thalidomide has been researched along with Sarcoidosis in 36 studies
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.
thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.
2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.
Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.
Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
---|---|---|
"Thalidomide use in cutaneous sarcoidosis is based on data from small case series or case reports." | 9.19 | A randomized, investigator-masked, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on thalidomide in severe cutaneous sarcoidosis. ( Chevrant-Breton, J; Chosidow, O; Cosnes, A; D'Incan, M; Desseaux, K; Droitcourt, C; Dupin, N; Dupuy, A; Joly, P; Juillard, C; Lacour, JP; Lebrun-Vignes, B; Misery, L; Porcher, R; Revuz, J; Rybojad, M; Sassolas, B; Tazi, A; Valeyre, D, 2014) |
"Limited data report thalidomide improves cutaneous sarcoidosis; no benefit has been reported for pulmonary localization." | 9.16 | Thalidomide for improving cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis in patients resistant or with contraindications to corticosteroids. ( Antonelli, A; Barachini, P; Calabrese, R; Carpi, A; Cei, G; Cristofani, R; Fazzi, P; Manni, E; Piazza, S; Siciliano, G, 2012) |
"Thalidomide efficacy and tolerance in patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis merits further evaluation in a controlled trial." | 9.11 | Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with thalidomide. ( Cordoliani, F; Dupuy, A; Lebbé, C; Morel, P; Nguyen, YT; Rybojad, M; Vignon-Pennamen, MD, 2004) |
"Thalidomide was an effective form of treatment for chronic cutaneous sarcoidosis." | 9.10 | Thalidomide for chronic sarcoidosis. ( Baughman, RP; Judson, MA; Lower, EE; Moller, DR; Teirstein, AS, 2002) |
"Data from ten patients with sarcoidosis treated with thalidomide between January 1998 and March 1999 were collected from delivery authorizations and analyzed." | 7.71 | [Sarcoidosis: thalidomide treatment in ten patients]. ( Bressieux, JM; Cosnes, A; Estines, O; Revuz, J; Roujeau, JC; Wolkenstein, P, 2001) |
"A patient with sarcoidosis was treated with thalidomide for disfiguring and painful steroid unresponsive sarcoidal granulomas of the skin." | 7.70 | Disfiguring cutaneous manifestation of sarcoidosis treated with thalidomide: a case report. ( Koblenzer, PS; Lee, JB, 1998) |
" Because administration of low doses of thalidomide has been successful in treating other inflammatory diseases, it was used in a patient with systemic sarcoidosis who was unresponsive to corticosteroids and in a patient with pulmonary sarcoidosis, in whom Kaposi's sarcoma developed after a course of corticosteroid therapy." | 7.69 | Treatment of cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis with thalidomide. ( Bonaccorsi, P; Calvieri, S; Carlesimo, M; Giustini, S; Rossi, A, 1995) |
"Thalidomide has a different toxicity profile than corticosteroids or immunosuppressives." | 6.42 | Newer therapies for cutaneous sarcoidosis: the role of thalidomide and other agents. ( Baughman, RP; Lower, EE, 2004) |
"Thalidomide was given to 2 patients with EOS (a 16-year-old girl and an 8-year-old boy) at an initial dosage of 2 mg/kg/day, and the dosage was increased if necessary." | 5.36 | Thalidomide dramatically improves the symptoms of early-onset sarcoidosis/Blau syndrome: its possible action and mechanism. ( Manki, A; Morishima, T; Takemoto, K; Tsuge, M; Yamamoto, M; Yashiro, M; Yasui, K, 2010) |
"Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent that acts to inhibit production of tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), an important mediator in CNS inflammation, by enhancing TNF-alpha mRNA degradation." | 5.34 | Thalidomide for acute treatment of neurosarcoidosis. ( Hammond, ER; Kaplin, AI; Kerr, DA, 2007) |
"Thalidomide was effective for muscular, cutaneous, and pulmonary involvement in our patient." | 5.32 | Successful treatment of muscle sarcoidosis with thalidomide. ( Lochmüller, H; Meindl, T; Müller-Felber, W; Schlotter-Weigel, B; Walter, MC, 2003) |
"Thalidomide use in cutaneous sarcoidosis is based on data from small case series or case reports." | 5.19 | A randomized, investigator-masked, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on thalidomide in severe cutaneous sarcoidosis. ( Chevrant-Breton, J; Chosidow, O; Cosnes, A; D'Incan, M; Desseaux, K; Droitcourt, C; Dupin, N; Dupuy, A; Joly, P; Juillard, C; Lacour, JP; Lebrun-Vignes, B; Misery, L; Porcher, R; Revuz, J; Rybojad, M; Sassolas, B; Tazi, A; Valeyre, D, 2014) |
"Limited data report thalidomide improves cutaneous sarcoidosis; no benefit has been reported for pulmonary localization." | 5.16 | Thalidomide for improving cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis in patients resistant or with contraindications to corticosteroids. ( Antonelli, A; Barachini, P; Calabrese, R; Carpi, A; Cei, G; Cristofani, R; Fazzi, P; Manni, E; Piazza, S; Siciliano, G, 2012) |
"Thalidomide efficacy and tolerance in patients with cutaneous sarcoidosis merits further evaluation in a controlled trial." | 5.11 | Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with thalidomide. ( Cordoliani, F; Dupuy, A; Lebbé, C; Morel, P; Nguyen, YT; Rybojad, M; Vignon-Pennamen, MD, 2004) |
"Thalidomide was an effective form of treatment for chronic cutaneous sarcoidosis." | 5.10 | Thalidomide for chronic sarcoidosis. ( Baughman, RP; Judson, MA; Lower, EE; Moller, DR; Teirstein, AS, 2002) |
"The widely accepted standard therapy for cutaneous sarcoidosis includes corticosteroids, antimalarials, and methotrexate." | 4.84 | Cutaneous sarcoidosis therapy updated. ( Badgwell, C; Rosen, T, 2007) |
"Data from ten patients with sarcoidosis treated with thalidomide between January 1998 and March 1999 were collected from delivery authorizations and analyzed." | 3.71 | [Sarcoidosis: thalidomide treatment in ten patients]. ( Bressieux, JM; Cosnes, A; Estines, O; Revuz, J; Roujeau, JC; Wolkenstein, P, 2001) |
"A patient with sarcoidosis was treated with thalidomide for disfiguring and painful steroid unresponsive sarcoidal granulomas of the skin." | 3.70 | Disfiguring cutaneous manifestation of sarcoidosis treated with thalidomide: a case report. ( Koblenzer, PS; Lee, JB, 1998) |
" Because administration of low doses of thalidomide has been successful in treating other inflammatory diseases, it was used in a patient with systemic sarcoidosis who was unresponsive to corticosteroids and in a patient with pulmonary sarcoidosis, in whom Kaposi's sarcoma developed after a course of corticosteroid therapy." | 3.69 | Treatment of cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis with thalidomide. ( Bonaccorsi, P; Calvieri, S; Carlesimo, M; Giustini, S; Rossi, A, 1995) |
"Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease that affects numerous organs, commonly manifesting at the lungs and skin." | 2.52 | TNF-α: a treatment target or cause of sarcoidosis? ( Amber, KT; Bloom, R; Hertl, M; Mrowietz, U, 2015) |
"Thalidomide was initially approved by the U." | 2.46 | Thalidomide and analogues: potential for immunomodulation of inflammatory and neoplastic dermatologic disorders. ( Ladizinski, B; Levis, WR; Sanchez, MR; Shannon, EJ, 2010) |
"Thalidomide was developed in the 1950s as a sedative drug and withdrawn in 1961 because of its teratogenic effects, but has been rediscovered as an immuno-modulatory drug." | 2.46 | [Thalidomide as immunomodulatory drug: pharmacological actions and its indications]. ( Yasui, K, 2010) |
"Thalidomide was first introduced in the 1950s as a sedative but was quickly removed from the market after it was linked to cases of severe birth defects." | 2.43 | Thalidomide: dermatological indications, mechanisms of action and side-effects. ( Hsu, S; Huang, DB; Pang, KR; Tyring, SK; Wu, JJ, 2005) |
"Thalidomide has a different toxicity profile than corticosteroids or immunosuppressives." | 2.42 | Newer therapies for cutaneous sarcoidosis: the role of thalidomide and other agents. ( Baughman, RP; Lower, EE, 2004) |
"Thalidomide was given to 2 patients with EOS (a 16-year-old girl and an 8-year-old boy) at an initial dosage of 2 mg/kg/day, and the dosage was increased if necessary." | 1.36 | Thalidomide dramatically improves the symptoms of early-onset sarcoidosis/Blau syndrome: its possible action and mechanism. ( Manki, A; Morishima, T; Takemoto, K; Tsuge, M; Yamamoto, M; Yashiro, M; Yasui, K, 2010) |
"Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent that acts to inhibit production of tumor-necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), an important mediator in CNS inflammation, by enhancing TNF-alpha mRNA degradation." | 1.34 | Thalidomide for acute treatment of neurosarcoidosis. ( Hammond, ER; Kaplin, AI; Kerr, DA, 2007) |
"Thalidomide was effective for muscular, cutaneous, and pulmonary involvement in our patient." | 1.32 | Successful treatment of muscle sarcoidosis with thalidomide. ( Lochmüller, H; Meindl, T; Müller-Felber, W; Schlotter-Weigel, B; Walter, MC, 2003) |
"Our data suggest that thalidomide treatment of sarcoidosis results in granuloma differentiation to a Th1-type cellular immune response usually associated with protective immunity to tuberculosis and tuberculoid leprosy." | 1.31 | Thalidomide induces granuloma differentiation in sarcoid skin lesions associated with disease improvement. ( Kaplan, G; Kikuchi, T; Krueger, JG; Oliver, SJ, 2002) |
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 3 (8.33) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 5 (13.89) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 16 (44.44) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 11 (30.56) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 1 (2.78) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
---|---|
Wang, W | 2 |
Zhong, LQ | 1 |
Li, WD | 1 |
Wu, SJ | 1 |
Song, HM | 1 |
Droitcourt, C | 1 |
Rybojad, M | 2 |
Porcher, R | 1 |
Juillard, C | 1 |
Cosnes, A | 2 |
Joly, P | 1 |
Lacour, JP | 1 |
D'Incan, M | 1 |
Dupin, N | 1 |
Sassolas, B | 1 |
Misery, L | 1 |
Chevrant-Breton, J | 1 |
Lebrun-Vignes, B | 1 |
Desseaux, K | 1 |
Valeyre, D | 1 |
Revuz, J | 2 |
Tazi, A | 1 |
Chosidow, O | 1 |
Dupuy, A | 2 |
Huddleston, SM | 1 |
Houser, KH | 1 |
Walton, RC | 1 |
Amber, KT | 1 |
Bloom, R | 1 |
Mrowietz, U | 1 |
Hertl, M | 1 |
Xiong, X | 1 |
Ling, Y | 1 |
Yang, K | 1 |
Sun, W | 1 |
Su, Z | 1 |
Lu, Y | 1 |
Antoniu, SA | 1 |
Yasui, K | 2 |
Yashiro, M | 1 |
Tsuge, M | 1 |
Manki, A | 1 |
Takemoto, K | 1 |
Yamamoto, M | 1 |
Morishima, T | 1 |
Ladizinski, B | 1 |
Shannon, EJ | 1 |
Sanchez, MR | 1 |
Levis, WR | 1 |
Ahn, SW | 1 |
Kim, KT | 1 |
Youn, YC | 1 |
Kwon, OS | 1 |
Kim, YB | 1 |
Baughman, RP | 4 |
Judson, MA | 2 |
Ingledue, R | 1 |
Craft, NL | 1 |
Lower, EE | 3 |
Fazzi, P | 1 |
Manni, E | 1 |
Cristofani, R | 1 |
Cei, G | 1 |
Piazza, S | 1 |
Calabrese, R | 1 |
Antonelli, A | 1 |
Siciliano, G | 1 |
Barachini, P | 1 |
Carpi, A | 1 |
Teirstein, AS | 1 |
Moller, DR | 2 |
Lynch, JP | 1 |
Walter, MC | 1 |
Lochmüller, H | 1 |
Schlotter-Weigel, B | 1 |
Meindl, T | 1 |
Müller-Felber, W | 1 |
Vizel', AA | 1 |
Guryleva, ME | 1 |
Vizel', EA | 1 |
Nasretdinova, GP | 1 |
Nguyen, YT | 1 |
Cordoliani, F | 1 |
Vignon-Pennamen, MD | 1 |
Lebbé, C | 1 |
Morel, P | 1 |
Wu, JJ | 1 |
Huang, DB | 1 |
Pang, KR | 1 |
Hsu, S | 1 |
Tyring, SK | 1 |
Badgwell, C | 1 |
Rosen, T | 1 |
Hammond, ER | 1 |
Kaplin, AI | 1 |
Kerr, DA | 1 |
Barriere, H | 1 |
Prigent, F | 1 |
Ouazzani, W | 1 |
Carlesimo, M | 1 |
Giustini, S | 1 |
Rossi, A | 1 |
Bonaccorsi, P | 1 |
Calvieri, S | 1 |
Rousseau, L | 1 |
Beylot-Barry, M | 1 |
Doutre, MS | 1 |
Beylot, C | 1 |
Grasland, A | 1 |
Pouchot, J | 1 |
Chaumaizière, D | 1 |
Aitken, G | 1 |
Vinceneux, P | 1 |
Lee, JB | 1 |
Koblenzer, PS | 1 |
Saano, V | 1 |
Moraes, M | 1 |
Russo, G | 1 |
Estines, O | 1 |
Wolkenstein, P | 1 |
Bressieux, JM | 1 |
Roujeau, JC | 1 |
Hoch, O | 1 |
Müller, S | 1 |
Büttner, G | 1 |
Mensing, H | 2 |
Oliver, SJ | 1 |
Kikuchi, T | 1 |
Krueger, JG | 1 |
Kaplan, G | 1 |
Ochsendorf, F | 1 |
Kaufmann, R | 1 |
Picard, C | 1 |
Crickx, B | 1 |
Perron, J | 1 |
Lecerf, V | 1 |
Belaïch, S | 1 |
Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Randomized Controlled Trial of Thalidomide vs Placebo in Skin Sarcoidosis[NCT00305552] | Phase 3 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-02-28 | Completed | ||
The Efficacy and Safety of CC-10004 in Chronic Cutaneous Sarcoidosis[NCT00794274] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-11-30 | Completed | ||
Clinical Biomarkers of Disease Activity and Treatment Responses in Patients With CNS Sarcoidosis Treated With H.P. Acthar Gel[NCT02298491] | Phase 4 | 4 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-05-31 | Completed | ||
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] |
Total number of lesions assessed at 1 year (NCT02298491)
Timeframe: 1 year
Intervention | lesions (Number) |
---|---|
H.P. Acthar Gel | 5 |
13 reviews available for thalidomide and Sarcoidosis
Article | Year |
---|---|
TNF-α: a treatment target or cause of sarcoidosis?
Topics: Adalimumab; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Biological Products; Etanercept; Granuloma; Hum | 2015 |
Targeting the TNF-alpha pathway in sarcoidosis.
Topics: Adalimumab; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Eta | 2010 |
Thalidomide and analogues: potential for immunomodulation of inflammatory and neoplastic dermatologic disorders.
Topics: Behcet Syndrome; Dermatitis; Erythema Nodosum; Humans; Immunomodulation; Lupus Erythematosus, Cutane | 2010 |
[Thalidomide as immunomodulatory drug: pharmacological actions and its indications].
Topics: Behcet Syndrome; Child; Female; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Male; NF-kappa B; Sarcoidosis; Thalidom | 2010 |
Treatment of sarcoidosis -- from a basic science point of view.
Topics: Etanercept; Granuloma; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunosuppressive Agents; Interleukins; Pentoxifyll | 2003 |
Difficult treatment issues in sarcoidosis.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antimalarials; Azathioprine; Cyclophosphamide; Decision Making; Humans; Immu | 2003 |
[The role of tumor necrosis factor in pathogenesis and treatment of sarcoidosis].
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antirheumatic Agents; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Infliximab; Sarcoido | 2003 |
Newer therapies for cutaneous sarcoidosis: the role of thalidomide and other agents.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Facial Dermatoses; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Sarc | 2004 |
Thalidomide: dermatological indications, mechanisms of action and side-effects.
Topics: Adult; Behcet Syndrome; Dermatologic Agents; Erythema; Graft vs Host Disease; Histiocytosis, Langerh | 2005 |
Cutaneous sarcoidosis therapy updated.
Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Allopurinol; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents | 2007 |
[New therapeutic application of thalidomide].
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Colitis, Ulcerative; Erythema Multiforme; Female; Histiocytosis; Humans; Immuno | 1996 |
Thalidomide and its dermatologic uses.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Behcet Syndrome; Dermatologic Agents; Erythema Nodosum; Facial D | 2001 |
[Florid cutaneous sarcoidosis. Therapeutic difficulties].
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Cyclosporins; Facial Dermatoses; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; PUVA Therapy; S | 1989 |
5 trials available for thalidomide and Sarcoidosis
Article | Year |
---|---|
A randomized, investigator-masked, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on thalidomide in severe cutaneous sarcoidosis.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Double-Blind Method; Female; France; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Middle Age | 2014 |
Efficacy and safety of apremilast in chronic cutaneous sarcoidosis.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors; Sarcoidosis; Severity of Illness Index; Skin D | 2012 |
Thalidomide for improving cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis in patients resistant or with contraindications to corticosteroids.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Contraindications; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Resistance; Feasibility Studi | 2012 |
Thalidomide for chronic sarcoidosis.
Topics: Adult; Chronic Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; | 2002 |
Treatment of cutaneous sarcoidosis with thalidomide.
Topics: Adult; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Middle Aged | 2004 |
18 other studies available for thalidomide and Sarcoidosis
Article | Year |
---|---|
Thalidomide may be an effective drug for Blau syndrome: a case report.
Topics: Arthritis; Female; Humans; Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; Sarcoidosis; Synovitis; Thalidomide; Uvei | 2022 |
Thalidomide for recalcitrant nodular scleritis in sarcoidosis.
Topics: Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Middle Aged; Recurrence; Sarcoidosis; Scleritis; Thalidomi | 2014 |
Case of sarcoidosis presenting with symmetrical facial keratotic papules.
Topics: Cheek; Female; Hepatic Duct, Common; Humans; Keratosis; Lymph Nodes; Lymphadenopathy; Middle Aged; S | 2018 |
Thalidomide dramatically improves the symptoms of early-onset sarcoidosis/Blau syndrome: its possible action and mechanism.
Topics: Adolescent; Arthrography; Cells, Cultured; Child; Cytokines; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agent | 2010 |
Isolated spinal cord neurosarcoidosis diagnosed by cord biopsy and thalidomide trial.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Biopsy; Central Nervous System Diseases; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive | 2011 |
Successful treatment of muscle sarcoidosis with thalidomide.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Muscular Diseases; Sarcoi | 2003 |
Thalidomide for acute treatment of neurosarcoidosis.
Topics: Adult; Brain; Granuloma; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Proprio | 2007 |
[Cutaneous sarcoidosis. Treatment with thalidomide].
Topics: Humans; Sarcoidosis; Skin Diseases; Thalidomide | 1983 |
[Cutaneous sarcoidosis. Treatment with thalidomide].
Topics: Humans; Leg Ulcer; Sarcoidosis; Thalidomide | 1983 |
Treatment of cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis with thalidomide.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Sarcoidosis; Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Skin Diseas | 1995 |
Cutaneous sarcoidosis successfully treated with low doses of thalidomide.
Topics: Adult; Cicatrix; Female; Fibrosis; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Sarcoidosis; Skin Diseases; Tha | 1998 |
[Effectiveness of thalidomide treatment during cutaneous sarcoidosis].
Topics: Dermatologic Agents; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Sarcoidosis; Skin Diseases; Thalidomide; Treatment | 1998 |
Disfiguring cutaneous manifestation of sarcoidosis treated with thalidomide: a case report.
Topics: Dermatologic Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; Facial Dermatoses; Female; Fingers; Glucocorticoi | 1998 |
[Sarcoidosis: thalidomide treatment in ten patients].
Topics: Chronic Disease; Dermatologic Agents; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents | 2001 |
[Thalidomide in the treatment of cutaneous and systemic sarcoidosis].
Topics: Adult; Dermatologic Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle | 2001 |
Thalidomide induces granuloma differentiation in sarcoid skin lesions associated with disease improvement.
Topics: Adult; Antigens, CD; Dendritic Cells; Dermatologic Agents; Female; Flow Cytometry; HLA-DR Antigens; | 2002 |
[New indication for thalidomide?].
Topics: Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Sarcoidosis; Thalidomide | 2002 |
[Comment on O. Hoch et al.: "Thalidomide in treatment of cutaneous and systemic sarcoidosis"].
Topics: Humans; Sarcoidosis; Skin Diseases; Thalidomide; Treatment Outcome | 2002 |