thalidomide and Colitis, Granulomatous studies

Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.
thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.
2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.

Research Excerpts

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"To determine whether thalidomide is effective in inducing remission in refractory pediatric Crohn disease."	9.17	Effect of thalidomide on clinical remission in children and adolescents with refractory Crohn disease: a randomized clinical trial. ( Arrigo, S; Barabino, A; Bramuzzo, M; Calvi, A; De Iudicibus, S; Decorti, G; Fontana, M; Lazzerini, M; Lionetti, P; Lorusso, M; Lucanto, MC; Magazzù, G; Maggiore, G; Manenti, S; Mangiantini, F; Martelossi, S; Maschio, M; Montico, M; Palla, G; Paparazzo, R; Pellegrin, MC; Pellegrino, S; Ventura, A; Villanacci, V; Zuin, G, 2013)
"To evaluate the efficacy of thalidomide for treating troublesome cases of pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) with tuberculosis infection."	7.85	Efficacy of thalidomide therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease with evidence of tuberculosis. ( Hong, Y; Huang, Y; Leung, YK; Wang, L; Wu, J, 2017)
"Thalidomide has been successful use in patients with refractory Crohn disease (CD) in recent years."	7.83	Thalidomide induces mucosal healing in postoperative Crohn disease endoscopic recurrence: Case report and literature review. ( Hu, H; Liu, S; Wang, X, 2016)
"The aim of the study was to evaluate thalidomide as rescue therapy for pediatric patients with severe refractory Crohn disease (CD) who failed to respond to antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) biologic agents."	7.78	Thalidomide use and outcomes in pediatric patients with Crohn disease refractory to infliximab and adalimumab. ( Felipez, LM; Gokhale, R; Kirschner, BS; Tierney, MP, 2012)
"Thalidomide seems to be an effective and safe treatment in patients with refractory Crohn disease."	7.71	Efficacy of long-term treatment with thalidomide in children and young adults with Crohn disease: preliminary results. ( Candusso, M; Facchini, S; Liubich, M; Martelossi, S; Panfili, E; Ventura, A, 2001)
"Thalidomide appears to be a safe and effective alternative for short-term healing in patients who develop infliximab-induced delayed hypersensitivity reaction and may be an alternative strategy for those at risk."	6.70	Thalidomide as "salvage" therapy for patients with delayed hypersensitivity response to infliximab: a case series. ( Ehrenpreis, E; Kane, S; Stone, LJ, 2002)
" However, long-term use of thalidomide has raised concern because of the high incidence of adverse events."	6.61	Thalidomide-induced sinus bradycardia in Crohn's disease: case report and literature review. ( Chen, M; He, Y; Lin, X; Liu, M; Mao, R; Wang, L, 2019)
"To determine whether thalidomide is effective in inducing remission in refractory pediatric Crohn disease."	5.17	Effect of thalidomide on clinical remission in children and adolescents with refractory Crohn disease: a randomized clinical trial. ( Arrigo, S; Barabino, A; Bramuzzo, M; Calvi, A; De Iudicibus, S; Decorti, G; Fontana, M; Lazzerini, M; Lionetti, P; Lorusso, M; Lucanto, MC; Magazzù, G; Maggiore, G; Manenti, S; Mangiantini, F; Martelossi, S; Maschio, M; Montico, M; Palla, G; Paparazzo, R; Pellegrin, MC; Pellegrino, S; Ventura, A; Villanacci, V; Zuin, G, 2013)
"Ten patients with therapy refractory IBD (nine Crohn's disease, one ulcerative colitis) received thalidomide 300 mg daily in a 12 week open label study."	5.10	Thalidomide reduces tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 12 production in patients with chronic active Crohn's disease. ( Bauditz, J; Lochs, H; Wedel, S, 2002)
"Eleven patients (nine males, mean age 33 years, range 20-77 years) with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (six Crohn's disease (CD), four ulcerative colitis (UC), one indeterminate colitis (IC)) who were symptomatic despite standard medical therapy were administered a daily dose of thalidomide for 12 weeks in an open-labeled protocol."	5.10	Early studies on the safety and efficacy of thalidomide for symptomatic inflammatory bowel disease. ( Bariol, C; Byrnes, DJ; Edwards, PD; Field, A; Hing, M; Meagher, AP; Vickers, CR; Wettstein, AR, 2002)
"To evaluate the efficacy of thalidomide for treating troublesome cases of pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) with tuberculosis infection."	3.85	Efficacy of thalidomide therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease with evidence of tuberculosis. ( Hong, Y; Huang, Y; Leung, YK; Wang, L; Wu, J, 2017)
"Thalidomide has been successful use in patients with refractory Crohn disease (CD) in recent years."	3.83	Thalidomide induces mucosal healing in postoperative Crohn disease endoscopic recurrence: Case report and literature review. ( Hu, H; Liu, S; Wang, X, 2016)
"The aim of the study was to evaluate thalidomide as rescue therapy for pediatric patients with severe refractory Crohn disease (CD) who failed to respond to antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) biologic agents."	3.78	Thalidomide use and outcomes in pediatric patients with Crohn disease refractory to infliximab and adalimumab. ( Felipez, LM; Gokhale, R; Kirschner, BS; Tierney, MP, 2012)
"Thalidomide seems to be an effective and safe treatment in patients with refractory Crohn disease."	3.71	Efficacy of long-term treatment with thalidomide in children and young adults with Crohn disease: preliminary results. ( Candusso, M; Facchini, S; Liubich, M; Martelossi, S; Panfili, E; Ventura, A, 2001)
"Lenalidomide was generally well tolerated with only one serious adverse event, a deep vein thrombosis, being attributed to treatment."	2.73	A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lenalidomide in the treatment of moderately severe active Crohn's disease. ( Cooper, A; Forbes, A; Hawkey, CJ; Hawthorne, AB; Manning, DC; Mansfield, JC; Parkes, M; Perowne, RC; Probert, CS; Zeldis, JB, 2007)
" Neuropathy is the main adverse effect, but appears to be cumulative dose-dependent, thus allowing long-term remission before drug suspension."	2.73	Efficacy and safety of thalidomide in children and young adults with intractable inflammatory bowel disease: long-term results. ( Bradaschia, F; Lazzerini, M; Marchetti, F; Martelossi, S; Ronfani, L; Scabar, A; Ventura, A, 2007)
"Apremilast is an oral PDE4 inhibitor approved for the treatment of active PsA patients with inadequate response to synthetic immunosuppressants."	2.72	Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase-4 in Psoriatic Arthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. ( Conti, F; Laganà, B; Picchianti-Diamanti, A; Rosado, MM; Spinelli, FR, 2021)
"Thalidomide appears to be a safe and effective alternative for short-term healing in patients who develop infliximab-induced delayed hypersensitivity reaction and may be an alternative strategy for those at risk."	2.70	Thalidomide as "salvage" therapy for patients with delayed hypersensitivity response to infliximab: a case series. ( Ehrenpreis, E; Kane, S; Stone, LJ, 2002)
"The median Crohn's disease activity indices were 322 (range, 170-525), 119 (range, 24-503) and 35 (range, -60-360) before infliximab, at the initiation of thalidomide and at the end of follow-up, respectively."	2.70	An open-label study of thalidomide for maintenance therapy in responders to infliximab in chronically active and fistulizing refractory Crohn's disease. ( Allez, M; Bonnet, J; Lemann, M; Modigliani, R; Sabate, JM; Villarejo, J, 2002)
"Twelve adult male patients with Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) scores of > or = 250 and < or = 500 despite > or = 20 mg prednisone/day were enrolled."	2.69	An open-label pilot study of low-dose thalidomide in chronically active, steroid-dependent Crohn's disease. ( Abreu-Martin, MT; Hassard, PV; Kam, LY; Papadakis, KA; Targan, SR; Vasiliauskas, EA; Yang, H; Zeldis, JB, 1999)
"Twenty-two patients with refractory Crohn's disease (Crohn's Disease Activity Index [CDAI] > 200 and/or draining perianal disease) initiated therapy with thalidomide, 200 mg at bedtime (18 patients), or 300 mg at bedtime (4 patients)."	2.69	Thalidomide therapy for patients with refractory Crohn's disease: an open-label trial. ( Cohen, LB; Cohen, RD; Ehrenpreis, ED; Hanauer, SB; Kane, SV, 1999)
"Thalidomide as a treatment for refractory IBD in children and adolescents can improve clinical remission and achieve longer-term maintenance of remission."	2.66	Thalidomide as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: A systematic review. ( Cui, X; Li, H; Liu, C; Men, P; Qiu, T; Sun, T; Zhai, S, 2020)
" However, long-term use of thalidomide has raised concern because of the high incidence of adverse events."	2.61	Thalidomide-induced sinus bradycardia in Crohn's disease: case report and literature review. ( Chen, M; He, Y; Lin, X; Liu, M; Mao, R; Wang, L, 2019)
"Thalidomide is an oral immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory drug with antitumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) activity."	2.50	Mucosal healing with thalidomide in refractory Crohn's disease patients intolerant of anti-TNF-α drugs: report of 3 cases and literature review. ( Cantoro, L; Cosintino, R; Kohn, A; Marrollo, M; Scribano, ML, 2014)
"Crohn's disease is a chronic relapsing condition of the alimentary tract with a high morbidity secondary to bowel inflammation."	2.45	Thalidomide and thalidomide analogues for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. ( Akobeng, AK; Srinivasan, R, 2009)
"Although the treatment of Crohn's disease has improved significantly during past decade, the treatment of intestinal BD is still problematic."	2.44	[Pathogenesis and treatment of intestinal Behçet's disease]. ( Kim, HJ; Lee, CK, 2007)
"Cerebral venous thrombosis is a relatively uncommon condition afflicting mostly young adults."	2.43	Unusual causes of cerebral venous thrombosis. ( AlKawi, A; Ilyas, A; Ilyas, MS; Khatri, IA, 2006)
"Thalidomide was used because conventional medical treatment by steroids and immunosuppressives was ineffective."	2.43	[Thalidomide therapy for infantile-onset Crohn's disease]. ( Ikematsu, K; Joh, K; Kabuki, T; Kagimoto, S; Ogimi, C; Oh-Ishi, T; Tanaka, R, 2005)
"The clinical management of Crohn's disease can be considered in relation to the treatment of acute disease and the maintenance of remission."	2.42	Review article: chronic active disease and maintaining remission in Crohn's disease. ( Kamm, MA, 2004)
"Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease, which may involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the oral cavity."	2.41	[Oral aspects of Crohn's disease]. ( Brand, HS; Scheper, HJ, 2000)
"Thalidomide was originally marketed as a sedative, but was removed from the market in 1961 after it was associated with an epidemic of severe birth defects."	2.41	Thalidomide in gastrointestinal disorders. ( Bousvaros, A; Mueller, B, 2001)
"Perianal fistulas are the most frequent complication of, and are most often associated with, colonic disease."	2.41	Management of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease: antibiotic to antibody. ( Paré, P, 2001)
"Thalidomide also has steroid-sparing properties, and it is particularly useful in treating oral and fistulous complications of Crohn's disease."	2.41	Thalidomide treatment for refractory Crohn's disease: a review of the history, pharmacological mechanisms and clinical literature. ( Dassopoulos, T; Ehrenpreis, ED; Ginsburg, PM, 2001)
"Thalidomide is an effective drug in inflammatory bowel disease, which might be related to its multiple role in anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory, and anti-angiogenesis."	1.62	Thalidomide Inhibits Angiogenesis via Downregulation of VEGF and Angiopoietin-2 in Crohn's Disease. ( Huang, Y; Shi, J; Wang, L; Wang, S; Xue, A; Zheng, C, 2021)
"Thalidomide was started at the dose of 1."	1.62	Thalidomide as treatment of crohn-like disease occurred after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a pediatric patient. ( Arrigo, S; Bava, C; Coccia, C; Faraci, M; Gandullia, P; Giardino, S; Pierri, F, 2021)
"One hundred four patients (40."	1.62	Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and the serum prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with biologic drugs. ( Andriulli, A; Bossa, F; Carparelli, S; Corritore, G; D'Altilia, M; Guerra, M; Latiano, A; Latiano, T; Marseglia, A; Martino, G; Nardella, M; Palmieri, O; Panza, A; Pastore, M; Perri, F; Sacco, M; Tavano, F; Terracciano, F, 2021)
"De novo Crohn's disease (CD) is an increasingly reported diagnosis after ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA)."	1.56	Thalidomide for de novo Crohn's disease after ileal pouch anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. ( Caime, F; Dipasquale, V; Romano, C; Tropeano, A, 2020)
"Thalidomide was clinically efficacious and safe among pediatric CD."	1.56	Long-term outcomes of thalidomide in pediatric Crohn's disease. ( Huang, Y; Wang, L; Wang, Y; Xue, A; Zheng, C; Zhou, Y, 2020)
"CYP2C19 polymorphisms do not seem to be associated with efficacy of thalidomide and the incidence of adverse events in treating IRBD."	1.56	CYP2C19 polymorphism has no correlation with the efficacy and safety of thalidomide in the treatment of immune-related bowel disease. ( Chen, BL; Chen, MH; Feng, R; He, Y; Mao, R; Qiu, Y; Xu, PP; Zeng, ZR; Zhang, SH, 2020)
"Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum is often challenging with no standardized treatment protocols."	1.51	Case Report: Triple Combination Therapy for Recalcitrant Perineal Pyoderma Gangrenosum ( Cohen, GF; Om, A; Shaath, TS; Wolfe, CM, 2019)
"Postoperative pathology confirmed Crohn's disease."	1.48	[The 465th case: intestinal obstruction, gastrointestinal hemorrhage and duodenal fistula]. ( Guo, F; Li, JN; Li, XQ; Ma, ZQ; Qian, JM; Wang, YN; Xue, HD; Yang, AM; Zhou, WX, 2018)
"The term orofacial granulomatosis is conventionally used to describe patients with granulomatous lesions affecting the orofacial tissues, in absence of intestinal lesions."	1.42	Orofacial granulomatosis in children: think about Crohn's disease. ( Bersanini, C; Cont, G; Fontana, M; Lazzerini, M; Martelossi, S; Taddio, A; Ventura, A; Ventura, G; Zuin, G, 2015)
"Thirty-seven adults with refractory Crohn's disease were treated with thalidomide for a median of 4."	1.42	Long-term outcomes of thalidomide in refractory Crohn's disease. ( Gerich, ME; Ippoliti, AF; Targan, SR; Vasiliauskas, EA; Yoon, JL, 2015)
"Children and adolescents with Crohn's disease (CD) present often with a more complicated disease course compared to adult patients."	1.40	Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. ( Amil Dias, J; Barabino, A; Braegger, CP; Bronsky, J; Buderus, S; De Ridder, L; Dignass, A; Eliakim, A; Escher, JC; Fagerberg, UL; Griffiths, A; Hugot, JP; Kierkus, J; Kolacek, S; Koletzko, S; Kolho, KL; Levine, A; Lionetti, P; Martín-de-Carpi, J; Miele, E; Navas López, VM; Paerregaard, A; Ruemmele, FM; Russell, RK; Serban, DE; Shaoul, R; Turner, D; Van Rheenen, P; Veereman, G; Veres, G; Weiss, B; Wilson, D; Winter, H, 2014)
"Thalidomide is a useful drug for pediatric refractory CD."	1.37	Treatment of pediatric refractory Crohn's disease with thalidomide. ( Huang, Y; Leung, YK; Xu, JH; Zheng, CF, 2011)
"Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that is defined by relapsing and remitting episodes."	1.37	Thalidomide induces mucosal healing in Crohn's disease: case report. ( Leite, MR; Lyra, AC; Mota, J; Santana, GO; Santos, SS, 2011)
"Thalidomide has been used in the treatment of refractory Crohn's disease (CD), but the therapeutic mechanism is not defined."	1.36	Thalidomide inhibits inflammatory and angiogenic activation of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC). ( Binion, DG; Nelson, VM; Otterson, MF; Rafiee, P; Shaker, R; Stein, DJ, 2010)
"Fistulizing Crohn's disease is associated with significant morbidity."	1.35	Editorial: Imaging and the treatment of Crohn's perianal fistulas: to see is to believe. ( Schwartz, DA, 2009)
" Its long-term use is limited by toxicity."	1.34	Thalidomide in luminal and fistulizing Crohn's disease resistant to standard therapies. ( Kamm, MA; Ng, SC; Plamondon, S, 2007)
"Thalidomide was withdrawn from world markets in 1961 following recognition of its teratogenic effects."	1.33	Thalidomide neuropathy in childhood. ( Chaitow, J; Darras, BT; Fleming, FJ; Jones, HR; Ryan, MM; Vytopil, M, 2005)
"Treatment with thalidomide would prove more efficacious if the drug could be delivered directly to target areas in the gut, thereby reducing systemic circulation."	1.33	A new method for targeted drug delivery using polymeric microcapsules: implications for treatment of Crohn's disease. ( Amre, D; Chen, H; Das, SK; Halim, T; Haque, T; Jones, ML; Metz, T; Mirzaei, M; Prakash, S, 2005)
"A case of intractable Crohn's disease unresponsive to all forms of therapy, including multiple operations and medication, is reported."	1.32	Disappearance of Crohn's ulcers in the terminal ileum after thalidomide therapy. ( Hershfield, NB, 2004)

Research

Studies (106)

Authors

Clinical Trials (13)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Cessation of Bleeding

Timeframe	Studies, this research(%)	All Research%
pre-1990	1 (0.94)	18.7374
1990's	6 (5.66)	18.2507
2000's	49 (46.23)	29.6817
2010's	36 (33.96)	24.3611
2020's	14 (13.21)	2.80

Authors	Studies
Agud-Dios, M	1
Arroyo-Andrés, J	1
Rubio-Muñiz, C	1
Postigo-Lorente, C	1
Xiang, P	1
Yao, JY	1
Li, XL	1
Zhang, M	1
Hu, PJ	1
Zhi, M	1
Wang, L	4
Xue, A	2
Zheng, C	2
Zhou, Y	1
Wang, Y	1
Huang, Y	4
Feng, R	2
Xu, PP	1
Chen, BL	2
Mao, R	2
Zhang, SH	2
Qiu, Y	2
Zeng, ZR	2
Chen, MH	2
He, Y	3
Foulon, A	1
Chevreau, J	1
Yzet, C	1
Gondry, J	1
Fumery, M	1
Dipasquale, V	1
Tropeano, A	1
Caime, F	1
Romano, C	1
Vernero, M	1
Ribaldone, DG	1
Cariti, C	1
Ribero, S	1
Susca, S	1
Astegiano, M	1
Dapavo, P	1
Xu, S	1
Zu, XM	1
Qiu, T	1
Li, H	1
Sun, T	1
Men, P	1
Cui, X	1
Liu, C	1
Zhai, S	1
Kaushik, A	1
Raj, D	1
Chatterjee, D	1
Vinay, K	1
Wang, S	1
Shi, J	1
Giardino, S	1
Bava, C	1
Arrigo, S	2
Pierri, F	1
Gandullia, P	1
Coccia, C	1
Faraci, M	1
Bossa, F	1
Carparelli, S	1
Latiano, A	1
Palmieri, O	1
Tavano, F	1
Panza, A	1
Pastore, M	1
Marseglia, A	1
D'Altilia, M	1
Latiano, T	1
Corritore, G	1
Martino, G	1
Nardella, M	1
Guerra, M	1
Terracciano, F	1
Sacco, M	1
Perri, F	1
Andriulli, A	1
Picchianti-Diamanti, A	1
Spinelli, FR	1
Rosado, MM	1
Conti, F	1
Laganà, B	1
Pavan, M	1
Ferrara, G	1
Nider, S	1
Martelossi, S	9
Ventura, A	9
Hong, Y	1
Wu, J	1
Leung, YK	2
Shi, HY	1
Ng, SC	4
Wang, YN	1
Li, XQ	1
Guo, F	1
Yang, AM	1
Qian, JM	2
Li, JN	1
Xue, HD	1
Zhou, WX	1
Ma, ZQ	1
Liu, M	1
Lin, X	1
Chen, M	1
Shaath, TS	1
Om, A	1
Wolfe, CM	1
Cohen, GF	1
Barkin, JA	1
Schonfeld, WB	1
Deshpande, AR	1
Lazzerini, M	6
Magazzù, G	2
Pellegrino, S	2
Lucanto, MC	1
Barabino, A	2
Calvi, A	1
Lionetti, P	2
Lorusso, M	1
Mangiantini, F	1
Fontana, M	2
Zuin, G	2
Palla, G	1
Maggiore, G	1
Bramuzzo, M	2
Pellegrin, MC	1
Maschio, M	1
Villanacci, V	1
Manenti, S	1
Decorti, G	1
De Iudicibus, S	1
Paparazzo, R	1
Montico, M	1
Luo, HQ	1
Tan, B	1
Lü, H	1
Aslam, A	1
Chalmers, R	1
Scribano, ML	1
Cantoro, L	1
Marrollo, M	1
Cosintino, R	1
Kohn, A	1
El-Matary, W	3
Ruemmele, FM	1
Veres, G	1
Kolho, KL	1
Griffiths, A	1
Levine, A	1
Escher, JC	1
Amil Dias, J	1
Braegger, CP	1
Bronsky, J	1
Buderus, S	1
Martín-de-Carpi, J	1
De Ridder, L	1
Fagerberg, UL	1
Hugot, JP	1
Kierkus, J	1
Kolacek, S	1
Koletzko, S	1
Miele, E	1
Navas López, VM	1
Paerregaard, A	1
Russell, RK	1
Serban, DE	1
Shaoul, R	1
Van Rheenen, P	1
Veereman, G	1
Weiss, B	1
Wilson, D	1
Dignass, A	1
Eliakim, A	1
Winter, H	1
Turner, D	1
Bauditz, J	3
Gerich, ME	1
Yoon, JL	1
Targan, SR	3
Ippoliti, AF	1
Vasiliauskas, EA	2
Cont, G	1
Bersanini, C	1
Ventura, G	1
Taddio, A	1
Harbour, S	1
Brown, N	1
Rogler, G	1
Gerich, M	1
Yoon, J	1
Vasiliauskas, E	1
Yang, C	1
Singh, P	1
Singh, H	1
Le, ML	1
Bousvaros, A	3
Simon, M	2
Pariente, B	2
Lambert, J	1
Cosnes, J	1
Bouhnik, Y	1
Marteau, P	1
Allez, M	2
Colombel, JF	1
Gornet, JM	2
Liew, WK	1
Pacak, CA	1
Visyak, N	1
Darras, BT	2
Kang, PB	1
Hu, H	1
Wang, X	2
Liu, S	1
Zhu, Z	1
Li, M	1
Shu, X	1
Bai, A	1
Long, S	1
Liu, D	1
Lu, N	1
Zhu, X	1
Liao, W	1
Srinivasan, R	1
Akobeng, AK	2
Stokkers, PC	1
Hou, JK	1
Mahadevan, U	1
Plamondon, S	2
Gupta, A	1
Burling, D	1
Swatton, A	1
Vaizey, CJ	1
Kamm, MA	3
Rafiee, P	1
Stein, DJ	1
Nelson, VM	1
Otterson, MF	1
Shaker, R	1
Binion, DG	1
Schwartz, DA	1
Zheng, CF	1
Xu, JH	1
Felipez, LM	1
Gokhale, R	1
Tierney, MP	1
Kirschner, BS	1
Leite, MR	1
Santos, SS	1
Lyra, AC	1
Mota, J	1
Santana, GO	1
Ramos, JM	1
Masiá, M	1
Durán, R	1
Gutiérrez, F	1
Kane, S	1
Stone, LJ	1
Ehrenpreis, E	1
Marchetti, F	2
Gordon, JN	1
Goggin, PM	1
Hegarty, A	1
Hodgson, T	1
Porter, S	1
Kolivras, A	1
De Maubeuge, J	1
André, J	1
Song, M	1
Ahmed, M	1
El-Hadi, S	1
Jenkins, HR	1
Hershfield, NB	1
Schachschal, G	1
Wedel, S	2
Lochs, H	2
Rutgeerts, P	1
Van Assche, G	1
Vermeire, S	1
Korzenik, JR	1
Cohen, LB	2
Fleming, FJ	1
Vytopil, M	1
Chaitow, J	1
Jones, HR	1
Ryan, MM	1
Pigott, A	1
Casson, D	1
Kabuki, T	1
Ogimi, C	1
Tanaka, R	1
Ikematsu, K	1
Joh, K	1
Kagimoto, S	1
Oh-Ishi, T	1
Metz, T	1
Jones, ML	1
Chen, H	1
Halim, T	1
Mirzaei, M	1
Haque, T	1
Amre, D	1
Das, SK	1
Prakash, S	1
Ouyang, Q	1
Khatri, IA	1
AlKawi, A	1
Ilyas, A	1
Ilyas, MS	1
Scabar, A	1
Bradaschia, F	1
Ronfani, L	1
Mansfield, JC	1
Parkes, M	1
Hawthorne, AB	1
Forbes, A	1
Probert, CS	1
Perowne, RC	1
Cooper, A	1
Zeldis, JB	2
Manning, DC	1
Hawkey, CJ	1
Lee, CK	1
Kim, HJ	1
Bjorn, G	1
Odeka, EB	1
Miller, V	1
Wettstein, AR	2
Meagher, AP	2
Weinstein, TA	1
Sciubba, JJ	1
Levine, J	1
Ehrenpreis, ED	3
Kane, SV	1
Cohen, RD	1
Hanauer, SB	1
Kam, LY	2
Abreu-Martin, MT	1
Hassard, PV	1
Papadakis, KA	1
Yang, H	1
Sands, BE	1
Podolsky, DK	1
Katz, JA	1
Raza, A	1
Fishman, SJ	1
Feins, NR	1
D'Amoto, RJ	1
Folkman, J	1
Folwaczny, C	1
Eigler, A	1
Loher, F	1
Endres, S	1
Ginsburg, PM	2
Hanan, I	1
Facchini, S	1
Candusso, M	1
Liubich, M	1
Panfili, E	1
Fox, MR	1
Harris, A	1
Strauss, RS	1
Das, KM	1
Lichtenstein, GR	2
Sandborn, WJ	1
Scheper, HJ	1
Brand, HS	1
Mueller, B	1
Paré, P	1
Dassopoulos, T	1
van Deventer, SJ	1
Bariol, C	1
Vickers, CR	1
Byrnes, DJ	1
Edwards, PD	1
Hing, M	1
Field, A	1
Sabate, JM	1
Villarejo, J	1
Lemann, M	1
Bonnet, J	1
Modigliani, R	1

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Randomized Controlled Double-blind Vs. Placebo Multicentre Study on the Safety and Effectiveness of Thalidomide in the Treatment of Refractory Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.[NCT00720538]	Phase 3	84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Completed
Thalidomide in Inducing and Maintaining Remission of Crohn's Disease[NCT02501291]	Phase 2	47 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
Risk-stratified Randomized Controlled Trial in Paediatric Crohn Disease:Methotrexate vs Azathioprine or Adalimumab for Maintaining Remission in Patients at Low or High Risk for Aggressive Disease Course, respectively-a Treatment Strategy[NCT02852694]	Phase 4	312 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-02-28	Recruiting
Randomized Trial for Unstable Pediatric Crohn's Disease Patients Comparing the Use of Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED) on Top of Standard Therapy Versus Standard Therapy Alone.[NCT04777656]	Phase 3	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-26	Recruiting
Non Invasive Characterization of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Using Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography[NCT04650867]		23 participants (Actual)	Observational	2021-03-22	Completed
A Prospective Longitudinal Study on the Effect of Tight Control Management on Perianal Crohn's Disease[NCT03861689]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-07-01	Enrolling by invitation
Stopping Biological Therapy in Perianal Crohn's Disease Patients With Radiologically Healed Fistulas: a Prospective Cohort Study[NCT04129723]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-01-01	Withdrawn (stopped due to No suitable case identified)
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Thalidomide in Gastrointestinal Vascular Malformation Related Bleeding[NCT02754960]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Withdrawn
Long-term Effects of Thalidomide for Recurrent Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to Vascular Malformation : An Open-label, Randomized, Parallel Controlled Study[NCT00964496]	Phase 2	55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-11-30	Completed
Prospective, Open Clinical Trial of Thalidomide in the Treatment of Chronic Radiation Proctitis With Intractable Bleeding[NCT04680195]	Phase 2	62 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-12-14	Not yet recruiting
The Study of the Optimal Treatment Strategy for Patients With Gastrointestinal Bleeding Due to Gastrointestinal Vascular Malformation: a Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Study[NCT02301949]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Withdrawn
Impact of Anti-TNF Antibodies on the T-lymphocyte and Macrophage Cooperation in the Crohn Disease[NCT00561548]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Terminated
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled,Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of CC-5013 in the Treatment of Adolescents and Adults With Moderately Severe Crohn's Disease[NCT00446433]	Phase 2	90 participants	Interventional	2002-03-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

The cessation of bleeding was defined as repeated negative faecal occult blood test (FOBT) (monoclonal colloidal gold color technology) during our observation period. Rebleeding was defined based on a positive FOBT at any visit after treatment. (NCT00964496)
Timeframe: 52 months

Change From Baseline in Bleeding Duration at 12 Months

Intervention	participants (Number)
Thalidomide Group	13
Iron-controlled Group	0

The change from baseline in bleeding duration at 12 months (NCT00964496)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 months

Change From Baseline in Bleeding Episodes at 12 Months

Intervention	days (Mean)
Thalidomide Group	5.2
Iron-controlled Group	0.8

The Change from baseline in bleeding episodes at 12 months (NCT00964496)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 months

Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin (Hb) Level at 12 Months

Intervention	bleeding episodes (Mean)
Thalidomide Group	-9.36
Iron-controlled Group	1.41

The change from baseline in average hemoglobin (Hb) level(tested every month) at 12 months. (NCT00964496)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 months

Change From Baseline in Total Transfused Red Cell Requirements at 12 Months

Intervention	g/L (Mean)
Thalidomide Group	3.06
Iron-controlled Group	-0.01

Change of total transfused red cell requirements at 12 months after randomization from one year before baseline in transfusion dependent patients (NCT00964496)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 months

Participants Dependent on Blood Transfusions

Intervention	milliliter (Mean)
Thalidomide Group	-1585.71
Iron-controlled Group	-28.57

Numbers of participants dependent on blood transfusions (NCT00964496)
Timeframe: 52 months

Participants Whose Rebleeds Decreased From Baseline by ≥ 50% at 12 Months

Intervention	participants (Number)
Thalidomide Group	3
Iron-controlled Group	13

The primary end point was defined as the patients whose rebleeds decreased from baseline by ≥ 50% at 12 months. Reduction of rebleeds = [(total bleeding episode at 12 months - total bleeding episodes at a year before randomization)/total bleeding episodes at a year before randomization(baseline)]*100%. Rebleeding was defined based on a positive fecal occult blood test (FOBT) (monoclonal colloidal gold color technology) at any visit after treatment. (NCT00964496)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 months

Article	Year
[IBD and pregnancy: From conception to birth]. Gynecologie, obstetrique, fertilite & senologie, 2020, Volume: 48, Issue:6 Topics: Cesarean Section; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Fertilization; Fe	2020
Thalidomide as a treatment for inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2020, Volume: 45, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Imm	2020
Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase-4 in Psoriatic Arthritis and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. International journal of molecular sciences, 2021, Mar-05, Volume: 22, Issue:5 Topics: Arthritis, Psoriatic; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type	2021
The state of the art on treatment of Crohn's disease. Journal of gastroenterology, 2018, Volume: 53, Issue:9 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Asia; Azathioprine; Crohn Disease; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Immunomodulatio	2018
Thalidomide-induced sinus bradycardia in Crohn's disease: case report and literature review. The Journal of international medical research, 2019, Volume: 47, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Bradycardia; Coronary Sinus; Crohn Disease; Heart Rate; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Thal	2019
Mucosal healing with thalidomide in refractory Crohn's disease patients intolerant of anti-TNF-α drugs: report of 3 cases and literature review. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 2014, Volume: 48, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Crohn Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Im	2014
Systematic review: thalidomide and thalidomide analogues for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2015, Volume: 41, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Child; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Remission Ind	2015
Thalidomide and thalidomide analogues for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2009, Apr-15, Issue:2 Topics: Crohn Disease; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lenalidomide; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic	2009
Thalidomide and thalidomide analogues for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2009, Apr-15, Issue:2 Topics: Crohn Disease; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lenalidomide; Remission Induction; Thalidomide; Tum	2009
Thalidomide and its derivatives: emerging from the wilderness. Postgraduate medical journal, 2003, Volume: 79, Issue:929 Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Cachexia; Crohn Disease; Graft vs Host Disease; Hematologic Neoplasms; Human	2003
Optimizing anti-TNF treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology, 2004, Volume: 126, Issue:6 Topics: Adalimumab; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Certolizumab Pegol; Crohn Dis	2004
Crohn's disease: future anti-tumor necrosis factor therapies beyond infliximab. Gastroenterology clinics of North America, 2004, Volume: 33, Issue:2 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Crohn Disease; Etanercept; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunosuppressive Agent	2004
Review article: chronic active disease and maintaining remission in Crohn's disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2004, Volume: 20 Suppl 4 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Chronic Disease; Croh	2004
[Thalidomide therapy for infantile-onset Crohn's disease]. Nihon Rinsho Men'eki Gakkai kaishi = Japanese journal of clinical immunology, 2005, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Crohn Disease; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; In	2005
Unusual causes of cerebral venous thrombosis. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 2006, Volume: 56, Issue:11 Topics: Cerebral Veins; Crohn Disease; Humans; Infections; Intracranial Thrombosis; Risk Factors; Sinus Thro	2006
[Pathogenesis and treatment of intestinal Behçet's disease]. The Korean journal of gastroenterology = Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe chi, 2007, Volume: 50, Issue:1 Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Behcet Syndrome; Colchicine; Colitis, Ulcerative; C	2007
Anti-TNF therapies in rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, sepsis, and myelodysplastic syndromes. Microscopy research and technique, 2000, Aug-01, Volume: 50, Issue:3 Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Crohn Disease; Etanercept; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Myelodysplastic Syndrome	2000
TNF-alpha antagonists for the treatment of Crohn's disease. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2000, Volume: 1, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Crohn Disease; Gastrointestinal Agents; Humans; Immunosuppressive A	2000
[Suppression of synthesis of tumor necrosis factor]. Der Internist, 2001, Volume: 42, Issue:1 Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Crohn Disease; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Phosphodiestera	2001
Approach to corticosteroid-dependent and corticosteroid-refractory Crohn's disease. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2001, Volume: 7 Suppl 1 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathiopr	2001
Transcending conventional therapies: the role of biologic and other novel therapies. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2001, Volume: 7 Suppl 1 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antigens, CD; Cell Adhesion Molecul	2001
[Oral aspects of Crohn's disease]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor tandheelkunde, 2000, Volume: 107, Issue:10 Topics: Crohn Disease; Dental Caries; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; O	2000
Thalidomide in gastrointestinal disorders. Drugs, 2001, Volume: 61, Issue:6 Topics: Behcet Syndrome; Cell Adhesion; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Graft	2001
Management of fistulas in patients with Crohn's disease: antibiotic to antibody. Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie, 2001, Volume: 15, Issue:11 Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Azathioprine; Colonic Diseases; Crohn Disease; Cyclos	2001
Thalidomide treatment for refractory Crohn's disease: a review of the history, pharmacological mechanisms and clinical literature. Annals of medicine, 2001, Volume: 33, Issue:8 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Crohn Disease; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents;	2001
Small therapeutic molecules for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 2002, Volume: 50 Suppl 3 Topics: ADAM Proteins; ADAM17 Protein; Crohn Disease; Eicosanoids; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; MAP	2002

Article	Year
Effect of thalidomide on clinical remission in children and adolescents with refractory Crohn disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2013, Nov-27, Volume: 310, Issue:20 Topics: Adolescent; Age of Onset; Child; Crohn Disease; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressi	2013
Effect of thalidomide on clinical remission in children and adolescents with refractory Crohn disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2013, Nov-27, Volume: 310, Issue:20 Topics: Adolescent; Age of Onset; Child; Crohn Disease; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressi	2013
Effect of thalidomide on clinical remission in children and adolescents with refractory Crohn disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2013, Nov-27, Volume: 310, Issue:20 Topics: Adolescent; Age of Onset; Child; Crohn Disease; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressi	2013
Effect of thalidomide on clinical remission in children and adolescents with refractory Crohn disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 2013, Nov-27, Volume: 310, Issue:20 Topics: Adolescent; Age of Onset; Child; Crohn Disease; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressi	2013
[An analysis of adverse drug reactions of thalidomide in treatment of immune-related bowel diseases]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi, 2013, Volume: 52, Issue:9 Topics: Adult; Behcet Syndrome; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug-R	2013
Thalidomide as "salvage" therapy for patients with delayed hypersensitivity response to infliximab: a case series. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 2002, Volume: 35, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Crohn Disease; Drug Hypersensitivity; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Huma	2002
Efficacy and safety of thalidomide in children and young adults with intractable inflammatory bowel disease: long-term results. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2007, Feb-15, Volume: 25, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Male;	2007
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of lenalidomide in the treatment of moderately severe active Crohn's disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2007, Aug-01, Volume: 26, Issue:3 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Crohn Disease; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agent	2007
Thalidomide therapy for patients with refractory Crohn's disease: an open-label trial. Gastroenterology, 1999, Volume: 117, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Crohn Disease; Electromyography; Female; Humans; Mal	1999
An open-label pilot study of low-dose thalidomide in chronically active, steroid-dependent Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology, 1999, Volume: 117, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Chronic Disease; Crohn Disease; Electromyography; Fi	1999
Thalidomide reduces tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 12 production in patients with chronic active Crohn's disease. Gut, 2002, Volume: 50, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cells, Cultured; Colitis; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Dose-	2002
Early studies on the safety and efficacy of thalidomide for symptomatic inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2002, Volume: 17, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Aged; Colitis; Colitis, Ulcerative; Colonoscopy; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppres	2002
An open-label study of thalidomide for maintenance therapy in responders to infliximab in chronically active and fistulizing refractory Crohn's disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2002, Volume: 16, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Aged; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Chronic Disease; Crohn Disease; Drug Resistance; Female; Fistul	2002

Article	Year
Successful treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa and Crohn's disease with combined guselkumab and apremilast. Dermatologic therapy, 2022, Volume: 35, Issue:10 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Crohn Disease; Hidradenitis Suppurativa; Humans; Thalidomide	2022
Clinical characteristics and risk factors of ovarian reserve decreases in women with Crohn's disease: a case-control study. Journal of ovarian research, 2023, Feb-07, Volume: 16, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Anti-Mullerian Hormone; Case-Control Studies; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Ovarian Reserve;	2023
Long-term outcomes of thalidomide in pediatric Crohn's disease. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 2020, Volume: 35, Issue:7 Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; M	2020
CYP2C19 polymorphism has no correlation with the efficacy and safety of thalidomide in the treatment of immune-related bowel disease. Journal of digestive diseases, 2020, Volume: 21, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Behcet Syndrome; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; Female; Genoty	2020
Thalidomide for de novo Crohn's disease after ileal pouch anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, 2020, Volume: 45, Issue:4 Topics: Child, Preschool; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Humans; Male; Postoperative Complications; Pro	2020
Dual-targeted therapy with apremilast and vedolizumab in pyoderma gangrenosum associated with Crohn's disease. The Journal of dermatology, 2020, Volume: 47, Issue:6 Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Crohn Disease; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Male; Py	2020
[Thalidomide in refractory Crohn's disease: long-term efficacy and safety]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi, 2020, Jun-01, Volume: 59, Issue:6 Topics: Crohn Disease; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Re	2020
Apremilast in orofacial granulomatosis-A report of five cases. Dermatologic therapy, 2020, Volume: 33, Issue:6 Topics: Crohn Disease; Granulomatosis, Orofacial; Humans; Thalidomide	2020
Thalidomide Inhibits Angiogenesis via Downregulation of VEGF and Angiopoietin-2 in Crohn's Disease. Inflammation, 2021, Volume: 44, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Angiopoietin-2; Biomarkers; Blotting, Western; Case-Control Stu	2021
Thalidomide as treatment of crohn-like disease occurred after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a pediatric patient. Pediatric transplantation, 2021, Volume: 25, Issue:3 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Crohn Disease; Female; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Imm	2021
Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and the serum prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with biologic drugs. Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2021, Volume: 53, Issue:3 Topics: Adalimumab; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclon	2021
A Boy With Genital Lesions in Course of Crohn Disease. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2017, Volume: 65, Issue:3 Topics: Child; Crohn Disease; Gastrointestinal Agents; Genital Diseases, Male; Genitalia, Male; Glucocortico	2017
Efficacy of thalidomide therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease with evidence of tuberculosis. World journal of gastroenterology, 2017, Nov-21, Volume: 23, Issue:43 Topics: Adolescent; Antitubercular Agents; Blood Sedimentation; Body Weight; C-Reactive Protein; Child; Chil	2017
[The 465th case: intestinal obstruction, gastrointestinal hemorrhage and duodenal fistula]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi, 2018, Aug-01, Volume: 57, Issue:8 Topics: Anastomosis, Surgical; Colon; Crohn Disease; Cutaneous Fistula; Digestive System Surgical Procedures	2018
Case Report: Triple Combination Therapy for Recalcitrant Perineal Pyoderma Gangrenosum Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD, 2019, Mar-01, Volume: 18, Issue:3 Topics: Adalimumab; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Crohn Disease; Cyclosporine; D	2019
Successful use of thalidomide for refractory esophageal Crohn's disease. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2013, Volume: 108, Issue:5 Topics: Crohn Disease; Deglutition Disorders; Enteral Nutrition; Esophagitis; Esophagoscopy; Female; Gastros	2013
Mucocutaneous ulceration in a previously healthy man. The Journal of family practice, 2014, Volume: 63, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Behcet Syndrome; Crohn Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Erythema Multiforme; Herpes Simplex;	2014
Use of placebo in a trial of thalidomide for pediatric Crohn disease. JAMA, 2014, Mar-26, Volume: 311, Issue:12 Topics: Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Thalidomide	2014
Use of placebo in a trial of thalidomide for pediatric Crohn disease--reply. JAMA, 2014, Mar-26, Volume: 311, Issue:12 Topics: Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Thalidomide	2014
Thalidomide and refractory Crohn's disease: what is in the future? Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 2014, Volume: 48, Issue:6 Topics: Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Thalidomide	2014
Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2014, Volume: 8, Issue:10 Topics: Adalimumab; Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Algorithms; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Ag	2014
Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2014, Volume: 8, Issue:10 Topics: Adalimumab; Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Algorithms; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Ag	2014
Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2014, Volume: 8, Issue:10 Topics: Adalimumab; Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Algorithms; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Ag	2014
Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2014, Volume: 8, Issue:10 Topics: Adalimumab; Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Algorithms; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Ag	2014
Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2014, Volume: 8, Issue:10 Topics: Adalimumab; Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Algorithms; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Ag	2014
Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2014, Volume: 8, Issue:10 Topics: Adalimumab; Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Algorithms; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Ag	2014
Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2014, Volume: 8, Issue:10 Topics: Adalimumab; Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Algorithms; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Ag	2014
Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2014, Volume: 8, Issue:10 Topics: Adalimumab; Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Algorithms; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Ag	2014
Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 2014, Volume: 8, Issue:10 Topics: Adalimumab; Adolescent; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Algorithms; Aminosalicylic Acids; Anti-Bacterial Ag	2014
[Effectiveness and security of thalidomide for gastrointestinal bleeding and severe Crohn's disease in children]. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie, 2014, Volume: 52, Issue:10 Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Immunosuppressi	2014
Long-term outcomes of thalidomide in refractory Crohn's disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2015, Volume: 41, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Crohn Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Ma	2015
Orofacial granulomatosis in children: think about Crohn's disease. Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver, 2015, Volume: 47, Issue:4 Topics: Adolescent; Biopsy; Child; Colonoscopy; Crohn Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Granulomatos	2015
Thalidomide improves clinical remission in children with Crohn's disease. Archives of disease in childhood. Education and practice edition, 2015, Volume: 100, Issue:2 Topics: Child; Crohn Disease; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Randomized Controlled T	2015
Editorial: is thalidomide a good option for patients with refractory Crohn's disease? Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2015, Volume: 41, Issue:8 Topics: Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Thalidomide	2015
Editorial: is thalidomide a good option for patients with refractory Crohn's disease? Authors' reply. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2015, Volume: 41, Issue:8 Topics: Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Thalidomide	2015
Reply to Thalidomide Treatment of Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis: A New Use for an Old Drug. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:8 Topics: Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Thalidomide	2015
Thalidomide Treatment of Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis: A New Use for an Old Drug. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2015, Volume: 21, Issue:8 Topics: Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Thalidomide	2015
Long-term Outcomes of Thalidomide Therapy for Adults With Refractory Crohn's Disease. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2016, Volume: 14, Issue:7 Topics: Adult; Crohn Disease; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; France; Humans; Immunosuppres	2016
Thalidomide in Refractory Crohn's Disease: Risk-Benefit Ratio. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2017, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Crohn Disease; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Odds Ratio; Risk; Thalidomide	2017
Longitudinal Patterns of Thalidomide Neuropathy in Children and Adolescents. The Journal of pediatrics, 2016, Volume: 178 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Longitudinal Studies; Ma	2016
Thalidomide induces mucosal healing in postoperative Crohn disease endoscopic recurrence: Case report and literature review. Medicine, 2016, Volume: 95, Issue:36 Topics: Capsule Endoscopy; Colonoscopy; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Intestinal	2016
Reply. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2017, Volume: 15, Issue:1 Topics: Adult; Crohn Disease; Humans; Thalidomide	2017
Thalidomide is a therapeutic agent that is effective in inducing and maintaining endoscopic remission in adult CD patients. Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology, 2017, Volume: 41, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Crohn Disease; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Ag	2017
A 24-year-old pregnant woman with inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2009, Volume: 7, Issue:9 Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Breast Feeding; Crohn Disease; Female; Fetus; Huma	2009
Prospective evaluation of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy guided by magnetic resonance imaging for Crohn's perineal fistulas. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2009, Volume: 104, Issue:12 Topics: Adalimumab; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humaniz	2009
Prospective evaluation of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy guided by magnetic resonance imaging for Crohn's perineal fistulas. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2009, Volume: 104, Issue:12 Topics: Adalimumab; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humaniz	2009
Prospective evaluation of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy guided by magnetic resonance imaging for Crohn's perineal fistulas. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2009, Volume: 104, Issue:12 Topics: Adalimumab; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humaniz	2009
Prospective evaluation of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy guided by magnetic resonance imaging for Crohn's perineal fistulas. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2009, Volume: 104, Issue:12 Topics: Adalimumab; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humaniz	2009
Thalidomide inhibits inflammatory and angiogenic activation of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC). American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 2010, Volume: 298, Issue:2 Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Cell Adhesion; Cell Division; Cell Movement; Cells, Cultured; Crohn Disease	2010
Editorial: Imaging and the treatment of Crohn's perianal fistulas: to see is to believe. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2009, Volume: 104, Issue:12 Topics: Adalimumab; Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humaniz	2009
Treatment of pediatric refractory Crohn's disease with thalidomide. World journal of gastroenterology, 2011, Mar-14, Volume: 17, Issue:10 Topics: Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Crohn Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Endoscopy; Female;	2011
Thalidomide use and outcomes in pediatric patients with Crohn disease refractory to infliximab and adalimumab. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2012, Volume: 54, Issue:1 Topics: Adalimumab; Adolescent; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Hu	2012
Amenorrhea in women treated with thalidomide: report of two cases and literature review. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2013, Volume: 19, Issue:1 Topics: Adolescent; Amenorrhea; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Review Literature as Top	2013
Thalidomide induces mucosal healing in Crohn's disease: case report. World journal of gastroenterology, 2011, Dec-07, Volume: 17, Issue:45 Topics: Crohn Disease; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Thalidomide; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Wou	2011
Idiopathic ileocolitis with perforation associated with HIV infection: thalidomide treatment. International journal of STD & AIDS, 2012, Volume: 23, Issue:11 Topics: Adult; Crohn Disease; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Intestinal Perforation; Male	2012
Inflammatory bowel disease. The New England journal of medicine, 2002, Dec-12, Volume: 347, Issue:24 Topics: Child; Crohn Disease; Enteral Nutrition; Growth Disorders; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Thalido	2002
Thalidomide for the treatment of recalcitrant oral Crohn's disease and orofacial granulomatosis. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 2003, Volume: 95, Issue:5 Topics: Adolescent; Child; Crohn Disease; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Granuloma; Humans; Immunosuppressive Ag	2003
Thalidomide in refractory vulvar ulcerations associated with Crohn's disease. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland), 2003, Volume: 206, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Thalidomide; Treatment Outcome; Ulce	2003
Thalidomide in Crohn disease and the risk of peripheral neuropathy. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2003, Volume: 37, Issue:4 Topics: Child; Crohn Disease; Humans; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Thalidomide	2003
Disappearance of Crohn's ulcers in the terminal ileum after thalidomide therapy. Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie, 2004, Volume: 18, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Colonoscopy; Contraindications; Crohn Disease; Humans; Ileal Diseases; Immunosuppressive Agen	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Thalidomide for treatment of severe intestinal bleeding. Gut, 2004, Volume: 53, Issue:4 Topics: Adult; Aged; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Ma	2004
Re: Disappearance of Crohn's ulcers in the terminal ileum after thalidomide therapy. Can J Gastroenterol 2004; 18(2): 101-104. Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie, 2004, Volume: 18, Issue:6 Topics: Crohn Disease; Humans; Ileal Diseases; Immunosuppressive Agents; Thalidomide; Treatment Outcome; Tum	2004
Thalidomide neuropathy in childhood. Neuromuscular disorders : NMD, 2005, Volume: 15, Issue:2 Topics: Action Potentials; Adolescent; Brain Neoplasms; Child; Crohn Disease; Disease Progression; Electromy	2005
Thalidomide in Crohn disease. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2005, Volume: 40, Issue:2 Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Crohn Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug;	2005
A new method for targeted drug delivery using polymeric microcapsules: implications for treatment of Crohn's disease. Cell biochemistry and biophysics, 2005, Volume: 43, Issue:1 Topics: Alginates; Animals; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Crohn Disease; Diffusion; Drug Carriers; Drug D	2005
[Study the effect and mechanism of thalidomide in model of inflammatory bowed disease]. Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition, 2005, Volume: 36, Issue:4 Topics: Animals; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Female; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; NF-kappa B; Oxazol	2005
Thalidomide in luminal and fistulizing Crohn's disease resistant to standard therapies. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2007, Mar-01, Volume: 25, Issue:5 Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Re	2007
Despite potential side effects, two drugs make a comeback. Nature medicine, 2008, Volume: 14, Issue:3 Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antineoplastic Agents; Crohn Disease; Dru	2008
Thalidomide in oral Crohn's disease refractory to conventional medical treatment. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 1997, Volume: 25, Issue:2 Topics: Administration, Oral; Child; Crohn Disease; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mal	1997
Thalidomide in Crohn's disease. Lancet (London, England), 1997, Nov-15, Volume: 350, Issue:9089 Topics: Crohn Disease; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Middle Aged; Thalidomide; Tumor Necrosis	1997
Thalidomide for the treatment of oral aphthous ulcers in Crohn's disease. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 1999, Volume: 28, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Oral Ulcer; Thalidomide; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha	1999
New life in a sleeper: thalidomide and Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology, 1999, Volume: 117, Issue:6 Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Male; Teratogens; Thalidomide; Tumor Necrosi	1999
Thalidomide for Crohn's disease: high dose, low dose, or "no doze" at all? Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2000, Volume: 6, Issue:2 Topics: Crohn Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Steroids; Thalido	2000
Thalidomide for Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology, 2000, Volume: 119, Issue:2 Topics: Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Thalidomide	2000
[Thalidomide in treatment of Crohn disease: a new approach for managing chronic inflammation?]. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie, 2001, Volume: 39, Issue:2 Topics: Adult; Crohn Disease; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans	2001
Treatment of severe esophageal Crohn's disease with thalidomide. The American journal of gastroenterology, 2001, Volume: 96, Issue:4 Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Crohn Disease; Esophageal Diseases; Female; Humans; Severity of Illness Ind	2001
Efficacy of long-term treatment with thalidomide in children and young adults with Crohn disease: preliminary results. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2001, Volume: 32, Issue:2 Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Crohn Disease; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Recurrence; Remission Indu	2001
Intractable insomnia after cessation of treatment with thalidomide. Gastroenterology, 2001, Volume: 120, Issue:6 Topics: Aged; Crohn Disease; Humans; Male; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Thalidomide	2001
Thalidomide-induced sensory neuropathy. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2001, Volume: 32, Issue:3 Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Crohn Disease; Humans; Male; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Thalidomid	2001
Is infliximab effective for induction of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis? Inflammatory bowel diseases, 2001, Volume: 7, Issue:2 Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Colitis, Ulcerative; Crohn Disease; Cyclo	2001
[Thalidomide--a possible alternative as an immunomodulating agent]. Lakartidningen, 1989, Nov-29, Volume: 86, Issue:48 Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adult; Behcet Syndrome; Crohn Disease; Female; Humans; Thalidomide	1989

thalidomide and Colitis, Granulomatous