thalidomide and Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes

thalidomide has been researched along with Dysmyelopoietic Syndromes in 409 studies

Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.
thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.
2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.

Research

Studies (409)

Authors

Clinical Trials (50)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Healthcare Resource Utilization (HRU): Duration of Hospitalizations Due to Adverse Events

Hospitalizations due to adverse events exclude those for transfusions, elective procedures or protocol-driven procedures. HRU was defined as any consumption of healthcare resources directly or indirectly related to the treatment of the patient. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug until 28 days after the last dose, as of the data cut-off date of 17 March 2014; median (minimum, maximum) duration of treatment was 168 (14, 449) and 164 (7, 1158) days in each treatment group respectively.

Healthcare Resource Utilization (HRU): Number of Days of Hospitalization Due to Adverse Events Per Person-Years

Hospitalizations due to adverse events exclude those for transfusions, elective procedures or protocol-driven procedures. HRU was defined as any consumption of healthcare resources directly or indirectly related to the treatment of the patient (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug until 28 days after the last dose, as of the data cut-off date of 17 March 2014; median (minimum, maximum) duration of treatment was 168 (14, 449) and 164 (7, 1158) days in each treatment group respectively.

Healthcare Resource Utilization (HRU): Rate of Inpatient Hospitalizations Related to Adverse Events Per Person Year

Hospitalizations due to adverse events exclude those for transfusions, elective procedures or protocol-driven procedures. HRU was defined as any consumption of healthcare resources directly or indirectly related to the treatment of the patient. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug until 28 days after the last dose, as of the data cut-off date of 17 March 2014; median (minimum, maximum) duration of treatment was 168 (14, 449) and 164 (7, 1158) days in each treatment group respectively.

Kaplan Meier Estimate for Overall Survival (OS)

Overall survival was assessed using the time between randomization and the date of death or date of censoring. Participants who were alive at a data cutoff date and participants who were lost to follow-up were censored at the last date when participants were known to be alive. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: From randomization to final data cut-off date of 03 July 2018; maximum survival follow up was 6.4 years

Kaplan Meier Estimates for Progression to Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

Progression to AML is part of the natural course of MDS and is a manifestation of disease progression. The time to progress to AML was calculated from the day of randomization to the first day when AML was diagnosed. Participants who died without AML were censored at the date of death. The participants who were lost to follow-up were censored at the last known day when participants did not have AML. Participants who did not progress to AML at the last follow-up contact were censored at the day of the last follow-up contact. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: From randomization to final data cut-off date of 03 Jul 2018; median follow up time for progression to AML was 2.3 years (range = 0 to 5.0 years) in the placebo arm and 2.6 years (range = 0 to 6.4 years) in the lenalidomide arm.

Kaplan Meier Estimates of Duration of 56-day RBC Transfusion Independence Response as Determined by the Sponsor

"The duration of the first 56-day RBC transfusion-independence response was calculated for those who achieved a response and was dependent on whether a subsequent RBC transfusion was given after the transfusion-free period (response):~For those who received a subsequent RBC transfusion after the response starts, the duration of response was not censored, and was calculated as response duration = last day of response - first day of response +1 where the last day of response was defined as 1 day before the first RBC transfusion which was given at 56 days or more after the response starts.~For those who did not receive a subsequent RBC transfusion after the response started, the end day of the response was censored and duration of the response was calculated as response duration = date of last RBC transfusion assessment - first day of response+ 1. A responder was a participant who had a ≥ 56 consecutive days of RBC-transfusion-free period after the first study drug treatment period" (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Response was assessed up to the end of treatment; up to the data cut-off date of 17 Mar 2014.

Percentage of Participants Who Achieved an Erythroid Response Based on Original IWG 2006 Criteria

"A participant was considered as having achieved an erythroid response when:~- a Hgb increase ≥1.5 g/dL compared to baseline and confirmed by another central laboratory hemoglobin value at 4 to 8 weeks after the first Hgb measurement that had also increased ≥1.5 g/dL for at least 8 weeks. All Hgb values during this time interval must have had a ≥ 1.5 g/dL increase (ie, no central laboratory Hgb increase during this timeframe can be less than a 1.5 g/dL) OR - had an absolute reduction of 4 RBC transfusion units over any consecutive 56 days period compared to the baseline transfusion burden.~The baseline transfusion burden is the number of units over the 112 days prior to randomization divided by 2. Only transfusions given for a pre-transfusion Hgb value of 9.5 g/dL or less may be used in this response assessment." (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug until 28 days after the last dose, as of the data cut-off date of 17 March 2014; median (minimum, maximum) duration of treatment was 168 (14, 449) and 164 (7, 1158) days in each treatment group respectively.

Percentage of Participants Who Achieved an Erythroid Response Based on the Modified International Working Group (IWG) 2006 Criteria

"A participant was considered as having achieved an erythroid response if the participant either:~- had a hemoglobin (Hgb) increase ≥1.5 g/dL compared to baseline and confirmed by another central laboratory hemoglobin value at 4 to 8 weeks after the first Hgb measurement that also increased ≥1.5 g/dL. All Hgb values during this time interval must have had a ≥ 1.5 g/dL increase (ie, no central laboratory Hgb increase during this timeframe could be less <1.5 g/dL) OR - had a 50% reduction in the number of the RBC transfusion units over any consecutive 56 days period compared to the baseline transfusion burden.~The baseline transfusion burden is the number of units over 112 days by the randomization divided by 2. Only transfusions given for a pre-transfusion Hgb value of 9 g/dL or less were used in this response assessment." (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug until 28 days after the last dose, as of the data cut-off date of 17 March 2014; median (minimum, maximum) duration of treatment was 168 (14, 449) and 164 (7, 1158) days in each treatment group respectively.

Percentage of Participants Who Achieved RBC Transfusion Independence With a Duration of ≥ 24 Weeks (168 Days) as Determined by the Sponsor

"The 168-day RBC-transfusion-independent response was defined as the absence of any RBC transfusion during any consecutive rolling 168 days during the treatment period, for example Days 2 (Day 1 is the first study drug day) to 169, Days 3 to 170, Days 4 to 171, etcetera. A responder was defined as a participant who had a ≥ 168 consecutive days of RBC-transfusion-free period after the first dose of study drug in the treatment phase." (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug until 28 days after the last dose, as of the data cut-off date of 17 March 2014; median (minimum, maximum) duration of treatment was 168 (14, 449) and 164 (7, 1158) days in each treatment group respectively.

Percentage of Participants Who Achieved Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion Independence for ≥ 56 Days as Determined by an Independent Review Committee (IRC)

"The percentage of participants who achieved the 56-day RBC transfusion independent (TI) response was defined as the absence of any RBC transfusions during any consecutive rolling 56-day interval within the double-blind treatment phase (ie, Days 2 (Day 1 is the first study drug day) to 57, Days 3 to 58, etcetera). The double-blind treatment phase was defined as the period between the 1st dosing up until 28 days after the last study drug dose" (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug until 28 days after the last dose, as of the data cut-off date of 17 March 2014; median (minimum, maximum) duration of treatment was 168 (14, 449) and 164 (7, 1158) days in each treatment group respectively.

Percentage of Participants With a Erythroid Gene Signature Who Achieved RBC Transfusion Independence for ≥ 56 Days as Determined by an Independent Review Committee (IRC)

"The percentage of participants who achieved the 56-day RBC TI response was defined as the absence of any RBC transfusions during any consecutive rolling 56-day interval within the double-blind treatment phase (ie, Days 2 (Day 1 is the first study drug day) to 57, Days 3 to 58, etcetera). A participant who achieved at least a 56-day RBC-transfusion-independent response was considered a 56-day RBC-TI responder." (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug until 28 days after the last dose, as of the data cut-off date of 17 March 2014; median (minimum, maximum) duration of treatment was 168 (14, 449) and 164 (7, 1158) days in each treatment group respectively.

Time to 56-Day RBC-Transfusion-Independent (TI) Response as Determined by the Sponsor

The time to the first 56-day RBC-transfusion-independent response was calculated for participants who achieved a response. The day from the first dose of study drug to the date at which RBC-transfusion-independence starts was achieved and calculated using: Start date of the first response period - the date of the first study drug +1. A responder was defined as a participant who had a ≥ 56 consecutive days of RBC-transfusion-free period after the first dose of study drug in the treatment phase. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug until 28 days after the last dose of study drug, as of the data cut-off date of 17 March 2014; median (minimum, maximum) duration of treatment was 168 (14, 449) and 164 (7, 1158) days in each treatment group respectively.

Compliance Rates Using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) From Baseline to Week 48

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL Questionnaire for Patients with Cancer (EORTC QLQ-C30) was a 30-item oncology-specific questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed to assess the quality of life of cancer patients. It contains 30 questions, 24 of which form 9 multi-item scales representing various aspects of HRQOL: 1 global scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Emotional, Cognitive and Social), and 3 symptom scales (Fatigue, Pain, and Nausea). The remaining 6 items are intended to be mono-item scales describing relevant cancer-oriented symptoms (dyspnea, insomnia, appetite, constipation, diarrhea, financial difficulties). Subscale scores are transformed to a 0 to 100 scale, with higher scores on functional scales indicating better function and higher score on symptom scales indicating worse symptoms. A participant was considered compliant at a visit if at least 15 out of the QLQ-C30 items in the questionnaire were checked. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, (±3 days), Week 24, (±3 days), Week 36, (±3 days), and Week 48 (±3 days); up to data cut-off of 17 Mar 2014

Mean Change From Baseline in Fatigue Domain Associated With the EORTC QLQ-C-30 Scale at Week 12 and Week 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL Questionnaire for Patients with Cancer (EORTC QLQ-C30) was a 30-item oncology-specific questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed to assess the quality of life of cancer patients. It contains 30 questions, 24 of which form 9 multi-item scales representing various aspects of HRQOL: 1 global scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Emotional, Cognitive and Social), and 3 symptom scales (Fatigue, Pain, and Nausea). The remaining 6 items are intended to be mono-item scales describing relevant cancer-oriented symptoms (dyspnea, insomnia, appetite, constipation, diarrhea, financial difficulties). The EORTC QLQ-C30 Fatigue Scale is scored between 0 and 100, with a high score indicating a higher level of symptoms. Negative change from Baseline values indicate reduction in fatigue (i.e. improvement in symptom) and positive values indicate increases in fatigue (i.e. worsening of symptom). (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Mean Change From Baseline in the Dyspnea Domain Associated With the EORTC QLQ-C-30 Scale at Week 12 and Week 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Core Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) is a 30-question tool used to assess the overall quality of life in cancer patients. It consists of 15 domains: 1 global health status (GHS) scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Cognitive, Emotional, Social), and 9 symptom scales/items (Fatigue, Nausea and Vomiting, Pain, Dyspnea, Sleep Disturbance, Appetite Loss, Constipation, Diarrhea, Financial Impact). The EORTC QLQ-C30 Dyspnea scale is scored between 0 and 100, with a high score indicating a higher level of symptoms. Negative change from Baseline values indicate decreased dyspnea (i.e. improvement in symptom) and positive values indicate increased dyspnea (i.e. worsening of symptom). (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Mean Change From Baseline in the Emotional Functioning Domain Associated With the EORTC QLQ-C30 Scale at Weeks 12 and 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Core Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) is a 30-question tool used to assess the overall quality of life in cancer patients. It consists of 15 domains: 1 global health status (GHS) scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Cognitive, Emotional, Social), and 9 symptom scales/items (Fatigue, Nausea and Vomiting, Pain, Dyspnea, Sleep Disturbance, Appetite Loss, Constipation, Diarrhea, Financial Impact). The EORTC QLQ-C30 Emotional Functioning Scale is scored between 0 and 100, with a high score indicating better functioning. Negative change from Baseline values indicate deterioration in functioning and positive values indicate improvement. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Mean Change From Baseline in the EORTC QLQ-C30 Dyspnea Domain at Week 12 and 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Core Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) is a 30-question tool used to assess the overall quality of life in cancer patients. It consists of 15 domains: 1 global health status (GHS) scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Cognitive, Emotional, Social), and 9 symptom scales/items (Fatigue, Nausea and Vomiting, Pain, Dyspnea, Sleep Disturbance, Appetite Loss, Constipation, Diarrhea, Financial Impact). The EORTC QLQ-C30 Dyspnea scale is scored between 0 and 100, with a high score indicating a higher level of symptoms. Negative change from Baseline values indicate decreased dyspnea (i.e. improvement in symptom) and positive values indicate increased dyspnea (i.e. worsening of symptom). (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Mean Change From Baseline in the EORTC QLQ-C30 Emotional Functioning Domain at Week 12 and 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Core Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) is a 30-question tool used to assess the overall quality of life in cancer patients. It consists of 15 domains: 1 global health status (GHS) scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Cognitive, Emotional, Social), and 9 symptom scales/items (Fatigue, Nausea and Vomiting, Pain, Dyspnea, Sleep Disturbance, Appetite Loss, Constipation, Diarrhea, Financial Impact). The EORTC QLQ-C30 Emotional Functioning Domain was scored between 0 and 100, with a high score indicating better functioning. Negative change from Baseline values indicate deterioration in functioning and positive values indicate improvement. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Mean Change From Baseline in the EORTC QLQ-C30 Fatigue Domain at Week 12 and 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Core Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) is a 30-question tool used to assess the overall quality of life in cancer patients. It consists of 15 domains: 1 global health status (GHS) scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Cognitive, Emotional, Social), and 9 symptom scales/items (Fatigue, Nausea and Vomiting, Pain, Dyspnea, Sleep Disturbance, Appetite Loss, Constipation, Diarrhea, Financial Impact). The EORTC QLQ-C30 Fatigue Scale is scored between 0 and 100, with a high score indicating a higher level of symptoms. Negative change from Baseline values indicate reduction in fatigue (i.e. improvement in symptom) and positive values indicate increases in fatigue (i.e. worsening of symptom). (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Mean Change From Baseline in the EORTC QLQ-C30 Global Health Status/Quality of Life (QOL) Domain at Week 12 and 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Core Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) is a 30-question tool used to assess the overall quality of life in cancer patients. It consists of 15 domains: 1 global health status (GHS) scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Cognitive, Emotional, Social), and 9 symptom scales/items (Fatigue, Nausea and Vomiting, Pain, Dyspnea, Sleep Disturbance, Appetite Loss, Constipation, Diarrhea, Financial Impact). The EORTC QLQ-C30 Global Health Status/QOL scale was scored between 0 and 100, with a high score indicating better Global Health Status/QOL. Negative change from Baseline values indicate deterioration in Global Health Status/QOL and positive values indicate improvement. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Mean Change From Baseline in the EORTC QLQ-C30 Physical Functioning Domain at Week 12 and 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Core Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) is a 30-question tool used to assess the overall quality of life in cancer patients. It consists of 15 domains: 1 global health status (GHS) scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Cognitive, Emotional, Social), and 9 symptom scales/items (Fatigue, Nausea and Vomiting, Pain, Dyspnea, Sleep Disturbance, Appetite Loss, Constipation, Diarrhea, Financial Impact). The EORTC QLQ-C30 Physical Functioning Scale was scored between 0 and 100, with a high score indicating better functioning. Negative change from Baseline values indicate deterioration in functioning and positive values indicate improvement. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Mean Change From Baseline in the Global Health Status/QoL Domain Associated With the EORTC QLQ-C-30 Scale at Week 12 and Week 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL Questionnaire for Patients with Cancer (EORTC QLQ-C30) was a 30-item oncology-specific questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed to assess the quality of life of cancer patients. It contains 30 questions, 24 of which form 9 multi-item scales representing various aspects of HRQOL: 1 global scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Emotional, Cognitive and Social), and 3 symptom scales (Fatigue, Pain, and Nausea). The remaining 6 items are intended to be mono-item scales describing relevant cancer-oriented symptoms (dyspnea, insomnia, appetite, constipation, diarrhea, financial difficulties). The EORTC QLQ-C30 Global Health Status/QOL scale was scored between 0 and 100, with a high score indicating better Global Health Status/QOL. Negative change from Baseline values indicate deterioration in Global Health Status/QOL and positive values indicate improvement. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Mean Change From Baseline in the Physical Functioning Domain Associated With the EORTC QLQ-C-30 Scale at Week 12 and Week 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL Questionnaire for Patients with Cancer (EORTC QLQ-C30) was a 30-item oncology-specific questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed to assess the quality of life of cancer patients. It contains 30 questions, 24 of which form 9 multi-item scales representing various aspects of HRQOL: 1 global scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Emotional, Cognitive and Social), and 3 symptom scales (Fatigue, Pain, and Nausea). The remaining 6 items are intended to be mono-item scales describing relevant cancer-oriented symptoms (dyspnea, insomnia, appetite, constipation, diarrhea, financial difficulties). The EORTC QLQ-C30 Physical Functioning was scored between 0 and 100, with a high score indicating better Global Health Status/QOL. Negative change from Baseline values indicate deterioration in Global Health Status/QOL and positive values indicate improvement. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE)

"A TEAE was defined as an AE that begins or worsens in intensity of frequency on or after the first dose of study drug through 28 days after last dose of study drug.~A serious adverse event (SAE) is any:~Death;~Life-threatening event;~Any inpatient hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization;~Persistent or significant disability or incapacity;~Congenital anomaly or birth defect;~Any other important medical event~The investigator determined the relationship of an AE to study drug based on the timing of the AE relative to drug administration and whether or not other drugs, therapeutic interventions, or underlying conditions could provide a sufficient explanation for the event. The severity of an AE was evaluated by the investigator according to National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTCAE) (Version 3.0) where Grade 1 = Mild, Grade 2 = Moderate, Grade 3 = Severe, Grade 4 = Life-threatening and Grade 5 = Death." (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: From the first dose of study drug through 28 days after discontinuation from the study treatment; up to the final data cut-off date of 03 July 2018; maximum exposure was 2100 days in the lenalidomide arm and 529 days in the placebo arm.

Percentage of Participants With a Clinically Meaningful Improvement in HRQOL Associated With the EORTC QLQ-C-30 Scale From Baseline in the Dyspnea Domain at Weeks 12 and 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Core Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) is a 30-question tool used to assess the overall quality of life in cancer patients. It consists of 15 domains: 1 global health status (GHS) scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Cognitive, Emotional, Social), and 9 symptom scales/items (Fatigue, Nausea and Vomiting, Pain, Dyspnea, Sleep Disturbance, Appetite Loss, Constipation, Diarrhea, Financial Impact). The EORTC QLQ-C30 Dyspnea scale is scored between 0 and 100, with a high score indicating a higher level of symptoms. Negative change from Baseline values indicate decreased dyspnea (i.e. improvement in symptom) and positive values indicate increased dyspnea (i.e. worsening of symptom). Improvement means at least 10 points better compared to baseline. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Percentage of Participants With a Clinically Meaningful Improvement in HRQOL Associated With the EORTC QLQ-C-30 Scale From Baseline in the Emotional Functioning Domain at Weeks 12 and 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Core Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) is a 30-question tool used to assess the overall quality of life in cancer patients. It consists of 15 domains: 1 global health status (GHS) scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Cognitive, Emotional, Social), and 9 symptom scales/items (Fatigue, Nausea and Vomiting, Pain, Dyspnea, Sleep Disturbance, Appetite Loss, Constipation, Diarrhea, Financial Impact). The EORTC QLQ-C30 Emotional Functioning Domain was scored between 0 and 100, with a high score indicating better functioning. Negative change from Baseline values indicate deterioration in functioning and positive values indicate improvement. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Percentage of Participants With a Clinically Meaningful Improvement in HRQOL Associated With the EORTC QLQ-C-30 Scale From Baseline in the Global Health Status/QOL Domain at Weeks 12 and 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL Questionnaire for Patients with Cancer (EORTC QLQ-C30) was a 30-item oncology-specific questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed to assess the quality of life of cancer patients. It contains 30 questions, 24 of which form 9 multi-item scales representing various aspects of HRQOL: 1 global scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Emotional, Cognitive and Social), and 3 symptom scales (Fatigue, Pain, and Nausea). The remaining 6 items are intended to be mono-item scales describing relevant cancer-oriented symptoms (dyspnea, insomnia, appetite, constipation, diarrhea, financial difficulties). Subscale scores are transformed to a 0 to 100 scale, with higher scores on functional scales indicating better function and higher score on symptom scales indicating worse symptoms. A change of at least 10 points on the standardized domain scores was required for it to be considered clinically meaningful. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Percentage of Participants With a Clinically Meaningful Improvement in HRQOL Associated With the EORTC QLQ-C-30 Scale From Baseline Within the Physical Functioning Domain at Weeks 12 and 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL Questionnaire for Patients with Cancer (EORTC QLQ-C30) was a 30-item oncology-specific questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed to assess the quality of life of cancer patients. It contains 30 questions, 24 of which form 9 multi-item scales representing various aspects of HRQOL: 1 global scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Emotional, Cognitive and Social), and 3 symptom scales (Fatigue, Pain, and Nausea). The remaining 6 items are intended to be mono-item scales describing relevant cancer-oriented symptoms (dyspnea, insomnia, appetite, constipation, diarrhea, financial difficulties). Subscale scores are transformed to a 0 to 100 scale, with higher scores on functional scales indicating better function and higher score on symptom scales indicating worse symptoms. A change of at least 10 points on the standardized domain scores was required for it to be considered clinically meaningful. (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Percentage of Participants With a Clinically Meaningful Improvement in QOL (EORTC QLQ-C-30 Scale) From Baseline in Fatigue Domain at Weeks 12 and 24

The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL Questionnaire for Patients with Cancer (EORTC QLQ-C30) was a 30-item oncology-specific questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed to assess the quality of life of cancer patients. It contains 30 questions, 24 of which form 9 multi-item scales representing various aspects of HRQOL: 1 global scale, 5 functional scales (Physical, Role, Emotional, Cognitive and Social), and 3 symptom scales (Fatigue, Pain, and Nausea). The remaining 6 items are intended to be mono-item scales describing relevant cancer-oriented symptoms (dyspnea, insomnia, appetite, constipation, diarrhea, financial difficulties). Subscale scores are transformed to a 0 to 100 scale, with higher scores on functional scales indicating better function and higher score on symptom scales indicating worse symptoms. Improvement means at least 10 points better compared to baseline (NCT01029262)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12, ±3 days and Week 24, ±3 days

Change From Baseline in the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Anemia (FACT-An) Endpoints at Week 12

"The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Anemia (FACT-An) questionnaire (Yellen, 1997) was used to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL).~In addition to general HRQoL, the FACT-An measures the impact of fatigue and other anemia-related symptoms on patient functioning. The overall score range for the FACT-An is 0-188. Higher scores indicate better HRQoL." (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Change From Baseline in the Trial Outcome Index-Anemia (TOI-An) Endpoints at Week 12

The Trial Outcome Index-Anemia (TOI-An) composed of the physical and functional subscales of the FACT-G along with the Anemia subscale was used to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The overall score range for the TOI-An is 0-136. Higher scores indicate better HRQoL. (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Change From Baseline in the Trial Outcome Index-Fatigue (TOI-F) Endpoints at Week 12

The Trial Outcome Index-Fatigue(TOI-F) composed of the physical and functional subscales of the FACT-G along with the fatigue items from the Anemia subscale was used to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The overall score range for the TOI-F is 0-108. Higher scores indicate better HRQoL. (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 12

Duration of Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion Independence for Participants Who Became RBC Transfusion Independent for at Least 182 Days

Mean number of weeks that participants who achieved RBC transfusion independence for at least 182 days were able to maintain RBC transfusion independence. Both double-blind and open-label periods are included. (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: up to 3 years

Kaplan Meier Estimates of Overall Survival by Randomized Group

Kaplan Meier estimate for median length of survival for study participants as they were randomized at the start of the study. (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: up to 3 years

Maximum Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin During the Double-blind Period for Participants Who Became Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion Independent for at Least 182 Days

For participants who became RBC transfusion independent for at least 182 days during the double-blind study period, the mean maximum change from baseline in hemoglobin is summarized. (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to 52 weeks

Participant Count of Deaths During Double-blind and Open-label by Randomized Group

Count of participant deaths throughout the entire study and reported by the original treatment assignment. (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: up to 3 years

Participants Who Achieved Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion Independence for >= 26 Weeks (182 Days)

The count of study participants who had no RBC transfusions for 26 consecutive weeks or more during the double-blind period. (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks

Participants Who Achieved Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion Independence for 56 Days

Count of study participants who had no RBC transfusions during any 56 or more consecutive study days during the double-blind period. (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: Up to 52 weeks

Participants Showing Cytogenetic Response by the International MDS Working Group (IWG 2000) During Double-blind Period as Evaluated by Central Review

The IWG criteria for evaluating cytogenetic response require a minimum of 20 baseline and post-baseline analyzable metaphases using conventional cytogenetic techniques. A major cytogenetic response is defined as no detectable cytogenetic abnormality if preexisting abnormality was present whereas a minor response requires ≥50% reduction in abnormal metaphases. Progression could be concluded based on as few as 3 metaphases if there were additional abnormalities. The best response is represented. (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: up to 52 weeks

Participants Who Progressed to Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) During the Study

Number of participants who progressed to acute myeloid leukemia during the study, summarized at three different timepoints: first 16 weeks of the double-blind study, week 52 of the double-blind study, and up to 36 months which includes the double-blind and open-label periods of the study. The counts are cumulative by timeframe. (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: up to 3 years

Participants' Response Based on Bone Marrow Samples by the International MDS Working Group (IWG 2000) During Double-blind Period

The IWG criteria for bone marrow improvement: a complete remission is bone marrow sampling showing less than 5% myeloblasts with normal maturation of all cell lines, with no evidence for dysplasia. A partial remission is ≥ 50% decrease in blasts over pre-treatment. Bone marrow progression is a ≥ 50% increase in blasts that exceed the top range of the pretreatment percentile range: a) <5% blasts b) 5-10% blasts c) 10-20% blasts d) 20-30% blasts. For example, a participant with <5% blasts pretreatment with an on study blast increase of 50% which is now >5% showed bone marrow progression. (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: up to 52 weeks

Participants' Response in Absolute Neutrophil Counts as Defined by the International MDS Working Group (IWG 2000) During Double-blind Period

A major neutrophil response is defined by the International MDS Working Group (IWG) criteria as at least a 100% increase, or an absolute increase of ≥500/mm^3 for participants with absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) of less than 1,500/mm^3 before therapy, whichever is greater. A minor response for such participants is defined as an ANC increase of at least 100%, but absolute increase <500/mm^3. (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: up to week 52

Participants' Response in Platelet Counts as Defined by the International MDS Working Group (IWG 2000) During Double-blind Period

The International MDS Working Group (IWG) defines a major platelet response for participants with a pre-treatment platelet count of <100,000/mm^3 as an absolute increase of ≥30,000/mm^3 whereas a minor response is defined as a ≥50% increase in platelet count with a net increase greater than 10,000/mm^3 but less than 30,000/mm^3. (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: up to 52 weeks

Summary of Participants Who Had Adverse Events (AE) During the Double-blind Period

"Counts of study participants who had adverse events (AEs) during the double-blind period by MedDRA System Organ Class (SOC) and preferred term. A participant with multiple occurrences of an adverse event within a category is counted only once in that category. Adverse events were evaluated by the investigator.~The National Cancer Institute (NCI)'s Common Terminology Criteria for AEs (CTCAE) was used to grade AE severity. Severity grade 3= severe and undesirable AE. Severity grade 4= life-threatening or disabling AE." (NCT00179621)
Timeframe: up to week 52

Change in Hemoglobin Concentration From Baseline to Maximum Value During Response Period for Responders

The change from baseline in hemoglobin for participants who became RBC-transfusion independent. The maximum hemoglobin value obtained during the response period is used in the calculation of change from baseline. (NCT00065156)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -54 to Day 0), During study (Day 1 up to 2 years)

Kaplan Meier Estimate for Duration of Transfusion Independence Response

Duration of response is measured from the first of the consecutive 56 days during which the participant was free of RBC transfusions to the date of the first RBC transfusion after this period. Duration of response was censored at the date of last visit for participants who maintained transfusion independence. (NCT00065156)
Timeframe: up to 2 years

Participants Who Achieved Red Blood Cell (RBC) -Transfusion Independence

"Number of participants who achieved RBC-transfusion independence, which was defined as the absence of an intravenous infusion of any RBC transfusion during any consecutive rolling 56 days during the treatment period (eg, Days 1 to 56, Days 2 to 57, Days 3 to 58, etc), and accompanied by at least a 1 g/dL increase from screening/baseline in hemoglobin." (NCT00065156)
Timeframe: Up to 2 years

Participants With a >= 50% Decrease From Baseline in Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion Requirements Over Any Consecutive 56 Days During Study

A participant was categorized as having a transfusion reduction response if there was a ≥ 50% decrease from pretreatment transfusion requirements (before the start of the study mediation) compared to any consecutive 56 days during the study (i.e. post treatment). (NCT00065156)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day -54 to Day 0), During study (Day 1 up to 2 years)

Time to Transfusion Independence

"Transfusion independence was defined as the absence of an intravenous infusion of any RBC transfusion during any consecutive rolling 56 days during the treatment period (e.g., Days 1 to 56, Days 2 to 57, Days 3 to 58, etc.), and accompanied by at least a 1 g/dL increase from screening/baseline in hemoglobin. Time to transfusion independence was defined as the day of the first dose of study drug to the first day of the first 56-day RBC transfusion-free period." (NCT00065156)
Timeframe: up to 2 years

Participant Counts of Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) Response

"Major neutrophil response: participants with a minimum pretreatment ANC concentration of < 1500/mm^3 in all values obtained within 56 days of start of treatment, a ≥ 100% increase or an absolute increase of~≥ 500/mm^3, whichever was greater (at least to be ≥ 500/mm^3), sustained for 56 consecutive days. Minor neutrophil response: participants with a minimum pretreatment ANC concentration of < 1500/mm^3, an increase in ANC concentration of ≥ 100% sustained for 56 consecutive days." (NCT00065156)
Timeframe: up to 2 years

Participant Counts of Cytogenetic Response

"Participants deemed evaluable by the central cytogenetic review had their cytogenetic response categorized as major or minor. A major cytogenetic response was defined as ≥ 20 metaphases recorded at baseline, and at least~1 post baseline evaluation with ≥ 20 metaphases analyzed with no abnormal metaphases observed. A minor cytogenetic response was defined as ≥ 20 metaphases analyzed at baseline, and at least 1 post baseline evaluation with ≥ 20 metaphases analyzed with a ≥ 50% reduction in the proportion of hematopoietic cells with cytogenetic abnormalities compared with baseline." (NCT00065156)
Timeframe: up to 2 years