis, Miliary; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Tuberculosis, Urogenital

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Bronchitis; Cough; Diagnosis, Differential; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Mass Screening; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Costs and Cost Analysis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Rifampin; Self Medication; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Synergism; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Peptides; Pyrazinamide; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Tuberculosis, Urogenital; Viomycin

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Over a 3 year period 3rd of April 1995 and 6th of April 1998 a controlled clinical trial of the modified short-course chemotherapy (SSC) in newly diagnosed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis in Nigeria was carried out. Between The SCC used was the one adopted from World Health Organisation/International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases for developing countries by the Nigerian National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Programme (NTLCP). The regimen used consisted of streptomycin (S), isoniazid (H), Rifampicin (R) and pyrazinamide (Z) in the initial or intensive phase of 2 months. Ethambutol (E) was sometimes substituted for streptomycin. The continuation phase was 6 months of thiacetazone, (T) and isoniazid (H), i.e., 2SHRZ/6TH or 2EHRZ/6TH. Sputum conversion was 90% at the second month of treatment and there was no bacteriological relapse after 18 months of follow-up. Side effects were few and consisted mainly of acne vulgaris which occurred in twenty (20.6%) of 97 patients during the continuation phase. It is concluded that the 8-month chemotherapy regimen adopted by NTLCP is efficacious in treatment of smearpositive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB).

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Developing Countries; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Urban Health; World Health Organization

Prospective randomised clinical trial comparing the safety and efficacy of rifampicin- and thiacetazone-containing regimens in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) at the National Tuberculosis Treatment Centre, Kampala, Uganda.. To assess demographic, clinical and laboratory risk factors associated with toxicity during treatment with streptomycin, thiacetazone and isoniazid (STH) of HIV-1 infected adults with pulmonary TB.. Nested case-control study of all subjects randomized to the STH treatment arm. Baseline demographic, clinical, microbiological, hematological and radiographic characteristics were compared between subjects who developed and those who did not develop adverse drug reactions (ADR).. Of the 90 subjects randomized to STH, 13 developed ADR yielding an incidence rate of 19.6 events per 100 person years of observation (PYO). Eleven of the 13 ADR were cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions, including one fatal case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Eight of 13 patients who developed ADR were tuberculin anergic, compared to 12 of 77 patients who did not develop ADR (P < 0.001). An absolute lymphocyte count below 2000 cells/mm3 was also associated with ADR (P = 0.02).. Initial anergy to tuberculin and lymphocytopenia, markers of advanced HIV infection and immunosuppression, were associated with increased risk for adverse drug reactions during STH chemotherapy.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Case-Control Studies; Clonal Anergy; Confidence Intervals; Developing Countries; Drug Eruptions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV-1; Humans; Incidence; Jaundice; Lymphopenia; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Prospective Studies; Rifampin; Risk Factors; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Survival Rate; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uganda

A study conducted by the Uganda-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration in Kampala, Uganda, a country with high incidence rates of tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection.. To assess clinical, microbiologic and radiographic factors associated with risk for relapse in HIV-infected adults treated for initial episodes of pulmonary TB.. Nested case-control study within a randomized prospective clinical trial comparing the safety and efficacy of thiacetazone- and rifampicin-containing regimens for TB treatment in HIV-infected adults.. The analysis was based on 119 patients who completed therapy. Median follow-up for all subjects was 22.3 months. Ten patients relapsed a median of 12.7 months after the end of therapy; seven of these were initially treated with the thiacetazone (T)-containing regimen. Each relapse case was matched to four controls by length of follow-up after initial TB treatment. In a univariate analysis risk for relapse was associated with treatment with the T-containing regimen (OR = 4.2, P = 0.08), age > or = 30 yrs (OR = 2.9, P = 0.16), and irregular compliance (OR = 3.6, P = 0.1). Baseline anergy on Mantoux tuberculin skin testing, cavitary disease, radiographic extent of disease and sputum bacillary burden, two month culture negativity, and residual cavitary disease at the end of treatment did not differ between relapses and controls.. Older HIV-1 infected patients, those with poor treatment compliance, and those being treated with T-containing regimens, may be at increased risk for relapse after TB treatment and require closer post-treatment surveillance. Risk for relapse in HIV-infected adults with pulmonary TB after treatment with a nine month rifampicin-containing regimen was low (3.1 per 100 person-years observation) compared with those treated with a thiacetazone-containing regimen (10.1 per 100 person-years observation).

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Case-Control Studies; Developing Countries; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; HIV-1; Humans; Logistic Models; Lung; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Prospective Studies; Radiography; Recurrence; Rifampin; Risk Factors; Sputum; Survival Rate; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uganda

The region of Leon/Chinandega in Western Nicaragua.. To assess the relapse rate after short course chemotherapy with thioacetazone in the continuation phase in patients with sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis.. A cohort of 247 new sputum smear-positive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, started on the national short-course treatment (2SRHZ/6TH) between October 1986 and April 1988 as part of the National Tuberculosis Programme, were followed up for 17-32 months after completion of treatment. Two thirds of the patients spent the first 2 months hospitalized, the rest received the whole treatment as out-patients.. 204 (83%) completed treatment, seven failure cases were cured with retreatment, 24 defaulted, 10 were transferred out and two died. The patients who completed treatment continued to undergo smear examination for acid-fast bacilli every three months. Of the 204 patients who completed treatment, five died and 10 were lost to follow-up. The remaining 189 patients were followed up for a total of 388 person-years. Three relapses appeared (1.6%), one relapse during 129 person years of observation. Two of the relapse cases were hospitalized, and the third received the full treatment as an out-patient. In the 223 patients who first entered the study, contact tracing detected 24 new smear-positive and 43 smear-negative cases. Adverse reactions (jaundice) required suspension of treatment in one patient, but only temporarily.. Short course chemotherapy with an ambulatory continuation phase with isoniazid and thioacetazone seems to have a low relapse rate under routine conditions and should continue to be used.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Contact Tracing; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Combinations; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Recurrence; Sputum; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

To study the role of Pefloxacin in the retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.. 14 cases of sputum smear-positive tuberculosis were given pefloxacin in doses of 400 mg daily, along with isoniazid and thioacetazone plus additional drugs wherever indicated. They were followed and assessed by sputum smear microscopy and chest X-ray regularly for the total duration, which ranged from 15-18 months.. 10 of the patients completed treatment and achieved a satisfactory response in the form of persistent sputum, negativity and radiologically quiescent disease. Two developed serious side-effects and had to discontinue medication. One patient failed on therapy as evidenced by persistent sputum positivity at 6 months.. Pefloxacin may have a role in the retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis along with other drugs, as a companion drug in selected cases. The other advantages are the low cost of treatment and high safety profile.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Pefloxacin; Radiography; Recurrence; Thioacetazone; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Among HIV-positive patients who received treatment for active tuberculosis, thiacetazone has been associated with cutaneous hypersensitivity and recurrent tuberculosis. No controlled trials have investigated the safety and efficacy of thiacetazone-containing regimens compared with alternative regimens among patients with HIV. In a randomised clinical trial of 191 HIV-positive patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, we examined the safety and short-term efficacy of isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide for two months followed by isoniazid and rifampicin for seven months (RHZ) compared with streptomycin, thiacetazone, and isoniazid for two months followed by thiacetazone and isoniazid for ten months (STH). Between May, 1990, and September, 1991, 191 HIV-positive adult Ugandan patients with acid-fast bacilli sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (93% confirmed by culture) received either STH or RHZ. Subjects had a standard evaluation that included Mantoux skin test, complete blood count with differential white blood cell count, and chest radiography. After starting therapy, subjects were followed-up over one year for three outcomes: complications of anti-tuberculosis therapy, early sterilisation of cultures, and survival. Of 191 eligible subjects, 90 received STH and 101 received RHZ. The overall one-year survival was similar for STH and RHZ (65% vs 72%), but when controlled for baseline differences in Mantoux reaction size and absolute lymphocyte count, the relative risk of death for STH compared with RHZ was 1.57 (95% CI 1.0-2.48). Overall, 12 adverse drug reactions occurred in the STH arm (18.2 reactions per 100 person years [PYO]) compared with one in the RHZ arm (1.6 reactions per 100 PYO) for a relative risk of 11.7 (95% CI 1.52-90.0). 10 cutaneous reactions occurred in the STH arm (15.2 events per 100 PYO) compared with one event in the RHZ arm (1.6 events per 100 PYO) for a relative risk of 9.7 (95% CI: 1.24, 75.8). A greater proportion of RHZ patients compared with STH patients had sterilised their sputum within two months (74% vs 37%, p < 0.001). In developing countries, rifampicin-containing regimens should be given, when possible, to HIV-positive patients to reduce drug toxicity and to prolong survival.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Survival Rate; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uganda

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

To measure the operational effectiveness of treatment for tuberculosis in Peru was evaluated the outcome of a 12-month treatment regimen in 2,510 patients who had tuberculosis diagnosed in 1980. All patients had acid-fast bacilli detected by sputum microscopy and were to be treated with isoniazid, streptomycin, and thiacetazone daily for 2 months followed by either isoniazid and streptomycin twice a week or isoniazid and thiacetazone daily. Only 47% had a favorable outcome, 41% abandoned treatment, 6% failed treatment, 4% died, and 2% relapsed. Of 1,483 patients who completed treatment, 79% had a favorable outcome, whereas 21% had an unfavorable result (treatment failure, relapse, or death). These data indicate that failure to complete treatment is the major reason for the low rate of success but that, in addition, the effectiveness of the regimen in patients who complete treatment is not optimal.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Communicable Disease Control; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Peru; Prognosis; Recurrence; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

In an area where default from out-patient treatment for tuberculosis is very frequent and leads to 16% known failures on the 2SHT/16HT regimen, a 1-year follow-up study was carried out on 201 new sputum smear-positive patients who were hospitalised for the first 2 months of treatment. The first 103 patients were treated with 2SHT/10HT and the remaining 98 with 2SHRZ/10HT. In the first group 15 (17%) out of 89 traced patients were sputum-positive on a single smear after 1 year, compared with 1 (1%) out of 78 in the second group (P less than 0.001).

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Eswatini; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

A randomized controlled study was undertaken to compare 2 policies of default management in out-patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis attending a large chest clinic in Madras city. All the patients were due to collect monthly supplies of drugs for a year, for daily self-administration at home. In the routine (R) policy, if a patient failed to collect the drug supply on a due date, a reminder letter was posted on the fourth day and, if necessary, a health visitor visited the home a week later. In the intensive (I) policy, a health visitor visited the home on the 4th day and, if necessary, a week later and at 1 and at 2 months. The main analyses concern 150 patients (75 R, 75 I), of whom 16 R and 15 I patients had a positive culture. A total of 29 patients (11 R, 18 I) did not default at any time. For the remaining 64 R and 57 I patients, the mean numbers of defaults were 3.0 and 2.3, and the mean numbers of defaulter retrieval actions were 4.3 and 3.8, respectively. The home visit as the first action (I series) was successful in retrieving defaulters on 65% of 132 occasions, while the reminder letter (R series) was successful in 56% of 193 occasions (P = 0.1). Following the second action, which was a home visit in both the series, these proportions became 80% and 84%, respectively. in the I series, 22 third and 18 fourth actions were taken, but the patient was retrieved in only 4 and 0 instances respectively. The mean number of drug collections during the year was significantly higher in the I series (9.8) than in the R series (8.6). Finally, the proportions of patients who made 12 collections in a 15-month period, a satisfactory target under Indian Programme conditions, were 69% and 52%, respectively (P = 0.07).

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Care; Child; Community Health Nursing; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Self Administration; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Four short-course chemotherapy regimens for pulmonary tuberculosis have been compared: (1) streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide daily for 2 months followed by daily thiacetazone plus isoniazid; (2) the same 4 drugs daily for 1 month followed by thiacetazone plus isoniazid; (3) the same 4 drugs daily for 1 month followed by twice-weekly streptomycin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide; (4) the first regimen but without pyrazinamide in the initial intensive phase. Each regimen was given for 6 and 8 months and patients were followed up to 30 months. When given for 6 months the regimen with a 2-month 4-drug intensive phase had a bacteriological relapse rate of 13% and when given for 8 months there were no relapses. When pyrazinamide was omitted in the first 2 months the relapse rates were 18% for the 6-month and 6% for the 8-month series. The regimen with the 4-drug initial phase shortened to 1 month had relapse rates of 18% and 7% respectively if the continuation phase was thiacetazone plus isoniazid. However, the relapse rates were lower, 9% and 2% respectively, when the continuation phase was twice-weekly streptomycin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Random Allocation; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Patient Dropouts; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

A comparison was made between 4 regimens of chemotherapy given for 6 or 8 months, with a 6-month period of follow-up thus far. One regimen, which had a 2-month initial intensive phase of streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide followed by daily administration of thiacetazone and isoniazid, was very effective. Shortening the initial intensive 4-drug phase to 1 month produced a less successful regimen unless the continuation phase was twice-weekly administration of streptomycin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide. A regimen in which pyrazinamide was omitted from the initial intensive 2-month phase was also less effective. All patients were inpatients for 6 months to ensure that every dose of drug was fully supervised during this period. Increasing the total duration of chemotherapy from 6 months to 8 months was associated with a significant decrease in the early relapse rate in all 4 regimens, although the above differences between the regimen remained. The applicability of the findings is discussed.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Resistance; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kenya; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Tanzania; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uganda; Zambia

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Developing Countries; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Eastern; Antitubercular Agents; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

A comparative trial of a combination of thiacetazone 150 mg with isoniazid 300 mg in a once daily dose and that paraaminosalicyclic acid 12 gm uith isoniazid 300 mg daily in divided doses was carried out on 72 specially selected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis over a period of 12 months. The result of the trial showed that patients treated with thiacetazone/isoniazid combination responded equally favourably to therapy as the patients treated with PAS/isoniazid combination. The result of sputum conversion was similar in both groups. Radiological changes after treatment showed a significant similarity in both groups. It was observed that the thiacetazone/isoniazid combination is no more toxic than the PAS/isoniazid combination. There was no case of blood dyscrasia during the trial. Of the 72 patients who started the trial, a total of 19 (26 per cent) patients defaulted before the end of the third month. However, the remaining 53 patients (74 per cent) completed the trial, and the final analysis was based on this number. It was concluded that thiacetazone (150 mg/day) was of similar efficacy when compared with PAS (12 gm/day) as a companion drug for isoniazid (300 mg/day) in producing sputum conversion, and radiological changes in Nigerian tuberculosis patients and is therefore to be preferred because of its relative cheapness and once-a-day administration.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Sputum; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Eastern; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cycloserine; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Africa; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Combinations; Drug Evaluation; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Isoniazid; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Rifampin; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Placebos; Pyridoxine; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacteriological Techniques; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Evaluation; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Singapore; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Radiography; Rifamycins; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Africa, Eastern; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Isoniazid; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Radiography; Recurrence; Rifampin; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Combinations; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Aminosalicylic Acids; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Combinations; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Hospitalization; Humans; Isoniazid; Length of Stay; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Urea; USSR

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Singapore; Skin Diseases; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vertigo; Vomiting

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Dermatitis, Exfoliative; Humans; Jaundice; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Acute Disease; Africa, Eastern; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Eastern; Aged; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Eruptions; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Radiography; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vertigo

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kenya; Male; Middle Aged; Premedication; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Synergism; Humans; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Zimbabwe

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Hong Kong; Humans; Isoniazid; Radiography; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; United Kingdom

Topics: Africa, Eastern; Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Costs and Cost Analysis; Drug Synergism; Fees, Pharmaceutical; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Previous reports from the Tuberculosis Chemotherapy Centre, Madras, have established that ambulatory treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis with a standard daily regimen of isoniazid plus PAS for one year yields satisfactory results. However, this regimen may be unsuitable for large-scale use in many developing countries, because PAS is expensive, bulky and unpleasant to take, and has poor keeping qualities, especially in tropical countries. It might be possible to overcome these disadvantages, by substituting for the PAS a drug which is equally effective but less expensive and more acceptable, or by reducing the daily dosage of PAS and the period for which it is prescribed.This paper presents the results over a 12-month period of a controlled comparison of (a) the standard regimen of isoniazid (average 4.5 mg/kg body-weight) plus sodium PAS (average 0.22 g/kg), daily in two divided doses; (b) a regimen of isoniazid (average 6.9 mg/kg) plus thioacetazone (average 3.4 mg/kg), daily in one dose; and (c) a 2-phase regimen of isoniazid (average 5.5 mg/kg) plus sodium PAS (average 0.17 g/kg), daily in one dose for 6 months, followed by isoniazid alone (average 6.8 mg/kg), daily in one dose for the second 6 months. The regimen of isoniazid plus thioacetazone was found to be therapeutically as effective as the standard regimen of isoniazid plus PAS; however, it was associated with a higher incidence of minor side-effects, and three cases of exfoliative dermatitis. The 2-phase regimen of isoniazid plus PAS followed by isoniazid alone was less effective.These findings are encouraging for the large-scale use in developing countries of the relatively inexpensive regimen of isoniazid plus thioacetazone; however, any such step should be preceded by carefully planned studies to investigate, under local conditions, the toxicity and the efficacy of the regimen.

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Clinical Trials as Topic; Home Care Services; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Chitotriosidase, secreted by activated macrophages, is a biomarker of activated macrophages. In this study, we explored whether chitotriosidase could be adopted as a biomarker to evaluate the curative effect on tuberculosis (TB). Five counties were randomly selected out of 122 counties/cities/districts in Hunan Province, China. Our cases were all TB patients who were newly diagnosed or had been receiving treatment at the Centers for Disease Control (CDCs) of these five counties between April and August in 2009. Healthy controls were selected from a community health facility in the Kaifu district of Changsha City after frequency-matching of gender and age with the cases. Chitotriosidase activity was evaluated by a fluorometric assay. Categorical variables were analysed with the χ 2 test. Measurement data in multiple groups were tested with analysis of variance and least significant difference (LSD). Correlation between chitotriosidase activity and the degree of radiological extent (DRE) was examined by Spearman's rank correlation test. The average chitotriosidase activity levels of new TB cases, TB cases with different periods of treatment (6 months) and the control group were 54·47, 34·77, 21·54, 12·73 and 10·53 nmol/h.ml, respectively. Chitotriosidase activity in TB patients declined along with the continuity of treatment. The chitotriosidase activity of both smear-positive and the smear-negative pulmonary TB patients decreased after 6 months' treatment to normal levels (P < 0·05). Moreover, chitotriosidase activity was positively correlated with DRE (r = 0·607, P < 0·001). Our results indicate that chitotriosidase might be a marker of TB treatment effects. However, further follow-up study of TB patients is needed in the future.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antitubercular Agents; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; China; Ethambutol; Female; Hexosaminidases; Humans; Isoniazid; Lung; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Radiography; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Young Adult

A 30 years-old-male was referred to our hospital for surgical treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in April 1998, three years after diagnosis of tuberculosis. All first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs and second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs were resistant on drug susceptibility tests by Ogawa medium. The right upper lobectomy was done because of massive hemoptysis and enlargement of cavitary lesion in June 1998, but this surgical operation was complicated with, bronchial fistula and chronic empyema. Open drainage surgical treatment for chronic empyema was done one month after lobectomy. Sputum culture for M. tuberculosis converted 4 months after the lobectomy, but bacteriological relapse occurred 17 months after initial operation. The new cavitary lesion on middle left lung field developed and sputum smear and culture were continuously positive. Immunotherapy with interferon-gamma via aerosol didn't show any clinical effect. Thiacetazone, sparfloxcin, pyrazinamide, cycloserine was prescribed after 21 months of the initial operation. Four months after changing the regimen sputum smear and culture converted to negative. Chemotherapy was terminated in June 2003, two years after negative conversion. Three years after the termination of treatment no relapse occurred. We considered thiacetazone was effective in this case, because all of the drugs was companied with thiacetazone were resistant by the drug susceptibility tests and were previously used.

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Humans; Male; Pneumonectomy; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Haemorheological changes in response to therapy have not been fully determined in pulmonary tuberculosis patients living in developing countries. This study was aimed at monitoring haemorheological parameters in newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients undergoing therapy. Haemorheological parameters were studied in 40 tuberculosis patients (17 males and 23 females, mean age 33.4+/-1.4 years, range 23-45 years) undergoing treatment and 10 newly diagnosed patients (5 males and 5 females mean age 33.0+/-2.1 years) along with 50 apparently healthy controls age and sex matched. There were significantly lower packed cell volume (PCV), platelet count (PC), and total white blood cell count (p<0.0001). Whole blood viscosity (WBV), plasma viscosity (PV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and plasma fibrinogen (PF) were significantly higher in pulmonary tuberculosis patients than controls (p<0.0001). The packed cell volume was significantly increased by the 8th week of therapy (p<0.01), there was a significant reduction in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate from the 4th week of therapy (p<0.0001). There was no significant change in blood viscosity by the 4th week of therapy (p>0.05), while the plasma fibrinogen showed significant reduction from the 4th week of therapy till 8th week of therapy (p<0.01 and p<0.0001 respectively). We conclude that thrombocytopaenia, stasis and hyperfibrinogenemia may predispose African PTB patients to bleeding and thrombotic disorders. Haemorheological parameters may be useful indices in assessing response to therapy and drug compliance in pulmonary tuberculosis patients living in developing countries.

Topics: Adult; Blood Sedimentation; Blood Viscosity; Female; Fibrinogen; Hematocrit; Hemorheology; Humans; Isoniazid; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Platelet Count; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Nonlinear mixed-effects analysis of serial sputum colony-counting data supports the existence of two bacillary subpopulations in sputum, eliminated at different rates. It distinguishes between combination regimens, removes bias, and greatly improves precision, with significant implications for the analysis of surrogate endpoints of "sterilization" in the development of new antituberculosis regimens.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Humans; Isoniazid; Models, Biological; Nonlinear Dynamics; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Damien Foundation tuberculosis (TB) control projects in Bangladesh.. To assess the effectiveness of a 1-month extension of the intensive phase for smear-positives at 2 months of an 8-month regimen with a continuation phase consisting of isoniazid (INH) and thioacetazone (Th).. A prospective study of two cohorts of newly registered smear-positive cases, with extension of the intensive phase for the control cohort, but not for the study cohort. Culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST) of smear-defined failures and relapses and of random samples of new cases.. Among 8230 study patients (86.7% 2-month conversion) and 7206 controls (83.4% conversion), smear-defined failure or relapse outcome was 3.0% for 2-month smear-negatives vs. 3.1% for 2-month smear-positives with extension (non-significant, NS), and 8.2% for 2-month smear-positives with no extension (P < 0.00001). Culture-confirmed failure and relapse reached 1.9% in 2-month smear-negatives and 1.6% (NS) in 2-month smear-positives with vs. 3.7% (P < 0.001) in 2-month smear-positives with no extension. The relative risk (RR) of non-extension in 2-month smear-positives was 2.4 (cultures) to 2.7 (smears). The same RR and borderline significance was found for non-extension of patients with pan-susceptible strains.. Extension of the intensive phase considerably reduces failures and relapses with a weaker regimen in patients smear-positive at 2 months. Its effectiveness may vary with extent of initial drug resistance vs. power of the regimen.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prospective Studies; Sputum; Thioacetazone; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

234 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis obtained from 1000 suspected cases of tuberculosis reporting at National Institute of Communicable Disease, Delhi for laboratory investigation between Jan 2001 to August 2002 were subjected to invitro drug sensitivity test against the first line drugs (Isoniazid, Streptomycin, Rifampicin, Ethambutol and Thiacetazone) by proportion method using Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) media. Out of 234 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 142 were from cases of untreated tuberculosis, whereas only 92 isolates were from treated cases of tuberculosis. An initial drug resistance of 21.83% was seen against INH, 9.85% against Streptomycin, 15.49% against Rifampicin, 4.22% against ethambutol and 2.11% to thiacetazone. Multidrug resistance (MDR-i.e. Resistance to both INH and Rifampicin) was seen in 11.97% of isolates. 4(2.8%) isolates were found to be resistant to all drugs tested. A much higher level of acquired resistance was seen the figures being 61.95% for INH, 53.36% for rifampicin, 35.86% for streptomycin, 20.65% for ethambutol and 10.86% for thiacetazone. Avery high acquired MDR to the tune of 42.39% was seen. 24(26%) isolates were found to be resistant to all drugs tested. No significant difference were observed in the drug resistance pattern between pulmonary and extrapulmonary cases of tuberculosis in both initial and acquired drug resistance category.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Ethambutol; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Acetamides; Adult; AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Antitubercular Agents; Clavulanic Acid; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Linezolid; Mycobacterium bovis; Oxazolidinones; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; World Health Organization

TB Treatment Centre, Kampala, Uganda.. To evaluate the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection on the bacteriologic and radiographic presentation of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Uganda, a nation with high rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV infection.. To compare baseline characteristics among HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected adults with initial newly-diagnosed episodes of culture-confirmed pulmonary TB screened for participation in a randomized prospective TB treatment trial.. Negative and paucibacillary (very scanty or scanty) sputum acid fast bacilli (AFB) smears were more frequent in HIV-infected patients presenting with pulmonary TB (P = 0.007). More HIV-infected individuals also had sputum cultures that required 7-8 weeks incubation until positivity than non-HIV-infected patients (P < 0.01). Lower lung field and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates were more frequent among HIV-infected patients. Rates of atypical X-ray presentations and cavitary disease were comparable between HIV-seropositive and -seronegative patients; however, atypical disease was more frequent in HIV-infected patients with small tuberculin reactions or tuberculin anergy (PPD = 0 mm).. HIV co-infection was associated with a higher frequency of negative and paucibacillary sputum AFB smears. The differences in the diagnostic yields of microscopy and culture between HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected individuals were small and do not, in our opinion, significantly affect the utility of these important diagnostic tests in developing countries. Examining more than one sputum specimen and monitoring cultured specimens for a full 8 weeks may assist in optimizing the diagnostic yield. Upper lobe infiltrates and cavitary disease are still the most frequent radiographic presentations of pulmonary TB in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected adults in countries with a high prevalence of TB.

Topics: Adult; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Antitubercular Agents; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prospective Studies; Radiography; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sputum; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uganda

To evaluate the current prevalence of initial and acquired resistance to the main antituberculosis drugs in Yaounde, isolates of M. tuberculosis complex obtained from sputum cultures of 602 adult patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (516 new cases and 86 old cases) consecutively admitted into the tuberculosis centre of Hôpital JAMOT from July 1994 to December 1995 were studied. The susceptibility of isolates to the major antituberculosis drugs was tested by the indirect proportion method. The overall resistance rate (1 or more drugs) was 35.2%, with initial resistance 31.8% (164 of 516) and acquired resistance 55.8% (48 of 86). Initial resistance to streptomycin was the most frequent (20.5%), followed by isoniazid 12.4%), thiacetazone (5.6%), rifampicine (0.8%) and ethambutol (0.4%). Initial resistance was noted as 25% to 1 drug, 5.8% to 2 drugs, 0.8% to 3 drugs and 0.2% to 4 drugs. Acquired resistance to isoniazid was the most frequent (45.3%), followed by streptomycin (40.7%), rifampicine (30.2%), thiacetazone (10.5%) and ethambutol (9.3%). Acquired resistance was found as 13.9% to one drug, 19.8% to 2 drugs, 12.8% to 3 drugs and 9.3% to 4 drugs. A combined resistance to rifampicine and isoniazid in the same patient was noted in 0.8% of the new cases and in 26.7% of the old cases. These high rates af antituberculosis drug resistance in Yaounde underline the urgent need to reestablish a tuberculosis control programme in Cameroon.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Cameroon; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Ethambutol; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

This study concerns 321 files of smear positive tuberculosis patients admitted in the pneumo-phtysiology service of Pt G Hospital for re-treatment from April 1985 to December 1991. The re-treatment pulmonary tuberculosis with positive spits represent 13.3% of pulmonary tuberculosis cases and 10.1% of the whole tuberculosis diseases. High rate with a ratio of 3 men for a woman was found among men. The same conclusion was reached by SAMAKE (7). Patients age raking from 20 to 49 were the most affected in a proportion of 75.7%. Evolutive relapses were the principal reasons for re-treatment (71.2%) and take place above all among patient treated with the 12 months conventional regime. The conclusion reached corroborates those of STYBLO (8). The regime was 3RHZES3/3R3H3E3. The maximum of negating has been reached during the 3rd month with 93.4% rate. It has been during these 3 last months consolidation phase that the highest drop out has been noticed (17.1%). This is certainly due to the better off felt by patients. At the end of treatment 76.3% of the patients have recovered against 1.5% failure rate and 5.3% drop out. Our treatment regime, though different from those advised by WHO and IUATLD, is an efficient one. However in the new programme of fighting against tuberculosis of Mali, it has been decided to replace our treatment with that of WHO and IUATLD.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Mali; Middle Aged; Patient Compliance; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Retreatment; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Sex Factors; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Treatment Outcome; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; World Health Organization

Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Antitubercular Agents; Cost Savings; Developing Countries; Humans; Malawi; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

To determine the HIV seroprevalence in adult patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Yaounde and to compare the incidence of adverse skin reactions in patients with and without HIV infection receiving thiacetazone-free antituberculosis treatment, we studied 235 consecutive patients aged 15 years or more admitted into the Chest Clinic of Hospital Jamot in Yaounde with a diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis from July 1 to December 31, 1994. HIV testing was done using two ELISAs and confirmed by Western blot. Each patient was monitored for adverse skin reactions to antituberculosis treatment during the two month initial phase of therapy in hospital. Of the 235 patients studied, 156 (66%) were males (mean age: 33 years) and 79 were females (mean age: 30.3 years). Overall, 16.6% (39 cases) of the 235 patients were HIV seropositive. The prevalence of HIV infection was significantly higher in women (24%) than in men (12.5%) (p = 0.02). Adverse skin reactions to antituberculosis treatment were observed in eleven (4.7%) of the 235 patients. The incidence of the reactions was significantly higher in HIV seropositive (23.1%) than in HIV seronegative patients (1.0%) (p < 10 - 7). Two HIV seropositive patients who developed Stevens-Johnson syndrome died. The drugs incriminated for adverse skin reactions in the nine patients who survived were pyrazinamide (four cases) and rifampicin (five cases).. A prospective study of 235 consecutive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients admitted to Hospital Jamot in Yaounde, Cameroon, in a 6-month period in 1994 investigated the HIV seroprevalence in these patients and compared the incidence of adverse skin reactions in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients receiving thiacetazone-free anti-TB treatment. Mean age was 33.0 years in the 158 male and 30.3 years in the 79 female patients. A total of 39 patients (16.6%) were HIV-seropositive; the seroprevalence rate was significantly higher in women (24.0%) than men (12.5%). Adverse skin reactions to anti-TB treatment were noted in 11 patients (4.7%) within 2-8 weeks of onset of treatment. Such reactions occurred in 9 (23.1%) of the HIV-positive patients compared with only 2 (1.0%) seronegative patients. The 2 patients (both HIV-positive) who developed Stevens-Johnson syndrome died. In the remaining 9 cases, reactions were mild to moderate and resolved with discontinuation of treatment (pyrazinamide or rifampicin) with or without the administration of symptomatic treatment. The World Health Organization has warned against use of thiacetazone in the treatment of TB in HIV-infected patients given the high frequency of sometimes fatal cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. The findings of the present study indicate that, even when thiacetazone-free drugs are used, HIV-infected TB patients should be monitored carefully for adverse skin reactions.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antitubercular Agents; Cameroon; Drug Eruptions; Drug Monitoring; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV Seroprevalence; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Distribution; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Urban Health

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Costs; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Nepal; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Concurrent infection with HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is increasingly common in East Africa. In the past, a drug regimen consisting of 2 months of intramuscular streptomycin plus 12 months of isoniazid and thiacetazone has been used in tuberculosis control programs with acceptable efficacy and low incidence of adverse reactions. Anecdotal reports of increasing cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome prompted a 2 month prospective search for cases of severe cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions at Muhimbili Medical Centre in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Five such patients were admitted to a single ward during this time, 4 of whom were HIV-seropositive and all of whom were being treated with isoniazid and thiacetazone. These findings have implications for the management of tuberculosis in East Africa and perhaps other countries with high prevalence of both HIV-1 and tuberculosis.. Concurrent infection with HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is increasingly common in East Africa. In HIV-infected individuals, pulmonary TB tends to occur before the onset of opportunistic infections. A common treatment regimen in developing countries is two months of intramuscular streptomycin combined with twelve months of isoniazid and thiacetazone. TB control programs have found this approach to be of acceptable efficacy with a low incidence of adverse reactions. Anecdotal reports of increasing cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome, however, prompted a two-month prospective search for cases of severe cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions at Muhimbili Medical Center in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Five such patients were admitted to an hospital ward over the two-month period, four of whom were HIV-seropositive and all of whom were being treated with isoniazid and thiacetazone. Two were also receiving streptomycin. Four had extensive mucosal involvement of the eyelids, lips, and mouth, consistent with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The remaining patient had bullous skin lesions, without mucosal involvement, consistent with an exfoliative dermatitis. On admission, medications were discontinued and patients underwent routine management, including the administration of steroids. Four patients were discharged from the hospital 3-7 weeks after admission with improved conditions. One patient died suddenly after five weeks of hospitalization due to unknown causes. These patients give extra support to observations that thiacetazone is associated with the increased incidence of severe cutaneous hypersensitivity syndrome in people infected with HIV-1. Further studies are needed to quantify the excess morbidity and mortality resulting from this treatment regimen.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Comorbidity; Drug Combinations; Drug Eruptions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV-1; Hospitals, University; Humans; Incidence; Isoniazid; Male; Population Surveillance; Prospective Studies; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Streptomycin; Tanzania; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Evidence from many countries suggests an association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and tuberculosis of major public health significance. In order to begin assessing the impact of HIV on tuberculosis in Kenya, we have determined the HIV-1 seroprevalence among tuberculosis patients and compared the clinical characteristics of tuberculosis in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients in two cross-sectional studies at the Infectious Disease Hospital (IDH) and the Ngaira Avenue Chest Clinic (NACC), Nairobi, Kenya. The diagnosis in 92% of all patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was confirmed by culture. The remainder were diagnosed on histological, clinical or radiological grounds. HIV seroprevalence among tuberculosis patients at IDH was 26.5% (52/196) compared to 9.2% (18/195) at NACC (P less than 0.001). There was no association between numbers of streptomycin injections in the previous 5 years and HIV infection. Positive sputum smear rates in HIV-positive patients were slightly lower than in HIV-negative patients at both study sites (71% vs 83% at IDH and 73% vs 82% at NACC) but the difference was not significant. Only Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated. Miliary disease was not associated with HIV infection. Persistent diarrhoea, oral candidiasis, generalized itchy rash, herpes zoster and generalized lymphadenopathy were all associated with HIV infection, but 46% (95% CI:38-54%) of all HIV-positive patients had none of the clinical features listed in the WHO Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of AIDS, apart from fever, cough and weight loss. Stevens-Johnson Syndrome was reported in 7/52 (13%) patients with HIV infection, and in 4/144 (3%) patients without (RR 4.85, 95% CI: 1.45-15.88).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Combinations; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seroprevalence; Humans; Isoniazid; Kenya; Male; Middle Aged; Opportunistic Infections; Risk Factors; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

The effects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on tuberculosis management was investigated in 227 patients initially treated with a regimen containing streptomycin, isoniazid, and thiacetazone (STH). 93 of these 227 were HIV-seropositive. 60 patients, of whom 18 were HIV-seropositive, received a regimen consisting of streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide (SHRZ) in the initial phase, and thiacetazone and isoniazid (TH) in the continuation phase. Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions occurred in 22 of 111 (20%) HIV-seropositive patients, and in 2 of 176 (1%) HIV-seronegative patients (RR = 18, 95% CI 4.4-76, p less than 10(-7]. During the first 8 weeks of treatment 18 reactions occurred among the 93 HIV-seropositive patients on STH, whereas no reaction occurred in 17 HIV-seropositive patients during the initial phase of SHRZ/TH (p = 0.04). None of the 18 HIV-seropositive patients with cutaneous reactions who were subsequently challenged with isoniazid reacted, nor did any of the 10 tested with streptomycin, but 6 of the 7 challenged with thiacetazone reacted. 3 patients (all HIV-positive and with toxic epidermal necrolysis) died as a result of the cutaneous reaction. These results have major implications for tuberculosis control programmes in Africa.

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Eruptions; Erythema Multiforme; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Follow-Up Studies; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Skin Tests; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Nepal; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

A retrospective study of 596 case notes of 1195 patients notified for tuberculosis during a three year period, in one district, was conducted. Drug reactions occurred in 75 patients (12.6 percent) and required discontinuation of therapy in 59 (10 percent). In 69 patients the skin was involved. Thiacetazone was by far the commonest drug implicated: two patients died with the Stevens Johnson syndrome. This study suggests that in the all important first two months of anti-tuberculous chemotherapy, thiacetazone, a therapeutically unnecessary agent, should be omitted as its inclusion results in an unacceptably high rate of side effects.

Topics: Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Male; Retrospective Studies; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; Ethambutol; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

The response to short-course chemotherapy of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis caused by drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis was examined in 12 controlled trials carried out during the past decade in Africa, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Among those with initial resistance to isoniazid and/or streptomycin, failures during chemotherapy were encountered in 17% of 23 patients given a 6-month regimen of isoniazid and rifampin and in 12% of 264 patients given rifampin only in an initial 2-month intensive phase of their regimen. The proportion of failures fell as the number of drugs in the regimen and the duration of treatment with rifampin were increased, to reach 2% of 246 patients receiving 4 or 5 drugs including rifampin in 6-month regimens. The sterilizing activity of the regimens, whether these included rifampin or pyrazinamide, was little influenced by initial resistance, because the sputum conversion rate at 2 months was similar to that in patients with initially sensitive bacilli, and the relapse rates after chemotherapy were only a little higher. The response in the 11 patients with initial rifampin resistance was, however, much less good, failure during chemotherapy occurring in 5 and relapse afterwards in a further 3 patients. This review demonstrates the value of rifampin in preventing failure caused by the emergence of resistance during treatment and the greater sterilizing activity of rifampin and pyrazinamide compared with that of isoniazid and streptomycin.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Evaluation; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

In Kasungu district (Malaŵi), the patients with pulmonary tuberculosis are admitted in the district hospital for two months and then referred to the private organization LEPRA for further ambulatory treatment. Out of 73 patients found with positive expectoration for AAFB during 8 months, 54 were actually referred to LEPRA, 4 were sent to another hospital on died, and 15 defaulted. Later on 15% of the patients referred to LEPRA were lost to follow up during one year. 2/3 of defaulting happened during the 2 first months of the treatment. Furthermore the infectious patients case finding rate is likely to be very low. Those observations lead to propose three prioritary actions to improve tuberculosis control: case finding amelioration, relinquishment of compulsory long duration admissions, and integration of the tuberculosis care network into the general health system.

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Hospitalization; Humans; Isoniazid; Malawi; Patient Compliance; Referral and Consultation; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

In this paper we will discuss the genetic consequences of drug interaction in tuberculosis patients. Blood from tuberculosis patients was cultured before, during, and after withdrawal of therapy involving five different drug combinations of isoniazid (INH), thiacetazone (TAZ), para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), and streptomycin (SM). The approaches used to detect DNA damage were chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). A total of 179 subjects were analyzed. In combination these drugs showed synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effects, though they were found to be nonclastogenic individually. Four of the drug combinations, INH + TAZ, INH + PAS, INH + TAZ + SM, and INH + PAS + SM, induced a significant increase in the frequency of aberrations, whereas INH + SM did not induce aberrations. In fact, SM appeared to reduce the frequency of aberrations. SCEs were increased in only two patients: one treated with INH + TAZ and the other with INH + PAS. The frequency of aberrations after withdrawal of therapy was decreased; it was slightly higher than the controls, though it was insignificant. The return to normalcy could be due to elimination of damaged cells or the repair of DNA in lymphocytes. Though the drug-induced aberrations do not persist after withdrawal of therapy, the chromosome damaging combinations of drugs should be used with caution, because the possibility of meiotic chromosome damage in germ cells (during therapy), which might be passed on to the next generation, cannot be ruled out.

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Antitubercular Agents; Cells, Cultured; Chromosome Aberrations; Crossing Over, Genetic; Drug Interactions; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Lymphocytes; Metaphase; Sister Chromatid Exchange; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

A prospective study involving 134 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis was conducted to determine the incidence and severity of ethambutol-induced hyperuricaemia. The cases were randomly allocated to two groups: one group (71 cases) received ethambutol (20 mg/kg bodyweight/day) streptomycin and isoniazid (SHE), the other group (60 cases) received streptomycin, isoniazid and thioacetazone (SHT). All the cases were hospitalized. A significant rise in serum uric acid levels was found in 66% of SHE patients during the first 60-90 days of treatment, but there was no such change in the SHT patients. In one patient who received ethambutol generalized arthralgia developed and in another acute gouty arthritis was observed. In both cases, symptoms abated when ethambutol was withdrawn and reappeared when it was resumed.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Random Allocation; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uric Acid

Cytogenetic effects of three combinations of anti-tubercular drugs were evaluated on human lymphocytes in vivo and were compared with controls of two types: (1) newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients before starting therapy and (2) individuals from the general population. The drugs used were: isoniazid (INH), thiacetazone (TAZ), para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), and streptomycin (SM). These drugs were tested in the following combinations: (a) INH + TAZ + SM, (b) INH + PAS + SM, (c) INH + SM. The frequency of chromosome aberrations was significantly increased in patients treated with both the triple drug combinations, i.e., with INH + TAZ + SM and INH + PAS + SM, whereas patients treated with INH + SM did not exhibit an increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations as compared to the controls. Although both the triple drug combinations were clastogenic, none of the three drug combinations tested induced an increase in the frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). In other words, the mechanisms leading to SCEs and chromosome aberrations may be different. SM appeared to depress the mitotic index in patients treated with INH + SM and INH + PAS + SM, though it was found to possess a mild anti-clastogenic effect. INH + TAZ + SM, on the other hand, enhanced the mitotic index. This enhanced mitotic index was probably due to the presence of TAZ.

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Antitubercular Agents; Chromosome Aberrations; Crossing Over, Genetic; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Lymphocytes; Mitosis; Mitotic Index; Sister Chromatid Exchange; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

3 cases of aplastic anaemia occurring in association with anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy are reported. The patients had been on anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy for 13, 11 and 14 months, respectively, prior to the diagnosis of aplastic anaemia. Agents used included streptomycin, thiacetazone, isoniazid, p-aminosalicylic acid and dimethylcarbazine. Recovery from aplasia did not occur 6. 1.5 and 0.8 months, respectively, after the discontinuation of the suspect myelotoxic agents and despite the use of myelostimulatory agents. All 3 patients died of haemorrhage secondary to thrombocytopenia. The observations are consistent with a protracted and probably irreversible damage of the bone marrow by anti-tuberculosis agent(s) in susceptible individuals.

Topics: Acridines; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acid; Anemia, Aplastic; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Pyridoxine; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Laryngeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Drug Combinations; Electromyography; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Guinea Pigs; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Isoniazid; Mice; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Of 51 patients in Eastern Botswana who denied previous anti-tuberculosis treatment, 6 (11.8 %) were excreting tubercle bacilli resistant to one of the first-line drugs in regular use: 4 patients (7.8 %) showed resistance to isoniazid, 2 (3.9 %) to thiacetazone and none to streptomycin. Of 44 patients known to have been on previous anti-tuberculosis treatment, 31 (70.5 %) were found to show resistance to one or more of the first line drugs: 31 (70.5 %) to isoniazid, 12 (27.2 %) to streptomycin and 11 (25.9 %) to thiacetazone. No appreciable resistance was found to second line drugs. These resistance patterns, which correspond quite well with other published results from Africa, are related to the overall problem in Botswana, namely the failure of a high proportion of patients, to complete a full course of first line treatment.

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Botswana; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

A total of 1873 patients admitted to a random sampling survey in 15 of the 61 administrative districts in Tanzania in 1969 has been followed up at 1 year or later. The random sample included districts with a long-established tuberculosis service (A districts), those with a service of recent inception (B districts), and those with no specialized tuberculosis service (C districts). The main follow-up concerns 1607 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis of whom 693 had a positive culture at the initial survey, 557 a negative culture and 357 had not produced a specimen. At 1 year or later 12% of the 1607 patients were lost from observation, 10% were alive but with no specimen or no result, 60% were culture-negative, 5% were culture-positive, and 12% were known to be dead. The proportion of patients known to be dead was similar in the 3 types of service, but the proportion lost from observation was highest in the B districts, 24% compared with 7% in the A and 10% in the C districts. Most of the losses occurred early, 73% within the first 3 months. Of the 693 patients with positive culture initially 9% were culture-positive at 1 year, as were 1% of the 557 culture-negative initially. The estimated proportion culture-negative at 1 year for the patients culture-positive initially was highest in the A districts, 78%, and very similar in the B and C districts, 66% and 67%, respectively. The policies of therapy were studied in 1459 patients; 86% were treated in hospital initially for a mean duration of 63 days. The standard regimen of streptomycin, thiacetazone and isoniazid was prescribed in 78% of the patients initially, the proportions being 93% in the A, 48% in the B and 81% in the C districts. The proportion of patients who received or collected supplies of medicament for the full 12 months was only 35%, the proportions being 40% in the A, 20% in the B and 39% in the C districts.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Health Surveys; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Patient Dropouts; Streptomycin; Tanzania; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

The relapse rate up to 5 years after the start of chemotherapy with a 6-month regimen of daily streptomycin, isoniazid, and rifampin has been compared with the rate for a standard 18-month regimen of streptomycin, thiacetazone, and isoniazid for 2 months, followed by thiacetazone and isoniazid for 16 months daily. There were 5 bacteriologic relapses in 145 patients on the 6-month regimen, 1 occurring between 3 and 5 years after admission compared with 3 in 125 patients on the 18-month regimen, 1 occurring between 3 and 5 years.

Topics: Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Patient Dropouts; Recurrence; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Infant; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aminosalicylic Acid; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Of 61 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis form patients in northernn Nigeria denying any previous treatment for tuberculosis 7 (11.5 per cent) yielded resistant cultures. Four (6.6 per cent) were resistant to isoniazid, 2 (3.3 per cent) to PAS (1 also to thiacetazone), and 1 (1.6 per cent) to streptomycin. No mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis were isolated from these patients. These results suggest that the level of initial drug resistance in northernn Nigeria may be lower than that found in other African countries.

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Nigeria; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Africa, Eastern; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethambutol; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Africa, Eastern; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Follow-Up Studies; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prognosis; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Rifampin; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Drug hepatitis occurred in 0-32 per cent of 7492 patients receiving antituberculous therapy, while the overall incidence of drug reactions was estimated at 9 per cent. PAS was the most common cause of drug hepatitis among the 38 patients analysed. The clinical, biochemical and haematological picture of antituberculous drug hepatitis was found to be fairly uniform. However, the patients with definite PAS hepatitis had lower SGOT values than those in whom there was uncertainty whether PAS or INH was implicated. Premonitory symptoms were present in all but four patients before the onset of jaundice. One or more of the features associated with dry hypersensitivity reactions, such as fever, rashes, lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, leucocytosis, eosinophilia and atypical monocytes were present in 89 per cent of cases so that confusion with viral hepatitis seldom arose. Sensitization time was less than three months in all except three patients, who were considered to be suffering from viral hepatitis. While no patients with PAS hepatitis died, the overall mortality was 17 per cent. A review of the literature stresses the frequency of asymptomatic elevations of SGOT, the value of clinical surveillance during the early months of therapy and the importance of stopping all therapy immediately warning symptoms appear.

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Drug Hypersensitivity; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Isoniazid; Jaundice; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Pyrazinamide; Skin Diseases; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

This survey was conducted in 1969/70 in a random sample of 15 of the 61 administrative districts in Tanzania. It included clinics with a long established tuberculosis service (A group), those with a tuberculons service of recent inception (B group) and those with no specialised tuberculosis service (C group), and 3 additional centres of special interest. The aim was to obtain, for tuberculous patients newly registered for treatment during a specified 6-month period, information on: a) the proportions of patients with pulmonary and/or extra-pulmonary tuberculosis; b) the history of previous chemotherapy with antituberculosis drugs: c) the prevalence of bacteriologically-positive pulmonary tuberculosis; d) the prevalence of initial and acquired resistance to the standard antituberculosis drugs; e) the radiographic extent and type of disease and of cavitation. Of 1884 patients in the random sample, 87.4 per cent had pulmonary tuberculosis only, 2.5 per cent had pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and 10.1 per cent had extra-pulmonary tuberculosis only. Although there were differences in the proportions with extra-pulmonary disease in individual districts in each group there were no important differences in the average levels for the A, B and C groups. Of 256 extra-pulmonary tuberculous lesions in 237 patients, 58 per cent were lymph node, 26 per cent bone and joint and 12 per cent pleural, pericardial or peritoneal. Of 1694 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with or without extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, 96.3 per cent gave no history of previous chemotherapy and 3.6 per cent a definite history. A sputum specimen from each of 1338 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was examined by direct smear; 675 (50 per cent) were positive as were 694 (55 per cent) of 1257 cultures. For the patients with no history of previous chemotherapy the positivity rates were 59 per cent on smear and 66 per cent on culture for the A group, 53 per cent and 57 per cent for the B group and 35 per cent and 38 per cent for the C group. Of 636 patients with no history of previous chemotherapy and sensitivity test results, 9 per cent had a strain resistant to isoniazid and/or streptomycin. The total prevalence of resistance to isoniazid was 6 per cent and to streptomycin 4 per cent. Of 1278 patients aged 5 or more with a postero-anterior chest radiography available and a diagnosis of intra-thoracic tuberculosis in Tanzania, 86 per cent were reported at an independent assessment in

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Radiography; Sampling Studies; Streptomycin; Tanzania; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Female; Gynecomastia; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Breast Diseases; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Isoniazid; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: BCG Vaccine; Botswana; Carrier State; Complementary Therapies; Disease Reservoirs; Drug Combinations; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Registries; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Autopsy; Humans; Male; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Humans; Male; Radiography; Sputum; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Drug Evaluation; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Appointments and Schedules; Developing Countries; Health Education; Hospitalization; Humans; Isoniazid; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Compliance; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Aminosalicylic Acids; Child; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Sri Lanka; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Africa, Eastern; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vision Disorders

Topics: Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Piperazines; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vitamins

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Drug Combinations; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; BCG Vaccine; Child; Child, Preschool; Community Health Services; Delivery of Health Care; Health Education; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malaysia; Physician Assistants; Rural Health; Rural Population; Social Isolation; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; China; Drug Therapy, Combination; Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Malaysia; Male; Middle Aged; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aminosalicylic Acids; Cooperative Behavior; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; Patient Dropouts; Self Medication; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Eastern; Antitubercular Agents; Humans; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Rifampin; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Developing Countries; Drug Combinations; Economics; Humans; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Computers; Cycloserine; Diffusion; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; South Africa; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Northern; Age Factors; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Ethnicity; Female; France; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rifampin; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Developing Countries; Drug Combinations; Economics, Medical; Hospitalization; Humans; Isoniazid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; Socioeconomic Factors; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Psychoses, Substance-Induced; Pyrazinamide; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Attitude to Health; Cooperative Behavior; Economics, Medical; Hospitalization; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Racial Groups; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Uganda

As part of a large-scale international cooperative investigation into the side effects of thioacetazone-containing regimens in the treatment of tuberculosis, an evaluation has been made of the variation in the frequency of side effects between different countries and between different centres in the same country and of the likely reasons for this variation. In 3 countries patients of different racial origin were under observation in the same hospital. Over a 12-week period of treatment there was considerable variation between the countries and centres in the overall frequency of side effects and of those leading to a major departure from prescribed treatment, the variation being similar for the two thioacetazone-containing regimens and for the streptomycin plus isoniazid control regimen, though at a lower level for the latter. In Malaysia, Singapore, and Trinidad, where different racial groups were under treatment, there was no clear indication that race was an important factor in explaining the differences between countries, except for cutaneous side effects in Trinidad and possibly in Malaysia.It is concluded that the differences in the frequency of side effects to thioacetazone-containing regimens probably result from variation in the closeness of supervision of patients, in the recording and interpretation of side effects, and in environmental factors including the previous use of other medicaments or exposure to sensitizing substances.

Topics: Adult; Africa, Northern; Antitubercular Agents; Asia; Czechoslovakia; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Geography; Humans; International Cooperation; Male; Middle Aged; Racial Groups; Thioacetazone; Trinidad and Tobago; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Combinations; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Male; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Asia, Southeastern; Australia; Congresses as Topic; Humans; India; Japan; Regional Medical Programs; Taiwan; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Congresses as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Isoniazid; Socioeconomic Factors; Thailand; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Child; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Animals; Child; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Virulence

Topics: Humans; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vestibule, Labyrinth

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Eastern; Aged; Costs and Cost Analysis; Delayed-Action Preparations; Developing Countries; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Rifampin; Rural Population; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Rifampin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Anemia, Aplastic; Humans; Male; Prednisone; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Biopsy; Child, Preschool; Fatty Liver; Female; Humans; Liver; Male; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Ambulatory Care; Antitubercular Agents; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Senegal; Socioeconomic Factors; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Isoniazid; Kenya; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Sex Factors; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

As part of a large-scale international, co-operative investigation into the side-effects produced by thioacetazone employed in the treatment of tuberculosis, an evaluation has been made of a supplement incorporating vitamins and an antihistamine as a prophylactic.Over a 12-week period of treatment, the additive supplement failed to reduce the over-all frequency of side-effects or the frequency of side-effects leading to a major departure from prescribed treatment. There was also no evidence that the more serious side-effects, particularly rashes, jaundice and agranulocytosis, were reduced by the additives, although the occurrence of vomiting, which was however infrequent, was reduced.In view of this lack of appreciable benefit, as well as the higher cost and impaired keeping properties of tablets containing thioacetazone plus isoniazid when the supplement is added, the use of the supplement as a prophylactic cannot be recommended.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Agranulocytosis; Child; Female; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; International Cooperation; Jaundice; Male; Middle Aged; Skin Diseases; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Vitamins; Vomiting

Topics: Africa, Eastern; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Synergism; Female; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Male; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Neck; Radiography; Steroids; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculin Test; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Eruptions; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Isoniazid; Kenya; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Animals; Culture Media; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Guinea Pigs; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Virulence

Topics: Albuminuria; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Hemoglobinometry; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Liver Function Tests; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Capreomycin; Cycloserine; Drug Combinations; Ethambutol; Ethionamide; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Phenylthiourea; Radiography; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Germany, West; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Pneumonectomy; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids; 17-Ketosteroids; Adolescent; Black People; Breast Diseases; Female; Humans; Hypertrophy; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Humans; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Dosage Forms; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Antitubercular Agents; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Costs and Cost Analysis; Home Care Services; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pyrazinamide; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Time Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Eastern; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Home Care Services; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Radiography; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ambulatory Care; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Aminosalicylic Acids; Drug Synergism; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Synergism; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Sudan; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Diet Therapy; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Home Care Services; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Humans; Isoniazid; Jaundice; Radiography; Skin Manifestations; Sputum; Stomach Diseases; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Zimbabwe

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aminosalicylic Acids; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Kenya; Male; Middle Aged; Radiography; Sampling Studies; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Tuberculosis, Osteoarticular; Tuberculosis, Pleural; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Hemoglobins; Hong Kong; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Isoniazid; Prognosis; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Mass Screening; Middle Aged; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Hong Kong; Nursing; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Male; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Economics; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Morocco; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Drug Synergism; Ethionamide; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Humans; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Piperazines; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Isoniazid; Male; Middle Aged; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Africa, Eastern; Aged; Humans; Isoniazid; Middle Aged; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Humans; International Cooperation; Middle Aged; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Bronchitis; Cardiomegaly; Humans; Male; Pulmonary Emphysema; Radiography, Thoracic; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Ethambutol; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Radiography; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Humans; Isoniazid; Sputum; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drug Therapy; Humans; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Humans; India; Isoniazid; Radiography, Thoracic; Sputum; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Toxicology; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Isoniazid; Japan; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Toxicology; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Drug Therapy; Humans; Isoniazid; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Communicable Disease Control; Follow-Up Studies; Oxytetracycline; Pathology; Prognosis; Pyrazinamide; Recurrence; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aerosols; Drug Therapy; Pneumonectomy; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Animals; Bacillus; Bacteriological Techniques; Guinea Pigs; India; Isoniazid; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Pharmacology; Research; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; United Kingdom; Virulence

Topics: Cycloserine; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethionamide; Humans; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Aminosalicylic Acid; Aminosalicylic Acids; Antitubercular Agents; Cycloserine; Ethionamide; Humans; Isoniazid; Kanamycin; Oxytetracycline; Pyrazinamide; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Toxicology; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Viomycin

Topics: Africa; Africa, Eastern; Animals; Bacillus; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Mice; Research; Spleen; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tissue Culture Techniques; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Accidents; Accidents, Occupational; Africa; Africa, Eastern; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Isoniazid; Sputum; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Erythema Multiforme; Humans; Skin; Stevens-Johnson Syndrome; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Isoniazid; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Isoniazid; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: IgA Vasculitis; Purpura; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Isomerism; Isoniazid; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Dermatology; Drug Eruptions; Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Coproporphyrins; Depressive Disorder; Humans; Porphyrins; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Larynx; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Laryngeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Autonomic Nervous System; Blood Circulation; Mucous Membrane; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Pharynx; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Diseases; Siblings; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Drainage; Pulmonary Surgical Procedures; Talc; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Larynx; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Laryngeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Brain Edema; Combined Modality Therapy; Hypothyroidism; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Biometry; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Hepatitis A; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ammonia; Body Fluids; Child; Chlorine; Infant; Ions; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Black People; Humans; Kenya; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Stomach; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Pleural Effusion; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Biomedical Research; Digestion; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Blood Sedimentation; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carbohydrates; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Humans; Pulmonary Surgical Procedures; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Thoracoplasty; Thorax; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Lung; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Copper; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Prognosis; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ethnicity; Humans; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Hospitals; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mucous Membrane; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Sputum; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Virulence

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Hemorrhage; Lung; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Humans; Mucous Membrane; Pharynx; Prognosis; Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Laryngeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Hepatitis; Liver; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Pilot Projects; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Biochemical Phenomena; Lung; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Iodides; Iodine; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Caves; Lung; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Meningitis; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Meningeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Injections; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Animals; Bacillus; Humans; Insecta; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Streptomycin; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Larynx; Larynx, Artificial; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Laryngeal; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Hospitals; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Aminosalicylic Acid; Biological Phenomena; Salicylic Acid; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Humans; Thioacetazone; Thiosemicarbazones; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary