tetraethylammonium has been researched along with Blood Pressure, High in 64 studies
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)
Excerpt | Relevance | Reference |
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" Diminished PAME release and its vasorelaxing activity and increased release of angiotensin II in the PVAT suggest a noble role of PVAT in pathogenesis of hypertension." | 7.77 | Role of perivascular adipose tissue-derived methyl palmitate in vascular tone regulation and pathogenesis of hypertension. ( Chang, HH; Chen, MF; Chen, PY; Chiang, CL; Kuo, JS; Lee, TJ; Lee, YC; Liu, CH; Yeh, JI, 2011) |
"The involvement of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins, and calcium-dependent potassium channel (K(Ca)) activators on the negative modulation of phenylephrine-induced contractions was evaluated on the isolated aorta and caudal (CAU) artery obtained from rats treated with ouabain for 5 wk to induce hypertension." | 7.71 | Ouabain-induced hypertension is accompanied by increases in endothelial vasodilator factors. ( Alonso, MJ; Barker, LA; Briones, AM; Miguel, M; Rossoni, LV; Salaices, M; Vassallo, DV, 2002) |
" Diminished PAME release and its vasorelaxing activity and increased release of angiotensin II in the PVAT suggest a noble role of PVAT in pathogenesis of hypertension." | 3.77 | Role of perivascular adipose tissue-derived methyl palmitate in vascular tone regulation and pathogenesis of hypertension. ( Chang, HH; Chen, MF; Chen, PY; Chiang, CL; Kuo, JS; Lee, TJ; Lee, YC; Liu, CH; Yeh, JI, 2011) |
"The involvement of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins, and calcium-dependent potassium channel (K(Ca)) activators on the negative modulation of phenylephrine-induced contractions was evaluated on the isolated aorta and caudal (CAU) artery obtained from rats treated with ouabain for 5 wk to induce hypertension." | 3.71 | Ouabain-induced hypertension is accompanied by increases in endothelial vasodilator factors. ( Alonso, MJ; Barker, LA; Briones, AM; Miguel, M; Rossoni, LV; Salaices, M; Vassallo, DV, 2002) |
"This study was designed to investigate involvement of potassium channels in the action of nitric oxide facilitating reduction of basal tone by thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor blockade with ifetroban in rings of thoracic aorta taken from rats with aortic coarctation-induced hypertension." | 3.70 | Involvement of nitric oxide and potassium channels in the reduction of basal tone produced by blockade of thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptors in aortic rings of hypertensive rats. ( DelliPizzi, A; Nasjletti, A, 1998) |
" We tested the effects of inhibitors of calcium-dependent K(+) channels [iberiotoxin (50 nM) and tetraethylammonium (TEA, 1 mM)] on changes in arteriolar diameter during acute hypertension." | 3.70 | Potassium channels modulate cerebral autoregulation during acute hypertension. ( Faraci, FM; Heistad, DD; Paternò, R, 2000) |
"Captopril treatment normalized the sympathetic BP component and significantly reduced residual BP (measured at full NP-induced vasodilation)." | 1.33 | Antihypertensive mechanisms of chronic captopril or N-acetylcysteine treatment in L-NAME hypertensive rats. ( Dobesová, Z; Kunes, J; Zicha, J, 2006) |
Timeframe | Studies, this research(%) | All Research% |
---|---|---|
pre-1990 | 37 (57.81) | 18.7374 |
1990's | 16 (25.00) | 18.2507 |
2000's | 7 (10.94) | 29.6817 |
2010's | 4 (6.25) | 24.3611 |
2020's | 0 (0.00) | 2.80 |
Authors | Studies |
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De Silva, TM | 1 |
Ketsawatsomkron, P | 1 |
Pelham, C | 1 |
Sigmund, CD | 1 |
Faraci, FM | 3 |
LYONS, RH | 3 |
HOOBLER, SW | 6 |
TAMAGNA, IG | 1 |
POINDEXTER, CA | 1 |
LYONS, HH | 1 |
MOE, GK | 3 |
BIRCHALL, R | 2 |
TAYLOR, RD | 2 |
NELIGH, RB | 1 |
HOOBLER, SB | 1 |
HAYWARD, GW | 1 |
STEAD, WW | 2 |
REISER, MF | 3 |
Bellien, J | 1 |
Favre, J | 1 |
Iacob, M | 1 |
Gao, J | 1 |
Thuillez, C | 1 |
Richard, V | 1 |
Joannidès, R | 1 |
Lee, YC | 1 |
Chang, HH | 1 |
Chiang, CL | 1 |
Liu, CH | 1 |
Yeh, JI | 1 |
Chen, MF | 1 |
Chen, PY | 1 |
Kuo, JS | 1 |
Lee, TJ | 1 |
Rocha, ML | 1 |
Araujo, AV | 1 |
Andrade, FA | 1 |
Bendhack, LM | 1 |
Rossoni, LV | 1 |
Salaices, M | 1 |
Miguel, M | 1 |
Briones, AM | 1 |
Barker, LA | 1 |
Vassallo, DV | 1 |
Alonso, MJ | 1 |
Pomposiello, SI | 1 |
Quilley, J | 1 |
Carroll, MA | 1 |
Falck, JR | 2 |
McGiff, JC | 1 |
LIAN, C | 2 |
KOWALSKI, HJ | 1 |
MALTON, SD | 1 |
SHAPIRO, AP | 2 |
GROLLMAN, A | 1 |
KRAUCHER, GK | 1 |
CSIA, P | 1 |
KRASZNAI, I | 1 |
GALLY, M | 1 |
ZSELENYI, D | 1 |
DUSTAN, HP | 1 |
CUMMING, GR | 1 |
CORCORAN, AC | 1 |
PAGE, IH | 2 |
GOEKSEL, FM | 1 |
DEMIROGLU, C | 1 |
SUNAM, G | 1 |
SHEREMET, IV | 1 |
SALTER, WT | 1 |
GROB, D | 1 |
HARVEY, M | 1 |
KOGAN-IASNYI, VV | 1 |
REISZ, O | 1 |
BRUST, AA | 2 |
FERRIS, EG | 1 |
KOSSLER, G | 1 |
SOHNIUS, R | 1 |
VOLHARD, E | 1 |
HECHT-JOHANSEN, A | 1 |
McCubbin, JW | 1 |
FERRIS, EB | 1 |
DAVIES, G | 1 |
PATERSON, AS | 1 |
BARTORELLI, C | 1 |
FOLLI, G | 1 |
ZANCHETTI, A | 1 |
Zhang, F | 1 |
Deng, H | 1 |
Kemp, R | 1 |
Singh, H | 1 |
Gopal, VR | 1 |
Laniado-Schwartzman, M | 1 |
Nasjletti, A | 2 |
Zhang, Y | 1 |
Gao, YJ | 1 |
Zuo, J | 1 |
Lee, RM | 1 |
Janssen, LJ | 1 |
Zicha, J | 1 |
Dobesová, Z | 1 |
Kunes, J | 1 |
FRISK, AR | 1 |
HAMMARSTROM, S | 1 |
SOLOFF, LA | 1 |
BURNETT, WE | 1 |
BELLO, CT | 1 |
Asano, M | 2 |
Masuzawa-Ito, K | 2 |
Matsuda, T | 2 |
Imaizumi, Y | 1 |
Watanabe, M | 1 |
Ito, K | 1 |
Hendriks, MG | 1 |
Pfaffendorf, M | 1 |
van Zwieten, PA | 1 |
Rusch, NJ | 1 |
Runnells, AM | 1 |
Kolias, TJ | 1 |
Chai, S | 1 |
Webb, RC | 5 |
Tsai, ML | 1 |
Watts, SW | 1 |
Loch-Caruso, R | 1 |
Paternò, R | 2 |
Heistad, DD | 2 |
DelliPizzi, A | 1 |
Wu, X | 1 |
Tolvanen, JP | 1 |
Hutri-Kähönen, N | 1 |
Kähönen, M | 1 |
Mäkynen, H | 1 |
Korpela, R | 1 |
Ruskoaho, H | 1 |
Karjala, K | 1 |
Pörsti, I | 1 |
Sunano, S | 1 |
Watanabe, H | 1 |
Tanaka, S | 1 |
Sekiguchi, F | 1 |
Shimamura, K | 1 |
Nand, V | 1 |
Doggrell, SA | 1 |
Honda, H | 1 |
Unemoto, T | 1 |
Kogo, H | 1 |
Tostes, RC | 1 |
Storm, DS | 1 |
Chi, DH | 1 |
Cox, RH | 1 |
Lozinskaya, I | 1 |
Dietz, NJ | 1 |
Gharib, N | 1 |
Gao, CY | 1 |
Areas, JL | 2 |
el Zein, M | 2 |
Preuss, HG | 2 |
Jubelin, BC | 1 |
Kannan, MS | 1 |
Knapka, J | 1 |
DiPette, D | 1 |
Holland, B | 1 |
al-Karadaghi, P | 1 |
Myers, JH | 1 |
Lamb, FS | 2 |
Osol, G | 1 |
Halpern, W | 1 |
Thompson, LP | 1 |
Bruner, CA | 1 |
King, CM | 1 |
1 trial available for tetraethylammonium and Blood Pressure, High
Article | Year |
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Arterial stiffness is regulated by nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor during changes in blood flow in humans.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Benzimidazoles; Biological Factors; Blood Pressure; Elasticity; Endothelium, Vascula | 2010 |
63 other studies available for tetraethylammonium and Blood Pressure, High
Article | Year |
---|---|
Genetic interference with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in smooth muscle enhances myogenic tone in the cerebrovasculature via A Rho kinase-dependent mechanism.
Topics: Animals; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Desoxycorticosterone Acetate; Enzyme Induction; Gene Expressio | 2015 |
Experimental studies with tetraethylammonium chloride in hypertension.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Hypertension; Tetraethylammonium | 1948 |
A comparative evaluation of tetraethylammonium chloride and sodium amytal in patients with hypertensive cardiovascular disease.
Topics: Amobarbital; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Disease; Heart Diseases; Hypertension; | 1948 |
Experiences with tetraethylammonium chloride in hypertension.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Hypertension; Tetraethylammonium | 1948 |
The effect of autonomic blockade with tetraethylammonium on the renal circulation in dogs and in normal and hypertensive subjects.
Topics: Ammonia; Ammonium Compounds; Animals; Cardiovascular System; Dogs; Hypertension; Kidney; Quaternary | 1947 |
Clinical studies of the pharmacological effects of tetraethyl ammonium chloride in hypertensive persons made in an attempt to select patients suitable for lumbodorsal sympathectomy and ganglionectomy.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Biomedical Research; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Ganglionectomy | 1947 |
The effects of blockade of autonomic ganglia on hypertension; a study of the effects of tetra-ethyl ammonium bromide.
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Animals; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Bromides; Characidae; Gan | 1947 |
Tetraethyl ammonium bromide in hypertension and hypertensive heart failure.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Bromides; Heart Failure; Humans; Hypertension; Quatern | 1948 |
Effect of sodium chloride depletion on blood pressure and tetraethyl ammonium chloride response in hypertension.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Blood Pressure; Chlorides; Hypertension; Sodium; Sodium Chloride; Tetraethylammon | 1948 |
Clinical studies of the pharmacologic effects of tetraethyl ammonium chloride in hypertensive persons made in an attempt to select patients suitable for lumbodorsal sympathectomy and ganglionectomy.
Topics: Ammonia; Ammonium Chloride; Blood Pressure; Chlorides; Ganglionectomy; Humans; Hypertension; Sympath | 1947 |
The effect of autonomic blockade with tetraethylammonium on the renal circulation in dogs and in normal and hypertensive patients.
Topics: Ammonia; Animals; Autonomic Nerve Block; Blood Pressure; Dogs; Humans; Hypertension; Kidney; Nervous | 1947 |
Role of perivascular adipose tissue-derived methyl palmitate in vascular tone regulation and pathogenesis of hypertension.
Topics: 4-Aminopyridine; Adipocytes; Adipose Tissue; Angiotensin II; Animals; Aorta; Calcium; Cells, Culture | 2011 |
The effects of gap junction modulators on the rhythmic contractions in aortas isolated from rats subjected with sinoaortic denervation.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Blood Pressure; Cell Communication; Denervation; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; E | 2011 |
Ouabain-induced hypertension is accompanied by increases in endothelial vasodilator factors.
Topics: Animals; Biological Factors; Blood Pressure; Cardiotonic Agents; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Endothel | 2002 |
5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid mediates the enhanced renal vasodilation to arachidonic acid in the SHR.
Topics: 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Enzyme Inhib | 2003 |
[Current medical and surgical therapy of permanent arterial hypertension; salt-free diet; tetraethylammonium; hexamethonium; extensive sympathectomies; arteriovenous fistula].
Topics: Arteriovenous Fistula; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Fistula; Hexamethonium; Humans; Hypertension; Sympat | 1952 |
Measurement of vasoconstrictor tone in the extremities in hypertension.
Topics: Blood Vessels; Extremities; Hypertension; Tetraethylammonium; Vasoconstrictor Agents | 1953 |
A critical evaluation of the hypotensive asction of hydrallazine, hexamethonium, tetraethylammonium and dibenzyline salts in human and experimental hypertension.
Topics: Cardiovascular Agents; Hexamethonium; Hydralazine; Hypertension; Hypotension; Muscle Relaxants, Cent | 1953 |
[Experimental results and clinical experiences with a new ganglion blocking drug].
Topics: Angina Pectoris; Ganglionic Blockers; Humans; Hypertension; Tetraethylammonium | 1953 |
[Application of tetraethylammonium bromide in hypertension].
Topics: Aged; Humans; Hypertension; Tetraethylammonium | 1954 |
[Medical and surgical treatment of permanent arterial hypertension].
Topics: Adrenal Glands; Antihypertensive Agents; Hypertension; Muscle Relaxants, Central; Secologanin Trypta | 1955 |
A mechanism of chlorothiazide-enhanced effectiveness of antihypertensive ganglioplegic drugs.
Topics: Acetazolamide; Antihypertensive Agents; Chlorothiazide; Heart; Hypertension; Tetraethylammonium | 1959 |
[EFFECT OF TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM SALTS ON PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN MITRAL STENOSIS].
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Lung; Mitral Valve Stenosis; Salts; Tetra | 1964 |
[Treatment of patients with hypertension in polyclinical conditions].
Topics: Hypertension; Oxygen; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Procaine; Tetraethylammonium | 1960 |
Therapeutics and toxicology.
Topics: Anemia; Anemia, Pernicious; Antacids; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Blood | 1950 |
Observations of the effects of the autonomic blocking agent, bis-trimethylammonium pentane dibromide (C5) in normal subjects and in patients with peripheral vascular disease and hypertension, and comparison with tetraethylammonium chloride.
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Autonomic Agents; Autonomic Nervous System; Humans; Hypertension; Nervous System | 1950 |
[Certain data on the effect of tetraethylammonium on blood pressure].
Topics: Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Humans; Hypertension; Tetraethylammonium; Tetraethylam | 1951 |
[Clinical experiences with TEAB (tetraethylammonium bromide SPOFA)].
Topics: Bicarbonates; Blood Pressure; Blood Vessels; Hypertension; Tetraethylammonium | 1951 |
Evaluation of neurogenic control of blood pressure in hypertension with tetraethylammonium chloride and spinal anesthesia.
Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Blood Pressure; Hypertension; Tetraethylammonium | 1951 |
[Pressure decreasing effect of tetraethyl ammonium bromide in various forms of hypertension].
Topics: Bromides; Humans; Hypertension; Pressure; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Tetraethylammonium | 1951 |
Therapeutic experiments in hypertension; administration of quaternary ammonium ions in the form of enemas.
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Enema; Hypertension; Ions; Tetraethylammonium | 1952 |
Increased resistance to autonomic ganglionic blockade by tetraethylammonium chloride and pentamethonium iodide in experimental neurogenic hypertension.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Bis-Trimethylammonium Compounds; Hypertension; Iodides; Muscle Re | 1952 |
A comparative study of the effects of Veratrum viride and tetraethylammonium chloride in hypertension.
Topics: Hypertension; Tetraethylammonium; Veratrum; Veratrum Alkaloids | 1952 |
The use of "etamon" for high blood-pressure in electrocerebral treatment.
Topics: Hypertension; Tetraethylammonium | 1952 |
[Pathogenesis of experimental renal hypertension].
Topics: Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension, Renal; Tetraethylammonium | 1952 |
Decreased levels of cytochrome P450 2E1-derived eicosanoids sensitize renal arteries to constrictor agonists in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Topics: Amides; Animals; Arachidonic Acid; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; Cytochrome P-450 CYP4A; Hydroxyeicosatet | 2005 |
Alteration of arterial smooth muscle potassium channel composition and BKCa current modulation in hypertension.
Topics: Animals; Blotting, Western; Boron Compounds; Caffeine; Calcium; Cells, Cultured; Dose-Response Relat | 2005 |
Antihypertensive mechanisms of chronic captopril or N-acetylcysteine treatment in L-NAME hypertensive rats.
Topics: Acetylcysteine; Animals; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood Pressure; Captopril; Hypertension; Male; NG- | 2006 |
Effect of tetraethylammonium in arterial hypertension.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Hypertension; Tetraethylammonium | 1948 |
The effect of sodium chloride depletion on blood pressure and tetraethylammonium chloride response in hypertension.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Chlorides; Humans; Hypertension; Sodium Chloride; Tetraethylammonium | 1948 |
A study of the comparative value of tetraethyl- ammonium bromide and diagnostic spinal anesthesia in the selection of hypertensive persons for sympathectomy.
Topics: Anesthesia; Anesthesia, Spinal; Bromides; Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular; Humans; Hypertensio | 1948 |
The cardiovascular effects of tetraethylammonium in animals and man with special reference to hypertension.
Topics: Ammonia; Ammonium Compounds; Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Determination; Dermatologic Agents; Huma | 1949 |
Charybdotoxin-sensitive K+ channels regulate the myogenic tone in the resting state of arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Topics: Animals; Arteries; Calcium; Carotid Arteries; Charybdotoxin; Femoral Artery; Hypertension; In Vitro | 1993 |
Functional role of Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels in resting state of carotid arteries from SHR.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Carotid Arteries; Charybdotoxin; Hypertension; Male; Nifedipine; Potassium; Potass | 1993 |
The role of nitric oxide and potassium channels in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in SHR.
Topics: 4-Aminopyridine; Animals; Arginine; Biological Factors; Endothelium, Vascular; Hypertension; In Vitr | 1993 |
Remission of high blood pressure reverses arterial potassium channel alterations.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Blood Pressure; Electrophysiology; Hypertension; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Potassium | 1994 |
Potassium channel antagonists and vascular reactivity in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Topics: 4-Aminopyridine; Amifampridine; Animals; Apamin; Barium; Cardiovascular System; Carotid Arteries; Ce | 1993 |
The role of gap junctional communication in contractile oscillations in arteries from normotensive and hypertensive rats.
Topics: Alcohols; Animals; Arteries; Cells, Cultured; Connexin 43; Female; Gap Junctions; Heptanol; Hyperten | 1995 |
Functional activity of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels is increased in basilar artery during chronic hypertension.
Topics: 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; Animals; Basilar Artery; Calcium | 1997 |
Involvement of nitric oxide and potassium channels in the reduction of basal tone produced by blockade of thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptors in aortic rings of hypertensive rats.
Topics: 4-Aminopyridine; Animals; Aorta; Basal Metabolism; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Hyperten | 1998 |
Comparison of the effects of supplementation with whey mineral and potassium on arterial tone in experimental hypertension.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Adrenergic beta-Agonists; Animals; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dietary Supplements; En | 1998 |
Endothelium-derived relaxing, contracting and hyperpolarizing factors of mesenteric arteries of hypertensive and normotensive rats.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Apamin; Blood Pressure; Body Weight; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic | 1999 |
Effects of tetraethylammonium, 4-aminopyridine and bretylium on cardiovascular tissues from normo- and hypertensive rats.
Topics: 4-Aminopyridine; Action Potentials; Animals; Arteries; Bretylium Compounds; Cardiovascular System; H | 1999 |
Different mechanisms for testosterone-induced relaxation of aorta between normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Topics: 4-Aminopyridine; Acetylcholine; Animals; Aorta, Thoracic; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Dose-Response R | 1999 |
Potassium channels modulate cerebral autoregulation during acute hypertension.
Topics: 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid; 4-Aminopyridine; Acute Disease; | 2000 |
Intracellular calcium stores and oscillatory contractions in arteries from genetically hypertensive rats.
Topics: 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl e | 1996 |
Differences in K+ current components in mesenteric artery myocytes from WKY and SHR.
Topics: Animals; Calcium Channels; Disease Models, Animal; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Hypertension; M | 2001 |
Correlation of renal organic anion and cation transport with blood pressure in SHR.
Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Animals; Biological Transport, Active; Blood Pressure; Hypertension; In Vitro | 1991 |
Neurons from neonatal hypertensive rats exhibit abnormal membrane properties in vitro.
Topics: 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl e | 1990 |
Development of sugar-induced blood pressure elevation after uninephrectomy in a resistant rat strain.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Body Weight; Carbohydrates; Catecholamines; Dietary Carbohydrates; Hypertension; Nep | 1991 |
Norepinephrine-induced phasic activity in tail arteries from genetically hypertensive rats.
Topics: Animals; Arteries; Blood Pressure; Calcium; Calcium Channel Blockers; Cell Membrane Permeability; Hy | 1985 |
Spontaneous vasomotion in pressurized cerebral arteries from genetically hypertensive rats.
Topics: Animals; Cerebral Arteries; Chlorides; Hypertension; Indomethacin; Manganese; Manganese Compounds; O | 1988 |
Calcium influx and vascular reactivity in systemic hypertension.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Hypertension; In Vitro Techniques; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; P | 1987 |