tetracycline and Tooth-Discoloration

It is essential that every health care professional who is involved with the prescription or recommendation of drugs be fully aware of any resultant disorders that may arise as a side-effect. A range of drugs can affect the teeth. In this review article, drugs that have the potential to induce changes in teeth have been classified as those leading to tooth discoloration (intrinsic and extrinsic), physical damage to tooth structure (enamel, dentin, and cementum), and alteration in tooth sensitivity.

Topics: Carbohydrates; Chlorhexidine; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Fluorides; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Minocycline; Mouthwashes; Root Resorption; Saliva; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Diseases; Tooth Erosion; Toothache

Tetracyclines (TCN) were introduced in 1948 as broad-spectrum antibiotics that may be used in the treatment of many common infections in children and adults. One of the side-effects of tetracyclines is incorporation into tissues that are calcifying at the time of their administration. They have the ability to chelate calcium ions and to be incorporated into teeth, cartilage and bone, resulting in discoloration of both the primary and permanent dentitions. This permanent discoloration varies from yellow or gray to brown depending on the dose or the type of the drug received in relation to body weight. Minocycline hydrochloride, a semisynthetic derivative of tetracycline often used for the treatment of acne, has been shown to cause pigmentation of a variety of tissues including skin, thyroid, nails, sclera, teeth, conjunctiva and bone. Adult-onset tooth discoloration following long-term ingestion of tetracycline and minocycline has also been reported. The remarkable side-effect of minocycline on the oral cavity is the singular occurrence of "black bones", "black or green roots" and blue-gray to gray hue darkening of the crowns of permanent teeth. The prevalence of tetracycline and minocycline staining is 3-6%. The mechanism of minocycline staining is still unknown. Most of the reviewed literature consisted of case reports; longitudinal clinical trials are necessary to provide more information on the prevalence, severity, etiology and clinical presentation of tetracycline and TCN-derivative staining in the adult population.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Hyperpigmentation; Minocycline; Mouth Diseases; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Indications for using a 10% carbamide peroxide material in a custom-fitted tray to whiten teeth include teeth discolored from aging, chromogenic foods and drinks, and smoking, and also brown fluorosis-stained teeth, single dark teeth, and tetracycline-stained teeth. Tetracycline-stains may require 2 to 6 months of nightly treatment, whereas after discolorations generally resolve in 2 to 6 weeks. After an initial relapse in the first 2 weeks after the end of treatment, color tends to be stable for 1 to 3 years, with some treatments being permanent. The ADA has approved only six 10% carbamide peroxide materials, which have extensive research and publications on safety and efficacy. Considering the average cost of $196 per arch, and the noninvasive nature of this treatment, nightguard vital bleaching is probably the safest, most cost-effective, patient-pleasing method to improve the appearance of a smile. However, it should be supervised by a dentist for the proper examination, diagnosis of the cause of discoloration, treatment options, and fabrication and fitting of the carrier. Sensitivity during whitening may be treated with fluoride and potassium nitrate.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbamide Peroxide; Consumer Product Safety; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dentin Sensitivity; Drug Combinations; Fees, Dental; Gingival Diseases; Humans; Nitrates; Oxidants; Peroxides; Potassium Compounds; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Urea

Since its introduction to dentistry in 1989, nightguard vital bleaching has proven to be a simple and safe procedure for lightening discolored teeth. Efficacy of the technique is 98% for non-tetracycline-stained teeth, and with extended treatment time, tetracycline-stained teeth can be expected to lighten in 86% of cases. Satisfactory retention of the shade change without additional treatment can be expected in 63% of patients 3 years post-treatment and in at least 42% of patients at 7 years. Side effects are usually mild and transient, disappearing within days of treatment completion. Patients report that they are glad they went through the procedure and 98% recommend the procedure to a friend.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbamide Peroxide; Dental Pulp; Dentin Sensitivity; Drug Combinations; Gingival Diseases; Humans; Oxidants; Patient Satisfaction; Peroxides; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Treatment Outcome; Urea

Since its introduction into dentistry in 1989, nightguard vital bleaching has been proven to be a simple and safe procedure to whiten discolored teeth. Efficacy of the technique is 95% for nontetracycline-stained teeth, and with extended treatment time, tetracycline-stained teeth can be expected to lighten in 90% of cases. Satisfactory retention of the shade change can be expected in 63% of patients 3 years posttreatment and at least 35% at 7 years. Side effects are usually mild and transient, disappearing within days of treatment completion. Patients report that they are glad they went through the procedure, and 97% recommend the procedure to a friend.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbamide Peroxide; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dentin Sensitivity; Drug Combinations; Gingiva; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Patient Satisfaction; Peroxides; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Treatment Outcome; Urea

Anatomic pathology has produced considerable knowledge about environmental teratogens and carcinogens. A special disease registry established by a pathologist provided details of the association between oral contraceptives and hepatic neoplams. Pathologists were also involved in establishing in the link between diethylstilbestrol use and clear-cell adenocarcinomas of the vagina. An area of particular interest has been gender and ethnic differences in the incidence of certain diseases. Pathologists further make use of animal studies to investigate the pathogenesis of human tumors. Finally, stored serum or tissue is often used by pathologists to help diagnose diseases retrospectively. Human skin fibroblasts grown in culture and stored have been especially valuable for laboratory research. This chapter briefly highlights some of the milestones in the detection of enviromental effects through anatomic pathology.

Topics: Adenocarcinoma; Animals; Ataxia Telangiectasia; Contraceptives, Oral; Diethylstilbestrol; Disease Models, Animal; Environment; Ethnicity; Female; Geography; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Lymphoproliferative Disorders; Osteosarcoma; Pathology, Clinical; Radiation, Ionizing; Sex Factors; Tetracycline; Thorium Dioxide; Tooth Discoloration; Vaginal Neoplasms; X Chromosome

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Composite Resins; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Dental Veneers; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Age Factors; Digestive System; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Kidney; Liver; Norway; Odontogenesis; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Absorption; Acne Vulgaris; Bacteria; Bacteriuria; Bronchial Diseases; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chlortetracycline; Demeclocycline; Drug Eruptions; Humans; Infections; Kidney Diseases; Methacycline; Oxytetracycline; Protein Binding; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Child; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Skin; Skin Diseases; Stomatitis, Aphthous; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Bone Development; Bone Diseases; Child, Preschool; Dentition; Enzyme Repression; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Nails; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Protein Biosynthesis; Skin Diseases; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Adult; Child, Preschool; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Oxytetracycline; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Tetracycline; Tooth Abnormalities; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Hepatitis; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Metabolic Diseases; Pharmacology; Photosensitivity Disorders; Pigmentation Disorders; Proteins; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Toxicology

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bone and Bones; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Toxicology

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Humans; Infant; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Toxicology

Topics: Bone and Bones; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Collagen; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Dental Pulp; Dentin; Fluorescence; Growth; Humans; Neoplasms; Polysaccharides; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines; Tooth Discoloration

This study evaluated the clinical response following extended daily use of a trayless 6.5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) tooth bleaching gel in patients with tetracycline stains.. In this clinical trial, participants (N = 30) were assigned to a strip product following screening for tetracycline staining. Subjects used the product for 6 months, with clinical safety and efficacy measurements assessed at the end of each month. The strips were used for 30 minutes twice daily (maxillary arch only). Treatment efficacy was determined by the tooth color change from baseline using an expanded VITA shade guide. Additional shades were added on either side, representing colors whiter than B1 and darker than C4.. The strips averaged shade reduction in Months 1, 2, and 3 visits, respectively. Of all the subjects, 65% reached B1 color by Month 6. Treatment was generally well tolerated. Mild and transient tooth sensitivity (46.7%) and oral discomfort (43.3%) were the most common adverse events associated with daily bleaching, yet neither affected study participation.. The 6.5% H2O2 bleaching strip provided significant tooth whitening in subjects with tetracycline stains.. When used daily for 6 months, a 6.5% H2O2 bleaching strip can be effective in whitening tetracycline stains. The professional strip was well tolerated throughout the 6-month period. This extended use provides additional evidence of clinical safety associated with the use of this product for vital bleaching.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dentin Sensitivity; Female; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Safety; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration; Young Adult

Nightguard vital bleaching (NGVB) has been applied as a safe and effective bleaching procedure with a wide variety of commercial products consisting of carbamide peroxide-based gels, but there have been few reports on tooth bleaching for tetracycline-stained teeth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bleaching effects on teeth discolored by tetracycline with 3 months' active treatment, and to investigate the participant satisfaction, the shade stability, and the post-treatment side effects 2 years after the treatment. A custom-made tray with Polanight 10% carbamide peroxide gel was applied to both the incisal and premolar teeth (10 teeth of each participant), and the participants were directed to wear the tray every night over the course of the 3 months. The whiteness-blackness difference (L*) became lighter within 3 months and the lightness remained until 2 years later. Tooth color changes were remarkable in both redness-greenness difference (a*) and yellowness-blueness difference (b*). No obvious shade change or slight darkening was recognized 2 years post-treatment. The means of the color difference (DeltaE*) at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years were 13.74, 14.02, 12.17, and 11.81, respectively. All participants were satisfied with the shade change of their teeth, but three participants complained of slight hypersensitivity. One participant complained of cold or hot pain in daily life until 6 months after the treatment. These side effects were alleviated within 1 year. The results suggested that the standard treatment period of NGVB with Polanight for tetracycline-discolored teeth may be determined to be 3 months.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bicuspid; Carbamide Peroxide; Color; Dentin Sensitivity; Equipment Design; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gels; Gingiva; Humans; Incisor; Oxidants; Patient Satisfaction; Peroxides; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Urea; Young Adult

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical result of 546 tetracycline-stained teeth restored with a porcelain laminate veneer system (Cerinate, Den-Mat, USA) for aesthetic reasons.. Tetracycline-stained teeth (546) were restored with a porcelain veneer system, and bonded with Ultra Bond resin cement. The restorations were recalled after 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 years, respectively. Modified Ryge criteria were used to evaluate the veneers marginal adaptation, interfacial staining, secondary caries, postoperative sensitivity and the patients' satisfaction of the colour of the restorations.. This study found that 99% veneers had excellent marginal adaptations; and less than 1% veneers required rebonding in the first 6 months; the colour of the veneers was stable and no evident staining was found. Almost all patients were satisfied with the colour match of their restorations 1 year after placement.. The research indicated that the porcelain veneer restoration system under investigation provided a reliable and highly satisfactory choice for the aesthetic restoration of tetracycline-stained teeth.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceramics; Color; Composite Resins; Dental Marginal Adaptation; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Female; Humans; Male; Patient Satisfaction; Resin Cements; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Preparation

The purpose of this longitudinal whitening study was to determine the stability, post-treatment side effects, and patient satisfaction at 90 months post treatment after 6 months of active treatment of tetracycline-stained teeth with 10% carbamide peroxide.. Fifteen of 21 participants enrolled in the study (71%) were contacted and asked to participate in a survey concerning their whitening experience. Participants were asked whether there had been any change in the shade of their teeth after treatment and if they had experienced any side effects that they believed were treatment related. Eight of the 15 participated in a clinical examination.. Nine participants (60%) reported no obvious shade change or only a slight darkening not noticed by others. None reported darkening back to the original shade; however, four had re-treated their teeth. Examiners were in agreement with the participants' perception of shade change upon comparing pretreatment and post-treatment photographs and Vita shade (Vita Zahnfabrik D-79713, Bad Sackingen, Germany) values. The degree of improvement over the pretreatment shade was significant for the 90-month post-treatment shade (p < .01). All respondents (n = 15) denied having to have a crown or root canal or tooth sensitivity that they believed was treatment related.. The results of this study of nightguard vital bleaching indicate that tetracycline-stained teeth can be whitened successfully using extended treatment time and that shade stability may last at least 90 months post treatment (range 84-100 mo). Patients participating in this study were over-whelmingly positive about the procedure in terms of shade retention and lack of post-treatment side effects.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbamide Peroxide; Dental Devices, Home Care; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Oxidants; Patient Satisfaction; Peroxides; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Urea

The degree of color change and the dental sensitivity associated with the use of different concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%) of carbamide peroxide every night for 6 months was evaluated in tetracycline-stained teeth.. Fifty-nine subjects were shown how to place two different concentrations of carbamide peroxide in the custom trays with reservoirs. For a period of 6 months, the patients were to insert the tray every evening before retiring. Patients returned in 1 and 2 weeks and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 months for evaluation of the degree of color change by subjective shade matching and by photographic means. Sensitivity of hard or soft tissues was self-reported.. Fifty-two subjects attended more than 90% of the recalls. A colorimeter was used to convert shade guide tabs to Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage color spaces (CIELAB). The most rapid whitening occurred in the first month. At 3 and 9 months, 91% and 85% of the subjects, respectively, were at least "a little pleased" with the results of the bleaching. In the professional evaluation, 90% of the teeth were deemed to have an excellent or satisfactory esthetic result. The higher the concentration of carbamide peroxide, the more rapidly the lightness value and color difference changed. There was no difference among the three concentrations in resulting gingival sensitivity. Patients experienced less tooth sensitivity with 10% gel than they did with 15% and 20% gels.. Bleaching with 10%, 15%, and 20% carbamide peroxide is effective for removing tooth staining caused by tetracycline. The 10% concentration has the most advantages and the fewest disadvantages.

Topics: Adult; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbamide Peroxide; Colorimetry; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dentin Sensitivity; Drug Combinations; Gingival Diseases; Humans; Oxidants; Patient Satisfaction; Peroxides; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Urea

This article reviews the efficacy of a new 6.5% hydrogen peroxide tooth-whitening gel strip for bleaching teeth that have been intrinsically stained from tetracycline. Given the severity of staining in the cases presented during a recently conducted clinical trial, the resulting efficacy is dramatic. Additionally, the continuous use of these strips for 30 minutes per day, twice daily for 2 months with no meaningful adverse effects is noteworthy.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbamide Peroxide; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Middle Aged; Oxidants; Peroxides; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Urea

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbamide Peroxide; Drug Combinations; Humans; Middle Aged; Mouth Protectors; Peroxides; Pilot Projects; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Urea

In this clinical trial of nightguard vital bleaching for six weeks, 92 percent of the patients experienced some lightening of treated teeth. About 97 percent of patients with teeth stained through aging, inherent discoloration, brown fluorosis or trauma experienced lightening, as did 75 percent with tetracycline-stained teeth. Sixty-six percent experienced side effects, which resolved in 24 to 48 hours. Earliest re-treatment was done after one year in less time. Minimal color change occurred for 74 percent after 1 1/2 years and 62 percent after three years.

Topics: Adult; Carbamide Peroxide; Dentin Sensitivity; Drug Combinations; Fluorosis, Dental; Follow-Up Studies; Gingiva; Humans; Patient Satisfaction; Peroxides; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Treatment Outcome; Urea

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of cold-light whitening technique on tetracycline pigmentation teeth and aged extrinsic stain teeth.. One hundred and fifty-two cases bleached by cold-light whitening technique were included in this study. The patients' teeth were divided into 3 groups: aged extrinsic stain teeth, mild tetracycline pigmentation teeth and moderate tetracycline pigmentation teeth. Visual determination of shade and Olympus crystaleye spectrophotometer were used to measure the tooth discoloration after bleaching. SPSS17.0 software package was used for statistical analysis.. Visual determination showed that the efficiency of aged extrinsic stain teeth was significantly higher than that of mild and moderate tetracycline teeth group (P<0.05). Colorimetric method showed that the △E of moderate tetracycline teeth was significantly lower than aged extrinsic teeth and mild tetracycline teeth (P<0.05) . The △E of cervix changed more significantly than that of central and incisal edge in both mild and moderate tetracycline teeth group (P<0.05).. The effect of cold-light whitening technique on aged extrinsic stain teeth is better than that of the tetracycline pigmentation teeth. Cold-light whitening technique can improve pigmentation of tetracycline teeth cervix．.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Coloring Agents; Dentifrices; Humans; Pigmentation; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

In this case example, the use of direct composite resin allowed for a relatively simple, conservative treatment that provided excellent function and aesthetics, while preserving healthy dental tissue. The importance of continued follow-up and a periodic maintenance and minor repair process will ensure longevity of the restorations, as aesthetics, and the occlusion.

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Composite Resins; Dental Enamel; Dental Materials; Dental Restoration Repair; Dental Restoration Wear; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Enamel Microabrasion; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Resin Cements; Silicon Dioxide; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Zirconium

In some well-established laser applications where large spot sizes are used, an array of high-intensity light emitting diodes (LED) emitting at similar wavelength could potentially replace the laser. This situation applies for the photodynamic bleaching of stains in teeth. This study compared the relative efficacy of an array of visible green LED (535 nm ± 15 nm) with a KTP laser in photodynamic bleaching of tetracycline-stained dentine in human tooth roots. After establishing consistent staining in 96 roots using a validated method, the roots were sectioned into 2-3-mm thick horizontal slices that were treated with gels containing rhodamine B (Smartbleach® or Smartbleach® 3LT). Colour changes were tracked up to 1 month after treatment. While both systems were effective in bleaching the tetracycline-stained dentine, KTP laser activation gave greater bleaching efficacy than LED activation, enhancing the action of the gel. Use of the KTP laser would be preferable over an LED system when confronted with tetracycline staining. Use of this photodynamic bleaching method offers valuable means to reduce the severity of tetracycline staining.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bleaching Agents; Dentin; Humans; Lasers, Semiconductor; Lasers, Solid-State; Photochemotherapy; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Tetracycline-stained tooth structure is difficult to bleach using nightguard tray methods. The possible benefits of in-office light-accelerated bleaching systems based on the photo-Fenton reaction are of interest as possible adjunctive treatments. This study was a proof of concept for possible benefits of this approach, using dentine slabs from human tooth roots stained in a reproducible manner with the tetracycline antibiotic demeclocycline hydrochloride.. Color changes overtime in tetra-cycline stained roots from single rooted teeth treated using gel (Zoom! WhiteSpeed(®)) alone, blue LED light alone, or gel plus light in combination were tracked using standardized digital photography. Controls received no treatment. Changes in color channel data were tracked overtime, for each treatment group (N = 20 per group).. Dentin was lighter after bleaching, with significant improvements in the dentin color for the blue channel (yellow shade) followed by the green channel and luminosity. The greatest changes occurred with gel activated by light (p < 0.0001), which was superior to effects seen with gel alone. Use of the light alone did not significantly alter shade.. This proof of concept study demonstrates that bleaching using the photo-Fenton chemistry is capable of lightening tetracycline-stained dentine. Further investigation of the use of this method for treating tetracycline-stained teeth in clinical settings appears warranted.. Because tetracycline staining may respond to bleaching treatments based on the photo-Fenton reaction, systems, such as Zoom! WhiteSpeed, may have benefits as adjuncts to home bleaching for patients with tetracycline-staining.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Color; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dentin; Gels; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Materials Testing; Photography, Dental; Phototherapy; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Aluminum Silicates; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cuspid; Dental Materials; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Female; Gingival Retraction Techniques; Humans; Incisor; Middle Aged; Potassium Compounds; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Preparation, Prosthodontic; Zirconium

Topics: Alkaptonuria; Amelogenesis Imperfecta; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Feeding Behavior; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Esthetics, Dental; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Incisor; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Photography, Dental; Self Concept; Smiling; Stress, Psychological; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Bleaching Agents; Tooth Discoloration

Inappropriate antibiotics prescription in dental healthcare delivery that may result in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, is a worldwide concern. The objective of the study was to determine the antibiotics knowledge and prescription patterns among dentists in Nigeria.. A total of 160 questionnaires were distributed to dentists attending continuing education courses organized by two organizations in Southern and Northern parts of Nigeria. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 17.0.. A total of 146 questionnaires were returned, properly filled, out of 160 questionnaires, giving an overall response rate 91.3%. The clinical factors predominantly influenced the choice of therapeutic antibiotics among the respondents. In this study, the most commonly prescribed antibiotics among the respondents was a combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole. Of the respondents, 136 (93.2%) of them considered antibiotic resistance as a major problem in Nigeria and 102 (69.9%) have experienced antibiotics resistance in dental practice. The major reported conditions for prophylactic antibiotics among the respondents were diabetic mellitus, HIV/AIDS, history of rheumatic fever, other heart anomalies presenting with heart murmur and presence of prosthetic hip. The knowledge of adverse effects of antibiotics was greatest for tooth discoloration which is related to tetracycline.. Data from this study revealed the most commonly prescribed antibiotics as a combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole. There existed gaps in prophylactic antibiotic prescription, consideration in the choice of therapeutic antibiotics and knowledge of adverse effects of antibiotics among the studied dentists.

Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Amoxicillin; Anaphylaxis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Attitude of Health Personnel; Dental Care; Dentists; Diabetes Mellitus; Drug Combinations; Drug Prescriptions; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Education, Dental; Female; Heart Diseases; Hip Prosthesis; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Nigeria; Practice Patterns, Dentists'; Rheumatic Fever; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Dental ceramics present excellent ability to reproduce the natural teeth regarding esthetic and biomechanics. Recently, due to the advancement of ceramic technology, metal-free restorations were developed. However, the traditional metal-ceramic restorations still present the requirements of high strength, long survival in the oral environment and favorable aesthetics. In this context, it is essential to know the specificity of each ceramic system available in order to apply it properly to various clinical situations. This report describes an integrated rehabilitation using metal-ceramic restorations of a patient at 50 years of age, who presented edentulous spaces, and previous unsatisfactory composite and amalgam restorations, and indirect metallic restorations, leading to compromised quality of life in both functional and psychosocial aspects. The impact on quality of life was measured using a generic instrument, OHIP-14, validated for the World Health Organization, which covers both the biological and the psychosocial dimensions. This instrument was applied to the patient before and after treatment. The patient had an overall OHIP-14 score of 28 before the treatment and after treatment the score decreased to 0, showing that dental and oral health conditions are factors that do impact on the quality of life. Rehabilitation has provided functional and aesthetic restorations, harmony of the stomatognathic system and improvement of life quality.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Attitude to Health; Dental Porcelain; Dental Restoration Failure; Denture Design; Facial Pain; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gingivoplasty; Humans; Metal Ceramic Alloys; Middle Aged; Mouth Rehabilitation; Oral Health; Patient Care Planning; Patient Satisfaction; Quality of Life; Smiling; Surgical Flaps; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Vertical Dimension

To compare the microstructure and ESR dosimetry between tetracycline-stained teeth and normal teeth by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron spin resonance (ESR) dosimeter.. Ten first or second premolars of tetracycline-stained teeth and ten normal teeth extracted for adult orthodontic persons were collected. The enamel on the surface and the dentine on the cross section of both type of teeth were observed with SEM. The ESR signal of teeth components (enamel and dentine) was evaluated by X-band ESR spectroscopy.. Compared with normal teeth, the enamel of tetracycline-stained teeth was of porosity and the enamel prisms were irregular. The dentinal tubules and dentinal matrix also showed obvious difference between the two type of teeth. The X-band ESR spectrum of tetracycline-stained teeth was different from normal teeth.. The microstructure and the native radicals have significant effect on the tetracyclines deposited in the teeth.

Topics: Adult; Bicuspid; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

This article reviews the history of tooth whitening and its rapid evolution and briefly discusses tooth whitening agents and protocols. The active ingredients and mode of action during the whitening process are explained. The factors affecting the speed of whitening and its final results are discussed, as well as adverse effects and safety precautions. Protocols are explained in detail, and the predicted outcomes, including those for tetracycline-stained teeth, are covered.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Enamel; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Dentin Sensitivity; Gingiva; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nonprescription Drugs; Oxidants; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Although porcelain veneer has been proposed as the treatment of choice in cases of severe tooth discoloration, clinicians should consider a multidisciplinary approach when treating complex cases. Clinicians also need to understand the masking ability of veneer restorations.. A 20-year-old woman had severe tooth discoloration, enamel hypoplasia and malocclusion. The patient first underwent orthodontic treatment to correct the dental alignment after the author extracted her hypoplastic first molars. The author then placed porcelain veneers with high-density alumina cores on the patient's maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth. The restorations were in service for seven years without complications.. and. Managing severe tooth discoloration requires thorough consideration of all patient factors, treatment provided in a logical sequence and the use of porcelain veneers with adequate masking ability.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Female; Humans; Malocclusion, Angle Class I; Orthodontics, Corrective; Patient Care Team; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Young Adult

Photodynamic bleaching is a recently developed method that may be suitable for photo-oxidation of difficult internal stains. This study examined the outcomes of photodynamic bleaching for treatment of confirmed cases of tetracycline discoloration, when used as a single-appointment procedure.. Digital analysis of standardized pre- and post-treatment digital photographs of a total of 90 maxillary incisors from 23 adult patients undergoing photodynamic bleaching was undertaken. The patients were treated by a visible green KTP laser (wavelength 532 nm) combined with a rhodamine-B photosensitizer gel (Smartbleach) applied to the teeth and activated for 30 sec. Each tooth underwent four cycles of 30 sec of laser exposure. Digital image analysis was undertaken in a blinded manner, and we examined changes in the four maxillary incisors in terms of blue pixel intensity (yellowness).. Least squares linear regression analysis and a one-tailed paired t-test using the matched pairs of pre- and post-treatment data for mean blue pixel intensity showed that a significant lightening effect was achieved by the bleaching treatment. Significant increases in blue pixel intensity (reductions in yellowness) occurred in 78% of the teeth treated.. In-office KTP laser photodynamic bleaching provides a clinically useful improvement in tooth shade in teeth with tetracycline discoloration.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Fluorescent Dyes; Gels; Humans; Incisor; Laser Therapy; Least-Squares Analysis; Male; Maxilla; Middle Aged; Photography; Photosensitizing Agents; Rhodamines; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Color; Dental Enamel Permeability; Female; Fluorosis, Dental; Follow-Up Studies; Free Radicals; Humans; Male; Oxidants; Oxidation-Reduction; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult

Carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide have been used as tooth whitening agents. The aim of this paper was to determine the efficiency of several enzyme-containing whitening systems. A method to determine the rate of 'in vitro' tetracycline whitening was also developed.. We determined the tetracycline whitening ability of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide, and the influence of peroxidase and lactoperoxidase on this tetracycline whitening rate.. High peroxidase and lactoperoxidase concentrations increased the rate of tetracycline decoloration obtained with carbamide peroxide or hydrogen peroxide. The decoloration rate observed was lower when the glucose/glucose oxidase system was used to generate hydrogen peroxide 'in situ'. The presence of peroxidase increased the decoloration rate of extracted teeth obtained with carbamide.. Enzymes such as peroxidase could be used as whitening catalysts to increase the rate of tetracycline decoloration.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbamide Peroxide; Drug Combinations; Drug Interactions; Glucose Oxidase; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Peroxidases; Peroxides; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Urea

Tetracycline staining in the adult dentition has presented an esthetic challenge for many years. Many clinicians have treated the problem by utilizing invasive techniques that may involve crowns, veneers, and composite bonding. Some major disadvantages to these invasive techniques include the cost involved and the need to cut on sound tooth structures. This article showcases a protocol for treating tetracycline staining non-invasively.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dentition, Permanent; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Incisor; Male; Maxilla; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blepharitis; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

The success of an esthetic rehabilitation depends on the understanding of the patient's need and expectation. The management of patients with moderate to severe tetracycline-stained teeth is very challenging. Tooth whitening may be a valid alternative to more aggressive treatments; however, patients should be aware of the limitations of tooth whitening therapy. Clinicians may select differing treatment plans; tooth whitening can improve intrinsic discoloration in a way so that no further treatment is required. Once tooth whitening is completed, direct or indirect restorative procedures may be afforded to match the existing restoration with the bleached tooth structure. This article describes a conservative clinical approach to rehabilitate the smile of a patient with moderate to severe tetracycline-stained teeth using a combination of tooth whitening and direct composite and indirect porcelain restorations in the maxillary anterior segment.. The combination of tooth whitening and adhesive restorations allows clinicians a significantly more conservative approach to intrinsically stained teeth; tooth preparation for porcelain veneers and porcelain-fused-to-metal and full-ceramic crowns can be restricted to conditions in which persistent tooth discoloration or significant loss of both dentin and enamel exists.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Composite Resins; Crowns; Dental Bonding; Dental Porcelain; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Female; Glass Ionomer Cements; Humans; Resin Cements; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

This study tested the hypothesis that exposure of human molar teeth to tetracycline (TCN) derivatives in vitro results in tooth discoloration resembling the clinical presentation of TCN staining.. The effects of exposure of 20 extracted human molar teeth to distilled water, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, or minocycline were compared. The baseline color of each tooth was analyzed with a dental spectrophotometer. The pulp chambers were each filled with a TCN derivative solution and then sealed. The teeth were placed in a centrifuge tube and then centrifuged at 2800 rpm for 20 minutes. Color change was monitored weekly for 7 weeks. Digital images of the surfaces were recorded. For each specimen at every evaluation period, color change from baseline was calculated using Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) Delta E 2000 (deltae00).. There was a significant association between the type of derivative used and deltae00, as well as between the evaluation period and deltae00. There was also a significant association between the interaction term, derivative x evaluation period, and deltae00. Results of the Holm-Sidak post hoc test demonstrated that all 3 TCN derivatives were associated with significantly larger deltae00 than the control group (P < or = .05).. All 3 TCN derivative solutions produced significant color changes as time progressed. Different TCN derivatives produced a different L* (lightness), C* (chroma), and H* (hue), with minocycline behaving distinctly differently from chlortetracycline and doxycycline. The model could be used to study the underlying mechanisms of TCN staining as well as many aspects of vital tooth

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Molar; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

To analyze the colour range and distribution of tetracycline teeth, and the difference from normal teeth.. 142 cases with 468 anterior tetracycline teeth and 100 cases with 200 normal anterior teeth were collected. The color was measured by a computer-aided Shade-Eye NCC colorimeter, and expressed in terms of 3 coordinate values (L,a,b) of the CIE-1976-Lab color system. Chroma (Cab)and hue (h(ab) degrees)were calculated according to the value of a and b. The data were analyzed with SAS6.12 software package for description, Student's t test and Duncan test.. The range of L, a, b Cab, h(ab) degrees of tetracycline teeth was 42.33-77.00, -0.6-9.6, 2.67-31.5, 5.24-31.89, 38.62 degrees-95.47 degrees, respectively. Significant difference of L value and hue (h(ab) degrees) was found between tetracycline teeth and normal teeth (P < 0.01), which indicated that tetracycline teeth were darker and redder than normal teeth. There was no difference of chroma (Cab) between tetracycline teeth and normal teeth (P > 0.05). Moreover there was significant difference of L value between canine and central incisor, and of H value (h(ab) degrees) between canine and lateral incisor in tetracycline teeth, which indicated that canine was darker and redder than incisor, and redder than lateral incisor, but there was no significant difference in chroma (Cab) among all anterior teeth and no difference in L, a, b between central incisor and lateral incisor.. The study showed the color distribution of tetracycline teeth was wider and more dispersive than normal teeth, and much darker and redder than normal teeth. Supported by Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline

Topics: Color; Colorimetry; Cuspid; Humans; Incisor; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

The causes of tooth discoloration are varied and complex but are usually classified as being either intrinsic, extrinsic or internalized in nature. Dietary chromogens and other external elements deposit on the tooth surface or within the pellicle layer either directly or indirectly to form extrinsic discoloration. Stains within the dentine or intrinsic discoloration often results from systemic or pulpal origin, while internalized stains are the result of extrinsic stains entering the dentine via tooth defects such as cracks on the tooth surface.

Topics: Age Factors; Amelogenesis Imperfecta; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dentinogenesis Imperfecta; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Demineralization; Tooth Discoloration

Tetracycline exposure in utero and in early childhood often results in intrinsic tooth staining that varies in severity based upon timing, duration, and form of tetracycline administered. Traditionally, dental aesthetics compromised by tetracycline staining have been restored with modalities requiring aggressive tooth preparation. In this case involving a patient with extremely severe staining of healthy and aesthetically shaped dentition, a conservative tooth preparation strategy and porcelain veneers were utilized to preserve tooth shape and arch form while restoring natural color.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Preparation

To evaluate the opaquing capacity, color compatibility and stability of IPS Empress all-ceramic veneers.. A total of 86 IPS Empress all-ceramic veneers were made for 18 patients. The patients were divided into three groups: Group A was tetracycline teeth, 64 veneers for 5 patients; Group B was non-tetracycline teeth, 22 veneers for 13 patients; Group C was 22 natural vital teeth with normal color as control group. Before and after veneers were inserted, ShadeEye NCC was employed to obtain L * a * b * values of each tooth. The values of cemented veneers used as the baseline, the L * a * b * values of each veneer were measured half a year, 1 year, and 2 years after restoration respectively. All L * a * b * values at different evaluation times were analyzed by SPSS 10.0.. Before and after veneers were restored, the L * a * b * values of both Group A and Group B were significantly different, the color difference being 5.01 and 4.15 respectively. The color difference between Group A and selected shade guides was 2.45. Compared with the baseline value, the L * value of Group A significantly decreased 2 years after restoration, but the DeltaE of different evaluation times was not significantly different. The color difference between Group B and Group C was 0.22 and there was no significant color difference after restoration.. IPS Empress all-ceramic veneers have excellent opaquing capacity, color compatibility and stability to non-tetracycline teeth. To tetracycline teeth IPS Empress all-ceramic veneers have a certain opaquing capacity, but they cannot completely match with shade guides; the L * value is significantly different after restoration and further studies are needed to evaluate its color effect.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Female; Humans; Male; Prosthesis Coloring; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Aluminum Silicates; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cementation; Dental Porcelain; Dental Restoration, Temporary; Dental Veneers; Esthetics, Dental; Humans; Male; Methacrylates; Patient Satisfaction; Resin Cements; Retreatment; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Preparation

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Computer-Aided Design; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Female; Humans; Malocclusion, Angle Class III; Open Bite; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

A patient, diagnosed with a combination of level 3 endemic dental fluorosis and degree 1 tetracycline staining, was treated sequentially by macroabrasion techniques and nightguard vital bleaching. Various pairings of diamond and carbide burs, abrasive disks, rotary polishing points, and diamond polishing pastes were tested to obtain the optimal combination for macroabrasion. This conservative treatment regimen produced results that were termed "excellent" by the patient and met the goals of the dentists.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Prophylaxis; Enamel Microabrasion; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical result of 546 tetracycline-stained teeth corrected with Cerinate porcelain laminate veneer system for esthetic purpose.. 546 tetracycline-stained teeth were corrected with Cerinate porcelain veneer system, and bonded with Ultra Bond resin cement. The restorations were recalled after 0.5 year, 1.5 years and 2.5 years, respectively. modified Ryge criteria were used to evaluate the veneers marginal adaptation, interfacial staining, secondary caries, postoperative sensitivity and the patients' satisfaction with the shade of the restorations.. this study found that 99% veneers had excellent marginal adaptations; and less than 1% veneers were rebonded after debond in the first half year application; the color of the veneers was stable and no evident staining was found. Almost all patients were satisfied with their restoration color after 1 year's application.. The research indicated that Cerinate porcelain veneer restoration system is a reliable and ideal choice for the correction of tetracycline-stained teeth.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Color; Composite Resins; Dental Marginal Adaptation; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Treatment Outcome

The objectives of the study were to describe the oral health status and treatment needs of the 5- to 6-year-old and 12-year-old children in Southern China; to describe the patterns of oral health behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes among the 12-year-olds; and to assess the effects of socio-behavioral factors on the 12-year-old children's dental caries experiences. The study sample was comprised of 1,587 5- to 6-year-old and 1,576 12-year-old urban and rural schoolchildren living in Guangdong Province. Three calibrated dentists clinically examined the children, and trained interviewers interviewed the 12-year-olds. Caries prevalence of the 5- to 6-year-old children was high (urban 78% vs. rural 86%); the mean dmft of the urban and rural children was 4.8 and 7.0, respectively. The caries prevalence and mean DMFT score of the 12-year-olds were 41% and 0.9 (urban) and 42% and 0.9 (rural). Only 2% of the 12-year-olds exhibited no calculus or gingival bleeding, while more than 70% had calculus. In conclusion, there is an urgent need for establishing caries-preventive activities for preschool children. The prevalence of caries among the 12-year-olds was not high, but their periodontal condition was unsatisfactory. Knowledge about gum bleeding and the use of fluoride was low. More oral health education activities should be organized, especially for the rural children.

Topics: Analysis of Variance; Chi-Square Distribution; Child; Child Behavior; Child, Preschool; China; Dental Caries; DMF Index; Female; Health Behavior; Health Education, Dental; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Male; Oral Health; Prevalence; Rural Health; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Urban Health

The discoloration of tooth roots is rare. We report here a 22-year-old Japanese woman with blackish-brown staining of the roots of the upper and lower third molars. Staining was found in the dentin and cementum. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis showed no significant difference in the composing elements between the stained tooth root and control tooth. Fluorescent bands coincided with staining in the dentin of the root and cementum along the incremental lines under confocal laser-scanning microscope.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Cementum; Dentin; Electron Probe Microanalysis; Female; Fluorescence; Humans; Microscopy, Confocal; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Root

A patient in his early 20s with teeth badly discoloured by tetracycline was seeking treatment to improve his esthetics. Because retreatment and cost were important considerations, porcelain veneers were the treatment of choice. The challenge in this case was to mask the underlying tetracycline stain before the final cementation and thus gain more control over the final shade of the veneers.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Preparation, Prosthodontic

Tooth whitening of vital teeth continues to have a major impact on the practice of dentistry. The growing public interest in having whiter, brighter teeth is clearly evident in the advertisements from toothpaste manufacturers on "whitening" formulations of their products and by the number of individuals seeking whitening procedures from their dentists. In addition, new over-the-counter whitening products continue to emerge in a marketplace that cannot seem to get teeth white enough, bright enough, fast enough. What new products and procedures have evolved over the past decade to whiten teeth? Are they better, safer, faster, and more effective now? Are dentists meeting public demand for whiter teeth and is this quest having a positive or negative impact on the practice of dentistry or the patient's dental health? I posed these questions to a group of experts on whitening procedures to get their opinions and recommendations.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbamide Peroxide; Dental Devices, Home Care; Drug Combinations; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Peroxides; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Urea

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Aging; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Composite Resins; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Female; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Minocycline; Prosthesis Coloring; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Injuries

Tetracycline-discolored teeth that are to be restored by porcelain laminate veneers present a clinical challenge. Successfully bleaching such teeth prior to veneering will permit the clinician and technician to overcome the technical difficulties associated with masking dark teeth. This article describes a combined treatment modality in which the teeth are bleached after the preparation for porcelain laminate veneers.

Topics: Carbamide Peroxide; Combined Modality Therapy; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Drug Combinations; Humans; Incisor; Maxilla; Occlusal Splints; Peroxides; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Preparation, Prosthodontic; Urea

A total of 112 severely tetracycline-stained teeth in 20 patients were treated by endodontics and nonthermal internal bleaching. All teeth were healthy, intact, and had no history of trauma. The patients were monitored for 5 to 15 years. Excellent, permanent esthetic results were obtained with no side effects. The quality of endodontic treatment and lingual access restoration were important factors in the longevity of the bleaching results.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Patient Selection; Prognosis; Root Canal Therapy; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Crowns; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Esthetics, Dental; Humans; Male; Metal Ceramic Alloys; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Impression Technique; Follow-Up Studies; Hot Temperature; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

When the primary restorative objective is the reinstatement of vital natural tooth color, dark tetracycline-stained teeth still represent the ultimate challenge for ceramic laminate veneers. Masking severe stain with opaquing composite resins is a significant advancement; however, the procedure requires additional chairtime, is technique sensitive (to avoid excessive opacity), and involves removal of additional tooth structure. The learning objective of this article is to describe and compare two different methods for masking tetracycline-stained teeth. The article illustrates the natural tooth color derived from ceramic laminate veneers when bonded to opaque composite resins in the maxillary arch, and compares it to a new ceramic veneer formulation in the mandibular arch, which masks the stain, eliminates the need for subopaquing with composite resins, and resembles the qualities of natural tooth color.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Cementation; Composite Resins; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Esthetics, Dental; Humans; Polymethacrylic Acids; Prosthesis Coloring; Resin Cements; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Esthetics, Dental; Female; Humans; Prosthesis Coloring; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Esthetics, Dental; Female; Humans; Medical History Taking; Models, Dental; Physical Examination; Predictive Value of Tests; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Crowns; Dental Veneers; Esthetics, Dental; Female; Humans; Patient Care Team; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Because of the well reported dental side-effects of tetracycline administration, the drug should not be administered to children. However, it and its derivatives are often administered over a prolonged period for treatment of acne in young adults. Dental side effects are also noticed in these patients. The aim of this study was to examine with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) the root dentine of a tooth from a young adult affected by tetracycline therapy. The palatal root of an upper third molar, demonstrating distinct areas of tetracycline staining, was removed from the crown and sectioned longitudinally to produce two samples. The pulp tissue was peeled off the dentine and any remaining non-mineralized tissues were removed with sodium hypochlorite. One sample was prepared for SEM and the other as a ground section which was examined with a CLSM. It was demonstrated by SEM that the mineralizing front of unaffected dentine was of a normal calcospherite appearance; in contrast, the mineralizing front of the tetracycline-affected dentine was devoid of calcospherite formation and many surface defects were apparent. In addition, the number of dentinal tubules associated with the defects was reduced. It was shown by CLSM that tetracycline bands were made up of numerous smaller bands and that peritubular dentine not associated with fluorescent bands had incorporated tetracycline. The CLSM examination of the mineralization front of the affected dentine revealed that fluorescence of dentine was restricted to the peritubular dentine. The results confirm that dentine mineralization is affected by systemic tetracycline therapy and that tetracycline can be incorporated into peritubular dentine after mineralization of the primary dentine matrix.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dentin; Female; Humans; Microscopy, Confocal; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Tetracycline; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Root

Topics: Adult; Dental Devices, Home Care; Dental Pulp Cavity; Dentin, Secondary; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adult; Female; Humans; Minocycline; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Vital bleaching is considered effective for reduction of tooth discolouration. This evaluation was to measure colour changes before and after bleaching of vital tetracycline-discoloured teeth in three patients. Vital bleaching of their anterior maxillary teeth was performed five times at weekly intervals. Tooth colour was measured with a small-area colorimeter before, immediately and two, four and six months after bleaching. The results were expressed in the CIE L*a*b* colour system. The L* value, a lightness variable, increased after bleaching. The a* value changed only negligibly, but the b* value decreased after bleaching showing changes in the tooth colour from yellow to blue. The colour differences before treatment and six months after bleaching was visually perceivable.

Topics: Adult; Color; Colorimetry; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Administration of tetracycline to children or pregnant women is known to adversely affect the color of developing teeth. This case report suggests the possibility that discoloration from tetracycline may not be limited to tooth development in the child, but may also affect the adult dentition. When given over long periods of time in adults, the tetracycline molecule is incorporated into the continuously forming secondary dentin. It is possible that chronic sun exposure of the incorporated tetracycline may cause the formation of a reddish-purple oxidation product, resulting in discoloration of the permanent teeth.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adult; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

A patient whose teeth had been severely stained by improper use of tetracycline was treated through a direct system of facial veneering. The technique associates the use of a light-activating glass-ionomer cement with two kinds of light-activating composite resin. Satisfactory esthetics were obtained immediately.

Topics: Adult; Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; Composite Resins; Dental Bonding; Dental Veneers; Dentin; Glass Ionomer Cements; Humans; Male; Resin Cements; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Denture, Overlay; Female; Humans; Malocclusion, Angle Class II; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Combined Modality Therapy; Dental Veneers; Female; Humans; Malocclusion; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Cuspid; Dental Veneers; Humans; Incisor; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Today, bleaching alone can be effective in restoring appearance to teeth stained from various causes. Moreover, bleaching can be combined with other restorative treatment to produce results not otherwise possible. Bleaching requires careful diagnosis and techniques but offers a relatively simple, safe, and successful way to significantly improve appearance. In the future, bleaching will be a routine, conservative treatment option.

Topics: Dental Restoration, Permanent; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Patient Care Planning; Root Canal Therapy; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Child; Cystic Fibrosis; Humans; Rats; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Esthetics, Dental; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Enamel; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Many effective methods currently are available for preventing oral diseases and promoting oral health. The responsibility for ensuring the optimal use of these approaches is shared by members of the dental profession and other primary care providers in the present health care delivery system. Recognition of each provider's role and greater collaborative efforts could enhance the gains that already have been made with respect to improving the oral health status of children and adolescents.

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Diet; Fluoridation; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Gingivitis; Humans; Infant; Oral Health; Tetracycline; Tobacco Use Disorder; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Diseases

In an attempt to understand the chemistry of the light-induced staining of children's teeth by tetracycline, we studied the photo-chemical behavior of tetracycline adsorbed on hydroxyapatite, as a simple model of enamel. Tetracycline was strongly bound by hydroxyapatite to give a pale yellow material which, under ultraviolet light, showed a bright yellow fluorescence (lambda max 525 nm). On exposure of this material to the radiation from a medium-pressure mercury lamp, the fluorescence gradually disappeared, and a red-purple product was formed. Photo-acoustic spectroscopy was employed to follow the disappearance of tetracycline and the concomitant formation of the red-purple product, the spectrum of which (lambda max 530 nm) led to the conclusion that it was 4 alpha, 12 alpha-anhydro-4-oxo-4-dedimethylaminotetracycline (AODTC). This assignment was supported by the observation that 1 mole of oxygen was absorbed per mole of adsorbed tetracycline converted to the red-purple product. It is suggested that the formation of AODTC on hydroxyapatite probably takes place by a mechanism of photo-oxidation similar to that already proposed for solutions of tetracycline, and that the formation of AODTC in children's teeth is responsible for the light-induced staining caused by tetracycline.

Topics: Child; Color; Durapatite; Humans; Hydroxyapatites; Light; Models, Chemical; Oxidation-Reduction; Photochemistry; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Demeclocycline; Doxycycline; Durapatite; Hydroxyapatites; Male; Mice; Oxytetracycline; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

Various treatment variables associated with a standard bleaching technique were systematically recorded in 53 individuals exhibiting intrinsic discoloration of permanent teeth. These variables (predictors) included: (1) etiology (fluoride or tetracycline); (2) age of the patient; (3) the presented color of the stain; (4) the intensity of that color; (5) a long versus short bleaching time technique; and (6) the number of bleaching sessions. These were assessed as to their relationship with the results of treatment (dependent variable). The findings of a multiple regression analysis revealed that the contributions of the individual predictors were significantly different between those stains caused by tetracycline ingestion (N = 27) and those stains due to fluoride ingestion (N = 20). The analysis also revealed that those variables contributing to a significant proportion of the variance in results of treatment when tetracycline was the cause were: (1) the color of the stain and (2) the number of bleaching sessions. When fluoride was apparently the causal agent: (1) the bleaching time technique; (2) age of the patient; (3) color of the stain; and (4) the number of bleaching sessions contributed to a significant proportion of the variance in the results of treatment.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Child; Color; Female; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Complaints of enamel defects in American Indian children residing on the St. Regis reservation in New York State prompted an epidemiological study. The results of that study, reported earlier (Rebich et al., 1983), indicated that over one-fifth of the American Indian children had discoloration of the dentition due to ingestion of tetracycline during the years of tooth formation. These data also provided an ideal opportunity to examine the link between tetracycline staining and caries which has been postulated by previous authors. American Indian children, ages 7-18, were found to have a higher caries experience than other children and a lower rate of dental service utilization, as evidenced by the filled component of the DMFS index (FS/DMFS). Within the American Indian population, however, no indication was found of any association between tetracycline staining and dental caries.

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Dental Caries; DMF Index; Humans; Indians, North American; New York; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Composite Resins; Dental Veneers; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Root Canal Therapy; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Incisor; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

The present study was done in order to examine the durability of the tetracycline-induced antimicrobial capacity, and also to assess the reproducibility of the bacterial growth-inhibitory assay used. Standardized enamel and dentin specimens were impregnated in aqueous solutions of tetracycline HCl, oxytetracycline HCl or doxycycline HCl, rinsed in water, and stored dry for 200 days. Another series of specimens was impregnated in solutions of doxycycline HCl and then rinsed in tap water for varying periods up to 35 days. In addition, drug-impregnated specimens were used for reproducibility tests without storage or prolonged rinsing. Impregnated specimens were tested for antimicrobial capacity on agar plates seeded with S. sanguis. After 24 h aerobic incubation in 10% CO2 atmosphere, the plates were inspected and the diameter of the bacterial growth inhibition zones measured. The drug-impregnated enamel and dentin specimens consistently demonstrated growth-inhibitory capacity. The results of the reproducibility tests showed moderate intrasample and day-to-day variation. Two hundred days of dry storage or 35 days soaking in water reduced, but did not eliminate, the bacterial growth-inhibitory capacity of the impregnated dental specimens. The results show that a short-term exposure of dental hard tissues to tetracyclines may result in a long-lasting antibacterial capacity.

Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Doxycycline; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth Discoloration; Water

Topics: Animals; Color; Dogs; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Dental Pulp; Dogs; Hot Temperature; Hydrogen Peroxide; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Calcium Phosphates; Durapatite; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydroxyapatites; Models, Biological; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Dentin; Humans; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Spectrophotometry; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lactation; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Dental Pulp; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Sodium Hypochlorite; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease; Female; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Abnormalities; Tooth Discoloration

A descriptive epidemiologic study was undertaken to determine the nature, extent, and severity of defects of the dentition alleged to be fluorosis in Native American children. An examination of 520 Native American children living on the St. Regis Reservation, and 248 non-Native American children living in adjacent areas, disclosed a much higher prevalence of generalized pigmentation of the dentition in the former (114, 22%) as compared with the latter group (13, 5.2%). The pattern of enamel pigmentation, opacity, and hypoplasia observed was not typical of fluorosis. After careful consideration of various etiologic factors, use of the antibiotic tetracycline was determined to be the probable causative agent in 112 (21.5%) cases, of which 73 (14%) were classified as esthetically objectionable according to the tetracycline severity index devised. Confirmation of incorporation of the drug into the teeth was made possible in selected cases by histopathologic analysis of extracted teeth.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Enamel; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Indians, North American; New York; Ontario; Quebec; Tetracycline; Tooth Abnormalities; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Borates; Color; Dogs; Hydrogen Peroxide; Root Canal Therapy; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Fluoridation; Fluorides; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Malaysia; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Bicuspid; Child; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Extraction; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Humans; Male; Root Canal Therapy; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Composite Resins; Crowns; Esthetics, Dental; Female; Humans; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Male; Root Canal Therapy; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Acid Etching, Dental; Animals; Dogs; Hydrogen Peroxide; Phosphoric Acids; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dental Pulp Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Borates; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Dental Caries; Humans; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Crowns; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Female; Fluorosis, Dental; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Borates; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

The prevalence, distribution, and interrelationship between tetracycline discoloration, enamel defects, and dental caries was determined in 86 patients with cystic fibrosis (age 3 to 24 years). The dental caries experience was compared to control subjects matched for sex, race, exposure to optimally fluoridated water, chronologic age, and dental age. The findings indicate a high prevalence of tetracycline discolorations and enamel defects but a significantly reduced dental caries experience in these patients. However, interrelationships between these three factors were not strikingly evident. The presence of an altered oral health status in cystic fibrosis patients and the increased prevalence of this disease due to recent therapeutic and diagnostic advances in its management suggest the need for further familiarization with the dental manifestations of cystic fibrosis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystic Fibrosis; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dental Enamel; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Female; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Crowns; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Female; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Female; Humans; Incisor; Radiography; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Sodium Hypochlorite; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Tetracycline hydrochloride given by mouth for acne vulgaris was found to be deposited in the amelogenetic region of developing wisdom teeth.

Topics: Adolescent; Amelogenesis; Humans; Molar; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Bed Rest; Bronchodilator Agents; Bronchopneumonia; Child; Humans; Influenza, Human; Sweating; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Humans; Peritoneal Cavity; Tetracycline; Therapeutic Irrigation; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Dental Equipment; Hot Temperature; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Cuspid; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; X-Ray Diffraction

Tetracycline, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, is known to cause intrinsic discoloration of the dentition. A case is being presented of extrinsic discoloration of the teeth associated with the use of this drug. This is believed to be the first such reported case in the literature. Possible mechanisms of how tetracycline may cause extrinsic tooth discoloration are discussed.

Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Demeclocycline; Doxycycline; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Age Factors; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child, Preschool; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Liver; Pediatrics; Societies, Medical; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Borates; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Sodium; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

The prevalence of tetracycline-stained teeth was studied in 965 5-year-olds attending compulsory kindergarten in West Jerusalem in 1971. In addition, demographic data were collected to determine the socioeconomic status of the children's families. The prevalence of children with stained teeth was 8.0%, males being affected twice as often as females. The prevalence of staining was significantly higher in children of lower socioeconomic status.

Topics: Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Israel; Male; Socioeconomic Factors; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Amelogenesis Imperfecta; Composite Resins; Esthetics, Dental; Humans; Incisor; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Amelogenesis; Child; Female; Humans; Infant; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Adolescent; Blood Protein Disorders; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; DMF Index; Female; Gingivitis; Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative; Humans; IgA Deficiency; Male; Mouth Breathing; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Diseases; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Cystic Fibrosis; Fluorescence; Humans; Photography; Probability; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Dentistry; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; New Zealand; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

The capacity of the tetracyclines to discolour teeth has been widely recognized for over 10 years. This survey examined recent trends in tetracycline usage as shown by deposits of the antibiotic in primary molars extracted from 505 children aged from 3 to 5 years.It was found that 70% of the children had been given the antibiotic during their first three years of life, each having received on average 2.4 courses. This represented an increase of 12% in tetracycline usage in children of this age as compared with a similar series five years ago. There was no evidence of increasing preference by prescribers for oxytetracycline (the analogue least likely to cause dental discoloration). Staining of the permanent incisor teeth frequently occurs if tetracyclines are given to children under 6 years of age and it is predicted that some degree of staining will occur in about 23% of the children in this series.All things considered, there appears to be a strong case for stopping the manufacture of paediatric preparations of tetracycline except for those comprised of oxytetracycline for use in exceptional cases.

Topics: Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Odontogenesis; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Age Factors; Child; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Humans; Odontogenesis; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug and Narcotic Control; Drug Industry; Humans; Information Services; Norway; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Erythromycin; Humans; Sinusitis; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Eruption

Topics: Age Factors; Australia; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlortetracycline; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Densitometry; Dental Enamel; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Dentin; Fluorescence; Hardness; Humans; Microradiography; Specific Gravity; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Bleaching; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Enamel; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Female; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Ampicillin; Anemia, Aplastic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bone Marrow; Chloramphenicol; Dermatitis, Contact; Drug Eruptions; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Tolerance; Exanthema; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Neomycin; Penicillins; Photosensitivity Disorders; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Administration, Oral; Age Factors; Child; Demeclocycline; Female; Humans; Incisor; Male; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Bone and Bones; Bone Development; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kidney; Neurologic Manifestations; Skin Manifestations; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant; Male; Minerals; Oxytetracycline; Pregnancy; Rolitetracycline; Tetracycline; Tooth Abnormalities; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Child, Preschool; Dental Caries Activity Tests; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Fluorescence; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Dental Calculus; Dental Caries; Dental Deposits; Dental Plaque; Diagnosis, Oral; Fluoresceins; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Child; Color; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Dentin; Fluorescence; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Diseases; Tooth Germ; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlortetracycline; Female; Fluorescence; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Dental Caries; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Odontogenesis; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Abnormalities; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Anesthesia, Dental; Child; Dysautonomia, Familial; Female; Humans; Malocclusion; Oral Manifestations; Pain; Pediatric Dentistry; Salivation; Surgery, Oral; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Ampicillin; Anemia, Aplastic; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Drug Hypersensitivity; Fanconi Syndrome; Female; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lung Diseases; Penicillin Resistance; Pregnancy; Seizures; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Arm; Child; Ectromelia; Face; Female; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Tetracycline; Thalidomide; Tooth Abnormalities; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Male; Root Canal Therapy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Dentin, Secondary; Rats; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child, Preschool; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Child; Humans; Sunlight; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Ameloblasts; Amelogenesis; Animals; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Microradiography; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Age Factors; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Dentistry; Female; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Female; Jaw; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Odontogenesis; Osteogenesis; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Germ; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Adolescent; Australia; Child; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Humans; Molar; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Rats; Tetracycline; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration

In this investigation an attempt has been made to determine the relationship between the staining of permanent teeth by tetracycline administered during the period of tooth formation with the dosage of the drug and the duration of therapy. Of 238 subjects whose hospital records indicated ingestion of stated doses of tetracycline, some 49 were seen to have staining which was confirmed by fluorescence, and a further six had staining which did not fluoresce and hence could not be confirmed. A definite relationship between total dosage and staining and duration of administration and staining was established; the condition occurred with greater frequency (in more than one-third of the children) when the total dosage exceeded 3 g. or the duration of treatment was longer than 10 days. However, as staining was seen at all dosage levels, whatever the duration, physicians should continue to follow previous advice and prescribe other antibiotics where possible for children under 8 years of age or for women in the last trimester of pregnancy.

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Gingival Hyperplasia; Humans; Hydantoins; Iatrogenic Disease; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Dentin; Femur; Fluorescence; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Periosteum; Photomicrography; Rats; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Abnormalities; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlortetracycline; Dental Caries; Germany, West; Humans; Infant; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Abnormalities; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Infant; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Female; Fluorescence; Light; Rats; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Dental Pulp Necrosis; Dentinogenesis Imperfecta; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Jaundice, Neonatal; Porphyrias; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Dentin; Disease Models, Animal; Incisor; Rats; Tetracycline; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Female; Growth; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Fluorescence; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Mass Screening; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Fluorescence; Humans; Methods; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Oxytetracycline; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Nursing; Pediatric Dentistry; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Child, Preschool; Demeclocycline; Dogs; Female; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Male; Methacycline; Oxytetracycline; Photosensitivity Disorders; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Dentin; Humans; Ireland; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Dentin; Disinfectants; Erythrocytes; Humans; Iodine; Paper; Penicillin G; Phenols; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Root Canal Therapy; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Osteogenesis; Tetracycline; Tooth Abnormalities; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Coloring Agents; Femur; Male; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rats; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Adult; Androgens; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Erythroblastosis, Fetal; Female; Goiter; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Syphilis, Congenital; Tetracycline; Thalidomide; Tooth Discoloration; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines; Virus Diseases

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Listeriosis; Male; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Child, Preschool; Dental Enamel; Humans; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Molar; Tetracycline; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Odontogenesis; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Histocytochemistry; Methacycline; Rabbits; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Autoradiography; Bone Development; Calcium Isotopes; Chick Embryo; Dental Enamel; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Rabbits; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Carbohydrates; Child; Child, Preschool; Clubfoot; Dental Caries; Erythema; Extremities; Female; Humans; Male; Periodontitis; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlortetracycline; Cystic Fibrosis; Dental Caries; Female; Fluorescence; Humans; Incisor; Male; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Bronchopneumonia; Chloramphenicol; Cystic Fibrosis; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Cystic Fibrosis; Fluorescence; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Dentistry; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child, Preschool; Cholestasis; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Calcification; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Female; Fluorescence; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Male; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Child; Dentinogenesis; Fluorescence; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Penicillin G; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Dentistry; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Erythropoiesis; Female; Fluorescence; Humans; Oral Manifestations; Photography; Photomicrography; Porphyrias; Spectrophotometry; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Adult; Fluorescence; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Dentistry; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Humans; Odontogenesis; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Chlortetracycline; Female; Humans; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Nephrosis; Tetracycline; Tooth Abnormalities; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Bronchiectasis; Female; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Methacycline; Pneumonia; Stomatitis; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Chlortetracycline; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Oxytetracycline; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous; Twins; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Dentistry; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Child; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Humans; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Radiography, Dental; Tetracycline; Tooth Abnormalities; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Dentistry; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Fluorescence; Rats; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Dermatologic Agents; Drug Therapy; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Toxicology

Topics: Child; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Dentition; Female; Fluorescence; Humans; Infant; Microscopy; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Pathology; Pharmacology; Pregnancy; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous; Toxicology

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Chlortetracycline; Demeclocycline; Female; Humans; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Oxytetracycline; Pharmacology; Pregnancy; Staining and Labeling; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous; Toxicology

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dentition; Humans; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Dentition; Humans; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Cystic Fibrosis; Fluorescence; Humans; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chelating Agents; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Rats; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration; Toxicology

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Demeclocycline; Oxytetracycline; Rabbits; Research; Rolitetracycline; Staining and Labeling; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines; Tooth Discoloration; Toxicology

Topics: Aging; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bone and Bones; Dogs; Pigmentation Disorders; Rats; Research; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Child, Preschool; Chlortetracycline; Demeclocycline; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Oxytetracycline; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Dentistry; Female; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Pregnancy; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Dentistry; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Dentistry; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Child; Fluorescence; Humans; Maryland; Michigan; Middle Aged; Porphyrias; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Ultraviolet Rays

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Humans; Infant; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Bone and Bones; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Fluorescence; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Blood Transfusion; Dental Enamel; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukemia; Leukemia, Myeloid; Mercaptopurine; Prednisone; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth, Deciduous; Toxicology

Topics: Adolescent; Aging; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Drug Therapy; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Toxicology

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biometry; Child; Cystic Fibrosis; Humans; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Research; Statistics as Topic; Tetracycline; Tooth; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Amelogenesis; Drug Therapy; Female; Fetal Diseases; Fetus; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Kidney Diseases; Liver Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Toxicology

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Humans; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration; Toxicology