tetracycline and Virus-Diseases

Autoimmunity is thought to emerge as a consequence of genetic predispositions and environmental tiggering factors. Often the etiology and the mechanisms involved in the autoaggressive destruction of self-components are rather complex and in many cases poorly understood. Chemokines and cytokines are central mediators of inflammatory processes that are involved in initiation and progression of autoimmunity. Many animal models for human autoimmune diseases use transgenic technology to express chemokines and/or cytokines in an organ or tissue specific manner. However, most of these model systems express the transgene irreversibly without considering the time of expression as a very important parameter. Here, we review experiences that were made from using a tetracycline-inducible promotor system (tTA-system) to express TNFalpha at various times during an ongoing autoimmune process, such as the destruction of pancreatic beta-cells in a mouse model for human type 1 diabetes.

Topics: Animals; Autoimmunity; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Disease Models, Animal; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Tetracycline; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Virus Diseases

An overview of infection as it applies to the oral and maxillofacial region has been provided. The following conclusions are drawn: odontogenic infections are caused by microbes found in the host's oral flora; cultures of purulent material generally will yield three to six anaerobes and one aerobe, (the aerobe is usually a Streptococcus species); Gram stains of purulent material can aid in therapeutic strategies; anaerobic as well as aerobic cultures are necessary to isolate all pathogens; pathogens found in infections of bite wounds reflect the oral flora of the aggressor; early postoperative wound infections are caused by the host's own flora, whereas later infections may be caused by hospital-acquired bacteria; and hepatitis B and herpes simplex virus are occupational hazards. Recommendations have been made for antimicrobial prophylaxis and for treatment. We recognize that some of these selections may be controversial. For instance, the value of prophylactic antibiotics in orthognathic surgery is not well defined; recommendations were made only in certain instances. However, in severe penetrating maxillofacial injuries with devitalized tissue, recommendations for antibiotics were for broad and prolonged coverage. In this instance, use of antibiotics is considered therapeutic and not prophylactic. In each instance, we tried to validate the selection. Our rationale has been to choose the antibiotics most active against the likely pathogens; additionally, consideration was given to drug toxicity and adverse reactions. We regard penicillin as the preferred agent for prophylaxis and treatment of most odontogenic infections. Alternative drugs include cephalosporins, doxycycline, and clindamycin. Erythoromycin and tetracycline are considered less effective than the former agents. Finally, we believe that successful treatment of infection depends as much on changing the microenvironment of the infected tissue by debridement and drainage as on appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

Topics: Actinomycosis; Anaerobiosis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Bacteroides Infections; Cephalosporins; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Humans; Jaw Diseases; Maxillofacial Injuries; Mouth Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Tooth Diseases; Virus Diseases

Topics: Amantadine; Antiviral Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cytarabine; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Erythromycin; gamma-Globulins; Herpes Simplex; Herpes Zoster; Humans; Idoxuridine; Influenza, Human; Interferons; Mycoplasma Infections; Poxviridae Infections; Q Fever; Rickettsia Infections; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; Tetracycline; Thiosemicarbazones; Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne; Virus Diseases

Wolbachia are vertically transmitted, obligatory intracellular bacteria that infect a great number of species of arthropods and nematodes. In insects, they are mainly known for disrupting the reproductive biology of their hosts in order to increase their transmission through the female germline. In Drosophila melanogaster, however, a strong and consistent effect of Wolbachia infection has not been found. Here we report that a bacterial infection renders D. melanogaster more resistant to Drosophila C virus, reducing the load of viruses in infected flies. We identify these resistance-inducing bacteria as Wolbachia. Furthermore, we show that Wolbachia also increases resistance of Drosophila to two other RNA virus infections (Nora virus and Flock House virus) but not to a DNA virus infection (Insect Iridescent Virus 6). These results identify a new major factor regulating D. melanogaster resistance to infection by RNA viruses and contribute to the idea that the response of a host to a particular pathogen also depends on its interactions with other microorganisms. This is also, to our knowledge, the first report of a strong beneficial effect of Wolbachia infection in D. melanogaster. The induced resistance to natural viral pathogens may explain Wolbachia prevalence in natural populations and represents a novel Wolbachia-host interaction.

Topics: Animals; Drosophila melanogaster; Female; Immunity, Innate; Male; Reproducibility of Results; RNA Viruses; Symbiosis; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases; Wolbachia

Regulated gene delivery systems are usually made of two elements: an inducible promoter and a transactivator. In order to optimize gene delivery and regulation, a single viral vector ensuring adequate stoichiometry of the two elements is required. However, efficient regulation is hampered by interferences between the inducible promoter and (i) the promoter used to express the transactivator and/or (ii) promoter/enhancer elements present in the viral vector backbone. We describe a single AAV vector in which transcription of both the reverse tetracycline transactivator (rtTA) and the transgene is initiated from a bidirectional tetracycline-responsive promoter and terminated at bidirectional SV40 polyadenylation sites flanking both ITRs. Up to 50-fold induction of gene expression in human tumor cell lines and 100-fold in primary cultures of rat Schwann cells was demonstrated. In addition an 80-fold induction in vivo in the rat brain has been obtained. In vitro, the autoregulatory vector exhibits an induced expression level superior to that obtained using the constitutive CMV promoter. Although extinction of the transgene after removal of tetracycline was rapid (less than 3 days), inducibility after addition of tetracycline was slow (about 14 days). This kinetics is suitable for therapeutic gene expression in slowly progressive diseases while allowing rapid switch-off in case of undesirable effects. As compared to previously described autoregulatory tet-repressible (tetOFF) AAV vectors, the tet-inducible (tetON) vector prevents chronic antibiotic administration in the uninduced state.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cells, Cultured; Dependovirus; Entopeduncular Nucleus; Flow Cytometry; Gene Expression Regulation; Genetic Engineering; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Green Fluorescent Proteins; HeLa Cells; Humans; Luminescent Proteins; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Schwann Cells; Tetracycline; Transfection; Transgenes; Tumor Cells, Cultured; Virus Diseases

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Animals; Antiviral Agents; Chick Embryo; Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine; Humans; Infectious Mononucleosis; Mice; Mycoplasma Infections; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Physicians, Family; Prospective Studies; Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; Tetracycline; United States; Virus Diseases

An evaluation of over 350 patients in a study of congenital contractures of the joints (arthrogryposis) included a review of family, pregnancy, and delivery histories for teratogenic exposures. Fifteen out of the total 350 patients studied had a possible teratogenic exposure: an infectious agent (viral or bacterial), maternal drug or toxin ingestion, chronic maternal neurologic or muscular illness, or a direct physical insult such as a structural uterine anomaly. Literature was reviewed for all human and animal cases reported with congenital contractures of the joints with an associated teratogenic insult. Those findings are discussed here.

Topics: Animals; Arthrogryposis; Bacterial Infections; Ethanol; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Methocarbamol; Muscular Dystrophies; Myasthenia Gravis; Plants, Toxic; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Teratogens; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Amphotericin B; Chlamydia Infections; Chloramphenicol; Condylomata Acuminata; Female; gamma-Globulins; Genital Diseases, Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Herpes Zoster; Humans; Immunoglobulins; Lymphogranuloma Venereum; Male; Molluscum Contagiosum; Mumps; Mycoplasma Infections; Orchitis; Podophyllin; Tetracycline; Vaccination; Vaccinia; Virus Diseases

Topics: Antiviral Agents; BCG Vaccine; Bronchitis; Humans; Isoniazid; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tuberculosis; Virus Diseases

Topics: Adult; Bacteriophage Typing; Coagulase; Fascia; Female; Hemolytic Plaque Technique; Humans; Inflammation; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Scarlet Fever; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline; Toxins, Biological; Virus Diseases

Topics: Botulism; Chloramphenicol; Cholera; Clostridium perfringens; Codeine; Diarrhea; Dysentery, Amebic; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Food; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Opium; Oxytetracycline; Salmonella Infections; Staphylococcus; Stress, Physiological; Tetracycline; Travel; Virus Diseases

Topics: Adipose Tissue; Brain Diseases; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Fatty Liver; Female; Hepatitis; Humans; Infant; Kidney Diseases; Liver; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Child; Digitalis Glycosides; Female; Fetal Diseases; Heart Defects, Congenital; Humans; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Male; Mice; Middle Aged; Myocarditis; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases; Virus Replication; Viruses

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Androgens; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Female; Goiter; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Syphilis, Congenital; Tetracycline; Thalidomide; Tooth Discoloration; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines; Virus Diseases

Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Enzyme Induction; Feedback; Infections; Lysogeny; Neoplasms; Nucleic Acids; Penicillins; Rickettsia; Rifampin; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Haemophilus influenzae; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumonia; Scotland; Staphylococcal Infections; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Anthelmintics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Aqueous Humor; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Conjunctivitis; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Endophthalmitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Helminthiasis; Keratitis; Keratitis, Dendritic; Lens, Crystalline; Manometry; Mycoses; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Androgens; Chickenpox; Congenital Abnormalities; Female; Hand Deformities; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Measles; Mumps; Poliomyelitis; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Progesterone; Rubella; Tetracycline; Thalidomide; Thiazines; Toxicology; Vaccinia; Virus Diseases

Topics: Aerosols; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bacteriological Techniques; Bronchitis; Chloramphenicol; Diagnosis; Drug Therapy; Humans; Neomycin; Penicillins; Pharyngitis; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Tracheitis; Virus Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Bacillus; Bone Marrow; Chloramphenicol; Communicable Diseases; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; gamma-Globulins; Hematopoietic System; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Infections; Paratyphoid Fever; Rickettsia Infections; Sepsis; Shigella; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever; Virus Diseases

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Eye Diseases; Humans; Keratoconjunctivitis; Ophthalmology; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Lichen Planus; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Animals; Chlamydia; Chlamydophila psittaci; Chlortetracycline; Goats; Pneumonia; Psittacosis; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases; Viruses