Page last updated: 2024-11-05

thalidomide and Rheumatoid Arthritis

thalidomide has been researched along with Rheumatoid Arthritis in 29 studies

Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.
thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.
2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.

Research Excerpts

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"To study the efficacy/safety of apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, compared with placebo in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX)."9.20Apremilast in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Phase II, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study. ( Alper, J; Chen, M; Cieślak, D; Genovese, MC; Hough, DR; Jarosova, K; Kivitz, A; Maes, P; Pineda, L; Zaidi, F, 2015)
"To review outcomes in 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with thalidomide."9.09Thalidomide in the treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bookman, A; Keesal, N; Keystone, EC; Lapp, V; Wasserman, MJ; Weber, DA, 1999)
"To investigate the release and intracellular localization of high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) in the peripheral blood monocytes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and the inhibitive effect of thalidomide."7.74[The plasmic translocation and release of high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 in peripheral blood monocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the effect of thalidomide]. ( Gong, YH; Luo, H; Xiao, XZ; Zhou, YO; Zuo, XX, 2008)
"The present study investigates synergistic effects of the TNF-alpha inhibitor thalidomide and the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-inhibitor nicotinic acid amide (NAA) in male DBA/1 hybird mice suffering from type II collagen-induced arthritis."7.69Synergistic effects of thalidomide and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition on type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice. ( Dietrich, A; Kröger, H; Miesel, R; Ockenfels, H; Ohde, M; Rajnavölgyi, E, 1996)
"12 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were treated with 1200 mg pentoxifylline and 100 mg thalidomide a day during 12 weeks."7.69An open study of pentoxyfylline and thalidomide as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Breedveld, FC; Dijkmans, BA; Huizinga, TW; van de Pouw Kraan, TC; van der Velde, EA; Verweij, CL, 1996)
"In an open study, oral administration of thalidomide to 7 female patients with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis, in doses ranging from 6."7.67Thalidomide. A promising new treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. ( Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, O, 1984)
"In an open study, 17 patients (16 women, 1 man) with refractory or severe rheumatoid arthritis were treated with thalidomide."7.67Treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis--the thalidomide experience. ( Gutiérrez-Montes, O; Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, O; Starusta-Bacal, P, 1989)
"To study the efficacy/safety of apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, compared with placebo in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX)."5.20Apremilast in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Phase II, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study. ( Alper, J; Chen, M; Cieślak, D; Genovese, MC; Hough, DR; Jarosova, K; Kivitz, A; Maes, P; Pineda, L; Zaidi, F, 2015)
"To review outcomes in 10 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with thalidomide."5.09Thalidomide in the treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis. ( Bookman, A; Keesal, N; Keystone, EC; Lapp, V; Wasserman, MJ; Weber, DA, 1999)
"This review article discusses the thalidomide therapy of diseases such as systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Behçet syndrome, lupus erythematosus disseminatus and graft-versus-host disease."4.82[Thalidomide--a new prospective therapy in rheumatology and transplantation]. ( Dziedziczko, A; Pałgan, I; Pałgan, K, 2003)
" We assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of a novel PDE4 inhibitor, apremilast, in human synovial cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, as well as two murine models of arthritis."3.76Apremilast, a novel PDE4 inhibitor, inhibits spontaneous production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha from human rheumatoid synovial cells and ameliorates experimental arthritis. ( Andrews, M; Brennan, FM; Feldmann, M; Inglis, JJ; McCann, FE; Palfreeman, AC; Perocheau, DP; Schafer, P; Williams, RO, 2010)
"To investigate the release and intracellular localization of high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) in the peripheral blood monocytes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and the inhibitive effect of thalidomide."3.74[The plasmic translocation and release of high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 in peripheral blood monocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the effect of thalidomide]. ( Gong, YH; Luo, H; Xiao, XZ; Zhou, YO; Zuo, XX, 2008)
" Accordingly, TNF-alpha inhibitors, such as thalidomide, infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira), and etanercept (Enbrel), have been used with success in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and lymphoproliferative disorders."3.73Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis associated with the use of tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors. ( Badros, A; Deng, A; Gaspari, A; Harvey, V; Junkins-Hopkins, JM; Oghilikhan, M; Samuels, A; Sina, B; Strobel, D, 2006)
"The present study investigates synergistic effects of the TNF-alpha inhibitor thalidomide and the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-inhibitor nicotinic acid amide (NAA) in male DBA/1 hybird mice suffering from type II collagen-induced arthritis."3.69Synergistic effects of thalidomide and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition on type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice. ( Dietrich, A; Kröger, H; Miesel, R; Ockenfels, H; Ohde, M; Rajnavölgyi, E, 1996)
"12 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were treated with 1200 mg pentoxifylline and 100 mg thalidomide a day during 12 weeks."3.69An open study of pentoxyfylline and thalidomide as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. ( Breedveld, FC; Dijkmans, BA; Huizinga, TW; van de Pouw Kraan, TC; van der Velde, EA; Verweij, CL, 1996)
"In an open study, oral administration of thalidomide to 7 female patients with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis, in doses ranging from 6."3.67Thalidomide. A promising new treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. ( Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, O, 1984)
"In an open study, 17 patients (16 women, 1 man) with refractory or severe rheumatoid arthritis were treated with thalidomide."3.67Treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis--the thalidomide experience. ( Gutiérrez-Montes, O; Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, O; Starusta-Bacal, P, 1989)
"Lenalidomide therapy was started after the diagnosis and the patient had a favorable outcome."1.46Utility of osteosclerotic lesion biopsy in diagnosis of POEMS syndrome: A case report. ( Akiyama, H; Hara, D; Hasegawa, Y; Hoshikawa, M; Nukui, S; Shimizu, T, 2017)
"Thalidomide has been described as an inhibitor of both angiogenesis (which may account for its teratogenic effects on limb bud formation) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production."1.30The effect of thalidomide and 2 analogs on collagen induced arthritis. ( Banquerigo, ML; Brahn, E; Cheng, TP; Oliver, SJ, 1998)

Research

Studies (29)

TimeframeStudies, this research(%)All Research%
pre-19906 (20.69)18.7374
1990's5 (17.24)18.2507
2000's10 (34.48)29.6817
2010's7 (24.14)24.3611
2020's1 (3.45)2.80

Authors

AuthorsStudies
Haller, C1
Cozzio, A1
von Kempis, J1
Rubbert-Roth, A1
Li, Y1
Ren, XY1
Sun, F1
Wang, P1
Zhao, JL1
Wu, QJ1
Zeng, XF1
Hara, D1
Akiyama, H1
Nukui, S1
Shimizu, T1
Hoshikawa, M1
Hasegawa, Y1
Labuda, SM1
Schieffelin, JS1
Shaffer, JG1
Stryjewska, BM1
Genovese, MC1
Jarosova, K1
Cieślak, D1
Alper, J1
Kivitz, A1
Hough, DR1
Maes, P1
Pineda, L1
Chen, M1
Zaidi, F1
Baek, MC1
Jung, B1
Kang, H1
Lee, HS1
Bae, JS1
Zuo, XX1
Gong, YH1
Zhou, YO1
Luo, H1
Xiao, XZ1
Esposito, E1
Cuzzocrea, S1
McCann, FE1
Palfreeman, AC1
Andrews, M1
Perocheau, DP1
Inglis, JJ1
Schafer, P1
Feldmann, M1
Williams, RO1
Brennan, FM1
Otto, S1
Schreyer, C1
Hafner, S1
Mast, G1
Ehrenfeld, M1
Stürzenbaum, S1
Pautke, C1
Braun, J1
Sieper, J1
Pałgan, K1
Pałgan, I1
Dziedziczko, A1
Deng, A1
Harvey, V1
Sina, B1
Strobel, D1
Badros, A1
Junkins-Hopkins, JM1
Samuels, A1
Oghilikhan, M1
Gaspari, A1
Wong, EH1
Leung, TW1
Wong, KS1
Gutiérrez-Rodríguez, O3
Kröger, H1
Miesel, R1
Dietrich, A1
Ohde, M1
Rajnavölgyi, E1
Ockenfels, H1
Huizinga, TW1
Dijkmans, BA1
van der Velde, EA1
van de Pouw Kraan, TC1
Verweij, CL1
Breedveld, FC1
Oliver, SJ1
Cheng, TP1
Banquerigo, ML1
Brahn, E1
Wendling, D1
Toussirot, E1
Keesal, N1
Wasserman, MJ1
Bookman, A1
Lapp, V1
Weber, DA1
Keystone, EC1
Calabrese, L1
Fleischer, AB1
Raza, A1
Eigler, A1
Loher, F1
Endres, S1
Kumar, S1
Li, C1
Starusta-Bacal, P2
Gutiérrez-Montes, O2
Beccerica, E1
Miyachi, Y1
Sheehan, NJ1

Clinical Trials (1)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Study, To Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Two Doses of Apremilast (CC-10004) in Subjects With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Who Have Had an Inadequate Response to Methot[NCT01285310]Phase 2237 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-12-09Terminated (stopped due to Study is terminated due to lack of efficacy)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Change From Baseline in Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) (Using C-Reactive Protein) (CRP) at Week 16

"The DAS28 measures the severity of disease at a specific time and is derived from the following variables:~28 tender joint count (TJC28)~28 swollen joint count (SJC28), which do not include the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints, the hip joint, or the joints below the knee;~C-reactive protein (CRP)~Subject's global assessment of disease activity (SGA )~DAS28 values range from 2.0 to 10.0 while higher values mean a higher disease activity.~A DAS28 score higher than 5.1 indicates high disease activity, a DAS28 score less than 3.2 indicates low disease activity, and a DAS28 score less than 2.6 indicates clinical remission." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.90
Apremilast 20 mg-0.73
Apremilast 30 mg-0.90

Change From Baseline in Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) Using CRP at Week 24

"The DAS28 measures the severity of disease at a specific time and is derived from the following variables:~28 tender joint count~28 swollen joint count, which do not include the DIP joints, the hip joint, or the joints below the knee;~C-reactive protein (CRP)~Subject's Global Assessment of Disease Activity.~DAS28 values range from 2.0 to 10.0 while higher values mean a higher disease activity.~A DAS28 score higher than 5.1 indicates high disease activity, a DAS28 score less than 3.2 indicates low disease activity, and a DAS28 score less than 2.6 indicates clinical remission." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.82
Apremilast 20 mg-0.78
Apremilast 30 mg-0.91

Change From Baseline in Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) at Week 24

The Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) is a patient-reported questionnaire consisting of 20 questions referring to eight domains: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and usual activities. Participants assessed their ability to do each task over the past week using the following response categories: without any difficulty (0); with some difficulty (1); with much difficulty (2); and unable to do (3). Scores on each task are summed and averaged to provide an overall score ranging from 0 to 3, where zero represents no disability and three very severe, high-dependency disability. Negative mean changes from Baseline in the overall score indicate improvement in functional ability. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-0.069
Apremilast 20 mg-0.080
Apremilast 30 mg-0.227

Change From Baseline in Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) at Week 52

The Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) was a patient-reported questionnaire consisting of 20 questions referring to eight domains: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and usual activities. Participants assessed their ability to do each task over the past week using the following response categories: without any difficulty (0); with some difficulty (1); with much difficulty (2); and unable to do (3). Scores on each task are summed and averaged to provide an overall score ranging from 0 to 3, where zero represents no disability and three very severe, high-dependency disability. Negative mean changes from Baseline in the overall score indicate improvement in functional ability. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE-0.219
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO-0.192
Apremilast 20 mg-0.155
Apremilast 30 mg-0.277

Change From Baseline in Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) at Week 16

The Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) was a patient-reported questionnaire consisting of 20 questions referring to eight domains: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and usual activities. Participants assessed their ability to do each task over the past week using the following response categories: without any difficulty (0); with some difficulty (1); with much difficulty (2); and unable to do (3). Scores on each task are summed and averaged to provide an overall score ranging from 0 to 3, where zero represents no disability and three very severe, high-dependency disability. Negative mean changes from Baseline in the overall score indicate improvement in functional ability. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-0.106
Apremilast 20 mg-0.114
Apremilast 30 mg-0.209

Change From Baseline in the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) at Week 16

"The Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) is a composite index that is calculated as the sum of the:~28 tender joint count (TJC),~28 swollen joint count (SJC),~Subject's Global Assessment of Disease Activity measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS), where 0 mm = lowest disease activity and 100 mm = highest;~Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity -measured on a 100 mm VAS, where 0 mm = lowest disease activity and 100 mm = highest.~The CDAI score ranges from 0-76 where lower scores indicate less disease activity. The following thresholds of disease activity have been defined for the CDAI:~Remission: ≤ 2.8; Low Disease Activity: > 2.8 and ≤ 10; Moderate Disease Activity: > 10 and ≤ 22; High Disease Activity: > 22" (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo-11.52
Apremilast 20 mg-9.49
Apremilast 30 mg-11.38

Change From Baseline in the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) at Week 24

"The Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) is a composite index that is calculated as the sum of the:~28 tender joint count (TJC),~28 swollen joint count (SJC),~Subject's Global Assessment of Disease Activity measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS), where 0 mm = lowest disease activity and 100 mm = highest;~Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity -measured on a 100 mm VAS, where 0 mm = lowest disease activity and 100 mm = highest.~The CDAI score ranges from 0-76 where lower scores indicate less disease activity.The following thresholds of disease activity have been defined for the CDAI:~Remission: ≤ 2.8; Low Disease Activity: > 2.8 and ≤ 10; Moderate Disease Activity: > 10 and ≤ 22; High Disease Activity: > 22" (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-10.40
Apremilast 20 mg-9.46
Apremilast 30 mg-11.63

Change From Baseline in the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) at Week 52

"The Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) is a composite index that is calculated as the sum of the:~28 tender joint count (TJC),~28 swollen joint count (SJC),~Subject's Global Assessment of Disease Activity measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS), where 0 mm = lowest disease activity and 100 mm = highest;~Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity -measured on a 100 mm VAS, where 0 mm = lowest disease activity and 100 mm = highest.~The CDAI score ranges from 0-76 where lower scores indicate less disease activity. The following thresholds of disease activity have been defined for the CDAI:~Remission: ≤ 2.8; Low Disease Activity: > 2.8 and ≤ 10; Moderate Disease Activity: > 10 and ≤ 22; High Disease Activity: > 22" (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE-16.22
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO-20.70
Apremilast 20 mg-14.77
Apremilast 30 mg-17.68

Change From Baseline in the Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS 28) Using CRP at Week 52

"The DAS28 measures the severity of disease at a specific time and is derived from the following variables:~28 tender joint count (TJC28)~28 swollen joint count (SJC28), which do not include the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints, the hip joint, or the joints below the knee;~C-reactive protein (CRP)~Subject's global assessment of disease activity (SGA).~DAS28 values range from 2.0 to 10.0 while higher values mean a higher disease activity.~A DAS28 score higher than 5.1 indicates high disease activity, a DAS28 score less than 3.2 indicates low disease activity, and a DAS28 score less than 2.6 indicates clinical remission." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE-1.18
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO-1.68
Apremilast 20 mg-1.10
Apremilast 30 mg-1.38

Change From Baseline in the FACIT-Fatigue Scale Score at Week 52

"The FACIT-Fatigue scale was a 13-item self-administered questionnaire that assesses both the physical and functional consequences of fatigue. Each question is answered on a 5-point scale, where 0 means not at all, and 4 means very much. The FACIT-Fatigue scale score ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores denoting lower levels of fatigue.~A positive change from baseline score indicates an improvement." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE3.50
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO3.18
Apremilast 20 mg2.87
Apremilast 30 mg3.47

Change From Baseline in the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) Score at Week 16

"The FACIT-Fatigue scale was a 13-item self-administered questionnaire that assesses both the physical and functional consequences of fatigue. Each question is answered on a 5-point scale, where 0 means not at all, and 4 means very much. The FACIT-Fatigue scale score ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores denoting lower levels of fatigue.~A positive change from baseline score indicates an improvement." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo2.7
Apremilast 20 mg1.5
Apremilast 30 mg2.6

Change From Baseline in the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) Score at Week 24

"The FACIT-Fatigue scale was a 13-item self-administered questionnaire that assesses both the physical and functional consequences of fatigue. Each question is answered on a 5-point scale, where 0 means not at all, and 4 means very much. The FACIT-Fatigue scale score ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores denoting lower levels of fatigue.~A positive change from baseline score indicates an improvement." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo1.7
Apremilast 20 mg0.5
Apremilast 30 mg3.4

Change From Baseline in the Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36-item (SF-36) Physical Functioning Domain at Week 16

The Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36-Item Health Survey, Version 2 (SF-36) is a self-administered instrument that measures the impact of disease on overall quality of life and consists of 36 questions in eight domains (physical function, pain, general and mental health, vitality, social function, physical and emotional health). The concepts measured by the SF-36 are not specific to any age, disease, or treatment group, allowing comparison of relative burden of different diseases and the relative benefit of different treatments. Norm-based scores were used in analyses, calibrated so that 50 is the average score and the standard deviation equals 10. Higher scores indicate a higher level of functioning. The physical functioning domain assesses limitations in physical activities because of health problems. A positive change from baseline score indicates an improvement. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo1.48
Apremilast 20 mg1.64
Apremilast 30 mg3.33

Change From Baseline in the Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36-item (SF-36) Physical Functioning Domain at Week 24

The Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36-Item Health Survey, Version 2 (SF-36) is a self-administered instrument that measures the impact of disease on overall quality of life and consists of 36 questions in eight domains (physical function, pain, general and mental health, vitality, social function, physical and emotional health). Norm-based scores were used in analyses, calibrated so that 50 is the average score and the standard deviation equals 10. Higher scores indicate a higher level of functioning. The physical functioning domain assesses limitations in physical activities because of health problems. A positive change from Baseline score indicates an improvement. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo1.78
Apremilast 20 mg1.66
Apremilast 30 mg3.76

Change From Baseline in the Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36-item (SF-36) Physical Functioning Domain at Week 52

The Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36-Item Health Survey, Version 2 (SF-36) is a self-administered instrument that measures the impact of disease on overall quality of life and consists of 36 questions in eight domains (physical function, pain, general and mental health, vitality, social function, physical and emotional health). Norm-based scores were used in analyses, calibrated so that 50 is the average score and the standard deviation equals 10. Higher scores indicate a higher level of functioning. The physical functioning domain assesses limitations in physical activities because of health problems. A positive change from Baseline score indicates an improvement. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE2.11
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO3.50
Apremilast 20 mg2.56
Apremilast 30 mg5.23

Percentage Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) at Week 16

"The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a blood test that can reveal inflammatory activity. The subject's blood is placed in a tall, thin tube, red erythrocytes gradually settle to the bottom. Inflammation can cause the cells to clump together. Because these clumps of cells are denser than individual cells, they settle to the bottom more quickly.~The ESR test measures the distance red blood cells fall in a test tube in one hour. The farther the red blood cells have descended, the greater the inflammatory response." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo6.81
Apremilast 20 mg13.98
Apremilast 30 mg-9.39

Percentage Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) at Week 24

"The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a blood test that can reveal inflammatory activity. The subject's blood is placed in a tall, thin tube, red erythrocytes gradually settle to the bottom. Inflammation can cause the cells to clump together. Because these clumps of cells are denser than individual cells, they settle to the bottom more quickly.~The ESR test measures the distance red blood cells fall in a test tube in one hour. The farther the red blood cells have descended, the greater the inflammatory response." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-0.06
Apremilast 20 mg11.99
Apremilast 30 mg-6.60

Percentage Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) at Week 52

"The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a blood test that can reveal inflammatory activity. The subject's blood is placed in a tall, thin tube, red erythrocytes gradually settle to the bottom. Inflammation can cause the cells to clump together. Because these clumps of cells are denser than individual cells, they settle to the bottom more quickly.~The ESR test measures the distance red blood cells fall in a test tube in one hour. The farther the red blood cells have descended, the greater the inflammatory response." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Placebo/Apremilast 20 EE-6.28
Placebo / Apremilast 20 mg XO17.15
Apremilast 20 mg4.83
Apremilast 30 mg-15.99

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) Score at Week 52

The Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) was a patient-reported questionnaire consisting of 20 questions referring to eight domains: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and usual activities. Participants assessed their ability to do each task over the past week using the following response categories: without any difficulty (0); with some difficulty (1); with much difficulty (2); and unable to do (3). Scores on each task are summed and averaged to provide an overall score ranging from 0 to 3, where zero represents no disability and three very severe, high-dependency disability. Negative mean changes from Baseline in the overall score indicate improvement in functional ability. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE-13.32
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO-10.53
Apremilast 20 mg-8.20
Apremilast 30 mg-22.46

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) Score at Week 16

The Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) was a patient-reported questionnaire consisting of 20 questions referring to eight domains: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and usual activities. Participants assessed their ability to do each task over the past week using the following response categories: without any difficulty (0); with some difficulty (1); with much difficulty (2); and unable to do (3). Scores on each task are summed and averaged to provide an overall score ranging from 0 to 3, where zero represents no disability and three very severe, high-dependency disability. Negative mean changes from Baseline in the overall score indicate improvement in functional ability. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-9.43
Apremilast 20 mg-3.50
Apremilast 30 mg-10.20

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) Score at Week 24

The Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) was a patient-reported questionnaire consisting of 20 questions referring to eight domains: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and usual activities. Participants assessed their ability to do each task over the past week using the following response categories: without any difficulty (0); with some difficulty (1); with much difficulty (2); and unable to do (3). Scores on each task are summed and averaged to provide an overall score ranging from 0 to 3, where zero represents no disability and three very severe, high-dependency disability. Negative mean changes from Baseline in the overall score indicate improvement in functional ability. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-6.59
Apremilast 20 mg-5.01
Apremilast 30 mg-12.30

Percentage Change From Baseline in the High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (CRP) at Week 16

"C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a substance produced by the liver that increases in the presence of inflammation in the body. An elevated CRP level is identified with blood tests and is considered a non-specific marker for disease." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo41.99
Apremilast 20 mg46.69
Apremilast 30 mg100.04

Percentage Change From Baseline in the High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (CRP) at Week 24

"C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a substance produced by the liver that increases in the presence of inflammation in the body. An elevated CRP level is identified with blood tests and is considered a non-specific marker for disease." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo39.14
Apremilast 20 mg47.43
Apremilast 30 mg106.22

Percentage Change From Baseline in the High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (CRP) at Week 52

"C-Reactive Protein (CRP) is a substance produced by the liver that increases in the presence of inflammation in the body. An elevated CRP level is identified with blood tests and is considered a non-specific marker for disease." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE13.34
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO82.14
Apremilast 20 mg104.25
Apremilast 30 mg79.33

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Physician Global Assessment of Disease Activity at Week 16

"The Physician Global Assessment of Disease Activity was measured asking the physician to assess the subject's current arthritis disease activity by placing a vertical line on a 100-mm visual analog scale on which the left-hand boundary (score = 0 mm) represents lowest disease activity, and the right-hand boundary (score = 100 mm) represents highest disease activity. The distance from the mark to the left-hand boundary was recorded in millimeters." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-28.82
Apremilast 20 mg-28.22
Apremilast 30 mg-32.66

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Physician Global Assessment of Disease Activity at Week 24

"The Physician Global Assessment of Disease Activity was measured asking the physician to assess the subject's current arthritis disease activity by placing a vertical line on a 100-mm visual analog scale on which the left-hand boundary (score = 0 mm) represents lowest disease activity, and the right-hand boundary (score = 100 mm) represents highest disease activity. The distance from the mark to the left-hand boundary was recorded in millimeters." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-29.98
Apremilast 20 mg-24.13
Apremilast 30 mg-31.78

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Physician Global Assessment of Disease Activity at Week 52

"The Physician Global Assessment of Disease Activity was measured asking the physician to assess the subject's current arthritis disease activity by placing a vertical line on a 100-mm visual analog scale on which the left-hand boundary (score = 0 mm) represents lowest disease activity, and the right-hand boundary (score = 100 mm) represents highest disease activity. The distance from the mark to the left-hand boundary was recorded in millimeters." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE-41.30
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO-49.10
Apremilast 20 mg-41.19
Apremilast 30 mg-44.85

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Subject Assessment of Pain at Week 16

"The Subject Assessment of Pain was measured asking the participant to place a vertical line on a 100-mm visual analog scale on which the left-hand boundary (score = 0 mm) represents no pain, and the right-hand boundary (score = 100 mm) represents pain as severe as can be imagined. The distance from the mark to the left-hand boundary was recorded in millimeters." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo30.50
Apremilast 20 mg-5.03
Apremilast 30 mg-7.87

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Subject Assessment of Pain at Week 24

"The Subject Assessment of Pain was measured asking the participant to place a vertical line on a 100-mm visual analog scale on which the left-hand boundary (score = 0 mm) represents no pain, and the right-hand boundary (score = 100 mm) represents pain as severe as can be imagined. The distance from the mark to the left-hand boundary was recorded in millimeters." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo28.16
Apremilast 20 mg-6.66
Apremilast 30 mg-9.66

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Subject Assessment of Pain at Week 52

"The Subject Assessment of Pain was measured asking the participant to place a vertical line on a 100-mm visual analog scale on which the left-hand boundary (score = 0 mm) represents no pain, and the right-hand boundary (score = 100 mm) represents pain as severe as can be imagined. The distance from the mark to the left-hand boundary was recorded in millimeters." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE44.63
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO15.78
Apremilast 20 mg-11.69
Apremilast 30 mg-3.73

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Subject Global Assessment of Disease Activity at Week 16

"The Subject Global Assessment of Disease Activity was measured asking the participant to place a vertical line on a 100-mm visual analog scale on which the left-hand boundary (score = 0 mm) represents lowest disease activity, and the right-hand boundary (score = 100 mm) represents highest disease activity. The distance from the mark to the left-hand boundary was recorded in millimeters." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo10.84
Apremilast 20 mg-3.50
Apremilast 30 mg11.19

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Subject Global Assessment of Disease Activity at Week 24

"The Subject Global Assessment of Disease Activity was measured asking the participant to place a vertical line on a 100-mm visual analog scale on which the left-hand boundary (score = 0 mm) represents lowest disease activity, and the right-hand boundary (score = 100 mm) represents highest disease activity. The distance from the mark to the left-hand boundary was recorded in millimeters." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo15.04
Apremilast 20 mg0.70
Apremilast 30 mg2.54

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Subject Global Assessment of Disease Activity at Week 52

"The Subject Global Assessment of Disease Activity was measured asking the participant to place a vertical line on a 100-mm visual analog scale on which the left-hand boundary (score = 0 mm) represents lowest disease activity, and the right-hand boundary (score = 100 mm) represents highest disease activity. The distance from the mark to the left-hand boundary was recorded in millimeters." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Placebo/Apremilast 20 EE14.20
Placebo / Apremilast 20 mg XO33.31
Apremilast 20 mg-5.20
Apremilast 30 mg8.22

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Swollen Joint Count at Week 16

Joint swelling is soft tissue swelling that is detectable along the joint margins and is assessed by inspection and direct palpation of the joint, by the examiner. The ACR 66 swollen joint count evaluates the following joints: upper-temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, shoulder, elbow, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal; lower: knee, ankle, midtarsal, metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-36.96
Apremilast 20 mg-34.38
Apremilast 30 mg-40.22

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Swollen Joint Count at Week 24

Joint swelling is soft tissue swelling that is detectable along the joint margins and is assessed by inspection and direct palpation of the joint, by the examiner. The ACR 66 swollen joint count evaluates the following joints: upper-temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, shoulder, elbow, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal; lower: knee, ankle, midtarsal, metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-34.41
Apremilast 20 mg-32.56
Apremilast 30 mg-41.43

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Swollen Joint Count at Week 52

Joint swelling is soft tissue swelling that is detectable along the joint margins and is assessed by inspection and direct palpation of the joint, by the examiner. The ACR 66 swollen joint count evaluates the following joints: upper-temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, shoulder, elbow, wrist, metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal; lower: knee, ankle, midtarsal, metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE-59.40
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO-67.73
Apremilast 20 mg-57.31
Apremilast 30 mg-66.74

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Tender Joint Count at Week 16

Joint tenderness is the presence of pain in a joint when pressure is applied by the examiner to elicit tenderness. The 68 tender joint count evaluates the following joints: upper-temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, shoulder, elbow, wrist, meta-carpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal; lower: hip, knee, ankle, midtarsal, metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-33.08
Apremilast 20 mg-26.92
Apremilast 30 mg-33.68

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Tender Joint Count at Week 24

Joint tenderness is the presence of pain in a joint when pressure is applied by the examiner to elicit tenderness. The 68 tender joint count evaluates the following joints: upper-temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, shoulder, elbow, wrist, meta-carpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal; lower: hip, knee, ankle, midtarsal, metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercent change (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo-30.81
Apremilast 20 mg-26.21
Apremilast 30 mg-27.80

Percentage Change From Baseline in the Tender Joint Count at Week 52

Joint tenderness is the presence of pain in a joint when pressure is applied by the examiner to elicit tenderness. The 68 tender joint count evaluates the following joints: upper-temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, shoulder, elbow, wrist, meta-carpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal; lower: hip, knee, ankle, midtarsal, metatarsophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercent change (Mean)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE-55.47
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO-62.70
Apremilast 20 mg-43.88
Apremilast 30 mg-54.03

Percentage of Participants Who Achieve an Improvement of ≥ 0.22 Units From Baseline in the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) at Week 16

The Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) was a patient-reported questionnaire consisting of 20 questions referring to eight domains: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and usual activities. Participants assessed their ability to do each task over the past week using the following response categories: without any difficulty (0); with some difficulty (1); with much difficulty (2); and unable to do (3). Scores on each task are summed and averaged to provide an overall score ranging from 0 to 3, where zero represents no disability and three very severe, high-dependency disability. Negative mean changes from Baseline in the overall score indicate improvement in functional ability. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo39.2
Apremilast 20 mg35.4
Apremilast 30 mg52.6

Percentage of Participants Who Achieve an Improvement of ≥ 0.22 Units From Baseline in the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) at Week 24

The Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) is a patient-reported questionnaire consisting of 20 questions referring to eight domains: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and usual activities. Participants assessed their ability to do each task over the past week using the following response categories: without any difficulty (0); with some difficulty (1); with much difficulty (2); and unable to do (3). Scores on each task are summed and averaged to provide an overall score ranging from 0 to 3, where zero represents no disability and three very severe, high-dependency disability. Negative mean changes from Baseline in the overall score indicate improvement in functional ability. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo20.3
Apremilast 20 mg25.6
Apremilast 30 mg32.9

Percentage of Participants Who Achieve an Improvement of ≥ 0.22 Units From Baseline in the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) at Week 52

The Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index (HAQ-DI) was a patient-reported questionnaire consisting of 20 questions referring to eight domains: dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and usual activities. Participants assessed their ability to do each task over the past week using the following response categories: without any difficulty (0); with some difficulty (1); with much difficulty (2); and unable to do (3). Scores on each task are summed and averaged to provide an overall score ranging from 0 to 3, where zero represents no disability and three very severe, high-dependency disability. Negative mean changes from Baseline in the overall score indicate improvement in functional ability. (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE58.3
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO43.6
Apremilast 20 mg40.0
Apremilast 30 mg58.2

Percentage of Participants Who Achieve an Improvement of at Least 4 Units From Baseline in the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) at Week 52

"The FACIT-Fatigue scale is a 13-item self-administered questionnaire that assesses both the physical and functional consequences of fatigue. Each question is answered on a 5-point scale, where 0 means not at all, and 4 means very much. The FACIT-Fatigue scale score ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores denoting lower levels of fatigue. A positive change from baseline score indicates an improvement." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE41.7
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO61.5
Apremilast 20 mg45.5
Apremilast 30 mg40.0

Percentage of Participants Who Achieve an Improvement of at Least 4 Units From Baseline in the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy -Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) at Week 16

"The FACIT-Fatigue scale was a 13-item self-administered questionnaire that assesses both the physical and functional consequences of fatigue. Each question is answered on a 5-point scale, where 0 means not at all, and 4 means very much. The FACIT-Fatigue scale score ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores denoting lower levels of fatigue.~A positive change from baseline score indicates an improvement." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo39.2
Apremilast 20 mg35.4
Apremilast 30 mg42.1

Percentage of Participants Who Achieve an Improvement of at Least 4 Units From Baseline in the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy -Fatigue (FACIT-Fatigue) at Week 24

"The FACIT-Fatigue scale is a 13-item self-administered questionnaire that assesses both the physical and functional consequences of fatigue. Each question is answered on a 5-point scale, where 0 means not at all, and 4 means very much. The FACIT-Fatigue scale score ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores denoting lower levels of fatigue.~A positive change from baseline score indicates an improvement." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo26.6
Apremilast 20 mg14.6
Apremilast 30 mg26.3

Percentage of Participants Who Achieve Low Disease Activity or Remission Based on the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) ≤ 10 at Week 16

"The Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) is a composite index that is calculated as the sum of the:~28 tender joint count (TJC),~28 swollen joint count (SJC),~Subject's Global Assessment of Disease Activity measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS), where 0 mm = lowest disease activity and 100 mm = highest;~Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity -measured on a 100 mm VAS, where 0 mm = lowest disease activity and 100 mm = highest.~The CDAI score ranges from 0-76 where lower scores indicate less disease activity. The following thresholds of disease activity have been defined for the CDAI:~Remission: ≤ 2.8; Low Disease Activity: > 2.8 and ≤ 10; Moderate Disease Activity: > 10 and ≤ 22; High Disease Activity: > 22" (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo17.7
Apremilast 20 mg12.2
Apremilast 30 mg10.5

Percentage of Participants Who Achieve Low Disease Activity or Remission Based on the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) ≤ 10 at Week 24

"The Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) is a composite index that is calculated as the sum of the:~28 tender joint count (TJC),~28 swollen joint count (SJC),~Subject's Global Assessment of Disease Activity measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS), where 0 mm = lowest disease activity and 100 mm = highest;~Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity -measured on a 100 mm VAS, where 0 mm = lowest disease activity and 100 mm = highest.~The CDAI score ranges from 0-76 where lower scores indicate less disease activity.The following thresholds of disease activity have been defined for the CDAI:~Remission: ≤ 2.8; Low Disease Activity: > 2.8 and ≤ 10; Moderate Disease Activity: > 10 and ≤ 22; High Disease Activity: > 22" (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo16.5
Apremilast 20 mg12.2
Apremilast 30 mg21.1

Percentage of Participants Who Achieve Low Disease Activity or Remission Based on the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) ≤ 10 at Week 52

"The Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) is a composite index that is calculated as the sum of the:~28 tender joint count (TJC),~28 swollen joint count (SJC),~Subject's Global Assessment of Disease Activity measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS),, where 0 mm = lowest disease activity and 100 mm = highest;~Physician's Global Assessment of Disease Activity -measured on a 100 mm VAS, where 0 mm = lowest disease activity and 100 mm = highest.~The CDAI score ranges from 0-76 where lower scores indicate less disease activity. The following thresholds of disease activity have been defined for the CDAI:~Remission: ≤ 2.8; Low Disease Activity: > 2.8 and ≤ 10; Moderate Disease Activity: > 10 and ≤ 22; High Disease Activity: > 22" (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE16.7
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO41.0
Apremilast 20 mg25.0
Apremilast 30 mg27.3

Percentage of Participants Who Achieve the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Response Criteria Using CRP at Week 16

"EULAR response criteria classify each participant as a good, moderate or non-responder to treatment based on the degree of improvement from baseline and the level of disease activity at the endpoint. EULAR response is derived using the individual subject's DAS28 as the measure of severity of disease.~Good or moderate response is defined as follows: Good response: DAS28 at the time point ≤ 3.2 and improvement from baseline > 1.2 Moderate response: DAS28 at the time point > 3.2 and improvement from baseline > 1.2, or DAS28 at the time point ≤ 5.1 and improvement from baseline > 0.6 and ≤ 1.2" (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo46.8
Apremilast 20 mg41.5
Apremilast 30 mg44.7

Percentage of Participants Who Achieve the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Response Criteria Using CRP at Week 24

"EULAR response criteria classify each participant as a good, moderate or non-responder to treatment based on the degree of improvement from baseline and the level of disease activity at the endpoint. EULAR response is derived using the individual subject's DAS28 as the measure of severity of disease.~Good or moderate response is defined as follows: Good response: DAS28 at the time point ≤ 3.2 and improvement from baseline > 1.2 Moderate response: DAS28 at the time point > 3.2 and improvement from baseline > 1.2, or DAS28 at the time point ≤ 5.1 and improvement from baseline > 0.6 and ≤ 1.2" (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo40.5
Apremilast 20 mg29.3
Apremilast 30 mg35.5

Percentage of Participants Who Achieve the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Response Criteria Using CRP at Week 52

"The EULAR response criteria classify each subject as a good, moderate or non-responder to treatment based on the degree of improvement from baseline and the level of disease activity at the endpoint. EULAR response is derived using the individual subject's DAS28 as the measure of severity of disease.~Good or moderate response is defined as follows: Good response: DAS28 at the time point ≤ 3.2 and improvement from baseline > 1.2 Moderate response: DAS28 at the time point > 3.2 and improvement from baseline > 1.2, or DAS28 at the time point ≤ 5.1 and improvement from baseline > 0.6 and ≤ 1.2" (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE69.6
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO82.1
Apremilast 20 mg63.0
Apremilast 30 mg65.5

Percentage of Participants With an American College of Rheumatology 20% Improvement (ACR 20) Response at Week 16

"Percentage of participants with an American College of Rheumatology 20% Improvement (ACR 20) response. A participant was a responder if the following 3 criteria for improvement from Baseline were met:~≥ 20% improvement in 68 tender joint count;~≥ 20% improvement in 66 swollen joint count; and~≥ 20% improvement in at least 3 of the 5 following parameters: Subject's assessment of pain (measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale [VAS]); Subject's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Physician's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Subject's self-assessment of physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index ([HAQ-DI]); C-Reactive Protein." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo35.4
Apremilast 20 mg28
Apremilast 30 mg34.2

Percentage of Participants With an American College of Rheumatology 20% Improvement (ACR 20) Response at Week 24

"Percentage of participants with an American College of Rheumatology 20% Improvement (ACR 20) response. A participant was a responder if the following 3 criteria for improvement from baseline were met:~≥ 20% improvement in 68 tender joint count;~≥ 20% improvement in 66 swollen joint count; and~≥ 20% improvement in at least 3 of the 5 following parameters: Subject's assessment of pain (measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale [VAS]); Subject's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Physician's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Subject's self-assessment of physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index ([HAQ-DI]); C-Reactive Protein" (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo24.1
Apremilast 20 mg19.5
Apremilast 30 mg27.6

Percentage of Participants With an American College of Rheumatology 20% Improvement (ACR 20) Response at Week 52

"Percentage of participants with an American College of Rheumatology 20% Improvement (ACR 20) response. A participant was a responder if the following 3 criteria for improvement from Baseline were met:~≥ 20% improvement in 68 tender joint count;~≥ 20% improvement in 66 swollen joint count; and~≥ 20% improvement in at least 3 of the 5 following parameters: Subject's assessment of pain (measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale [VAS]); Subject's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Physician's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Subject's self-assessment of physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index ([HAQ-DI]); C-Reactive Protein." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE47.8
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO51.3
Apremilast 20 mg30.9
Apremilast 30 mg38.2

Percentage of Participants With an American College of Rheumatology 50% Improvement (ACR 50) Response at Week 16

"Percentage of participants with an American College of Rheumatology 50% Improvement (ACR50) response. A participant was a responder if the following 3 criteria for improvement from Baseline were met:~≥ 50% improvement in 68 tender joint count;~≥ 50% improvement in 66 swollen joint count; and~≥ 50% improvement in at least 3 of the 5 following parameters:~Subject's assessment of pain (measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale [VAS]); Subject's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Physician's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Subject's self-assessment of physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index [(HAQ-DI)]); C-Reactive Protein." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo11.4
Apremilast 20 mg4.9
Apremilast 30 mg9.2

Percentage of Participants With an American College of Rheumatology 50% Improvement (ACR 50) Response at Week 24

"Percentage of participants with an American College of Rheumatology 50% Improvement (ACR 50) response. A participant was a responder if the following 3 criteria for improvement from Baseline were met:~≥ 50% improvement in 68 tender joint count;~≥ 50% improvement in 66 swollen joint count; and~≥ 50% improvement in at least 3 of the 5 following parameters:~Subject's assessment of pain (measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale [VAS]); Subject's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Physician's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Subject's self-assessment of physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index [(HAQ-DI)]); C-Reactive Protein." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo6.3
Apremilast 20 mg4.9
Apremilast 30 mg15.8

Percentage of Participants With an American College of Rheumatology 50% Improvement (ACR 50) Response at Week 52

"Percentage of participants with an American College of Rheumatology 50% Improvement (ACR 50) response. A participant was a responder if the following 3 criteria for improvement from Baseline were met:~≥ 50% improvement in 68 tender joint count;~≥ 50% improvement in 66 swollen joint count; and~≥ 50% improvement in at least 3 of the 5 following parameters:~Subject's assessment of pain (measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale [VAS]); Subject's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Physician's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Subject's self-assessment of physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index [(HAQ-DI)]); C-Reactive Protein." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE3.4
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO11.9
Apremilast 20 mg4.9
Apremilast 30 mg5.3

Percentage of Participants With an American College of Rheumatology 70% Improvement (ACR 70) Response at Week 16

"Percentage of participants with an American College of Rheumatology 70% Improvement (ACR70) response. A participant was a responder if the following 3 criteria for improvement from baseline were met:~≥ 70% improvement in 68 tender joint count;~≥ 70% improvement in 66 swollen joint count; and~≥ 70% improvement in at least 3 of the 5 following parameters: Subject's assessment of pain (measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale [VAS]); Subject's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Physician's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Subject's self-assessment of physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index ([HAQ-DI]); C-Reactive Protein" (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 16

Interventionpercent of participants (Number)
Placebo2.5
Apremilast 20 mg1.2
Apremilast 30 mg0.0

Percentage of Participants With an American College of Rheumatology 70% Improvement (ACR 70) Response at Week 24

"Percentage of participants with an American College of Rheumatology 70% Improvement (ACR 70) response. A participant was a responder if the following 3 criteria for improvement from Baseline were met:~≥ 70% improvement in 68 tender joint count;~≥ 70% improvement in 66 swollen joint count; and~≥ 70% improvement in at least 3 of the 5 following parameters:~Subject's assessment of pain (measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale [VAS]); Subject's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Physician's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Subject's self-assessment of physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index [(HAQ-DI)]); C-Reactive Protein." (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 24

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo3.8
Apremilast 20 mg2.4
Apremilast 30 mg5.3

Percentage of Participants With an American College of Rheumatology 70% Improvement (ACR 70) Response at Week 52

"Percentage of participants with an American College of Rheumatology 70% Improvement (ACR 70) response. A participant was a responder if the following 3 criteria for improvement from baseline were met:~≥ 70% improvement in 68 tender joint count;~≥ 70% improvement in 66 swollen joint count; and~≥ 70% improvement in at least 3 of the 5 following parameters: Subject's assessment of pain (measured on a 100 mm visual analog scale [VAS]); Subject's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Physician's global assessment of disease activity (measured on a 100 mm VAS); Subject's self-assessment of physical function (Health Assessment Questionnaire - Disability Index ([HAQ-DI]); C-Reactive Protein" (NCT01285310)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 52

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
Placebo/Apremilast 20mg EE0.0
Placebo/Apremilast 20 mg XO5.0
Apremilast 20 mg7.1
Apremilast 30 mg5.5

Reviews

8 reviews available for thalidomide and Rheumatoid Arthritis

ArticleYear
Novel insight into drug repositioning: Methylthiouracil as a case in point.
    Pharmacological research, 2015, Volume: 99

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antithyroid Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Biomarkers; Doxycyclin

2015
TNF-alpha as a therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury and trauma.
    Current medicinal chemistry, 2009, Volume: 16, Issue:24

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Humans; Immunosuppressive A

2009
Therapy of ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthritides: established medical treatment, anti-TNF-alpha therapy and other novel approaches.
    Arthritis research, 2002, Volume: 4, Issue:5

    Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibodies, Blocking; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antirheumatic

2002
[Thalidomide--a new prospective therapy in rheumatology and transplantation].
    Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960), 2003, Volume: 56, Issue:11-12

    Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Behcet Syndrome; Graft vs Host Disease; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Int

2003
Thalidomide: current and potential clinical applications.
    The American journal of medicine, 2000, Apr-15, Volume: 108, Issue:6

    Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Anti-HIV Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Behcet Syndrome; Dermatologic Agent

2000
Anti-TNF therapies in rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, sepsis, and myelodysplastic syndromes.
    Microscopy research and technique, 2000, Aug-01, Volume: 50, Issue:3

    Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Crohn Disease; Etanercept; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Myelodysplastic Syndrome

2000
[Suppression of synthesis of tumor necrosis factor].
    Der Internist, 2001, Volume: 42, Issue:1

    Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Crohn Disease; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Phosphodiestera

2001
[Therapeutic approach to elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis].
    La Clinica terapeutica, 1987, Aug-31, Volume: 122, Issue:4

    Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Age Factors; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-

1987

Trials

2 trials available for thalidomide and Rheumatoid Arthritis

ArticleYear
Apremilast in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Phase II, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study.
    Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2015, Volume: 67, Issue:7

    Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; D

2015
Thalidomide in the treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis.
    The Journal of rheumatology, 1999, Volume: 26, Issue:11

    Topics: Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Middle

1999

Other Studies

19 other studies available for thalidomide and Rheumatoid Arthritis

ArticleYear
Successful Treatment of Rituximab-Associated Palmoplantar Pustulosis With Apremilast in a Patient With Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis.
    Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases, 2021, Oct-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7

    Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Humans; Psoriasis; Rituximab; Thalidomide

2021
[The 456th case: polyarthritis, dry cough, dyspnea on exertion].
    Zhonghua nei ke za zhi, 2017, May-01, Volume: 56, Issue:5

    Topics: Arthralgia; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Autoantibodies; Blood Sedimentation; C-Reactive Protein; Cough; D

2017
Utility of osteosclerotic lesion biopsy in diagnosis of POEMS syndrome: A case report.
    Medicine, 2017, Volume: 96, Issue:41

    Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cell Proliferation; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Immunoelectropho

2017
Hansen's Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis Crossover of Clinical Symptoms: A Case Series of 18 Patients in the United States.
    The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2017, Volume: 97, Issue:6

    Topics: Aged; Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Clofazimine; Cross-Over Studies; Drug Therapy, Co

2017
[The plasmic translocation and release of high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 in peripheral blood monocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the effect of thalidomide].
    Zhonghua nei ke za zhi, 2008, Volume: 47, Issue:5

    Topics: Adult; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Blotting, Western; Cells, Cultured; Culture; Culture Media, Conditione

2008
Apremilast, a novel PDE4 inhibitor, inhibits spontaneous production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha from human rheumatoid synovial cells and ameliorates experimental arthritis.
    Arthritis research & therapy, 2010, Volume: 12, Issue:3

    Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cells, Cultured; Disease Models, Animal; Do

2010
Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws - characteristics, risk factors, clinical features, localization and impact on oncological treatment.
    Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, 2012, Volume: 40, Issue:4

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protoc

2012
Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis associated with the use of tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors.
    Archives of dermatology, 2006, Volume: 142, Issue:2

    Topics: Adalimumab; Adult; Aged; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antirheumatic Ag

2006
Stroke caused by small vessel occlusion in a patient taking etoricoxib and thalidomide.
    Journal of neuroimaging : official journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging, 2007, Volume: 17, Issue:1

    Topics: Adult; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cerebral Infarction; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Drug Therapy, Combin

2007
Thalidomide. A promising new treatment for rheumatoid arthritis.
    Arthritis and rheumatism, 1984, Volume: 27, Issue:10

    Topics: Adult; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Blood Sedimentation; Drug Eruptions; Female; Humans; Leukopenia; Middl

1984
Synergistic effects of thalidomide and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition on type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice.
    Inflammation, 1996, Volume: 20, Issue:2

    Topics: Animals; Arthritis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Cattle; Collagen; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Synergism;

1996
An open study of pentoxyfylline and thalidomide as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
    Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 1996, Volume: 55, Issue:11

    Topics: Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Hematologic Tests; Humans; Immu

1996
The effect of thalidomide and 2 analogs on collagen induced arthritis.
    The Journal of rheumatology, 1998, Volume: 25, Issue:5

    Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Collagen; Disease Models, Animal; Endothelial Growth Factors; Female

1998
TNF-alpha-targeted therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.
    Revue du rhumatisme (English ed.), 1999, Volume: 66, Issue:4

    Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Dru

1999
Targeting of vasculature in cancer and other angiogenic diseases.
    Trends in immunology, 2001, Volume: 22, Issue:3

    Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, CD; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Diabetic Retin

2001
Treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis--the thalidomide experience.
    The Journal of rheumatology, 1989, Volume: 16, Issue:2

    Topics: Adult; Aged; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Edema; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pain; Sleep Stages; Th

1989
A possible mechanism of action of thalidomide on rheumatoid arthritis.
    Arthritis and rheumatism, 1985, Volume: 28, Issue:7

    Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Free Radicals; Humans; Neutrophils; Superoxides; Thalidomide

1985
Thalidomide neurotoxicity and rheumatoid arthritis.
    Arthritis and rheumatism, 1986, Volume: 29, Issue:10

    Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Female; Humans; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Thalidomide

1986
Thalidomide-induced neuropathy in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
    Arthritis and rheumatism, 1988, Volume: 31, Issue:1

    Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Female; Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Thalidomide

1988