tetracycline and Staphylococcal-Infections

Unprecedented community containment measures were taken following the recent outbreak of COVID-19 in Italy. The aim of the study was to explore the self-reported future compliance of citizens with such measures and its relationship with potentially impactful psychological variables.. An online survey was completed by 931 people (18-76 years) distributed across the Italian territory. In addition to demographics, five dimensions were measured: self-reported compliance with containment measures over time (today, at 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days from now) at three hypothetical risk levels (10, 50, 90% of likelihood of contracting the COVID-19), perceived risk, generalized anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and relevance of several psychological needs whose satisfaction is currently precluded.. The duration of containment measures plays a crucial role in tackling the spread of the disease as people will be less compliant over time. Psychological needs of citizens impacting on the compliance should be taken into account when planning an easing of the lockdown, along with interventions for protecting vulnerable groups from mental distress.. La apendicitis aguda (AA) es la urgencia quirúrgica abdominal más frecuente. No encontramos estudios específicos que evalúen el impacto de la pandemia causada por el coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) sobre la AA y su tratamiento quirúrgico. Analizamos la influencia de esta nueva patología sobre la AA.. Estudio observacional retrospectivo en pacientes intervenidos por AA desde enero hasta abril de 2020. Fueron clasificados según el momento de la apendicectomía, antes de la declaración del estado de alarma (Pre-COVID19) y después de la declaración del estado de alarma (Post-COVID19) en España. Se evaluaron variables demográficas, duración de la sintomatología, tipo de apendicitis, tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones postoperatorias.. La pandemia por SARS-Cov-2 influye en el momento de diagnóstico de la apendicitis, así como en su grado de evolución y estancia hospitalaria. La peritonitis fue lo más frecuentemente observado. Una sospecha y orientación clínica más temprana, es necesaria para evitar un manejo inadecuado de este trastorno quirúrgico común.. The primary outcome is improvement in PaO. Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634).. None.. The gut barrier is crucial in cirrhosis in preventing infection-causing bacteria that normally live in the gut from accessing the liver and other organs via the bloodstream. Herein, we characterised gut inflammation by measuring different markers in stool samples from patients at different stages of cirrhosis and comparing this to healthy people. These markers, when compared with equivalent markers usually measured in blood, were found to be very different in pattern and absolute levels, suggesting that there is significant gut inflammation in cirrhosis related to different immune system pathways to that seen outside of the gut. This provides new insights into gut-specific immune disturbances that predispose to complications of cirrhosis, and emphasises that a better understanding of the gut-liver axis is necessary to develop better targeted therapies.. La surveillance de l’intervalle QT a suscité beaucoup d’intérêt durant la pandémie de la COVID-19 en raison de l’utilisation de médicaments prolongeant l’intervalle QT et les préoccupations quant à la transmission virale par les électrocardiogrammes (ECG) en série. Nous avons posé l’hypothèse que la surveillance en continu de l’intervalle QT par télémétrie était associée à une meilleure détection des épisodes de prolongation de l’intervalle QT.. Nous avons introduit la télémétrie cardiaque en continu (TCC) à l’aide d’un algorithme de surveillance automatisée de l’intervalle QT dans nos unités de COVID-19. Les mesures automatisées quotidiennes de l’intervalle QT corrigé (auto-QTc) en fonction de la fréquence cardiaque maximale ont été enregistrées. Nous avons comparé la proportion des épisodes de prolongation marquée de l’intervalle QTc (QTc long), définie par un intervalle QTc ≥ 500 ms, chez les patients montrant une suspicion de COVID-19 ou ayant la COVID-19 qui avaient été admis avant et après la mise en place de la TCC (groupe témoin. La surveillance en continu de l’intervalle QT est supérieure à la norme de soins dans la détection des épisodes de QTc long et exige peu d’ECG. La réponse clinique aux épisodes de QTc long est sous-optimale.. Exposure to a model wildfire air pollution source modifies cardiovascular responses to HC challenge, suggesting air pollution sensitizes the body to systemic triggers.. Though the majority of HIV-infected adults who were on HAART had shown viral suppression, the rate of suppression was sub-optimal according to the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target to help end the AIDS pandemic by 2020. Nonetheless, the rate of immunological recovery in the study cohort was low. Hence, early initiation of HAART should be strengthened to achieve good virological suppression and immunological recovery.. Dust in Egyptian laying hen houses contains high concentrations of microorganisms and endotoxins, which might impair the health of birds and farmers when inhaled. Furthermore, laying hens in Egypt seem to be a reservoir for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Thus, farmers are at risk of exposure to ESBL-producing bacteria, and colonized hens might transmit these bacteria into the food chain.. The lack of significant differences in the absolute changes and relative ratios of injury and repair biomarkers by contrast-associated AKI status suggests that the majority of mild contrast-associated AKI cases may be driven by hemodynamic changes at the kidney.. Most comparisons for different outcomes are based on very few studies, mostly low-powered, with an overall low CoE. Thus, the available evidence is considered insufficient to either support or refute CH effectiveness or to recommend one ICM over another. Therefore, further well-designed, larger RCTs are required.. PROSPERO database Identifier: CRD42016041953.. Untouched root canal at cross-section perimeter, the Hero 642 system showed 41.44% ± 5.62% and Reciproc R40 58.67% ± 12.39% without contact with instruments. Regarding the untouched area, Hero 642 system showed 22.78% ± 6.42% and Reciproc R40 34.35% ± 8.52%. Neither instrument achieved complete cross-sectional root canal debridement. Hero 642 system rotary taper 0.02 instruments achieved significant greater wall contact perimeter and area compared to reciprocate the Reciproc R40 taper 0.06 instrument.. Hero 642 achieved higher wall contact perimeter and area but, regardless of instrument size and taper, vital pulp during. The functional properties of the main mechanisms involved in the control of muscle Ca. This study showed that the anti-inflammatory effect of the iron-responsive product DHA in arthritis can be monitored by an iron-like radioactive tracer (. Attenuated vascular reactivity during pregnancy suggests that the systemic vasodilatory state partially depletes nitric oxide bioavailability. Preliminary data support the potential for MRI to identify vascular dysfunction in vivo that underlies PE. Level of Evidence 2 Technical Efficacy Stage 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2021;53:447-455.. La evaluación de riesgo es importante para predecir los resultados postoperatorios en pacientes con cáncer gastroesofágico. Este estudio de cohortes tuvo como objetivo evaluar los cambios en la composición corporal durante la quimioterapia neoadyuvante e investigar su asociación con complicaciones postoperatorias. MÉTODOS: Los pacientes consecutivos con cáncer gastroesofágico sometidos a quimioterapia neoadyuvante y cirugía con intención curativa entre 2016 y 2019, identificados a partir de una base de datos específica, se incluyeron en el estudio. Se utilizaron las imágenes de tomografía computarizada, antes y después de la quimioterapia neoadyuvante, para evaluar el índice de masa muscular esquelética, la sarcopenia y el índice de grasa visceral y subcutánea.. In this in vitro premature infant lung model, HF oscillation of BCPAP was associated with improved CO. Our results showed that HPC significantly promotes neurogenesis after MCAO and ameliorates neuronal injury.. Inflammatory markers are highly related to signs of systemic hypoperfusion in CS. Moreover, high PCT and IL-6 levels are associated with poor prognosis.. These findings indicate that Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit has a protective potential against stroke through modulation of redox and electrolyte imbalances, and attenuation of neurotransmitter dysregulation and other neurochemical dysfunctions. Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit could be a promising source for the discovery of bioactives for stroke therapy.

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; A Kinase Anchor Proteins; Acetates; Achilles Tendon; Acute Kidney Injury; Acute Pain; Acyclic Monoterpenes; Adenine Nucleotides; Adhesins, Escherichia coli; Adipocytes; Adipocytes, Brown; Adipogenesis; Administration, Inhalation; Administration, Oral; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adsorption; Adult; Aeromonas hydrophila; Africa; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Air; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Air Pollution, Indoor; Algorithms; Alkaloids; Alkynes; Allosteric Regulation; Amines; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; Aminoisobutyric Acids; Aminopyridines; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Anaerobic Threshold; Angiography; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animal Distribution; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ankle Joint; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antifungal Agents; Antimalarials; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Antiviral Agents; Aotidae; Apelin; Apoptosis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Argentina; Arginine; Artemisinins; Arthritis, Experimental; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Arthroscopy; Aspergillus; Aspergillus niger; Asteraceae; Asthma; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; Auditory Cortex; Autoantibodies; Autophagy; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Base Sequence; Basketball; Beclin-1; Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzimidazoles; Benzo(a)pyrene; Benzofurans; Benzoxazines; Bereavement; beta Catenin; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Betacoronavirus; Betaine; Binding Sites; Biofilms; Biological Assay; Biological Availability; Biological Evolution; Biomarkers; Biomechanical Phenomena; Biopolymers; Biopsy; Bismuth; Blood Glucose; Blood Platelets; Blood Pressure; Body Composition; Body Weight; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Regeneration; Boron; Botrytis; Brain Ischemia; Brain Neoplasms; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Brazil; Breast Neoplasms; Breath Tests; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Burkholderia; C-Reactive Protein; Caenorhabditis elegans; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Cameroon; Camptothecin; Candida; Candida albicans; Capillaries; Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae; Carbapenems; Carbohydrate Conformation; Carbon; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Isotopes; Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Cardiac Output; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic; Cardiotonic Agents; Cardiovascular Diseases; Caregivers; Carps; Case-Control Studies; Catalase; Catalysis; Cats; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Membrane; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cellulose; Centrosome; Ceratopogonidae; Chickens; Child; China; Cholera Toxin; Choline; Cholinesterases; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Chronic Disease; Cinnamates; Cities; Citrates; Climate Change; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Coal; Coal Mining; Cohort Studies; Coinfection; Colchicine; Colony Count, Microbial; Colorectal Neoplasms; Coloring Agents; Common Cold; Complement Factor H; Computational Biology; Computer Simulation; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Contrast Media; Coordination Complexes; Coronary Artery Bypass; Coronavirus 3C Proteases; Coronavirus Infections; Coronavirus Protease Inhibitors; Corynebacterium glutamicum; Cosmetics; COVID-19; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Crotonates; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cues; Culicidae; Culture Media; Curcuma; Cyclopentanes; Cyclopropanes; Cymbopogon; Cystine; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors; Cytokines; Databases, Genetic; Death; Dendritic Cells; Density Functional Theory; Depsides; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diamond; Diarylheptanoids; Dibenzofurans; Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; Diclofenac; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Supplements; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Dioxins; Diphenylamine; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Susceptibility; Disulfides; Dithiothreitol; Dizocilpine Maleate; DNA Methylation; DNA-Binding Proteins; DNA, Bacterial; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Doublecortin Protein; Drosophila melanogaster; Droughts; Drug Carriers; Drug Combinations; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Dust; Dynactin Complex; Dysferlin; Echo-Planar Imaging; Echocardiography; Edaravone; Egypt; Elasticity; Electrodes; Electrolytes; Emodin; Emtricitabine; Endometriosis; Endothelium, Vascular; Endotoxins; Energy Metabolism; Energy Transfer; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Environmental Monitoring; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epidemiologic Factors; Epigenesis, Genetic; Erythrocytes; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Vaccines; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagectomy; Esophagogastric Junction; Esterases; Esterification; Ethanol; Ethiopia; Ethnicity; Eucalyptus; Evidence-Based Practice; Exercise; Exercise Tolerance; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Family; Fatty Acids; Feedback; Female; Ferric Compounds; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; Filtration; Fish Diseases; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Follow-Up Studies; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Forests; Fossils; Free Radical Scavengers; Freund's Adjuvant; Fruit; Fungi; Gallium; Gender Identity; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Genes, Bacterial; Genes, Plant; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genitalia; Genotype; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Glottis; Glucocorticoids; Glucose; Glucuronides; Glutathione Transferase; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Grassland; Guinea Pigs; Half-Life; Head Kidney; Heart Atria; Heart Rate; Heart Septum; HEK293 Cells; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Hemodynamics; Hep G2 Cells; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Hepatocytes; Hesperidin; High-Frequency Ventilation; High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 1; Hippocampus; Hirudins; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; HIV Infections; Homeostasis; Hominidae; Housing, Animal; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Hydrogen Bonding; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxybutyrates; Hydroxyl Radical; Hypertension; Hypothyroidism; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Immunoconjugates; Immunogenic Cell Death; Indoles; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Infrared Rays; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Injections, Intravenous; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-23; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-6; Intermediate Filaments; Intermittent Claudication; Intestine, Small; Iridoid Glucosides; Iridoids; Iron; Isomerism; Isotope Labeling; Isoxazoles; Itraconazole; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; Ketoprofen; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kinetics; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Lactams, Macrocyclic; Lactobacillus; Lactulose; Lakes; Lamivudine; Laparoscopy; Laparotomy; Laryngoscopy; Leucine; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Lipid A; Lipopolysaccharides; Listeria monocytogenes; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Losartan; Low Back Pain; Lung; Lupinus; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Machine Learning; Macular Degeneration; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; Magnetic Phenomena; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Magnetics; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Mannans; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mass Spectrometry; 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Neurogenesis; Neurons; New York; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; NF-kappa B; Nicotine; Nitriles; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Fixation; North America; Observer Variation; Occupational Exposure; Ochrobactrum; Oils, Volatile; Olea; Oligosaccharides; Omeprazole; Open Field Test; Optimism; Oregon; Oryzias; Osmolar Concentration; Osteoarthritis; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Ovarian Neoplasms; Ovariectomy; Oxadiazoles; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Oxygen; Ozone; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Pakistan; Pandemics; Particle Size; Particulate Matter; Patient-Centered Care; Pelargonium; Peptides; Perception; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Peroxides; Pets; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacogenetics; Phenobarbital; Phenols; Phenotype; Phosphates; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phosphines; Phospholipids; Phosphorus; Phosphorylation; Photoacoustic Techniques; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Phylogeny; Phytoestrogens; Pilot Projects; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Plant Immunity; Plant Leaves; Plant Oils; Plants, Medicinal; Plasmodium berghei; Plasmodium falciparum; Platelet Activation; Platelet Function Tests; Pneumonia, Viral; Poaceae; Pogostemon; Poloxamer; Poly I; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; Polycyclic Compounds; Polyethylene Glycols; Polylysine; Polymorphism, Genetic; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Population Dynamics; Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Postoperative Complications; Postprandial Period; Potassium Cyanide; Predictive Value of Tests; Prefrontal Cortex; Pregnancy; Prepulse Inhibition; Prevalence; Procalcitonin; Prodrugs; Prognosis; Progression-Free Survival; Proline; Proof of Concept Study; Prospective Studies; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Protein Domains; Protein Folding; Protein Multimerization; Protein Sorting Signals; Protein Structure, Secondary; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Protozoan Proteins; Psychometrics; Pulse Wave Analysis; Pyridines; Pyrrolidines; Quality of Life; Quantum Dots; Quinoxalines; Quorum Sensing; Radiopharmaceuticals; Rain; Random Allocation; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; RAW 264.7 Cells; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; Receptor, PAR-1; Receptors, CXCR4; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Receptors, Interleukin-1; Receptors, Interleukin-17; Receptors, Notch; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Reducing Agents; Reflex, Startle; Regional Blood Flow; Regression Analysis; Reperfusion Injury; Reproducibility of Results; Republic of Korea; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Rhinitis, Allergic; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Rituximab; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; ROC Curve; Rosmarinic Acid; Running; Ruthenium; Rutin; Sarcolemma; Sarcoma; Sarcopenia; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum; SARS-CoV-2; Scavenger Receptors, Class A; Schools; Seasons; Seeds; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Factors; Shock, Cardiogenic; Short Chain Dehydrogenase-Reductases; Signal Transduction; Silver; Singlet Oxygen; Sinusitis; Skin; Skin Absorption; Small Molecule Libraries; Smoke; Socioeconomic Factors; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Solid Phase Extraction; Solubility; Solvents; Spain; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Speech; Speech Perception; Spindle Poles; Spleen; Sporothrix; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Stereoisomerism; Stomach Neoplasms; Stress, Physiological; Stroke Volume; Structure-Activity Relationship; Substrate Specificity; Sulfonamides; Surface Properties; Surface-Active Agents; Surveys and Questionnaires; Survival Rate; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Temperature; Tenofovir; Terpenes; Tetracycline; Tetrapleura; Textiles; Thermodynamics; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Thrombin; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroid Neoplasms; Tibial Meniscus Injuries; Time Factors; Tissue Distribution; Titanium; Toluidines; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tooth; Tramadol; Transcription Factor AP-1; Transcription, Genetic; Transfection; Transgender Persons; Translations; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides; Ubiquinone; Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases; United Kingdom; United States; Up-Regulation; Vascular Stiffness; Veins; Ventricular Remodeling; Viral Load; Virulence Factors; Virus Replication; Vitis; Voice; Voice Quality; Wastewater; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Weather; Wildfires; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Wound Healing; X-Ray Diffraction; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; Young Adult; Zoogloea

The treatment of MRSA (methocillin resistant staphylococcus aureus) colonized middle ear is difficult. According to the guidelines, a MRSA colonized Patient is not to be treated with systemic antibiotics. The topical treatment shows the problem of the ototoxicity of most of the used antiseptic as well as antibiotic substances.. Selective literature review and consideration of the author's own clinical experience.. Antibiotic treatment options include aequeous Tetracyclin drops, aequeous chloramphenicol drops and quinolon ear drops (unfortunately the MRSA is resistent mostly). Antiseptics without ototoxic effects are the Burow's solution, Povidone-iode, acetic acid solutions and aequeous dequalinium solutions.

Topics: Acetates; Acetic Acid; Administration, Topical; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chloramphenicol; Dequalinium; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Ear Ventilation; Otitis Media with Effusion; Parotid Neoplasms; Pharmaceutical Solutions; Postoperative Complications; Povidone-Iodine; Quinolones; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clindamycin; Humans; Methicillin Resistance; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Vancomycin

Prostatitis remains a challenging condition. The clinical features are often nonspecific while the aetiology and pathogenesis can be diverse and includes inflammatory, obstructive, and/or chemical causes and may also be related to calculi. Four categories are recognized: acute bacterial prostatitis, chronic bacterial prostatitis, non-bacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia. The diagnosis of prostatitis was advanced substantially by the introduction of sequential sampling of urine aliquots following prostatic massage. Bacterial prostatitis is largely associated with the Enterobacteriaceae although Pseudomonas spp., enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus may also be isolated. In chronic bacterial prostatitis a variety of streptococci and anaerobic bacteria may be isolated. Treatment is difficult largely owing to the limited range of agents able to achieve therapeutic concentrations within prostatic fluid, which has a pH lower than that of plasma. Trimethroprim, co-trimoxazole and the tetracyclines have been widely used. The quinolones have recently been shown to diffuse readily into the prostate; ofloxacin and temafloxacin have produced the highest concentrations in prostatic fluid. Antibiotic treatment requires prolonged high dosage and careful monitoring to ensure that bacterial eradication has occurred. Other forms of management have included the judicious use of anti-inflammatory agents and analgesics. In some patients zinc sulphate has proved to be of symptomatic benefit.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Bacterial Infections; Chronic Disease; Colony Count, Microbial; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Humans; Male; Prostatitis; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cephalosporins; Clindamycin; Drug Combinations; Erythromycin; Humans; Methicillin; Metronidazole; Nalidixic Acid; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Rifampin; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Vancomycin

Topics: Cholestyramine Resin; Clindamycin; Clostridium Infections; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Ischemia; Lincomycin; Metals; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbenicillin; Clindamycin; Diarrhea; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Erythromycin; Humans; Legionnaires' Disease; Lung Diseases; Male; Methicillin; Penicillin Resistance; Prostatitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline; Urethritis; Vancomycin

An overview of infection as it applies to the oral and maxillofacial region has been provided. The following conclusions are drawn: odontogenic infections are caused by microbes found in the host's oral flora; cultures of purulent material generally will yield three to six anaerobes and one aerobe, (the aerobe is usually a Streptococcus species); Gram stains of purulent material can aid in therapeutic strategies; anaerobic as well as aerobic cultures are necessary to isolate all pathogens; pathogens found in infections of bite wounds reflect the oral flora of the aggressor; early postoperative wound infections are caused by the host's own flora, whereas later infections may be caused by hospital-acquired bacteria; and hepatitis B and herpes simplex virus are occupational hazards. Recommendations have been made for antimicrobial prophylaxis and for treatment. We recognize that some of these selections may be controversial. For instance, the value of prophylactic antibiotics in orthognathic surgery is not well defined; recommendations were made only in certain instances. However, in severe penetrating maxillofacial injuries with devitalized tissue, recommendations for antibiotics were for broad and prolonged coverage. In this instance, use of antibiotics is considered therapeutic and not prophylactic. In each instance, we tried to validate the selection. Our rationale has been to choose the antibiotics most active against the likely pathogens; additionally, consideration was given to drug toxicity and adverse reactions. We regard penicillin as the preferred agent for prophylaxis and treatment of most odontogenic infections. Alternative drugs include cephalosporins, doxycycline, and clindamycin. Erythoromycin and tetracycline are considered less effective than the former agents. Finally, we believe that successful treatment of infection depends as much on changing the microenvironment of the infected tissue by debridement and drainage as on appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

Topics: Actinomycosis; Anaerobiosis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Bacteroides Infections; Cephalosporins; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Humans; Jaw Diseases; Maxillofacial Injuries; Mouth Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Tooth Diseases; Virus Diseases

Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from the subdural space in all four cases of subdural empyema encountered over a 2 and a half year period. Only one aerobe was isolated in these cases. The bacteriology of subdural empyema was further analyzed from a review of 327 cases reported in the English literature. Anaerobes accounted for 12 per cent of 234 cases; In addition, 27 per cent of cases were reportedly "sterile." These data support our finding that anaerobic bacteria may play a far more important role in subdural empyema than was previously appreciated.

Topics: Adolescent; Ampicillin; Anaerobiosis; Bacteroides; Bacteroides Infections; Brain Abscess; Child; Chloramphenicol; Clindamycin; Dexamethasone; Drainage; Female; Humans; Male; Meninges; Methicillin; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Peptostreptococcus; Pneumococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Subdural Space; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; DNA, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Hot Temperature; Humans; Methicillin; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Phenotype; Pigments, Biological; Recombination, Genetic; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Virulence

Prophylactic (preventive) antibiotic therapy initiated preoperatively, with antibiotics administered in moderately high dosage for short periods, is recommended on the basis of experimental and prospective, randomized clinical trials for patients who require surgery that is likely to expose tissue planes to contamination. The value of prophylactic antibiotics in clean operations is not presently supported but must be considered in patients with decreased resistance and in those in whom infection of a prosthesis would have catastrophic results. In these patients topical antibiotics might prove useful and less dangerous. It is clear that surgical technique remains an important but as yet unmeasured factor in wound infection.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli Infections; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Methicillin; Neomycin; Penicillin G; Preoperative Care; Prostheses and Implants; Risk; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Clostridium perfringens; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Intestines; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Salmonella; Shigella; Species Specificity; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pyogenes; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Ethics, Medical; Guinea Pigs; Human Experimentation; Humans; Mice; Models, Biological; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Rabbits; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Coagulase; Cross Infection; Diffusion; DNA, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Humans; Kanamycin; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Temperature; Tetracycline; Transduction, Genetic

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbenicillin; Cephalothin; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Infection; Doxycycline; Drug Combinations; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Lincomycin; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Penicillin Resistance; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Corynebacterium; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Haplorhini; Kidney; Ligation; Mice; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin G; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Pyelonephritis; Rabbits; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Ureter

Topics: Acinetobacter Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Clostridium Infections; Corynebacterium; Drug Synergism; Enteritis; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Infections; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycoses; Neomycin; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Vaginitis

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Corynebacterium; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Mitosporic Fungi; Pityriasis; Sebum; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bronchitis; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Ear Diseases; Humans; Labyrinth Diseases; Laryngitis; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Otitis Externa; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Polymyxins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis; Tracheal Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Hypersensitivity; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Mycoplasma Infections; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Salpingitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Thrombophlebitis; Tuberculosis, Female Genital; Wound Infection

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Hypersensitivity; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infections; Intestinal Absorption; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Odontogenesis; Oleandomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Alkylation; Bone and Bones; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella; Lincomycin; Osteomyelitis; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Ribosomes; Salmonella paratyphi A; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptomyces; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bile; Child; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Erythromycin; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Infections; Intestines; Lincomycin; Meningitis; Mice; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Carrier State; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Infection; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Nasal Mucosa; Respiratory System; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infections; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Protein Binding; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Cloxacillin; Erythromycin; Haplorhini; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Infections; Methicillin; Neomycin; Oxacillin; Penicillin G Benzathine; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Rheumatic Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; USSR; Wound Infection

Topics: Acremonium; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Colistin; Fusidic Acid; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pharmacology; Polymyxins; Staphylococcal Infections; Steroids; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Diagnosis; Embolism; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Fever; Heart Defects, Congenital; Heart Valves; Humans; Lung Diseases; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Postoperative Complications; Prognosis; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Unprecedented community containment measures were taken following the recent outbreak of COVID-19 in Italy. The aim of the study was to explore the self-reported future compliance of citizens with such measures and its relationship with potentially impactful psychological variables.. An online survey was completed by 931 people (18-76 years) distributed across the Italian territory. In addition to demographics, five dimensions were measured: self-reported compliance with containment measures over time (today, at 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days from now) at three hypothetical risk levels (10, 50, 90% of likelihood of contracting the COVID-19), perceived risk, generalized anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and relevance of several psychological needs whose satisfaction is currently precluded.. The duration of containment measures plays a crucial role in tackling the spread of the disease as people will be less compliant over time. Psychological needs of citizens impacting on the compliance should be taken into account when planning an easing of the lockdown, along with interventions for protecting vulnerable groups from mental distress.. La apendicitis aguda (AA) es la urgencia quirúrgica abdominal más frecuente. No encontramos estudios específicos que evalúen el impacto de la pandemia causada por el coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) sobre la AA y su tratamiento quirúrgico. Analizamos la influencia de esta nueva patología sobre la AA.. Estudio observacional retrospectivo en pacientes intervenidos por AA desde enero hasta abril de 2020. Fueron clasificados según el momento de la apendicectomía, antes de la declaración del estado de alarma (Pre-COVID19) y después de la declaración del estado de alarma (Post-COVID19) en España. Se evaluaron variables demográficas, duración de la sintomatología, tipo de apendicitis, tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria y complicaciones postoperatorias.. La pandemia por SARS-Cov-2 influye en el momento de diagnóstico de la apendicitis, así como en su grado de evolución y estancia hospitalaria. La peritonitis fue lo más frecuentemente observado. Una sospecha y orientación clínica más temprana, es necesaria para evitar un manejo inadecuado de este trastorno quirúrgico común.. The primary outcome is improvement in PaO. Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634).. None.. The gut barrier is crucial in cirrhosis in preventing infection-causing bacteria that normally live in the gut from accessing the liver and other organs via the bloodstream. Herein, we characterised gut inflammation by measuring different markers in stool samples from patients at different stages of cirrhosis and comparing this to healthy people. These markers, when compared with equivalent markers usually measured in blood, were found to be very different in pattern and absolute levels, suggesting that there is significant gut inflammation in cirrhosis related to different immune system pathways to that seen outside of the gut. This provides new insights into gut-specific immune disturbances that predispose to complications of cirrhosis, and emphasises that a better understanding of the gut-liver axis is necessary to develop better targeted therapies.. La surveillance de l’intervalle QT a suscité beaucoup d’intérêt durant la pandémie de la COVID-19 en raison de l’utilisation de médicaments prolongeant l’intervalle QT et les préoccupations quant à la transmission virale par les électrocardiogrammes (ECG) en série. Nous avons posé l’hypothèse que la surveillance en continu de l’intervalle QT par télémétrie était associée à une meilleure détection des épisodes de prolongation de l’intervalle QT.. Nous avons introduit la télémétrie cardiaque en continu (TCC) à l’aide d’un algorithme de surveillance automatisée de l’intervalle QT dans nos unités de COVID-19. Les mesures automatisées quotidiennes de l’intervalle QT corrigé (auto-QTc) en fonction de la fréquence cardiaque maximale ont été enregistrées. Nous avons comparé la proportion des épisodes de prolongation marquée de l’intervalle QTc (QTc long), définie par un intervalle QTc ≥ 500 ms, chez les patients montrant une suspicion de COVID-19 ou ayant la COVID-19 qui avaient été admis avant et après la mise en place de la TCC (groupe témoin. La surveillance en continu de l’intervalle QT est supérieure à la norme de soins dans la détection des épisodes de QTc long et exige peu d’ECG. La réponse clinique aux épisodes de QTc long est sous-optimale.. Exposure to a model wildfire air pollution source modifies cardiovascular responses to HC challenge, suggesting air pollution sensitizes the body to systemic triggers.. Though the majority of HIV-infected adults who were on HAART had shown viral suppression, the rate of suppression was sub-optimal according to the UNAIDS 90-90-90 target to help end the AIDS pandemic by 2020. Nonetheless, the rate of immunological recovery in the study cohort was low. Hence, early initiation of HAART should be strengthened to achieve good virological suppression and immunological recovery.. Dust in Egyptian laying hen houses contains high concentrations of microorganisms and endotoxins, which might impair the health of birds and farmers when inhaled. Furthermore, laying hens in Egypt seem to be a reservoir for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Thus, farmers are at risk of exposure to ESBL-producing bacteria, and colonized hens might transmit these bacteria into the food chain.. The lack of significant differences in the absolute changes and relative ratios of injury and repair biomarkers by contrast-associated AKI status suggests that the majority of mild contrast-associated AKI cases may be driven by hemodynamic changes at the kidney.. Most comparisons for different outcomes are based on very few studies, mostly low-powered, with an overall low CoE. Thus, the available evidence is considered insufficient to either support or refute CH effectiveness or to recommend one ICM over another. Therefore, further well-designed, larger RCTs are required.. PROSPERO database Identifier: CRD42016041953.. Untouched root canal at cross-section perimeter, the Hero 642 system showed 41.44% ± 5.62% and Reciproc R40 58.67% ± 12.39% without contact with instruments. Regarding the untouched area, Hero 642 system showed 22.78% ± 6.42% and Reciproc R40 34.35% ± 8.52%. Neither instrument achieved complete cross-sectional root canal debridement. Hero 642 system rotary taper 0.02 instruments achieved significant greater wall contact perimeter and area compared to reciprocate the Reciproc R40 taper 0.06 instrument.. Hero 642 achieved higher wall contact perimeter and area but, regardless of instrument size and taper, vital pulp during. The functional properties of the main mechanisms involved in the control of muscle Ca. This study showed that the anti-inflammatory effect of the iron-responsive product DHA in arthritis can be monitored by an iron-like radioactive tracer (. Attenuated vascular reactivity during pregnancy suggests that the systemic vasodilatory state partially depletes nitric oxide bioavailability. Preliminary data support the potential for MRI to identify vascular dysfunction in vivo that underlies PE. Level of Evidence 2 Technical Efficacy Stage 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2021;53:447-455.. La evaluación de riesgo es importante para predecir los resultados postoperatorios en pacientes con cáncer gastroesofágico. Este estudio de cohortes tuvo como objetivo evaluar los cambios en la composición corporal durante la quimioterapia neoadyuvante e investigar su asociación con complicaciones postoperatorias. MÉTODOS: Los pacientes consecutivos con cáncer gastroesofágico sometidos a quimioterapia neoadyuvante y cirugía con intención curativa entre 2016 y 2019, identificados a partir de una base de datos específica, se incluyeron en el estudio. Se utilizaron las imágenes de tomografía computarizada, antes y después de la quimioterapia neoadyuvante, para evaluar el índice de masa muscular esquelética, la sarcopenia y el índice de grasa visceral y subcutánea.. In this in vitro premature infant lung model, HF oscillation of BCPAP was associated with improved CO. Our results showed that HPC significantly promotes neurogenesis after MCAO and ameliorates neuronal injury.. Inflammatory markers are highly related to signs of systemic hypoperfusion in CS. Moreover, high PCT and IL-6 levels are associated with poor prognosis.. These findings indicate that Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit has a protective potential against stroke through modulation of redox and electrolyte imbalances, and attenuation of neurotransmitter dysregulation and other neurochemical dysfunctions. Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit could be a promising source for the discovery of bioactives for stroke therapy.

Topics: 3T3-L1 Cells; A Kinase Anchor Proteins; Acetates; Achilles Tendon; Acute Kidney Injury; Acute Pain; Acyclic Monoterpenes; Adenine Nucleotides; Adhesins, Escherichia coli; Adipocytes; Adipocytes, Brown; Adipogenesis; Administration, Inhalation; Administration, Oral; Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adsorption; Adult; Aeromonas hydrophila; Africa; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Air; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Air Pollution, Indoor; Algorithms; Alkaloids; Alkynes; Allosteric Regulation; Amines; Amino Acid Sequence; Amino Acids; Amino Acids, Branched-Chain; Aminoisobutyric Acids; Aminopyridines; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Anaerobic Threshold; Angiography; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; Animal Distribution; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Ankle Joint; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-HIV Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antibodies, Bacterial; Antifungal Agents; Antimalarials; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Antioxidants; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Antiviral Agents; Aotidae; Apelin; Apoptosis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Argentina; Arginine; Artemisinins; Arthritis, Experimental; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Arthroscopy; Aspergillus; Aspergillus niger; Asteraceae; Asthma; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; Auditory Cortex; Autoantibodies; Autophagy; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Base Sequence; Basketball; Beclin-1; Benzhydryl Compounds; Benzimidazoles; Benzo(a)pyrene; Benzofurans; Benzoxazines; Bereavement; beta Catenin; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Betacoronavirus; Betaine; Binding Sites; Biofilms; Biological Assay; Biological Availability; Biological Evolution; Biomarkers; Biomechanical Phenomena; Biopolymers; Biopsy; Bismuth; Blood Glucose; Blood Platelets; Blood Pressure; Body Composition; Body Weight; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone Regeneration; Boron; Botrytis; Brain Ischemia; Brain Neoplasms; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; Brazil; Breast Neoplasms; Breath Tests; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Burkholderia; C-Reactive Protein; Caenorhabditis elegans; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; Cameroon; Camptothecin; Candida; Candida albicans; Capillaries; Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae; Carbapenems; Carbohydrate Conformation; Carbon; Carbon Dioxide; Carbon Isotopes; Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial; Cardiac Output; Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic; Cardiotonic Agents; Cardiovascular Diseases; Caregivers; Carps; Case-Control Studies; Catalase; Catalysis; Cats; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Membrane; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cellulose; Centrosome; Ceratopogonidae; Chickens; Child; China; Cholera Toxin; Choline; Cholinesterases; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Liquid; Chromatography, Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Chronic Disease; Cinnamates; Cities; Citrates; Climate Change; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Coal; Coal Mining; Cohort Studies; Coinfection; Colchicine; Colony Count, Microbial; Colorectal Neoplasms; Coloring Agents; Common Cold; Complement Factor H; Computational Biology; Computer Simulation; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; Contrast Media; Coordination Complexes; Coronary Artery Bypass; Coronavirus 3C Proteases; Coronavirus Infections; Coronavirus Protease Inhibitors; Corynebacterium glutamicum; Cosmetics; COVID-19; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Crotonates; Crystallography, X-Ray; Cues; Culicidae; Culture Media; Curcuma; Cyclopentanes; Cyclopropanes; Cymbopogon; Cystine; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 Inhibitors; Cytokines; Databases, Genetic; Death; Dendritic Cells; Density Functional Theory; Depsides; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diamond; Diarylheptanoids; Dibenzofurans; Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; Diclofenac; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Supplements; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Dioxins; Diphenylamine; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Susceptibility; Disulfides; Dithiothreitol; Dizocilpine Maleate; DNA Methylation; DNA-Binding Proteins; DNA, Bacterial; Dogs; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Double-Blind Method; Doublecortin Protein; Drosophila melanogaster; Droughts; Drug Carriers; Drug Combinations; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Dust; Dynactin Complex; Dysferlin; Echo-Planar Imaging; Echocardiography; Edaravone; Egypt; Elasticity; Electrodes; Electrolytes; Emodin; Emtricitabine; Endometriosis; Endothelium, Vascular; Endotoxins; Energy Metabolism; Energy Transfer; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Environmental Monitoring; Enzyme Inhibitors; Epidemiologic Factors; Epigenesis, Genetic; Erythrocytes; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Escherichia coli Vaccines; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagectomy; Esophagogastric Junction; Esterases; Esterification; Ethanol; Ethiopia; Ethnicity; Eucalyptus; Evidence-Based Practice; Exercise; Exercise Tolerance; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; Family; Fatty Acids; Feedback; Female; Ferric Compounds; Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; Filtration; Fish Diseases; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Follow-Up Studies; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Forests; Fossils; Free Radical Scavengers; Freund's Adjuvant; Fruit; Fungi; Gallium; Gender Identity; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Genes, Bacterial; Genes, Plant; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genitalia; Genotype; Glomerulonephritis, IGA; Glottis; Glucocorticoids; Glucose; Glucuronides; Glutathione Transferase; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Grassland; Guinea Pigs; Half-Life; Head Kidney; Heart Atria; Heart Rate; Heart Septum; HEK293 Cells; Hematopoietic Stem Cells; Hemodynamics; Hep G2 Cells; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C; Hepatitis C, Chronic; Hepatocytes; Hesperidin; High-Frequency Ventilation; High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 1; Hippocampus; Hirudins; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; HIV Infections; Homeostasis; Hominidae; Housing, Animal; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Hydrogen Bonding; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydroxybutyrates; Hydroxyl Radical; Hypertension; Hypothyroidism; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Immunoconjugates; Immunogenic Cell Death; Indoles; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Infrared Rays; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Injections, Intravenous; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-23; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-6; Intermediate Filaments; Intermittent Claudication; Intestine, Small; Iridoid Glucosides; Iridoids; Iron; Isomerism; Isotope Labeling; Isoxazoles; Itraconazole; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1; Ketoprofen; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Kinetics; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Lactams, Macrocyclic; Lactobacillus; Lactulose; Lakes; Lamivudine; Laparoscopy; Laparotomy; Laryngoscopy; Leucine; Limit of Detection; Linear Models; Lipid A; Lipopolysaccharides; Listeria monocytogenes; Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Losartan; Low Back Pain; Lung; Lupinus; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Machine Learning; Macular Degeneration; Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells; Magnetic Phenomena; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Magnetics; Malaria, Falciparum; Male; Mannans; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mass Spectrometry; Melatonin; Membrane Glycoproteins; Membrane Proteins; Meniscectomy; Menisci, Tibial; Mephenytoin; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Metal Nanoparticles; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Methionine; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Mice, Nude; Mice, Obese; Mice, Transgenic; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microcirculation; MicroRNAs; Microscopy, Video; Microtubules; Microvascular Density; Microwaves; Middle Aged; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; Models, Animal; Models, Biological; Models, Molecular; Models, Theoretical; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Molecular Weight; Morus; Mouth Floor; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Multiple Sclerosis; Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting; Muscle, Skeletal; Myocardial Ischemia; Myocardium; NAD; NADP; Nanocomposites; Nanoparticles; Naphthols; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Nasal Mucosa; Neisseria meningitidis; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasms, Experimental; Neural Stem Cells; Neuroblastoma; Neurofilament Proteins; Neurogenesis; Neurons; New York; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; NF-kappa B; Nicotine; Nitriles; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Fixation; North America; Observer Variation; Occupational Exposure; Ochrobactrum; Oils, Volatile; Olea; Oligosaccharides; Omeprazole; Open Field Test; Optimism; Oregon; Oryzias; Osmolar Concentration; Osteoarthritis; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Ovarian Neoplasms; Ovariectomy; Oxadiazoles; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Oxygen; Ozone; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Pakistan; Pandemics; Particle Size; Particulate Matter; Patient-Centered Care; Pelargonium; Peptides; Perception; Peripheral Arterial Disease; Peroxides; Pets; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacogenetics; Phenobarbital; Phenols; Phenotype; Phosphates; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phosphines; Phospholipids; Phosphorus; Phosphorylation; Photoacoustic Techniques; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Phylogeny; Phytoestrogens; Pilot Projects; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Extracts; Plant Immunity; Plant Leaves; Plant Oils; Plants, Medicinal; Plasmodium berghei; Plasmodium falciparum; Platelet Activation; Platelet Function Tests; Pneumonia, Viral; Poaceae; Pogostemon; Poloxamer; Poly I; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; Polycyclic Compounds; Polyethylene Glycols; Polylysine; Polymorphism, Genetic; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Population Dynamics; Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Postoperative Complications; Postprandial Period; Potassium Cyanide; Predictive Value of Tests; Prefrontal Cortex; Pregnancy; Prepulse Inhibition; Prevalence; Procalcitonin; Prodrugs; Prognosis; Progression-Free Survival; Proline; Proof of Concept Study; Prospective Studies; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; Protein Domains; Protein Folding; Protein Multimerization; Protein Sorting Signals; Protein Structure, Secondary; Proton Pump Inhibitors; Protozoan Proteins; Psychometrics; Pulse Wave Analysis; Pyridines; Pyrrolidines; Quality of Life; Quantum Dots; Quinoxalines; Quorum Sensing; Radiopharmaceuticals; Rain; Random Allocation; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Rats, Wistar; RAW 264.7 Cells; Reactive Oxygen Species; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; Receptor, PAR-1; Receptors, CXCR4; Receptors, Estrogen; Receptors, Glucocorticoid; Receptors, Interleukin-1; Receptors, Interleukin-17; Receptors, Notch; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Recombinant Proteins; Reducing Agents; Reflex, Startle; Regional Blood Flow; Regression Analysis; Reperfusion Injury; Reproducibility of Results; Republic of Korea; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Retrospective Studies; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; Rhinitis, Allergic; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Rituximab; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; ROC Curve; Rosmarinic Acid; Running; Ruthenium; Rutin; Sarcolemma; Sarcoma; Sarcopenia; Sarcoplasmic Reticulum; SARS-CoV-2; Scavenger Receptors, Class A; Schools; Seasons; Seeds; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Severity of Illness Index; Sex Factors; Shock, Cardiogenic; Short Chain Dehydrogenase-Reductases; Signal Transduction; Silver; Singlet Oxygen; Sinusitis; Skin; Skin Absorption; Small Molecule Libraries; Smoke; Socioeconomic Factors; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Solid Phase Extraction; Solubility; Solvents; Spain; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Speech; Speech Perception; Spindle Poles; Spleen; Sporothrix; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Stereoisomerism; Stomach Neoplasms; Stress, Physiological; Stroke Volume; Structure-Activity Relationship; Substrate Specificity; Sulfonamides; Surface Properties; Surface-Active Agents; Surveys and Questionnaires; Survival Rate; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Temperature; Tenofovir; Terpenes; Tetracycline; Tetrapleura; Textiles; Thermodynamics; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; Thrombin; Thyroid Hormones; Thyroid Neoplasms; Tibial Meniscus Injuries; Time Factors; Tissue Distribution; Titanium; Toluidines; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tooth; Tramadol; Transcription Factor AP-1; Transcription, Genetic; Transfection; Transgender Persons; Translations; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides; Ubiquinone; Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases; United Kingdom; United States; Up-Regulation; Vascular Stiffness; Veins; Ventricular Remodeling; Viral Load; Virulence Factors; Virus Replication; Vitis; Voice; Voice Quality; Wastewater; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Weather; Wildfires; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Wound Healing; X-Ray Diffraction; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; Young Adult; Zoogloea

In a recent landmark trial of bacteremia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates, vancomycin MICs were >or=1 microg/ml for only 16% of the isolates, and accessory gene regulator (agr) function as measured by delta-hemolysin activity was absent or reduced in only 28.1% of the isolates. This clinical study did not capture a population of MRSA isolates predictive of vancomycin treatment failure.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Bacterial Proteins; Daptomycin; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Genotype; Hemolysin Proteins; Humans; Methicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Treatment Outcome; Vancomycin

To evaluate empirical therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or doxycycline for outpatient skin and soft tissue infections in an area of high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a randomized, prospective, open-label investigation was performed. The overall clinical failure rate was 9%, with all failures occurring in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group. However, there was no significant difference between the clinical failure rate of empirical trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy and that of doxycycline therapy.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cellulitis; Doxycycline; Drug Therapy, Combination; Empirical Research; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Outpatients; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfamethoxazole; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Trimethoprim

Forty-nine children aged 0.2-13 years with bullous and eroded lesions, from which Staphylococcus aureus was isolated, were diagnosed with impetigo and entered into a randomized, open-labeled trial of topical oxytetracycline hydrochloride (tetracycline) compared with a combination of topical tetracycline and oral antibiotics. After one week of topical tetracycline treatment, 22 of the 28 patients were clinically cured, and the remaining six patients had improved. In the other treatment group, 14 patients of 21 were clinically cured and 7 patients improved by the combination of topical tetracycline and oral antibiotics. There were no significant differences between the two groups. Therefore, the present study suggests that topical tetracycline treatment is effective for the treatment of impetigo.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Administration, Topical; Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Impetigo; Infant; Male; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Prophylactic (preventive) antibiotic therapy initiated preoperatively, with antibiotics administered in moderately high dosage for short periods, is recommended on the basis of experimental and prospective, randomized clinical trials for patients who require surgery that is likely to expose tissue planes to contamination. The value of prophylactic antibiotics in clean operations is not presently supported but must be considered in patients with decreased resistance and in those in whom infection of a prosthesis would have catastrophic results. In these patients topical antibiotics might prove useful and less dangerous. It is clear that surgical technique remains an important but as yet unmeasured factor in wound infection.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli Infections; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Methicillin; Neomycin; Penicillin G; Preoperative Care; Prostheses and Implants; Risk; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Child; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cloxacillin; Humans; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Uganda

Topics: Administration, Oral; Bacteria; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Male; Nasopharynx; Penicillins; Placebos; Pneumococcal Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Thailand; Viruses

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Erythromycin; Exudates and Transudates; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Micrococcus; Neisseria; Otitis Media; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Placebos; Retrospective Studies; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tympanic Membrane

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Digestive System; Erythromycin; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Lincomycin; Male; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pyogenes; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Methacycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Military Medicine; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Penicillin G Benzathine; Penicillin G Procaine; Penicillin Resistance; Probenecid; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urethritis; Vietnam

Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; Cephalothin; Humans; Methicillin; Neomycin; Organ Specificity; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Carrier State; Child, Institutionalized; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Impetigo; Intellectual Disability; Male; Nose; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Virulence

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen causing health care-infections in the world, especially in burns. The aim of this study was to assess the extent of dissemination of MRSA isolated from burn patients in Burn Intensive Care Unit in Tunisia and to evaluate the frequency of virulence and antibiotics resistance genes. Among the 72 S. aureus isolates analyzed in the study, 54% were MRSA. The majority of MRSA (94.8%) were multidrug resistant and they had a high resistance rates to kanamycin (94.8%), tobramycin (90%), tetracycline (94.8%) and ciprofloxacin and rifampicin (87%, each). The gene aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia conferring resistance to kanamycine and tobtamycin were detected in all isolates and the aph(3')-Ia gene conferring resistance to gentamicin were detected in 2.8% of resistant isolates. Tetracycline resistance genes tet(M), tet(K) and tet(L) were detected in 100%, 10.8% and 2.8% of the isolates, respectively. The SCCmec type III and the agr type I were the most predominant (69.2% and 90%, respectively). The 27 SCCmecIII-agrI isolates were clustered into two PFGE types A and B. The two representative isolates of PFGE clusters A and B belonged to ST239-t037 and ST241-t037 respectively. As conclusion, our results showed a high prevalence of MRSA in trauma burn intensive care unit belonging to two multidrug resistant clones ST239/ST241-agrI-t037-SCCmecIII MRSA. We also demonstrated that MRSA was disseminated between burn patients.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Genotype; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Methicillin-resistant. This retrospective study was conducted from January 2016-December 2021 on patients at eleven ISPED-group hospitals.. From 2016-2021, a total of 13024 MRSA isolates were obtained from children. The most common age group for patients with MRSA infection was less than 3 years old, and newborns were an important group affected by MRSA infection. MRSA was most commonly isolated from the lower respiratory, an abscess, a secretion, or blood in neonates and from the lower respiratory, an abscess, or the upper respiratory in non-neonates. All isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid and resistant to penicillin; additionally, 76.88%, 54.97%, 22.30%, 5.67%, 5.14%, 3.63%, and 1.42% were resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, levofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (TMP-SMX), gentamicin, and rifampin, respectively. Between 2016 and 2021, a significant increase was seen in the levofloxacin- and TMP-SMX-resistance rates (from 5.45% to 7.14% and from 4.67% to 6.50%, respectively) among MRSA isolates, along with a significant decrease in the rates of resistance to erythromycin (from 82.61% to 68.08%), clindamycin (from 60.95% to 46.82%), tetracycline (from 25.37% to 17.13%), gentamicin (from 4.53% to 2.82%), and rifampin (from 1.89% to 0.41%).. The antibiotic-resistance rates varied among MRSA isolated from different sources. Because of the high antibiotic resistance rate to clindamycin, this antibiotic is not recommended for empirical treatment of MRSA infections, especially in osteomyelitis.

Topics: Abscess; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Clindamycin; Communicable Diseases; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Levofloxacin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Antibiotic-resistant pathogens became a real global threat to human and animal health. This needs to concentrate the efforts to minimize and control these organisms. Efflux pumps are considered one of the important strategies used by bacteria to exclude harmful materials from the cell. Inhibition of these pumps can be an active strategy against multidrug resistance pathogens. There are two sources of efflux pump inhibitors that can be used, chemical and natural inhibitors. The chemical origin efflux pump inhibitors have many toxic side effects while the natural origin is characterized by a wide margin of safety for the host cell.. In this study, the ability of some plant extracts like (propolis show rosemary, clove, capsaicin, and cumin) to potentiate the inhibitory activity of some antibiotics such as (ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin) against. Efflux pump inhibitory activity of the selected plant extracts was tested using an ethidium bromide (EtBr) accumulation assay.. The results have shown that Propolis has a significant synergistic effect in combination with ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and gentamycin. While it has no effect with tetracycline or ampicillin. Also, no synergic effect was noticed in a combination of the minimum inhibitory concentration for the selected plant extracts (rosemary, clove, capsaicin, and cumin) with any of the tested antibiotics. Interestingly, according to the results of the EtBr accumulation assay, Propolis has potent inhibitory activity against the. This study suggests that Propolis might act as a resistance breaker that is able to restore the activity of ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and gentamycin against

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Capsaicin; Ciprofloxacin; Erythromycin; Ethidium; Gentamicins; Humans; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins; Plant Extracts; Propolis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Drug efflux systems have recently been recognized as an important mechanism of multidrug resistance in bacteria. Here, we described the identification and characterization of a novel chromosomally encoded multidrug efflux pump (SA09310) in Staphylococcus aureus. SA09310 is a 43-kDa protein with 12 transmembrane helices. The conserved amino acid sequence motifs of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) were identified in the protein SA09310, which indicated that SA09310 belonged to the MFS transporters. Expression of the

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Multi-drug resistant

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus haemolyticus; Tetracycline

The overuse of antibiotics in livestock is contributing to the burden of antimicrobial resistance in humans, representing a One Health challenge. Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) has recently become a growing concern, and ST9 is the major LA-MRSA lineage in China and has emerged in clinical settings.. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was used to evaluate the tetracycline resistance of ST9 MRSA collections, and gene cloning experiments were performed to explore the resistance mechanisms. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics were used to analyse the genetic features of clinical ST9 isolates. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to investigate the relationship of human- and livestock-derived ST9 isolates.. Clinical ST9 isolates were found to possess several types of resistance genes and resistance-related mutations and were multidrug-resistant. Notably, all clinical ST9 isolates were resistant to third-generation tetracyclines. Cloning experiments showed that both the acquisition of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(L)/tet(63) and a mutation in the rpsJ gene contributed to third-generation tetracycline resistance. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the ST9 isolates collected in healthcare systems were probably transmitted from livestock. The ST9 lineage underwent multiple interspecies recombination events and gained many resistance elements. Furthermore, the resistance to third-generation tetracyclines may have evolved under tetracycline pressure in livestock.. The evolution of ST9 MRSA in livestock and transmission of this clone between humans and livestock highlight the importance of establishing control strategies with the One Health approach to reduce the burden of antibiotic resistance.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; China; Humans; Livestock; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Phylogeny; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

The aim of the study was to track the spread of antimicrobial resistance among the different sectors of One Health through the detection of Multidrug-Efflux-System in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) S. aureus isolates were selected: 25 of human, one of animal and eight of food origin. The efflux system genes norA, norB, norC, LmrS, tet38 and msrA were screened by PCR. The activity of the efflux systems was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin in the presence and absence of CCCP and in the quantification of ethidium bromide efflux. Furthermore, biofilm formation was determined in the presence and absence of the CCCP. The molecular epidemiology of the isolates was traced with the aid of PFGE. The gene norC was the most prevalent, detected in all isolates and msrA was the least prevalent, detected in only two isolates from humans. There was no difference in the MICs of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin in the presence of CCCP, but 55.9% of isolates showed ethidium bromide efflux. The presence of CCCP decreased the biofilm formation. Regarding the molecular epidemiology, in three clusters was a mixture of the isolates from different origins. Therefore, S. aureus MDR with active multidrug efflux systems are circulating between One Health domains and it is necessary to consider strategies to decrease this circulation in order to prevent the dissemination of resistance mediated by MES.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone; Ciprofloxacin; Ethidium; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; One Health; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

From 1 January to 31 December 2022, fifty-five institutions across Australia participated in the Australian Staphylococcus aureus Surveillance Outcome Program (ASSOP). The aim of ASSOP 2022 was to determine the proportion of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) isolates in Australia that were antimicrobial resistant, with particular emphasis on susceptibility to methicillin and on characterisation of the molecular epidemiology of the methicillin-resistant isolates. A total of 3,214 SAB episodes were reported, of which 77.5% were community-onset. Overall, 15.0% of S. aureus were methicillin resistant. The 30-day all-cause mortality associated with methicillin-resistant SAB was 21.4%, which was significantly different to the 16.8% all-cause mortality associated with methicillin-susceptible SAB (p = 0.02). With the exception of the β-lactams and erythromycin, antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus was rare. However, in addition to the β-lactams, approximately 31% of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were resistant to ciprofloxacin; 30% to erythromycin; 13% to tetracycline; 11% to gentamicin; and 2% to co-trimoxazole. One MRSA isolate, with a daptomycin MIC of 1.5 mg/L, harboured the A302V mprF and A23V cls2 mutations. When applying the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints, teicoplanin resistance was detected in one MRSA isolate. Resistance to vancomycin or linezolid was not detected. Resistance to non-β-lactam antimicrobials was largely attributable to the healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) clone ST22-IV [2B] (EMRSA-15), and to the community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) clone ST45-V [5C2&5] which has acquired resistance to multiple antimicrobials including ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. The ST22-IV [2B] (EMRSA-15) clone is the predominant HA-MRSA clone in Australia. Nonetheless, 86% of methicillin-resistant SAB episodes were due to CA-MRSA clones. Although polyclonal, approximately 72% of CA-MRSA clones were characterised as ST93-IV [2B] (Queensland clone); ST5-IV [2B]; ST45-V [5C2&5]; ST1-IV [2B]; ST30-IV [2B]; ST97-IV [2B]; ST953-IV [2B]; and ST8-IV [2B]. As CA-MRSA is well established in the Australian community, it is important to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in community- and healthcare-associated SAB as this information will guide therapeutic practices in treating S. aureus bacteraemia.

Topics: Agar; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Australia; Bacteremia; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Humans; Methicillin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Antibiotics are widely used for the treatment of bacterial infections. However, injudicious use of antibiotics based on an empirical method may lead to the emergence of resistant strains. Despite appropriate administration of antibiotics, their concentrations may remain subinhibitory in the body, due to individual variations in tissue distribution and metabolism rates. This may promote bacterial virulence and complicate the treatment strategies. To investigate whether the administration of certain classes of antibiotics will induce bacterial virulence and worsen the infection under

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; beta-Lactams; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Peritonitis; Reproducibility of Results; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Virulence Factors

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Arginine; Bandages; Humans; Hydrogels; Interleukin-6; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Norfloxacin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Wound Healing; Wound Infection

Bacterial pathogens are confronted with a range of challenges at the site of infection, including exposure to antibiotic treatment and harsh physiological conditions, that can alter the fitness benefits and costs of acquiring antibiotic resistance. Here, we develop an experimental system to recapitulate resistance gene acquisition by Staphylococcus aureus and test how the subsequent evolution of the resistant bacterium is modulated by antibiotic treatment and oxygen levels, both of which are known to vary extensively at sites of infection. We show that acquiring tetracycline resistance was costly, reducing competitive growth against the isogenic strain without the resistance gene in the absence of the antibiotic, for S. aureus under hypoxic but not normoxic conditions. Treatment with tetracycline or doxycycline drove the emergence of enhanced resistance through mutations in an RluD-like protein-encoding gene and duplications of

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Humans; Hypoxia; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

From 1 January to 31 December 2021, forty-eight institutions around Australia participated in the Australian Staphylococcus aureus Surveillance Outcome Programme (ASSOP). The aim of ASSOP 2021 was to determine the proportion of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) isolates in Australia that were antimicrobial resistant, with particular emphasis on susceptibility to methicillin and on characterisation of the molecular epidemiology of the methicillin-resistant isolates. A total of 2,928 SAB episodes were reported, of which 78.4% were community-onset. Overall, 16.9% of S. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. The 30-day all-cause mortality associated with methicillin-resistant SAB was 15.0%, which was not significantly different from the 14.4% all-cause mortality associated with methicillin-susceptible SAB (p = 0.7). With the exception of the β-lactams and erythromycin, antimicrobial resistance in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus was rare. However, in addition to the β-lactams, approximately 36% of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were resistant to ciprofloxacin; 30% to erythromycin; 15% to tetracycline; 16% to gentamicin; and 3% to co-trimoxazole. When applying the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints, teicoplanin resistance was detected in three S. aureus isolates. Resistance to vancomycin or linezolid was not detected. Resistance to non-β-lactam antimicrobials was largely attributable to the healthcare-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA) clone ST22-IV [2B] (EMRSA-15), and the community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) clone ST45-V [5C2&5] which has acquired multiple antimicrobial resistance determinants including ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin and tetracycline. The ST22-IV [2B] (EMRSA-15) clone is the predominant HA-MRSA clone in Australia. Nonetheless, 85% of methicillin-resistant SAB episodes were due to CA-MRSA clones. Although polyclonal, approximately 68% of CA-MRSA clones were characterised as ST93-IV [2B] (Queensland clone); ST45-V [5C2&5]; ST5-IV [2B]; ST1-IV [2B]; ST30-IV [2B]; and ST97-IV [2B]. As CA-MRSA is well established in the Australian community, it is important to monitor antimicrobial resistance patterns in community- and healthcare-associated SAB as this information will guide therapeutic practices in treating S. aureus bacteraemia.

Topics: Agar; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Australia; Bacteremia; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Humans; Methicillin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

To investigate the epidemiology of S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage among people with diabetes at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Accra, including the prevalence, predictors of carriage, and antibiotic resistance.. This study was cross-sectional, involving 300 diabetes patients and 106 non-diabetic individuals. Swab specimens of the nares were obtained from the participants and bacteriologically-cultured. Identification and characterization of S. aureus and MRSA were based on standard bacteriological methods; antimicrobial susceptibility testing was by the Kirby-Bauer method.. The prevalence of staphylococcal carriage, the diabetes group relative to the non-diabetes group, were 31.0% and 10.4% (S. aureus), and 3.3% and 0.0% (MRSA). Presence of diabetes predisposed to S. aureus carriage, but not MRSA nor coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) carriage (OR = 3.88; p < 0.0001). Colonization with CoNS was protective of S. aureus (OR = 0.039, p < 0.001) and MRSA (OR = 0.115, p = 0.043) colonization among the diabetics. The antimicrobial resistance patterns recorded among the S. aureus isolated from the diabetic individuals relative to the non-diabetics were as follows: penicillin (95% vs. 91%), tetracycline (37% vs. 27%), cotrimoxazole (30% vs. 36%), erythromycin (17% vs. 0%), norfloxacin (13% vs. 0%), clindamycin (12% vs. 0%), gentamicin (9% vs. 0%), fusidic acid (10% vs. 9%), linezolid (4% vs. 0%), and rifampicin (5% vs. 0%). The proportion of multidrug resistant S. aureus was 41% (n = 38) in the diabetes group and 0% in the non-diabetes group; this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.01).. The presence of diabetes predisposed the participants to S. aureus carriage by almost four folds, but not MRSA carriage. Colonization with CoNS was protective of S. aureus and MRSA carriage in the diabetes group. Finally, linezolid remains a good therapeutic agent for anti-MRSA therapy.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Clindamycin; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Female; Fusidic Acid; Gentamicins; Humans; Linezolid; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Nasal Cavity; Norfloxacin; Penicillins; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

To identify and characterize a novel tetracycline resistance gene on a multiresistance plasmid from Staphylococcus aureus SA01 of chicken origin.. MICs were determined by broth microdilution according to CLSI recommendations. The whole genome sequence of S. aureus SA01 was determined via Illumina HiSeq and Oxford Nanopore platforms followed by a hybrid assembly. The new tet gene was cloned and expressed in S. aureus. The functionality of the corresponding protein as an efflux pump was tested by efflux pump inhibition assays.. A novel tetracycline resistance gene, tet(63), was identified on a plasmid in S. aureus SA01. The cloned tet(63) gene was functionally expressed in S. aureus and shown to confer resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline, and a slightly elevated MIC of minocycline. The tet(63) gene encodes a 459 amino acid efflux protein of the major facilitator superfamily that consists of 14 predicted transmembrane helices. The results of efflux pump inhibitor assays confirmed the function of Tet(63) as an efflux protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Tet(63) protein exhibited 73.0% identity to the tetracycline efflux protein Tet(K). The plasmid pSA01-tet, on which tet(63) was located, had a size of 25664 bp and also carried the resistance genes aadD, aacA-aphD and erm(C).. A novel tetracycline resistance gene, tet(63), was identified in S. aureus. Its location on a multiresistance plasmid might support the co-selection of tet(63) under the selective pressure imposed by the use of macrolides, lincosamides and aminoglycosides.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plasmids; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

The

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Membrane Transport Proteins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Ceftaroline; Cephalosporins; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Gene Expression; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Linezolid; Methicillin; Methicillin Resistance; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Turkey; Vancomycin; Vancomycin Resistance; Virginiamycin

This study investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from cases of subclinical bovine mastitis in China, as well as resistance mechanisms and virulence genes encoding adhesins and toxins. We determined antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion method, and analyzed resistance, adhesin, and toxin genes using PCR. We confirmed MRSA in 73 of 498 (14.7%) Staph. aureus isolates recovered from subclinical mastitic milk samples. All isolates were positive for mecA. The MRSA isolates showed high resistance to penicillin (100.0%), gentamicin (100.0%), and tetracycline (98.6%). All MRSA isolates harbored resistance genes blaZ (penicillin), aacA/aphD (gentamicin), and tetM (alone or in combination with tetK, tetracycline). Moreover, all isolates carried the adhesin genes fnbpA, clfA, clfB, cna, sdrE, and map/eap, and most carried sdrC (98.6%), sdrD (95.9%), bbp (94.5%), and ebpS (80.8%). The toxin genes seh, hla, and hld were present in all isolates, and most isolates carried sea (71.2%), seg (84.9%), sei (82.2%), lukE-lukD (97.3%), and hlg (72.6%). These findings of high-level resistance to antimicrobials commonly used in dairy cattle should lead to calls for antibiogram analysis before antimicrobial therapy. The high frequency of adhesin and toxin genes in MRSA indicates their potential virulence in bovine mastitis in China.

Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; China; Female; Gentamicins; Mastitis, Bovine; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Virulence

The emergence of livestock-associated (LA)-methicillin-resistant

Topics: Abattoirs; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlorides; Farmers; Farms; Methicillin; Methicillin Resistance; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Prevalence; Republic of Korea; Staphylococcal Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Zinc Compounds

Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) of lineage CC398 is an emerging clone causing human infections but is mostly found in pigs. The aim of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes/genotypes of a collection of 137 MRSA CC398 isolates obtained in a previous study from 17 Spanish hospitals, using tetracycline resistance as marker for selection. A multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype was present in 79% of analysed isolates, with 17% of them resistant to at least six different antimicrobial families. All tetracycline-resistant isolates (n=137) carried the tetM gene and 75% also carried the tetK gene. Almost 50% of MRSA CC398 isolates showed macrolide and/or lincosamide resistance: a) 39% of isolates were ERY

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antiporters; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; Lincosamides; Macrolides; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Spain; Staphylococcal Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Liberation; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Polyesters; Porosity; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Tissue Scaffolds; Titanium

Mastitis is an important constraint to milk production in pastoralist camel (Camelus dromedarius) herds in Kenya. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and bacterial panorama of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in pastoralist camel herds in Isiolo County, Kenya. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility in udder pathogens was studied. A cross-sectional sample of 206 camels from 20 milking herds was screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and quarter milk was subjected to bacterial culturing. Isolates were confirmed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the broth microdilution method. Interviews focusing on herd management were conducted with camel owners. Subclinical mastitis, defined as a CMT score ≥ 3 (scale 1 to 5) and absence of clinical symptoms in the udder, were present in all visited herds. On the individual level, 46% of the camels had at least 1 quarter affected with SCM, and on the quarter level the prevalence was 26%. Intramammary infections (IMI) were common; out of 798 quarter milk samples, 33% yielded conclusive bacterial growth. The sensitivity and specificity of CMT for correctly identifying quarters with IMI were 82% and 92%, respectively. The most prevalent pathogen was Streptococcus agalactiae (72% of IMI-positive quarters), followed by non-aureus staphylococci (19%) and Staphylococcus aureus (13%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that only a low proportion (4.9%) of Strep. agalactiae isolates was sensitive to tetracycline. For Staph. aureus, 59.1% of isolates exhibited sensitivity to penicillin. Skin lesions on the teats or udder were a risk factor for SCM. Increased age, parity, and stage of lactation were associated with increased risk of both SCM and IMI. Older camels with a blind teat or a previous history of mastitis were more likely to be infected with Strep. agalactiae. Hygiene routines for milking were largely absent in the observed herds, and knowledge of adequate milk handling was limited. The poor udder health is likely to depend on multiple factors, most prominently the within-herd maintenance of contagious udder pathogens, in combination with difficult sanitary conditions and lack of awareness among camel keepers. This study showed that in pastoralist camel herds around Isiolo town, SCM and IMI specifically caused by Strep. agalactiae are common udder health problems and are associated with increasing age,

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Camelus; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Geography; Hygiene; Kenya; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis; Milk; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus agalactiae; Tetracycline

The objectives of this study were to determine for the first time, in Morocco, the nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and virulence genes of Staphylococcus. aureus isolated from animals and breeders in close contact.. From 2015 to 2016, 421 nasal swab samples were collected from 26 different livestock areas in Tangier. Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined by disk diffusion according to EUCAST 2015. The presence of nuc, mecA, mecC, lukS/F-PV, and tst genes were determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for all isolates.. The overall S. aureus nasal carriage rate was low in animals (9.97%) and high in breeders (60%) with a statistically significant difference, (OR = 13.536; 95% CI = 7.070-25.912; p < 0.001). In general, S. aureus strains were susceptible to the majority of antibiotics and the highest resistance rates were found against tetracycline (16.7% in animals and 10% in breeders). No Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected in animals and breeders. A high rate of tst and lukS/F-PV genes has been recovered only from animals (11.9 and 16.7%, respectively).. Despite the lower rate of nasal carriage of S. aureus and the absence of MRSA strains in our study, S. aureus strains harbored a higher frequency of tst and lukS/F-PV virulence genes, which is associated to an increased risk of infection dissemination in humans. This highlights the need for further larger and multi-center studies to better define the transmission of the pathogenic S. aureus between livestock, environment, and humans.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Carrier State; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Leukocidins; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Micrococcal Nuclease; Morocco; Nose; Penicillin-Binding Proteins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Virulence

Colonization by livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) has increasingly been reported in the swine population worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of MRSA nasal carriage in healthy pigs, including the black (Calabrese) breed, from farms in the Calabria Region (Southern Italy). Between January and March 2018, a total of 475 healthy pigs reared in 32 farms were sampled by nasal swabbing. MRSA isolates were characterized by spa, MLST and SCCmec typing, and susceptibility testing to 17 antimicrobials.. 22 of 32 (66.8%) pig farms resulted positive for MRSA. The prevalence of MRSA was 46.1% (219 MRSA culture-positive out of 475 samples). MRSA colonization was significantly higher in intensive farms and in pigs with a recent or ongoing antimicrobial treatment. All 219 MRSA isolates were assigned to ST398. The most common spa types were t011 (37.0%), t034 (22.4%) and t899 (15.1%). A novel spa type (t18290) was detected in one isolate. An insertion of IS256 in the ST398-specific A07 fragment of the SAPIG2195 gene was detected in 10 out of 81 t011 isolates. Nearly all isolates carried the SCCmec type V element, except 11 isolates that carried the SCCmec type IVc. None of the isolates was positive for the Panton-Valentine leukocidin. All isolates were resistant to tetracycline. High resistance rates were also found for clindamycin (93.1%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (68.4%), fluoroquinolones (47.9-65.3%) and erythromycin (46.1%). None of the isolates was resistant to vancomycin and fusidic acid. Overall, a multidrug resistant phenotype was observed in 88.6% of isolates.. We report a high prevalence of MRSA among healthy swine in Southern Italy farms, with higher isolation frequency associated with intensive farming. The epidemiological types identified in our study reflect those reported in other European countries. Our findings underscore the importance of monitoring the evolution of LA-MRSA in pig farms in order to implement control measures and reduce the risk of spread in the animal population.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Carrier State; Cross-Sectional Studies; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Farms; Italy; Livestock; Methicillin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Nose; Prevalence; Staphylococcal Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the dichloromethane fraction (DCMF) from the stem bark of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia and its effect on the activity of conventional antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus strains overexpressing specific efflux pump genes. DCMF showed activity against S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans. Addition of DCMF at subinhibitory concentrations to the growth media enhanced the activity of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ethidium bromide against S. aureus strains overexpressing norA suggesting the presence of efflux pump inhibitors in its composition. Similar results were verified for tetracycline against S. aureus overexpressing tetK, as well as, for ethidium bromide against S. aureus overexpressing qacC. These results indicate that M. caesalpiniifolia is a source of molecules able to modulate the fluoroquinolone- and tetracycline-resistance in S. aureus probably by inhibition of NorA, TetK and QacC respectively. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Drug resistance is a common problem in patients with infectious diseases. Dichloromethane fraction from the stem bark of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and against Candida albicans, but did not show activity against Gram-negative specie Escherichia coli. Moreover, this fraction was able to potentiate the action of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline against S. aureus strains overexpressing different efflux pump genes. Thus, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia is a source of efflux pump inhibitors which could be used in combination with fluoroquinolones or tetracycline in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by S. aureus strains overexpressing efflux pump genes.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antiporters; Bacterial Proteins; Candida albicans; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Ethidium; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Methylene Chloride; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mimosa; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins; Norfloxacin; Plant Bark; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

This work aimed to determine the prevalence, diversity, antibiotic-resistance phenotype/genotype and virulence factors in staphylococci of farm-animals. Nasal samples of 117 farm-animals (calve: 72; lamb: 37; goat: 8) were collected from one slaughterhouse in La Rioja/Spain and cultured for staphylococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) recovery. Identification was performed by MALDI-TOF. Antimicrobial resistance phenotype/genotype was determined by susceptibility testing and specific PCRs. Molecular typing (spa-typing, multilocus-sequence-typing, agr-typing, SCCmec), and detection of 12 virulence genes and human Immune-evasive-cluster (IEC) genes were performed by PCR/sequencing in S. aureus. Two marker genes of arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) were determined by PCR (USA300-MRSA detection). Staphylococci were identified in 50%, 54% and 21% of goat, lamb and calve samples, respectively. Among the 13 S. aureus isolates recovered, 11 were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, and two were multidrug-resistant-MRSA [beta-lactams (blaZ, mecA), macrolides [(msr(A)/msr(B)] and fluoroquinolones]. The MSSA harboured either tst or enterotoxin genes, while the MRSA harboured the lukF/lukS-PV genes. Five sequence-types were detected. The two MRSA strains (from lamb and goat) were typed as t5173/ST8/agr-I/SCCmec-IVa/ACME-positive, corresponding to USA300 clone, and were IEC-B-positive. Among the 47 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), six species were identified, predominating S. simulans (n = 25) and S. sciuri (n = 11). Fifty-three percent of CoNS showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent (six multidrug-resistant strains), and the following resistance phenotypes/genotypes were detected: streptomycin [27.6%; ant(6)-Ia, str], tetracycline [23.4%; tet(M), tet(L), tet(K)], clindamycin [19.1%; lnu(A), vgaA], erythromycin [10.6%; erm(C), msr(A)/msr(B)], chloramphenicol (8.5%; fexA), tobramycin (6.4%), penicillin-cefoxitin (4.3%; blaZ, mecA), and SXT (2.1%). The detection of the MRSA-USA300 lineage in food animals is worrisome and should be further monitored.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Disease Reservoirs; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Goats; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nose; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Red Meat; Sheep; Spain; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Virulence Factors

Staphylococcus aureus native efflux pump Tet38 confers resistance to tetracycline when overexpressed. tet38 expression is selectively upregulated in infection sites. This study evaluated the effect of Tet38 on tetracycline response in a murine subcutaneous abscess model.. S. aureus MW2 and its tet38 mutant were injected subcutaneously on the opposite flanks of each mouse. The infected mice were treated with tetracycline (10 mg/kg) or PBS (control) intraperitoneally every 12 h. The efficacy of tetracycline against S. aureus was measured by the relative change in viable bacteria in the abscesses 24 h after infection compared with the initial inoculum. Plasmid-based tet38-complemented strains were created and used to infect the mice followed by tetracycline or PBS treatment.. The increased bacterial loads of S. aureus MW2 and its tet38 mutant in the abscess after 24 h were similar. Tetracycline produced significant decreases of both MW2 and the tet38 mutant compared with control. Although the tetracycline MICs for MW2 and the tet38 mutant did not differ in vitro, the antibacterial effect of tetracycline was significantly 2-fold greater in the tet38 mutant compared with the MW2 parental strain in vivo with a decrease of 0.67 ± 0.21 and 0.35 ± 0.19 log10 cfu/abscess, respectively (P < 0.05). The increased tetracycline activity in the tet38 mutant was complemented by plasmid-encoded tet38.. This study demonstrated that selective increased expression of tet38 in an abscess can affect tetracycline efficacy against S. aureus in vivo, highlighting an effect of native efflux pumps on response to therapy not reflected by testing in vitro.

Topics: Abscess; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Load; Bacterial Proteins; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Male; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms with different proportions of dormant bacteria, using clinical and commensal isolates.. The ability of S. epidermidis isolates to develop a dormant state was determined. The susceptibility of biofilms with prevented or induced dormancy to antibiotics was evaluated by enumeration of viable and cultivable cells, and confocal microscopy.. Dormancy was observed in the majority of tested strains. Tetracycline and rifampicin enhanced the development of a viable but noncultivable biofilm state.. Biofilms with induced dormancy were more likely to survive rifampicin. Furthermore, we found that the reduction of cultivable cells was not sufficient to reach definite conclusions on antimicrobial effectiveness.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Humans; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Tetracycline

Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal and pathogenic bacterium with impact on public health and livestock industry. The study investigated nasal carriage, antibiotic resistance, and molecular characterization of S. aureus in pigs and pig workers. Nasal swabs from 300 backyard-raised pigs and 101 pig workers were used for the study. Resulting isolates were confirmed using MALDI-TOF MS, tested for antibiotic resistance, and three different multiplex PCRs were used to detect enterotoxin, mecA, spaA, scn, and pvl genes. spa typing was used to annotate the isolates into MLST clonal complexes (CC). Structured questionnaire was used to access possible risk factors for S. aureus carriage. The prevalence of S. aureus in pigs and pig workers were 5.3 and 12.9%, respectively. The isolates were resistant to beta-lactams (97%), tetracycline (62%), sulfonamide (52%), aminoglycoside (20.6%), fluoroquinolone (24%), and mupirocin (3.4%). Twenty seven (93%) of the isolates carried scn, 7(24%) pvl, and 12 (41%) enterotoxin genes, respectively. Questionnaire survey showed medical-related occupation of household members was associated (p < 0.5) with S. aureus carriage. This study suggests the presence of human multidrug resistant strains of S. aureus, high carriage of pvl, and enterotoxin genes, and CC5, CC15, and CC152 were the CC-groups shared among pigs and pig workers.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Livestock; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Nose; Occupational Exposure; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Surveys and Questionnaires; Swine; Tetracycline

Resistance to commonly used antimicrobials is a growing concern in both human and veterinary medicine. Understanding the temporal changes in the burden of the problem and identifying its determinants is important for guiding control efforts. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate temporal patterns and predictors of antimicrobial resistance among Staphylococcus spp. isolated from canine specimens submitted to the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (UKVDL) between 1993 and 2009.. Retrospective data of 4,972 Staphylococcus isolates assessed for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion method at the UKVDL between 1993 and 2009 were included in the study. Temporal trends were assessed for each antimicrobial using the Cochran-Armitage trend test. Logistic regression models were used to investigate predictors of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR).. A total of 68.2% (3,388/4,972) Staphylococcus isolates were S. intermedius group (SIG), 18.2% (907/4,972) were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), 7.6% (375/4,972) were S. aureus, 5.8% (290/4,972) were S. hyicus, and S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans comprised 0.2% (12/4,972) of the isolates. The overall percentage of AMR and MDR were 77.2% and 25.6%, respectively. The highest levels of AMR were seen in CoNS (81.3%; 737/907), S. aureus (80.5%; 302/375), and SIG (77.6%; 2,629/3388). The lowest levels of AMR were observed in S. hyicus (57.9%; 168/290) and S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans (33.3%; 4/12). Overall, AMR and MDR showed significant (p<0.001) decreasing temporal trends. Significant temporal trends (both increasing and decreasing) were observed among 12 of the 16 antimicrobials covering 6 of the 9 drug classes assessed. Thus, significant increasing temporal trends in resistance were observed to β-lactams (p<0.001) (oxacillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cephalothin, and penicillin (p = 0.024)), aminoglycosides (p<0.001) (gentamicin, and neomycin), bacitracin (p<0.001), and enrofloxacin (p<0.001). In contrast, sulfonamide (p<0.001) (sulfadiazin) and tetracycline (p = 0.010) resistant isolates showed significant decreasing temporal trends in AMR. Staphylococcus spp., geographic region, and specimen source were significant predictors of both AMR and MDR.. Although not unexpected nor alarming, the high levels of AMR to a number of antimicrobial agents and the increasing temporal trends are concerning. Therefore, continued monitoring of AMR among Staphylococcus spp. is warranted. Future studies will need to identify local factors responsible for the observed geographic differences in risk of both AMR and MDR.

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactams; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Logistic Models; Retrospective Studies; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Severe infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been increasingly recognized in virtually all fields of veterinary medicine. Our objective was to study the occurrence, phylogenetic relationships and antimicrobial resistance properties of MRSA isolated from ocular surfaces of horses prior to invasive procedures. Within a 49-week sampling period, ocular swabs obtained from 46 eyes of 44 horses, including eyes with clinical signs of conjunctivitis/blepharitis, keratitis or uveitis were screened for the presence of S. aureus. As a result, seven samples were positive for S. aureus (15.2%), with six of them being classified as MRSA (13%). In addition, all isolates were resistant or showed reduced susceptibility to tetracyclines, the aminoglycosides gentamicin and kanamycin, fluoroquinolones, and the combination sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. Since a very close relationship between the MRSA isolates was assumed after pulsed-field gel electrophoresis employing the restriction endonuclease ApaI, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to shed more light on the phylogenetic relationships and the molecular composition of all MRSA isolates. Analysis of WGS data revealed closely related MRSA belonging to sequence type 398, spa type t011 and dru type dt10q, harboring an SCCmec IV element and the Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity island SaPIbov5. Moreover, all MRSA were positive for a beta-hemolysin converting phage carrying genes of the immune evasion cluster (IEC). Since cases of eye infections due to MRSA were often associated with fatal outcomes, more research is needed with respect to the origin of MRSA isolated from ocular surfaces to implement sufficient barrier and infection control measures.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophages; Cross Infection; Eye; Eye Diseases; Genomic Islands; Horses; Methicillin; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Whole Genome Sequencing

With the high demand for developing novel composites with integrated performance, graphene-based nanostructures have been drawing great attention in environmental and biomedical applications because of their extraordinary physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. Although graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets exhibit some antibacterial activities, novel GO based nanostructures with enhanced antibacterial activities are highly desired. To realize this aim, polyethyleneimine (PEI) modified GO as a tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) carrier and release platform was constructed (pGO-TCH). The nanostructures were fully characterized by TEM, AFM, FTIR and Raman spectra, which demonstrated that TCH were uniformly and compactly deposited on PEI modified GO nanosheets. The antibacterial performances of the prepared nanostructures were investigated by disk diffusion method and bacterial growth kinetics method towards Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli. Results show that pGO-TCH nanostructures exhibit good antibacterial behavior. The mechanism of antibacterial activity was studied. Moreover, the nanostructures showed good cytocompatibility. This study not only highlights a promising pGO-TCH nanostructure as a candidate of graphene-based antibacterial agent, but also provides us antibacterial mechanism between bacteria and graphene-based nanomaterials.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Graphite; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Nanostructures; Oxides; Polyethyleneimine; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

The spread of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Denmark; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Farms; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Livestock; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Prevalence; Staphylococcal Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Whole Genome Sequencing; Zoonoses

The presence of Staphylococcus aureus in poultry and poultry products, including eggs, increases its potential to enter the food chain, resulting in foodborne diseases. In this context, eggshell colonization by staphylococci may represent a risk factor. This study aimed to investigate the contamination of rural eggshell by S. aureus and to characterize the key features of the isolated strains.. Antibiotic resistance was assessed by disc diffusion. Resistant isolates were analysed by PCR for the identification of associated genetic determinants of resistance. PCR was also used to screen for the presence of genes coding for toxins, namely, sea, sec, sei, sem, seo and tst. The genetic characterization was extended by means of agr locus typing and spa typing.. 34 S. aureus were isolated. Macrolide- and tetracycline-resistant strains were prevalent. All strains were susceptible to oxacillin, cefoxitin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. PCR screening for genes encoding enterotoxins detected several virulence patterns, which, together with spa-typing and agr-locus typing, allowed cluster analysis and the description of novel clones.. Continuous monitoring of staphylococci is needed also in rural or natural settings. Increasing the number of samples and expanding the geographical region will be needed to further extend the significance of the study.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Egg Shell; Humans; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poultry Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is widespread worldwide in different types of animal species and as a zoonosis takes a great risk for human health not only as a food toxicoinfection, but also as a highly resistant pathogen causing serious soft tissue infectious, septicaemia and even death. One of the most affected food-producing animal species is swine in the production of which new antibiotics in big amounts are used more and more continuously, increasing antimicrobial resistance. In this study several commercial pig farms and pigs with different age groups as well as farm workers and samples from environment were examined with the purpose of detecting MRSA prevalence and evaluating antimicrobial resistance. A total of 85 isolated MRSA strains were characterised by conventional microbial and molecular methods. MRSA was found in all farms. MRSA prevalence in different pig age groups and farms varied from none to 79.2% reaching higher values among 3-3.5 (26.6%) and 4-4.5 (31.9%) old pigs. The 98.7% of 74 further investigated MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin, 94.9% to tetracycline, 45.6% to cephalexin and 10 different spa types were found among which spa type t011 was the most widespread. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time MRSA was researched in sow milk and the first description of the presence of MRSA in several age groups of pigs in Latvia.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Cephalexin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Farms; Female; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Milk; Penicillin-Binding Proteins; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Swine; Tetracycline

Global concern is the treatment of infections caused by methicillin-resistant strains ofgenus Staphylococcus. The aim ofthis study was the analysis ofthe staphylococcal infections' incidence in a multi-profile hospital in Nowy Targ, Poland, in the years 2001- 2004 with a focus on the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among isolated strains of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant staphylococci.. The study was based on the results of bacteriological tests performed in the hospital bacteriological laboratory. The study included patients treated in years 2001-2004 in cardiology, nephrology, surgery, orthopedics, pediatric, intensive care, gynecology and neonatal ward.. Regardless of the year in which the analysis was performed, S. aureus strains resistant to methicillin were not cultured on the neonatal ward and gynecology ward. On the other side, methicillin-sensitive strains were cultured on all of the hospital's wards. A very high sensitivity (virtually 100%) of staphylococcus to vancomycin and teicoplanin and a high sensitivity (87-93%) to chloramphenicol was found. This study showed that the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus strains were the least sensitive to tetracycline.. 1. The highest sensitivity of Staphylococcus was reported to glycopeptides and the lowest to tetracycline. 2. Most of the Staphylococcus strains were cultured in the cardiology department and the least of the strains in the department of gynecology. 3. It is advisable to check whether the frequency of Staphylococcus culture's occurrence has decreased after implementation of the WHO recommendations.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Hospitals; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Poland; Staphylococcal Infections; Teicoplanin; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

To understand the relationship between the Staphylococcus aureus infection rate and the reasonable usage of antibiotics, which will help in the effective control of MRSA infection.. All data were obtained by the application of the nosocomial infection surveillance network. Drug resistance, departmental sources, and isolated sites as well as infection rate variations of S. aureus were analyzed in the 7-year period in key departments.. Between 2008 and 2014, 2525 strains of S. aureus isolates, mainly from sputum, skin/soft tissue, bloodstreams were collected from several hospital departments including respiratory, burn, brain surgery, orthopedics, ICU, and emergency. During these periods, the resistance rate of S. aureus to most drugs, including oxacillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin, showed a tendency to decrease. The resistance to sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim showed the opposite trend (P = 0.075) and there were no S. aureus strains resistant to linezolid and vancomycin. The MRSA infection rate was different across crucial hospital departments, with the burns department and ICU maintaining a high infection level. Over the 7-year period, both the brain surgery and the emergency departments had an expected upward trend (P < 0.05), while the orthopedic department showed a clear downward trend (P < 0.05) in MRSA infection rate.. Hospitals should continue to maintain the current pattern of antibiotic administration, while more effective measures should be taken to reduce the high MRSA infection rate in some important hospital departments.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; China; Clindamycin; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tertiary Care Centers; Tetracycline

A series of 12-oxime and O-oxime ether derivatives of dehydroabietic acid were synthesized and investigated for the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus Newman strain and five multidrug-resistant strains (NRS-1, NRS-70, NRS-100, NRS-108, and NRS-271). The aromatic oximate derivative 11a showed the highest activity with MIC of 0.39-0.78μg/mL against S. aureus Newman. Of note, compounds 10b, 11 and 14 showed the most potent antibacterial activity against five multidrug-resistant S. aureus with MIC values of 1.25-3.13μg/mL. These results offered useful information for further strategic optimization in search of the antibacterial candidates against infection of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria.

Topics: Abietanes; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oximes; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Structure-Activity Relationship

To investigate the destruction of clinically-relevant bacteria within biofilms via the sustained release of the antibiotic tetracycline from zein-based electrospun polymeric fibrous matrices and to demonstrate the compatibility of such wound dressing matrices with human skin cells.. Zein/PCL triple layered fibrous dressings with entrapped tetracycline were electrospun. The successful entrapment of tetracycline in these dressings was validated. The successful release of bioactive tetracycline, the destruction of preformed biofilms, and the viability of fibroblast (FEK4) cells were investigated.. The sustained release of tetracycline from these matrices led to the efficient destruction of preformed biofilms from Staphylococcus aureus MRSA252 in vitro, and of MRSA252 and ATCC 25923 bacteria in an ex vivo pig skin model using 1 × 1 cm square matrices containing tetracycline (30 μg). Human FEK4 cells grew normally in the presence of these matrices.. The ability of the zein-based matrices to destroy bacteria within increasingly complex in vitro biofilm models was clearly established. An ex vivo pig skin assay showed that these matrices, with entrapped tetracycline, efficiently kill bacteria and this, combined with their compatibility with a human skin cell line suggest these matrices are well suited for applications in wound healing and infection control.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polyesters; Skin; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Sus scrofa; Swine; Tetracycline; Zein

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most important pathogens in the hospital environment. Monitoring of this pathogen by molecular characterization and phenotypic methods is important for the development of suitable infection control measures and proper therapy design. In this study, our aim was to investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of MRSA bloodstream isolates obtained from patients hospitalized at Ankara University Ibn-i Sina Hospital in a 10-year period (2002-2012) and monitor the possible changes. A total of 134 isolates were characterized according to their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, biofilm formation capabilities, accessory gene regulator (agr) locus types, presence of genes encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), staphylococcal enterotoxins A-J (SEs A-J), toxic shock syndrome toxin, sasX, and genes associated with biofilm formation (icaD, icaA, IS256) by polymerase chain reaction. The staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types of isolates were also defined and their clonal relationships were investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis and multilocus sequence typing was performed for representative isolates obtained by PFGE.. The majority of the isolates were resistant to rifampin (100%), ciprofloxacin (97%), tetracycline (97.7%), and gentamicin (94.7%); 100% carried type-III SCCmec and 89.5% were agr type-1. All the isolates were negative for PVL, and sasX genes while all of them carried the icaD, icaA, and IS256 genes. The most common SE was enterotoxin A (97%). Four major PFGE patterns with the dominance of one pattern and seven unique patterns were obtained. All the representative PFGE isolates (n = 11) belonged to sequence type 239.. We have documented the characteristics of the dominant MRSA clone in our hospital, which was a PVL (-), sasX (-) ST239 clone carrying sea (+) with type-III SCCmec, and type-1 agr locus.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Genes, Bacterial; Genetic Loci; Gentamicins; Hospitals, University; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Epidemiology; Phylogeny; Retrospective Studies; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Turkey

The tetracycline resistance gene tet(K) was shown to be integrated within the predominant staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element of Danish livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC398 (LA-MRSA CC398). These LA-MRSA CC398 isolates already possessed tet(M), but the acquisition of tet(K) significantly improved their fitness at sublethal concentrations of tetracycline. Because tet(K) is genetically linked to SCCmec, the use of tetracycline in food animals may have contributed to the successful spread of LA-MRSA CC398.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Genotype; Livestock; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

A total of 112 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from subclinical bovine mastitis cases were examined for antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm-forming ability as well as genes responsible for antibiotic resistance, biofilm-forming ability, and adhesin. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were determined by disk diffusion method. Biofilm forming ability of the isolates were investigated by Congo red agar method, standard tube method, and microplate method. The genes responsible for antibiotic resistance, biofilm-forming ability, and adhesion were examined by PCR. Five isolates (4.5%) were identified as methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus by antibiotic susceptibility testing and confirmed by mecA detection. The resistance rates to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, enrofloxacin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid were 45.5, 39.3, 33, 26.8, 5.4, 0.9, and 0.9%, respectively. All isolates were susceptible against vancomycin and gentamicin. The blaZ (100%), tetK (67.6%), and ermA (70%) genes were the most common antibiotic-resistance genes. Using Congo red agar, microplate, and standard tube methods, 70.5, 67, and 62.5% of the isolates were found to be biofilm producers, respectively. The percentage rate of icaA, icaD, and bap genes in Staph. aureus isolates were 86.6, 86.6, and 13.4%, respectively. The adhesion molecules fnbA, can, and clfA were detected in 87 (77.7%), 98 (87.5%), and 75 (70%) isolates, respectively. The results indicated that Staph. aureus from sublinical bovine mastitis cases were mainly resistant to β-lactams and, to a lesser extent, to tetracycline and erythromycin. Also, biofilm- and adhesion-related genes, which are increasingly accepted as an important virulence factor in the pathogenesis of Staph. aureus infections, were detected at a high rate.

Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactams; Biofilms; Cattle; Coagulase; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Methyltransferases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

The transduction mediated by bacteriophages is considered to be one of the primary driving forces in horizontal gene transfer in staphylococci, which is crucial to their adaptation and successful evolution. For a transduction to be effective, it is generally accepted that the recipient strain should be susceptible to the transducing phage. In this study, we demonstrate that the plasmid DNAs are effectively transduced into the recipient Staphylococcus aureus strains in spite of their insensitivity to the lytic action of the transducing phage, provided that these phages adsorb effectively to the bacterial cells. The tetracycline and penicillinase plasmids were transduced to insensitive laboratory and clinical strains by bacteriophages ϕ29, ϕ52A and ϕ80α as well as by prophage ϕ53 and naturally occurring prophages induced from donor lysogenic strains. Comparable frequencies of transduction were achieved in both phage-sensitive and phage-insensitive recipient strains. We have demonstrated that such mechanisms as the restriction of DNA and lysogenic immunity which are responsible for insensitivity of cells to phages may not be a barrier to the transfer, maintenance and effective spread of plasmids to a wider range of potential recipients in the staphylococcal population.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Lysogeny; Penicillinase; Plasmids; Prophages; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline; Transduction, Genetic

Swine production work is a risk factor for nasal carriage of livestock-associated (LA-) Staphylococcus aureus and also for skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI). However, whether LA-S. aureus nasal carriage is associated with increased risk of SSTI remains unclear. We aimed to examine S. aureus nasal carriage and recent (≤3 months prior to enrollment) SSTI symptoms among industrial hog operation (IHO) workers and their household contacts. IHO workers and their household contacts provided a nasal swab and responded to a questionnaire assessing self-reported personal and occupational exposures and recent SSTI symptoms. Nasal swabs were analyzed for S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant-S. aureus (MDRSA), absence of scn (livestock association), and spa type. S. aureus with at least one indicator of LA was observed among 19% of 103 IHO workers and 6% of 80 household members. Prevalence of recent SSTI was 6% among IHO workers and 11% among 54 minor household members (0/26 adult household members reported SSTI). Among IHO workers, nasal carriers of MDRSA and scn-negative S. aureus were 8.8 (95% CI: 1.8, 43.9) and 5.1 (95% CI: 1.2, 22.2) times as likely to report recent SSTI as non-carriers, respectively. In one household, both an IHO worker and child reported recent SSTI and carried the same S. aureus spa type (t4976) intranasally. Prevalence of scn-negative S. aureus (PR: 5.0, 95% CI: 1.2, 21.4) was elevated among IHO workers who reported never versus always wearing a face mask at work. Although few SSTI were reported, this study of IHO workers and their household contacts is the first to characterize a relation between nasal carriage of antibiotic-resistant LA-S. aureus and SSTI. The direction and temporality of this relation and IHO workers' use of face masks to prevent nasal carriage of these bacteria warrant further investigation.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Family Characteristics; Female; Humans; Industry; Livestock; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Nose; Occupational Exposure; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Skin; Soft Tissue Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Swine; Tetracycline

A livestock-associated clonal lineage (ST398) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been identified causing colonization or infection in farm workers. The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of MRSA-ST398 colonization in pigs and in pig farmers in an area with a high pig population (Osona, Barcelona province, Catalonia, Spain).. We performed a cross-sectional prevalence study in Osona (Catalonia, Spain), from June 2014 to June 2015. All pig farm workers from 83 farms were studied. Twenty of these farms were randomly selected for the study of both pigs and farmers: 9 fattening and 11 farrow-to-finish farms. All workers over the age of 18 who agreed to participate were included. Samples were analyzed to identify MRSA-ST398 and their spa type.. Eighty-one of the 140 pig farm workers analyzed (57.9% (95% IC: 50.0-66.4%)) were MRSA-positive, all of them ST398. The mean number of years worked on farms was 17.5 ± 12.6 (range:1-50), without significant differences between positive and negative MRSA results (p = 0.763). Over 75% of MRSA-ST398 carriers worked on farms with more than 1250 pigs (p < 0.001). At least one worker tested positive for MRSA-ST398 on all 20 selected pig farms. Ninety-two (46.0% (95% IC: 39.0-53.0%)) of the nasal swabs from 200 pigs from these 20 farms were MRSA-positive, with 50.5% of sows and 41.4% of fattening pigs (p = 0.198) giving MRSA-positive results. All the isolates were tetracycline-resistant, and were identified as MRSA-ST398. The spa type identified most frequently was t011 (62%). Similar spa types and phenotypes of antibiotic resistance were identified in pigs and farmers of 19/20 tested farms.. The prevalence of MRSA-ST398 among pig farm workers and pigs on farms in the studied region is very high, and the size of the farm seems to correlate with the frequency of colonization of farmers. The similar spa-types and phenotypes of resistance detected in pigs and workers in most of the farms studied suggest animal-to-human transmission.

Topics: Adult; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Cross-Sectional Studies; Farmers; Farms; Female; Humans; Livestock; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Nasal Mucosa; Occupational Diseases; Prevalence; Spain; Staphylococcal Infections; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

This study aimed to evaluate the persistence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and multidrug-resistant S. aureus over 14 days of follow-up among industrial hog operation workers in North Carolina.. Workers anticipating at least 24 h away from work were enrolled June-August 2012. Participants self-collected a nasal swab and completed a study journal on the evening of day 1, and each morning and evening on days 2-7 and 14 of the study. S. aureus isolated from nasal swabs were assessed for antibiotic susceptibility, spa type and absence of the scn gene. Livestock association was defined by absence of scn.. Twenty-two workers provided 327 samples. S. aureus carriage end points did not change with time away from work (mean 49 h; range >0-96 h). Ten workers were persistent and six were intermittent carriers of livestock-associated S. aureus. Six workers were persistent and three intermittent carriers of livestock-associated multidrug-resistant S. aureus. One worker persistently carried livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Six workers were non-carriers of livestock-associated S. aureus. Eighty-two per cent of livestock-associated S. aureus demonstrated resistance to tetracycline. A majority of livestock-associated S. aureus isolates (n=169) were CC398 (68%) while 31% were CC9. No CC398 and one CC9 isolate was detected among scn-positive isolates.. Nasal carriage of livestock-associated S. aureus, multidrug-resistant S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus can persist among industrial hog operation workers over a 14-day period, which included up to 96 h away from work.

Topics: Adult; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Livestock; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Middle Aged; North Carolina; Nose; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Exposure; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Swine; Tetracycline; Young Adult

A total of 261 healthy farm and pet animals (75 cattle, 52 goats, 100 dogs, and 34 cats) from different regions of Tunisia were screened for Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage. Molecular typing of isolates (by spa- and multilocus sequence-typing) was performed, and their antimicrobial resistance and virulence genotypes were determined by PCR and sequencing. S. aureus isolates were detected in 17 of 261 tested samples (6.5%). All S. aureus isolates recovered were methicillin-susceptible (MSSA), and one isolate/sample was further studied. Eight different spa types were detected (t189, t279, t582, t701, t1166, t1268, t1534, and t1773), and eight different sequence types were identified (ST6, ST15, ST45, ST133, ST188, ST700 [clonal complex CC130], ST2057, and a new ST2121). MSSA from pets (six isolates) showed resistance to (number of isolates, resistance gene): penicillin (six, blaZ), tetracycline (one, tet[M]), erythromycin one, erm[A]), streptomycin (one, ant[6]-Ia), and ciprofloxacin (one). All isolates from farm animals showed susceptibility to the tested antimicrobials, except for two penicillin-resistant isolates. Five S. aureus isolates from goats and cats harbored the lukF/lukS-PV genes, encoding the Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and six isolates from goats harbored the tst virulence gene. In addition, diverse combinations of enterotoxin genes were detected, including two variants of the egc cluster. Goats and cats could represent a reservoir of important toxin genes, with potential implications in animal and human health.

Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Toxins; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Carrier State; Cats; Cattle; Dogs; Exotoxins; Goats; Humans; Leukocidins; Methicillin; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Nose; Penicillins; Pets; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Tunisia; Virulence Factors

The use of resistance-modifying agents is a potential strategy that is used to prolong the effective life of antibiotics in the face of increasing antibiotic resistance. Since certain flavonoids are potent bacterial efflux pump inhibitors, we assessed morin, rutin, quercetin, hesperidin, and (+)-catechin for their combined activity with the antibiotics ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxacillin, and ampicillin against drug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Four established methods were used to determine the combined efficacy of each combination: microdilution checkerboard assays, time-kill determinations, the Etest, and dual disc-diffusion methods. The cytotoxicity of the flavonoids was additionally evaluated in a mouse fibroblast cell line. Quercetin and its isomer morin decreased by 3- to 16-fold the minimal inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin against some S. aureus strains. Rutin, hesperidin, and (+)-catechin did not promote any potentiation of antibiotics. Despite the potential cytotoxicity of these phytochemicals at a high concentration (fibroblast IC50 of 41.8 and 67.5 mg/L, respectively), quercetin is commonly used as a supplement for several therapeutic purposes. All the methods, with exception of the time-kill assay, presented a high degree of congruence without any apparent strain specificity.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Catechin; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Flavonoids; Hesperidin; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxacillin; Quercetin; Rutin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

We previously identified the protein Tet38 as a chromosomally encoded efflux pump of Staphylococcus aureus that confers resistance to tetracycline and certain unsaturated fatty acids. Tet38 also contributes to mouse skin colonization. In this study, we discovered a novel regulator of tet38, named tetracycline regulator 21 (TetR21), that bound specifically to the tet38 promoter and repressed pump expression. A ΔtetR21 mutant showed a 5-fold increase in tet38 transcripts and an 8-fold increase in resistance to tetracycline and fatty acids. The global regulator MgrA bound to the tetR21 promoter and indirectly repressed the expression of tet38. To further assess the full role of Tet38 in S. aureus adaptability, we tested its effect on host cell invasion using A549 (lung) and HMEC-1 (heart) cell lines. We used S. aureus RN6390, its Δtet38, ΔtetR21, and ΔmgrA mutants, and a Δtet38 ΔtetR21 double mutant. After 2 h of contact, the Δtet38 mutant was internalized in 6-fold-lower numbers than RN6390 in A549 and HMEC-1 cells, and the ΔtetR21 mutant was internalized in 2-fold-higher numbers than RN6390. A slight increase of 1.5-fold in internalization was found for the ΔmgrA mutant. The growth patterns of RN6390 and the ΔmgrA and ΔtetR21 mutants within A549 cells were similar, while no growth was observed for the Δtet38 mutant. These data indicate that the Tet38 efflux pump is regulated by TetR21 and contributes to the ability of S. aureus to internalize and replicate within epithelial cells.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Cell Line, Tumor; Epithelial Cells; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Membrane Transport Proteins; Mice; Microbial Viability; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

The effects of oral dose of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera and tetracycline antibiotics on cutaneous wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus were studied in eighteen adult wistar rats (159±31.5g) randomized into three groups: Group A, n = 6, Moringa oleifera-(300 mg/kg). Group B, n = 6, tetracycline (9.4 mg/kg) and Group C, n = 6, Sterile water (control). Six millimetres diameter nape wound, created on each rat under 2% xylazine (5 mg/kg) and 5% ketamine (35 mg/kg), was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus (108 Colony Forming Unit (CFU). Following infection, treatment was commenced with daily oral dose of test preparations and the wounds were evaluated every other day i.e., day 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 for wetness (wound exudation), wound edge oedema, hyperaemia, granulation tissues and contraction (diameter). Severe wound exudation existed in all the groups between days 0-3 (p = 1.00). A significantly less wound exudation was observed at days 3-5 (p = 0.000) and 5-9 (p = 0.003) (Control< Tetracycline Moringa> Tetracycline). Differences in wound diameter was not significant except at days 5-9 (p = 0.013) (Control> Moringa >Tetracycline). Oral doses of Moringa oleifera extract (300mg/kg) and tetracycline (9.4mg/kg) are not effective as antimicrobial or immune-boosting agents to enhance healing of wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus and hence not recommended for rapid clearance of Staphylococcus aureus infected wounds.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Moringa oleifera; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Wound Healing

The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients in the United States is approximately 25%. Little is known about the relative proportion of hospital- versus community-associated strains or the antimicrobial susceptibility of MRSA in different CF centers. We hypothesized that the majority of MRSA isolates obtained from children with CF are those endemic in the hospital and that those associated with community acquisition (SCCmec IV) would be more resistant than typically seen in non-CF MRSA isolates.. We studied MRSA strains from seven pediatric CF centers to determine the clonal distribution based on DNA sequencing of the staphylococcal protein A gene (spa typing), the type of staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec), and the proportion of strains with Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL). Antimicrobial susceptibility to systemic and topical antibiotics was compared between different MRSA types.. We analyzed 277 MRSA isolates from unique patients (mean age 11.15 ± 4.77 years, 55% male). Seventy % of isolates were SCCmec II PVL negative and the remainder SCCmec IV. Overall 17% MRSA strains were PVL positive (all SCCmec IV). Spa typing of 118 isolates showed most of the SCCmec II strains being t002, while SCCmec IV PVL positive isolates were t008, and SCCmec IV PVL negative isolates represented a variety of spa-types. The proportions of SCCmec II strains and spa-types were similar among centers. Overall rates of resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (4%), tetracycline (7%), tigecycline (0.4%), linezolid (0.4%) as well as fosfomycin (0.4%), fusidic acid (3%), and mupirocin (1%) were low. No strains were resistant to vancomycin. SCCmec II strains had higher rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin and clindamycin (P < 0.001) than SCCmec IV strains.. In this U.S. study, most MRSA isolates in the pediatric CF population were SCCmec II PVL negative. Rates of resistance were low, including to older and orally available antibiotics such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.

Topics: Acetamides; Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; Bronchoscopy; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Cystic Fibrosis; DNA, Bacterial; Exotoxins; Female; Fosfomycin; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Leukocidins; Linezolid; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Molecular Typing; Mupirocin; Oxazolidinones; Penicillin-Binding Proteins; Pharynx; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sputum; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Protein A; Tetracycline; Tigecycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; United States

The Republic of Zambia consists of only one veterinary teaching school at the University of Zambia (UNZA) where students and veterinarians are exposed to many bacterial pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP). The aim of this study was the characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of eleven SA and 48 SP isolates from the veterinary hospitals' in- and outpatients and the environment. No isolate was resistant to cefoxitin by disk diffusion test and the corresponding resistance gene mecA was not found. In contrast, the resistance rates of SA to penicillin (63.6%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (36.4%) and SP to penicillin (52.1%) and tetracycline (25.0%) were the highest. A variety of sequence types (STs) without a predominant type including numerous novel types were determined, especially for SP (39.6%). The spa typing provided a clonal assignment for all SAs (100%) and 24 SPs (50%) with three and two novel types, respectively. This study has provided an overview of SA and SP in the veterinary teaching hospital at UNZA. However, for a better understanding of these species regarding pathogenesis and transmission, further studies on the prevalence and characterization of SA and SP from veterinary staff, pet owners, and farm animals in Zambia is needed.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Sequence; Cat Diseases; Cats; DNA, Bacterial; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Hospitals, Animal; Hospitals, Teaching; Molecular Sequence Data; Penicillins; Pets; Prevalence; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Zambia

The epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in the community in Ghana was never investigated prior to this study. The aims of the study were: i) to assess prevalence of nasal S. aureus carriage in Ghanaian people living in an urban and a rural area, and ii) to identify phenotypic and genotypic traits of strains isolated from the two communities. Nasal swabs were collected from healthy individuals living in an urban community situated in the suburb of the capital city, Accra (n = 353) and in a rural community situated in the Dangme-West district (n = 234). The overall prevalence of nasal carriage was 21% with a significantly higher prevalence in the urban (28%) than in the rural community (11%) (p<0.0001). The levels of antimicrobial resistance were generally low (<5%) except for penicillin (91%) and tetracycline (25%). The only two (0.3%) MRSA carriers were individuals living in the urban area and had been exposed to hospitals within the last 12 months prior to sampling. Resistance to tetracycline (p = 0.0009) and presence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene (p = 0.02) were significantly higher among isolates from the rural community compared to isolates from the urban community. Eleven MLST clonal complexes (CC) were detected based on spa typing of the 124 S. aureus isolates from the two communities: CC8 (n = 36), CC152 (n = 21), CC45 (n = 21), CC15 (n = 18), CC121 (n = 6), CC97 (n = 6), CC30 (n = 5), CC5 (n = 5), CC508 (n = 4), CC9 (n = 1), and CC707 (n = 1). CC8 and CC45 were less frequent in the rural area than in the urban area (p = 0.02). These results reveal remarkable differences regarding carriage prevalence, tetracycline resistance, PVL content and clonal distribution of S. aureus in the two study populations. Future research may be required to establish whether such differences in nasal S. aureus carriage are linked to socio-economic differences between urban and rural communities in this African country.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Ghana; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Nose; Penicillins; Rural Population; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Urban Population

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) produced by conventional microemulsion techniques using thermal heat have specific limitations (e.g. high polydispersity, instability and low encapsulation). Replacing thermal heat with microwave heat may produce SLNs which overcome some of these limitations.. Stearic acid-based SLNs prepared with Tween® 20 as the emulsifier were chosen as the optimum formulation to encapsulate and potentially deliver the antibacterial drug tetracycline. All formulations were characterized for their particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, thermal and X-ray diffraction analyses. Short-term stability and in vitro drug studies were also performed.. Microwave heating helps to overcome several disadvantages associated with thermal heating (nonuniform, inefficient and slow) and results in improved particle characteristics. There is thus the potential for new opportunities in the development of colloidal carriers. The particle sizes of microwave-produced SLNs were in the desired nanometer range (200-250 nm) with both lower size and lower polydispersity than the conventional SLNs. We take this as an indication of improved stability; however zeta potential measurements were not different, indicating similar stability. True stability testing (visual observation with time) did show that the microwave-induced SLNs were found to be more stable, particularly when refrigerated. The microwave-produced SLNs also demonstrated improved encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity. Thermal and diffraction analysis confirmed a lowered crystallinity of stearic acid with successful incorporation of tetracycline into the SLNs. In vitro release studies indicated that, after an initial burst release, SLNs could provide prolonged release of tetracycline. The presence of tetracycline and non-toxicity of carriers towards microbes was confirmed by antimicrobial susceptibility tests.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Carriers; Emulsions; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Microwaves; Nanoparticles; Polysorbates; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Stearic Acids; Tetracycline

The emergence of community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has caused a change in MRSA epidemiology worldwide. In the Middle East, the persistent spread of CA-MRSA isolates that were associated with multilocus sequence type (MLST) clonal complex 80 and with staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV (CC80-MRSA-IV), calls for novel approaches for infection control that would limit its spread.. In this study, the epidemiology of CC80-MRSA-IV was investigated in Jordan and Lebanon retrospectively covering the period from 2000 to 2011. Ninety-four S. aureus isolates, 63 (67%) collected from Lebanon and 31 (33%) collected from Jordan were included in this study. More than half of the isolates (56%) were associated with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and 73 (78%) were Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) positive. Majority of the isolates (84%) carried the gene for exofoliative toxin d (etd), 19% had the Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 gene (tst), and seven isolates from Jordan had a rare combination being positive for both tst and PVL genes. spa typing showed the prevalence of type t044 (85%) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) recognized 21 different patterns. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed the prevalence (36%) of a unique resistant profile, which included resistance to streptomycin, kanamycin, and fusidic acid (SKF profile).. The genetic diversity among the CC80 isolates observed in this study poses an additional challenge to infection control of CA-MRSA epidemics. CA-MRSA related to ST80 in the Middle East was distinguished in this study from the ones described in other countries. Genetic diversity observed, which may be due to mutations and differences in the antibiotic regimens between countries may have led to the development of heterogeneous strains. Hence, it is difficult to maintain "the European CA-MRSA clone" as a uniform clone and it is better to designate as CC80-MRSA-IV isolates.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Toxins; Child; Child, Preschool; Community-Acquired Infections; Female; Humans; Infant; Jordan; Lebanon; Male; Methicillin Resistance; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance; Young Adult

Several phenyl substituted naphthalenes and isoquinolines have been identified as antibacterial agents that inhibit FtsZ-Zing formation. In the present study we evaluated the antibacterial of several phenyl substituted quinoxalines, quinazolines and 1,5-naphthyridines against methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus and vancomycin-sensitive and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcusfaecalis. Some of the more active compounds against S. aureus were evaluated for their effect on FtsZ protein polymerization. Further studies were also performed to assess their relative bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities. The notable differences observed between nonquaternized and quaternized quinoxaline derivatives suggest that differing mechanisms of action are associated with their antibacterial properties.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterococcus faecalis; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Naphthyridines; Quinazolines; Quinoxalines; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Vancomycin

The discovery and optimization of a new class of bacterial topoisomerase (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV) inhibitors binding in the ATP domain are described. A fragment molecule, 1-ethyl-3-(2-pyridyl)urea, provided sufficiently potent enzyme inhibition (32 μM) to prompt further analogue work. Acids and acid isosteres were incorporated at the 5-pyridyl position of this fragment, bridging to a key asparagine residue, improving enzyme inhibition, and leading to measurable antibacterial activity. A CF3-thiazole substituent at the 4-pyridyl position improved inhibitory potency due to a favorable lipophilic interaction. Promising antibacterial activity was seen versus the Gram-positive pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae and the Gram-negative pathogens Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis . Precursor metabolite incorporation and mutant analysis studies support the mode-of-action, blockage of DNA synthesis by dual target topoisomerase inhibition. Compound 35 was efficacious in a mouse S. aureus disease model, where a 4.5-log reduction in colony forming units versus control was demonstrated.

Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Disease Models, Animal; DNA Topoisomerases, Type II; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Discovery; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Staphylococcal Infections; Structure-Activity Relationship; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; Urea

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has long been recognized as an important pathogen in human medicine leading to hospital and community-acquired infections. However, it is now also considered a growing problem in veterinary medicine, although causing little or no disease. Although MRSA has already been detected in livestock including poultry, little is known about the epidemiology of MRSA in broiler and layer chickens. We therefore investigated 372 poultry farms in Belgium. We also compared the isolation method recommended by the European Food Safety Authority using two enrichment steps with an isolation method using only one enrichment step. Isolated MRSA was characterized by means of antimicrobial resistance profiling, spa typing, multi-locus sequence typing, and SCCmec typing. MRSA prevalence was 0.8% using the double broth enrichment method, while using the single broth enrichment method it was 1.8%. Five MRSA strains belonged to the livestock-associated (LA) MRSA ST398 (four with spa type t011 and one with t899), and three to the hospital-acquired MRSA ST239 spa type t037. The ST239 strains carried SCCmec type III while those belonging to ST398 carried SCCmec type IV or V. All isolates showed additional resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline apart from the expected resistance to cefoxitin and penicillin. All strains were susceptible to linezolid, mupirocin and vancomycin. In conclusion, a higher sensitivity for the isolation of LA-MRSA was obtained using only one enrichment step. While the typical LA-MRSA ST398 was present at low prevalence in poultry, human-associated strains have also been found.

Topics: Animals; Belgium; Cell Culture Techniques; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Likelihood Functions; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Poultry Diseases; Prevalence; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Tn5801, originally detected in Staphylococcus aureus Mu50, is a Tn916 family element in which a unique int gene (int5801) replaces the int and xis genes in Tn916 (int916 and xis916). Among 62 tet(M)-positive tetracycline-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae isolates, 43 harbored Tn916, whereas 19 harbored a Tn5801-like element (Tn5801.Sag, ∼20.6 kb). Tn5801.Sag was characterized (PCR mapping, partial sequencing, and chromosomal integration) and compared to other Tn5801-like elements. Similar to Tn5801 from S. aureus Mu50, tested in parallel, Tn5801.Sag was unable to undergo circularization and conjugal transfer.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; DNA Transposable Elements; Humans; Italy; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus agalactiae; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Doxycycline is a tetracycline that has been licensed for veterinary use in some countries, but no clinical breakpoints are available for veterinary pathogens. The objectives of this study were (i) to establish breakpoints for doxycycline and (ii) to evaluate the use of tetracycline as a surrogate to predict the doxycycline susceptibility of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates. MICs and inhibition zone diameters were determined for 168 canine S. pseudintermedius isolates according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standards. Tetracycline resistance genes were detected by PCR, and time-kill curves were determined for representative strains. In vitro pharmacodynamic and target animal pharmacokinetic data were analyzed by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) for the development of MIC interpretive criteria. Optimal zone diameter breakpoints were defined using the standard error rate-bounded method. The two drugs displayed bacteriostatic activity and bimodal MIC distributions. Doxycycline was more active than tetracycline in non-wild-type strains. MCS and target attainment analysis indicated a certainty of ≥ 90% for attaining an area under the curve (AUC)/MIC ratio of >25 with a standard dosage of doxycycline (5 mg/kg of body weight every 12 h) for strains with MICs of ≤ 0.125 μg/ml. Tetracycline predicted doxycycline susceptibility, but current tetracycline breakpoints were inappropriate for the interpretation of doxycycline susceptibility results. Accordingly, canine-specific doxycycline MIC breakpoints (susceptible, ≤ 0.125 μg/ml; intermediate, 0.25 μg/ml; resistant, ≥ 0.5 μg/ml) and zone diameter breakpoints (susceptible, ≥ 25 mm; intermediate, 21 to 24 mm; resistant, ≤ 20 mm) and surrogate tetracycline MIC breakpoints (susceptible, ≤ 0.25 μg/ml; intermediate, 0.5 μg/ml; resistant, ≥ 1 μg/ml) and zone diameter breakpoints (susceptible, ≥ 23 mm; intermediate, 18 to 22 mm; resistant, ≤ 17 mm) were proposed based on the data generated in this study.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Doxycycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Models, Theoretical; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Sequence type (ST) 59 is an epidemic lineage of community-associated (CA) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates. Taiwanese CA-MRSA isolates belong to ST59 and can be grouped into 2 distinct clones, a virulent Taiwan clone and a commensal Asian-Pacific clone. The Taiwan clone carries the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) genes and the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) VT, and is frequently isolated from patients with severe disease. The Asian-Pacific clone is PVL-negative, carries SCCmec IV, and a frequent colonizer of healthy children. Isolates of both clones were characterized by their ability to adhere to respiratory A549 cells, cytotoxicity to human neutrophils, and nasal colonization of a murine and murine sepsis models. Genome variation was determined by polymerase chain reaction of selected virulence factors and by multi-strain whole genome microarray. Additionally, the expression of selected factors was compared between the 2 clones. The Taiwan clone showed a much higher cytotoxicity to the human neutrophils and caused more severe septic infections with a high mortality rate in the murine model. The clones were indistinguishable in their adhesion to A549 cells and persistence of murine nasal colonization. The microarray data revealed that the Taiwan clone had lost the ø3-prophage that integrates into the β-hemolysin gene and includes staphylokinase- and enterotoxin P-encoding genes, but had retained the genes for human immune evasion, scn and chps. Production of the virulence factors did not differ significantly in the 2 clonal groups, although more α-toxin was expressed in Taiwan clone isolates from pneumonia patients. In conclusion, the Taiwan CA-MRSA clone was distinguished by enhanced virulence in both humans and an animal infection model. The evolutionary acquisition of PVL, the higher expression of α-toxin, and possibly the loss of a large portion of the β-hemolysin-converting prophage likely contribute to its higher pathogenic potential than the Asian-Pacific clone.

Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Adhesion; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Child; Child, Preschool; Community-Acquired Infections; Epidemics; Epithelial Cells; Evolution, Molecular; Female; Genotype; Humans; Infant; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neutrophils; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Open Reading Frames; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Transcriptome; Virulence

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398, associated with livestock animals, was described in 2003 as a new lineage infecting or colonizing humans. We evaluated the prevalence and molecular characteristics of MRSA ST398 isolated in the Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge from January 2000 to June 2011. Tetracycline resistant (Tet-R) MRSA isolates from single patients (pts) were screened by SmaI-pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Nontypable MRSA strains by SmaI (NT Sma I)-MRSA were further analysed by ApaI-PFGE, spa, SCCmec, agr, MLST typing, and by DNA microarray hybridization. Among 164 pts harboring Tet-R MRSA, NT Sma I-MRSA ST398-agrI was found in 33 pts (20%). Although the first pt was detected in 2003, 22/33 pts (67%) were registered in the 2010-2011 period. Ten pts (30%) were infected and cancer was the most frequent underlying disease. In one case, death was due to MRSA-ST398-related infection. Five pulsotypes (A-E) were detected using ApaI-PFGE, with type A accounting for 76% of the strains. The majority of the studied isolates presented spa type t011 (70%) and SCCmec type V (88%). One strain was spa negative both by PCR and microarray analysis. Forty-nine percent of the studied isolates showed resistance to 3 or more antibiotic classes, in addition to beta-lactams. Ciprofloxacin resistance was 67%. Tet-R was mediated by tet(M) and tet(K) in 26 isolates. All isolates lacked Panton-Valentine Leukocidin production, as well as other significant toxins. This study displays the molecular features of MRSA-ST398 clone and shows the increase in tetracycline resistance together with arise in MRSA-ST398 isolates infecting or colonizing patients in our clinical setting.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross Infection; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Female; Humans; Male; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny; Prevalence; Spain; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

In my office I occasionally see neonates with conjunctivitis. What are the current recommendations for ocular prophylaxis at birth? Do topical antibiotics alone provide adequate treatment of neonatal conjunctivitis? When is systemic therapy indicated?. All infants should receive ocular prophylaxis at birth to prevent gonococcal ophthalmia. Neonates presenting with signs of conjunctivitis should have a conjunctival swab sent for Gram stain and culture. If Gram-negative diplococci are present on the Gram stain results, the infants and their parents should be treated immediately for presumed gonorrhea. Infants with chlamydial infection should be treated with oral antibiotics. Most of all other forms of bacterial conjunctivitis can be treated with topical antibiotics, with the exception of Pseudomonas infection. Infants should be followed during their treatment and upon completion of therapy to ensure resolution of symptoms. For cases in which sexually transmitted bacteria are implicated, the mothers and their sexual partners should be treated.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlamydia Infections; Conjunctivitis; Erythromycin; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

The anti-inflammatory drug diacetyl rhein has been found to possess promising antistaphylococcal effects against various drug-resistant strains in our previous study. In the present work, we explored the in vitro combinatory interactions of diacetyl rhein with oxacillin and tetracycline against 13 standard strains and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, including those resistant to erythromycin, methicillin and tetracycline.. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined by broth microdilution assay, and the effects of combinations were evaluated according to the sum of fractional inhibitory concentrations (ΣFICs).. Synergistic or additive effects were observed against all S. aureus strains (ΣFIC 0.258-1), whereas diacetyl rhein-oxacillin appeared to be the most effective combination, synergistically inhibiting the growth of 4 strains tested.. To our best knowledge, this is the first report on a synergistic antibacterial effect of diacetyl rhein. Our results suggest this promising compound for further evaluation of its synergistic anti-infective potential as an agent with a combined anti-inflammatory and synergistic antibacterial action.

Topics: Anthraquinones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diacetyl; Drug Synergism; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxacillin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) is an increasingly important cause of opportunistic infections in dogs and cats. Treatment options are often limited because of the high level of antimicrobial resistance. Doxycycline resistance is common, but variable mechanisms of doxycycline resistance exist, with some conferring resistance to doxycycline but not minocycline. However, there has been limited study of minocycline susceptibility in clinical MRSP isolates nor has the association of susceptibility and clonal complex been clearly established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of MRSP to tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline, to determine the prevalence of tet(M) and tet(K) and to evaluate the impact of strain on minocycline susceptibility. One hundred seven MRSP isolates from dogs from Canada and the US were included; 79 from clinical infections and 28 from colonization sites. Thirty-nine (36%) isolates were susceptible to tetracycline, 41 (38%) to doxycycline and 70 (65%) to minocycline. Two main dru types, dt9a and dt11a, were present. When tetracycline or doxycycline resistant, dru type dt9a and related strains predominantly harboured tet(K) and were susceptible to minocycline. In contrast, dt11a and related strains tended to harbour tet(M), which confers resistance to all three tetracyclines. Minocycline might be a treatment option for some MRSP infections, even those that are doxycycline resistant; however, interpretive breakpoints may need to be re-assessed. Study of the pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of minocycline in dogs and cats is warranted.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Canada; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Doxycycline; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Infected wounds determined by cats' bites represent high costs to public health, and their adequate treatment relies on the knowledge of the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial agents found in the oral microbiota. Members of the genus Staphylococcus sp. belong to the microbiota of the oral mucosa of cats and are frequently involved in secondary infections of these wounds. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus species isolated from oral mucosa of cats. Samples were collected from 200 clinically healthy cats and processed by standard bacteriological methods and tested for susceptibility to a panel of 16 antimicrobials. A total of 212 staphylococci isolates were obtained from 141 of the 200 cats (70.5%), and more than one colony was recognized in 53 cases. Coagulase-negative species were most frequently found (89.6%) distributed among Staphylococcus xylosus (50.9%), Staphylococcus felis (27.4%), Staphylococcus simulans (6.1%) and Staphylococcus sciuri (5.2%). Coagulase-positive species (10.4%) were distributed among Staphylococcus aureus (4.7%) and Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) (5.7%). Regarding to antimicrobial resistance, 178 isolates (83.9%) were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and rifampicin showed the best results with 100% of sensitive strains. Conversely, high rates of resistance were observed for penicillin and tetracycline (56.1%). The 212 staphylococci isolates and 30 (14.1%) strains were resistant to methicillin (on the disc susceptibility test) and may be preliminarily considered as methicilin-resistant staphylococci. In conclusion, this study reports important rates of antimicrobial resistance among the species of Staphylococcus isolated from clinical specimens of cats, which must be considered for the treating of cats' bites in humans.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bites and Stings; Brazil; Cats; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mouth Mucosa; Penicillins; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Treatment with antibiotics within the periodontal pocket against bacterial infections represents a useful and adjunctive tool to conventional therapy for healing and teeth preservation. With this function in view, an implantable, tetracycline delivery device for the treatment of periodontal disease was developed. The aim of this study was to develop biodegradable, tetracycline-loaded microparticles made of two polymers: PLGA and zein which were compressed into monolithic devices. In this polymer delivery system, the encapsulation efficiency, release characteristics, drug-polymer interaction, and antibacterial activity of loaded drug were investigated. The interaction of tetracycline with the corn protein zein was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared, and X-ray diffraction. The hydrophobic interaction of tetracycline with zein in the formulations was deduced from the NMR studies, whereas X-ray diffraction studies showed a new crystalline state of the drug in the presence of the protein. Zein was not denatured by preparation of inserts. Sustained release of tetracycline was obtained, and the proportion of zein in the inserts had a great impact on the drug release. Finally, an effective tetracycline release from inserts against Staphylococcus aureus was achieved over 30 days. In conclusion, the PLGA:zein delivery system described in this study was found to be effective in controlled delivery of tetracycline, and hence may be suitable for intra-pocket delivery of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of periodontitis.

Topics: Absorbable Implants; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Lactic Acid; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Periodontal Pocket; Polyglycolic Acid; Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; X-Ray Diffraction; Zea mays; Zein

Since its discovery in the early 2000s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex 398 (CC398) has become a rapidly emerging cause of human infections, most often associated with livestock exposure. We applied whole-genome sequence typing to characterize a diverse collection of CC398 isolates (n = 89), including MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) from animals and humans spanning 19 countries and four continents. We identified 4,238 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the 89 core genomes. Minimal homoplasy (consistency index = 0.9591) was detected among parsimony-informative SNPs, allowing for the generation of a highly accurate phylogenetic reconstruction of the CC398 clonal lineage. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that MSSA from humans formed the most ancestral clades. The most derived lineages were composed predominantly of livestock-associated MRSA possessing three different staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec) types (IV, V, and VII-like) including nine subtypes. The human-associated isolates from the basal clades carried phages encoding human innate immune modulators that were largely missing among the livestock-associated isolates. Our results strongly suggest that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated in humans as MSSA. The lineage appears to have undergone a rapid radiation in conjunction with the jump from humans to livestock, where it subsequently acquired tetracycline and methicillin resistance. Further analyses are required to estimate the number of independent genetic events leading to the methicillin-resistant sublineages, but the diversity of SCCmec subtypes is suggestive of strong and diverse antimicrobial selection associated with food animal production.. Modern food animal production is characterized by densely concentrated animals and routine antibiotic use, which may facilitate the emergence of novel antibiotic-resistant zoonotic pathogens. Our findings strongly support the idea that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated as MSSA in humans. The jump of CC398 from humans to livestock was accompanied by the loss of phage-carried human virulence genes, which likely attenuated its zoonotic potential, but it was also accompanied by the acquisition of tetracycline and methicillin resistance. Our findings exemplify a bidirectional zoonotic exchange and underscore the potential public health risks of widespread antibiotic use in food animal production.

Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bacteriophages; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Food Microbiology; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Livestock; Methicillin; Methicillin Resistance; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Virulence Factors; Zoonoses

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with ST59/SCCmecV and Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene is a major community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) lineage in Taiwan and has been multidrug-resistant since its initial isolation. In this study, we studied the acquisition mechanism of multidrug resistance in an ST59 CA-MRSA strain (PM1) by comparative genomics. PM1's non-β-lactam resistance was encoded by two unique genetic traits. One was a 21,832-bp composite mobile element structure (MES(PM1)), which was flanked by direct repeats of enterococcal IS1216V and was inserted into the chromosomal sasK gene; the target sequence (att) was 8 bp long and was duplicated at both ends of MES(PM1). MES(PM1) consisted of two regions: the 5'-end side 12.4-kb region carrying Tn551 (with ermB) and Tn5405-like (with aph[3']-IIIa and aadE), similar to an Enterococcus faecalis plasmid, and the 3'-end side 6,587-bp region (MES(cat)) that carries cat and is flanked by inverted repeats of IS1216V. MES(cat) possessed att duplication at both ends and additional two copies of IS1216V inside. MES(PM1) represents the first enterococcal IS1216V-mediated composite transposon emerged in MRSA. IS1216V-mediated deletion likely occurred in IS1216V-rich MES(PM1), resulting in distinct resistance patterns in PM1-derivative strains. Another structure was a 6,025-bp tet-carrying element (MES(tet)) on a 25,961-bp novel mosaic penicillinase plasmid (pPM1); MES(tet) was flanked by direct repeats of IS431, but with no target sequence repeats. Moreover, the PM1 genome was deficient in a copy of the restriction and modification genes (hsdM and hsdS), which might have contributed to the acquisition of enterococcal multidrug resistance.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; beta-Lactams; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Community-Acquired Infections; DNA Restriction-Modification Enzymes; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Enterococcus faecalis; Exotoxins; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Humans; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; Leukocidins; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Sequence Data; Staphylococcal Infections; Taiwan; Tetracycline

O-carboxymethylchitosan films containing tetracycline were prepared by the casting method. The films were hardened by reaction with glutaraldehyde-induced crosslinking and heat treatment at 90°C, 120°C and 150°C. The effect, on the films, of hardening methods, water uptake, moisture, drug release and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated. The O-carboxymethylchitosan films were soluble in simulated saliva and after treatment, and the water uptake of the films decreased as the temperature or presence of glutaraldehyde increased. The antimicrobial activity of tetracycline was preserved, and efficiency was dependent on the hardening treatment to which the films were submitted.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chitosan; Delayed-Action Preparations; Hot Temperature; Humans; Humidity; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Temperature; Tetracycline; Water

Farnesol is a sesquiterpenoid that has been described as impairing bacterial growth. Therefore, the goal of this study was to compare the in vitro postantimicrobial effect (PAE) of farnesol against Staphylococcus epidermidis with the corresponding values of most common practice antibiotics and also to evaluate the combined effect of farnesol with these antibiotics against planktonic and biofilm cells.. After exposure of S epidermidis cells to farnesol and antibiotics at minimum inhibitory concentration for 1 hour, the cells were regrown in medium without any antimicrobial agent. Cellular viability was assessed by colony-forming units, every hour for 12 hours, and then, the PAE was determined. The combined effect of farnesol (0, 30, 100 and 300 μM) with vancomycin, tetracycline and rifampicin was also evaluated, by using these antibiotics at peak serum concentration.. When PAE is concerned, it was found that cells grown in 100 μM of farnesol behaved similarly to cells that had never been in contact with farnesol, whereas a clear difference was obtained with cells exposed to 300 μM of farnesol, displaying a longer PAE. Farnesol showed a combined effect with the tested antibiotics against planktonic cells, although this was not so evident against biofilm cells.. Despite the reduced efficacy against biofilm cells, farnesol seems to be a potential adjuvant therapeutic agent to antibiotics against S epidermidis planktonic cells. Moreover, its long PAE makes farnesol a potential candidate in the prevention of biofilm formation because it showed to be very effective against planktonic cells alone as well.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Drug Therapy, Combination; Farnesol; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbial Viability; Plankton; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Stem Cells; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Vancomycin

In vivo effectiveness of topical antibiotics may depend on their ability to associate with epithelial cells to provide continued protection, but this contribution is not measured by standard antibiotic susceptibility tests. We report a new in vitro method that measures the ability of test antibiotics azithromycin (AZM), erythromycin (ERY), tetracycline (TET), and bacitracin (BAC) to associate with mammalian cells and to protect these cells from destruction by bacteria. Mammalian cell lines were grown to confluence using antibiotic-free medium and then incubated in medium containing a single antibiotic (0 to 512 μg/ml). After incubation, the cells were challenged with Staphylococcus aureus ocular isolates, without antibiotics added to the culture medium. Epithelial cell layer integrity was assessed by gentian violet staining, and the minimum cell layer protective concentration (MCPC) of an antibiotic sufficient to protect the mammalian cells from S. aureus was determined. Staining was also quantified and analyzed. Bacterial viability was determined by culture turbidity and growth on agar plates. Preincubation of Chang and human corneal limbal epithelial cells with AZM, ERY, and TET at ≥64 μg/ml provided protection against AZM-susceptible S. aureus strains, with increasing protection at higher concentrations. TET toxicity was demonstrated at >64 μg/ml, whereas AZM displayed toxicity to one cell line at 512 μg/ml. BAC failed to show consistent protection at any dose, despite bacterial susceptibility to BAC as determined by traditional antibiotic susceptibility testing. A range of antibiotic effectiveness was displayed in this cell association assay, providing data that may be considered in addition to traditional testing when determining therapeutic dosing regimens.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Bacitracin; Cell Line; Conjunctiva; Epithelial Cells; Erythromycin; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Protein Binding; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

The activity of telavancin and comparators was assessed against a contemporary (2007 and 2008) global collection of 10,000 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Telavancin was very active against methicillin-susceptible and -resistant S. aureus (MSSA and MRSA, respectively; MIC(50/90) for both, 0.12/0.25 microg/ml; 100.0% susceptible). This agent was 2-, 4-, and 8-fold more potent than daptomycin (MIC(90), 0.5 microg/ml), vancomycin or quinupristin-dalfopristin (MIC(90), 1 microg/ml), and linezolid (MIC(90), 2 microg/ml) against MRSA, respectively. These data show a potent activity of telavancin tested against a current global collection of S. aureus.

Topics: Acetamides; Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Daptomycin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Linezolid; Lipoglycopeptides; Methicillin Resistance; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxazolidinones; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Vancomycin; Virginiamycin

The trimethoprim resistance gene dfrK was found to be part of the novel Tn554-related transposon Tn559 integrated in the chromosomal radC gene of a porcine methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ST398 strain. While Tn559 and Tn554 had similar arrangements of the transposase genes tnpA, tnpB, and tnpC, the Tn554-associated resistance genes erm(A) and spc were replaced by dfrK in Tn559. Circular forms of Tn559 were detected and suggest the functional activity of this transposon.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Base Sequence; DNA Transposable Elements; Female; Methicillin; Molecular Sequence Data; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trimethoprim Resistance

Staphylococcus rostri is a newly described Staphylococcus species that is present in the nasal cavity of healthy pigs. Out of the 225 pigs tested at slaughterhouse, 46.7% carried the new species alone and 22% in combination with Staphylococcus aureus. An antibiotic resistance profile was determined for S. rostri and compared to that of S. aureus isolated from the same pig. Resistance to tetracycline specified by tet(M), tet(K) and tet(L), streptomycin (str(pS194)), penicillin (blaZ), trimethoprim (dfr(G)), and erythromycin and clindamycin (erm genes), were found in both species; however, with the exception of streptomycin and trimethoprim, resistance was higher in S. aureus. S. rostri isolates display very low genetic diversity as demonstrated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, which generated two major clusters. Several clonal complexes (CC1, CC5, CC9, CC30 and CC398) were identified in S. aureus with CC 9 and CC 398 being the most frequent. Our study gives the first overview of the distribution, genetic relatedness, and resistance profile of one coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species that is commonly present in the nares of healthy pigs in Switzerland, and shows that S. rostri may harbor resistance genes associated with transferable elements like Tn916.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clindamycin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Erythromycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Swine; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

The increasing number of infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria has spurred efforts to develop new therapeutic strategies. When applied locally, exogenous antibiotics work in an environment rich in endogenous antibacterial molecules such as the cathelicidin peptide LL-37, which has increased expression at infection sites because of the stimulatory effects of bacterial wall products on neutrophils and other cell types. To test for possible additive effects of exogenous and endogenous antibacterial agents, we evaluated the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to assess the antibacterial activity of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (AMC), tetracycline (T), erythromycin (E) and amikacin (AN) against different clinical isolates of Staphyloccocus aureus in combination with synthetic LL-37. These studies revealed that the antibacterial activity of AMC was strongly potentiated when added in combination with LL-37. However, in the presence of LL-37, we did not observe any decrease in the MIC values of T and E, particularly against methicillin-resistant S. aureus and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS(B))(+)/β-lactamase (+) strains, indicating a lack of synergistic action between these molecules. Interaction between exogenous antibiotics and host antibacterial molecules should be considered to provide optimal treatment, especially in cases of topical infections accompanied by increasing expression of host antibacterial molecules.

Topics: Amikacin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Cathelicidins; Drug Synergism; Erythromycin; Humans; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

A novel trimethoprim resistance gene, designated dfrK, was detected in close proximity to the tetracycline resistance gene tet(L) on the ca. 40-kb plasmid pKKS2187 in a porcine methicillin (meticillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate of sequence type 398. The dfrK gene encodes a 163-amino-acid dihydrofolate reductase that differs from all so-far-known dihydrofolate reductases.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Bacterial Proteins; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Plasmids; Reading Frames; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline Resistance; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim Resistance

Methicillin (meticillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious problem worldwide. To investigate the molecular epidemiology of MRSA isolates in China, a total of 702 MRSA isolates collected from 18 teaching hospitals in 14 cities between 2005 and 2006 were characterized by antibiogram analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing, and spa typing; and 102 isolates were selected for multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Overall, SCCmec type III was the most popular type and was found in 541 isolates (77.1%), followed by SCCmec type II (109/702; 15.5%). Twenty-four PFGE types were obtained among 395 isolates collected in 2005, and 18 spa types were obtained among 702 isolates. spa type t030, which corresponded to PFEG types A to E, constituted 52.0% (365/702) of all isolates, and isolates of this type were present in all 14 cities; spa type t037, which corresponded to PFGE types F and G, accounted for 25.5% (179/702) of all isolates, and isolates of this type were identified in 12 cities. The two spa genotypes belonged to sequence type 239 (ST239) and carried SCCmec type III. spa type t002, which included isolates of PFGE types L to T, made up 16.0% (112/702) of the isolates that belonged to ST5 and SCCmec type II, and isolates of this type were distributed in 12 cities. The distribution of spa types varied among the regions. spa type t002 was the most common in Dalian (53.4%) and Shenyang (44.4%); spa type t037 was predominant in Shanghai (74.8%), whereas spa type t030 was the most common in the other cities. Two isolates from Guangzhou that harbored SCCmec type IVa with ST59 and ST88 were identified as community-associated MRSA. The prevalence of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene was 2.3%. The data documented two major epidemic MRSA clones, ST239-MRSA-SCCmec type III and ST5-MRSA-SCCmec type II, with unique geographic distributions across China.

Topics: Bacterial Proteins; China; Cross Infection; DNA, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Genotype; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Leukocidins; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin-Binding Proteins; Staphylococcal Infections

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal lineage ST398 and methicillin-susceptible lineage ST9 strains have their main reservoir in swine but can colonize and cause infections in humans. The phenicol/lincosamide/oxazolidinone/pleuromutilin/streptogramin A multidrug resistance gene cfr was detected in isolates of both clonal lineages, rendering a spread to humans with exposure to swine farming possible.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Plasmids; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Swine

A novel ABC transporter gene, vga(C), was identified on the 14,365-bp multiresistance plasmid pKKS825 in a porcine methicillin (meticillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate of sequence type 398. The vga(C) gene encodes a 523-amino-acid protein which confers resistance not only to streptogramin A antibiotics but also to lincosamides and pleuromutilins. Plasmid pKKS825 also carries the resistance genes aadD, tet(L), and dfrK, which may enable the coselection of vga(C) under selective pressure by kanamycin/neomycin, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Bacterial Proteins; Diterpenes; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Kanamycin; Lincosamides; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Molecular Sequence Data; Neomycin; Plasmids; Pleuromutilins; Polycyclic Compounds; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptogramin A; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracyclines; Trimethoprim

The susceptibility of mastitis-causing Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus to two commonly used antibiotics, tetracycline and penicillin G, was tested in raw milk and in Muller-Hinton (MH) broth by introducing a pH indicator, bromocresol purple, which was shown to be a simple, sensitive, and rapid method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of penicillin G in milk was the same as those in MH broth, whereas the MIC of tetracycline in milk was 4 to 32 times that in MH. An irreversible binding between tetracycline and large molecules of milk, which might be due to a hydrophobic interaction, was demonstrated by a dialysis test, suggesting the observed impairing effect was due to the action of milk on the tetracycline being tested. Further investigation revealed that much of the reduction of tetracycline's activity in milk was attributable to the milk protein casein, while other heat-sensitive components in milk also play some roles.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Protein Binding; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Two investigational anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) beta-lactams, ceftaroline (a cephalosporin) and ME1036 (a carbapenem), were subjected to susceptibility testing by reference broth microdilution methods using 152 strains of community-acquired MRSA from the United States (47 medical centers). Ceftaroline and ME1036 were 64- and >128-fold more potent than ceftriaxone, respectively. All isolates had the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV, while 67.8% of isolates displayed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clonal type USA300-0114.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactams; Carbapenems; Ceftaroline; Cephalosporins; Community-Acquired Infections; Humans; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; United States

Linezolid resistance has dominantly been mediated by mutations in 23S rRNA or ribosomal protein L4 genes. Recently, cfr has demonstrated the ability to produce a phenotype of resistance to not only oxazolidinones, but also other antimicrobial classes (phenicols, lincosamides, pleuromutilins, and streptogramin A). We describe the first detection of cfr-mediated linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis recovered from human infection cases monitored during the 2007 LEADER Program.

Topics: Acetamides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Linezolid; Methyltransferases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Sequence Data; Oxazolidinones; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Australia; Community-Acquired Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Male; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) have become increasingly common. This study's objectives were to describe the clinical spectrum of MRSA in a community health center and to determine whether the use of specific antimicrobials correlated with increased probability of clinical resolution of SSTI. A retrospective chart review of 399 sequential cases of culture-confirmed S. aureus SSTI, including 227 cases of MRSA SSTI, among outpatients at Fenway Community Health (Boston, MA) from 1998 to 2005 was done. The proportion of S. aureus SSTI due to MRSA increased significantly from 1998 to 2005 (P<0.0001). Resistance to clindamycin was common (48.2% of isolates). At the beginning of the study period, most patients with MRSA SSTI empirically treated with antibiotics received a beta-lactam, whereas by 2005, 76% received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) (P<0.0001). Initially, few MRSA isolates were sensitive to the empirical antibiotic, but 77% were susceptible by 2005 (P<0.0001). A significantly higher percentage of patients with MRSA isolates had clinical resolution on the empirical antibiotic by 2005 (P=0.037). Use of an empirical antibiotic to which the clinical isolate was sensitive was associated with increased odds of clinical resolution on empirical therapy (odds ratio=5.91), controlling for incision and drainage and HIV status. MRSA now accounts for the majority of SSTI due to S. aureus at Fenway, and improved rates of clinical resolution on empirical antibiotic therapy have paralleled increasing use of empirical TMP-SMX for these infections. TMP-SMX appears to be an appropriate empirical antibiotic for suspected MRSA SSTI, especially where clindamycin resistance is common.

Topics: Adult; Ambulatory Care Facilities; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Boston; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Methicillin Resistance; Middle Aged; Soft Tissue Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Skin Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Treatment Outcome

Staphylococcus lugdunensis is an atypically virulent coagulase-negative staphylococcal species associated with acute and destructive infections that often resemble Staphylococcus aureus infections. Several types of infection caused by S. lugdunensis (e.g., native valve endocarditis, prosthetic joint infection, and intravascular catheter infection) are associated with biofilm formation, which may lead to an inability to eradicate the infection due to the intrinsic nature of biofilms to resist high levels of antibiotics. In this study, planktonic MICs and MBCs and biofilm bactericidal concentrations of 10 antistaphylococcal antimicrobial agents were measured for 15 S. lugdunensis isolates collected from patients with endocarditis, medical device infections, or skin and soft tissue infections. Planktonic isolates were susceptible to all agents studied, but biofilms were resistant to high concentrations of most of the drugs. However, moxifloxacin was able to kill 73% of isolates growing in biofilms at

Topics: Acetamides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; beta-Lactamases; Biofilms; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Linezolid; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nafcillin; Oxazolidinones; Penicillin-Binding Proteins; Penicillins; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Current treatment for serious infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus relies heavily upon the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin. Unfortunately, this practice has led to an intermediate resistance phenotype that is particularly difficult to treat in invasive staphylococcal diseases, such as septicemia and its metastatic complications, including endocarditis. Although the vancomycin-intermediate resistance phenotype has been linked to abnormal cell wall structures and autolytic rates, the corresponding genetic changes have not been fully elucidated. Previously, whole-genome array studies listed numerous genes that are overexpressed in vancomycin-intermediate sensitive strains, including graRS (SACOL0716 to -0717), encoding a two-component regulatory system (TCRS), as well as the adjacent vraFG (SACOL0718 to -0720), encoding an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter; but the exact contribution of these genes to increased vancomycin resistance has not been defined. In this study, we showed that isogenic strains with mutations in genes encoding the GraRS TCRS and the VraFG ABC transporter are hypersensitive to vancomycin as well as polymyxin B. Moreover, GraRS regulates the expression of the adjacent VraFG pump, reminiscent of gram-positive bacteriocin-immunity regulons. Mutations of graRS and vraFG also led to increased autolytic rates and a more negative net surface charge, which may explain, in part, to their increased sensitivity to cationic antimicrobial peptides. Taken together, these data reveal an important genetic mediator to the vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus phenotype and may hold clues to the selective pressures on staphylococci upon exposure to selective cationic peptide antibiotics used in clinical practice.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Bacterial Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymyxin B; Signal Transduction; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Vancomycin; Vancomycin Resistance

Mupirocin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is increasingly being reported in many parts of the world. This study describes the epidemiology and laboratory characterization of mupirocin-resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains in Canadian hospitals. Broth microdilution susceptibility testing of 4,980 MRSA isolates obtained between 1995 and 2004 from 32 Canadian hospitals was done in accordance with CLSI guidelines. The clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of strains with high-level mupirocin resistance (HLMup(r)) were compared with those of mupirocin-susceptible (Mup(s)) strains. MRSA strains were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and typing of the staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec. PCR was done to detect the presence of the mupA gene. For strains with mupA, plasmid DNA was extracted and subjected to Southern blot hybridization. A total of 198 (4.0%) HLMup(r) MRSA isolates were identified. The proportion of MRSA strains with HLMup(r) increased from 1.6% in the first 5 years of surveillance (1995 to 1999) to 7.0% from 2000 to 2004 (P < 0.001). Patients with HLMup(r) MRSA strains were more likely to have been aboriginal (odds ratio [OR], 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 9.4; P = 0.006), to have had community-associated MRSA (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.0 to 5.0; P = 0.05), and to have been colonized with MRSA (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.0; P = 0.04). HLMup(r) MRSA strains were also more likely to be resistant to fusidic acid (21% versus 4% for mupirocin-susceptible strains; P < 0.001). All HLMup(r) MRSA strains had a plasmid-associated mupA gene, most often associated with a 9-kb HindIII fragment. PFGE typing and analysis of the plasmid profiles indicate that both plasmid transmission and the clonal spread of HLMup(r) MRSA have occurred in Canadian hospitals. These results indicate that the incidence of HLMup(r) is increasing among Canadian strains of MRSA and that HLMup(r) MRSA is recovered from patients with distinct clinical and epidemiologic characteristics compared to the characteristics of patents with Mup(s) MRSA strains.

Topics: Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Canada; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Female; Hospitals; Humans; Male; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mupirocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become one of the most widespread causes of nosocomial infections worldwide. Recently, reports have emerged that S. aureus strains recovered from community-acquired infections are also methicillin-resistant. This study was undertaken to analyze the prevalence of methicillin resistance among isolates at a regional hospital in Trinidad, and document the current resistance profile of MRSA and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) to the commonly used anti-staphylococcal agents.. Over a 6-year period we analyzed 2430 isolates of S. aureus strains recovered from various clinical sources, from hospital and community practices. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done according to guideline recommendations of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.. The prevalence of MRSA from surgical/burn wounds, urine and pus/abscess were 60.1%, 15.5% and 6.6%, respectively. The major sources of MSSA were surgical/burn wounds, pus/abscess and upper respiratory tract specimens with rates of 32.9%, 17.1% and 14.3%, respectively. The greatest prevalence of resistance of MRSA was seen for erythromycin (86.7%), and clindamycin (75.3%). Resistance rates among MSSA were highest for ampicillin (70%). Resistance rates for tetracycline were similar among both MRSA (78.7%) and MSSA (73.5%). The MRSA recovery rates from nosocomial sources (20.8%) was significantly higher than that of previous years (12.5%) (p < 0.001), whereas rates among community isolates were relatively similar for the same period (4.1% versus 8.1%).. The prevalence of MRSA in the hospital increased from 12.5% in 1999 to 20.8% in 2004. Most isolates were associated with infected surgical/burn wounds which may have become infected via the hands of HCPs during dressing exercises. Infection control measures aimed at the proper hand hygiene procedures may interrupt the spread of MRSA. HCPs may also be carriers of MRSA in their anterior nares. Surveillance cultures of both patients and HCPs may help to identify carriers who would be offered antibiotics to eradicate the organisms. Most MRSA are resistant to several non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Frequent monitoring of susceptibility patterns of MRSA and the formulation of a definite antibiotic policy maybe helpful in decreasing the incidence of MRSA infection.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clindamycin; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Humans; Methicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Trinidad and Tobago

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections have been reported in patients with recognized predisposing risk factors in several cities in the United States and across the world. Reviewing risk factors in adult patients with CA-MRSA in Kentucky has not been reported.. To determine the risk factors of 15 patients with CA-MRSA in Louisville KY, to compare the sensitivities of each pathogen and to recommend management.. An infectious diseases private practice in Louisville, KY.. This is a case series of patients with CA-MRSA. The disease course for each patient was reviewed for risk factors, such as participation in physical contact sports and prison exposure. The antimicrobial sensitivities of each pathogen were also reviewed. Recommendations were produced from the information obtained.. A total of 15 patients were reviewed. Five patients had a family member or significant-other with a current CA-MRSA infection. Three had traditional risk factors (healthcare workers). All of the isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and resistant to oxacillin. All of the isolates tested for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), tetracycline, and rifampin were sensitive. A majority (83%) of those tested for clindamycin and only 50% of those tested for levofloxacin were sensitive. All isolates tested for cefazolin were resistant.. An emerging risk factor for acquiring an MRSA skin and soft tissue infection is having a significant-other with a current diagnosis of CA-MRSA. After incision and drainage, a review of the antimicrobial sensitivities indicates that oral treatment may be adequate for a selection of cases.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefazolin; Clindamycin; Community-Acquired Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Kentucky; Levofloxacin; Male; Methicillin; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Ofloxacin; Oxacillin; Rifampin; Risk Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Vancomycin

In this study, erythromycin [erm(A) and erm(C)] and tetracycline [tet(K) and tet(M)] resistance genes were investigated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in a total of 56 methicillin-resistant (mecA+) staphylococcal hospital isolates, 28 of which were determined to be Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and the other 28 were coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCNS). Internal control primers amplifying a specific fragment of 16S rDNA of staphylococci were included in the multiplex PCR protocol to ensure the efficacy of amplification and to determine any PCR inhibition. No resistance genes were detected in 5 of 56 (8.9%) isolates in the study. In the study, tet(K) genes were detected widely (42.9%) in MRCNS, whilst tet(M) genes were detected in MRSA (50.0%). Regarding the erythromycin resistance genes, whilst erm(A) genes were detected in most (71.4%) MRSA isolates, detection rates of erm(C) genes were the same (64.3%) both in MRCNS and MRSA. The resistance rates for tetracycline and erythromycin were 57.1% and 78.6%, respectively, in MRSA isolates. In conclusion, in this study, the multiplex PCR technique including an internal control is shown to be a fast, sensitive, reliable, practical, reproducible and economic technique for the detection of erythromycin and tetracycline resistance in staphylococcal isolates.

Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Inpatients; Methicillin Resistance; Methyltransferases; Penicillin-Binding Proteins; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Cyclothialidine (1, Ro 09-1437) is a potent DNA gyrase inhibitor that was isolated from Streptomyces filipinensis NR0484 and is a member of a new family of natural products. It acts by competitively inhibiting the ATPase activity exerted by the B subunit of DNA gyrase but barely exhibits any growth inhibitory activity against intact bacterial cells, presumably due to insufficient permeation of the cytoplasmic membrane. To explore the antibacterial potential of 1, we developed a flexible synthetic route allowing for the systematic modification of its structure. From a first set of analogues, structure-activity relationships (SAR) were established for different substitution patterns, and the 14-hydroxylated, bicyclic core (X) of 1 seemed to be the structural prerequisite for DNA gyrase inhibitory activity. The variation of the lactone ring size, however, revealed that activity can be found among 11- to 16-membered lactones, and even seco-analogues were shown to maintain some enzyme inhibitory properties, thereby reducing the minimal structural requirements to a rather simple, hydroxylated benzyl sulfide (XI). On the basis of these "minimal structures" a modification program afforded a number of inhibitors that showed in vitro activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The best activities were displayed by 14-membered lactones, and representatives of this subclass exhibit excellent and broad in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis, and overcome resistance against clinically used drugs. By improving the pharmacokinetic properties of the most active compounds (94, 97), in particular by lowering their lipophilic properties, we were able to identify congeners of cyclothialidine (1) that showed efficacy in vivo.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; DNA Gyrase; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gram-Positive Bacteria; HeLa Cells; Humans; Lactams; Lactones; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Models, Molecular; Oxadiazoles; Peptides, Cyclic; Protein Subunits; Staphylococcal Infections; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Topoisomerase II Inhibitors; Toxicity Tests

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Hospitals; Humans; Japan; Methicillin; Methicillin Resistance; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance; Tokyo

The antibiotic susceptibility of 70 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated during the 2001 lactating period from the milk of dairy goats, was evaluated. The antibiotics tested were benzylpenicillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, cephalonium and cefoperazone, erythromycin and tylmicosin, kanamycin and tetracycline. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurements showed that all beta-lactams (except cefoperazone) were effective against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus caprae, whereas the other antibiotics were either less effective or showed no activity. Other CNS species showed very variable sensitivity to the antibiotics; testing would be required before therapy for the clinical control of goat mammary infections.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactams; Clavulanic Acid; Food Microbiology; Goat Diseases; Goats; Kanamycin; Macrolides; Mastitis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Milk; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Tetracycline

The antimicrobial activities of two bioactive column chromatographic fractions (RF1 and RF2) from the lichen Ramalina farinacea (L.) were evaluated against 15 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. The susceptibility pattern of the isolates towards tetracycline (TCN) and ampicillin (AMP) was similarly -evaluated for comparison purposes. The results show that RF1 and RF2 with an MIC(90) ( minimum -inhibitory concentration against 90% of the isolates) of 535.5 and 317 microg/mL respectively, performed generally better than TCN and AMP with an MIC(90) of 976.5 and 357 microg/mL respectively.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Lichens; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillins; Plant Extracts; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Between January and December 1999, in Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece, a large proportion of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates (34.4%) exhibited susceptibility to virtually all alternative non-beta-lactam antibiotics, including tobramycin. Twenty-five of them were selected randomly for further testing; all belonged to a unique genotype and were characterized as heterogeneously resistant to oxacillin. The aadD gene, encoding tobramycin resistance, failed to be amplified in all cases, indicating absence of the gene or the entire plasmid pUB110 from the mec DNA.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Cross Infection; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Genotype; Greece; Hospitals, General; Humans; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxacillin; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Tobramycin

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is causing growing concern in hospitals. There has been a steady increase in the number of cases of nosocomial MRSA infections recently and this will no doubt apply to otitis externa, one of the most common ENT infections. The total number of cases of otitis externa presenting to the Accident and Emergency Department over a 3-month period was recorded and the offending microbes cultured and tested for drug sensitivities. Although Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequent organism, 30% of patients grew S. aureus. Of these, 6% (15 patients) were MRSA cultures. The contact histories, antibiotic sensitivities and treatment of these 15 patients were studied. Recommendations as a result of this study include the routine culture and sensitivity in otitis externa and where MRSA is cultured, a full contact history should be elicited and appropriate precautions taken. Specifically, a history of hospital contact should be sought. Treatments used successfully in the treatment of MRSA otitis externa were aural toilet and fucidic acid-betamathasone 0.5% wicks where the organism was gentamycin-resistant (GMRSA), whereas aural toilet with aminoglycoside-steroid drops was sufficient if it was gentamycin-sensitive.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Methicillin Resistance; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Otitis Externa; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Teicoplanin; Tetracycline

An inducible promoter system provides a powerful tool for studying the genetic basis for virulence. A variety of inducible systems have been used in other organisms, including pXyl-xylR-inducible promoter, the pSpac-lacI system, and the arabinose-inducible P(BAD) promoter, but each of these systems has limitations in its application to Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, we demonstrated the efficacy of a tetracycline-inducible promoter system in inducing gene expression in S. aureus in vitro and inside epithelial cells as well as in an animal model of infection. Using the xyl/tetO promoter::gfp(uvr) fusion carried on a shuttle plasmid, we demonstrated that dose-dependent tetracycline induction, as measured by bacterial fluorescence, occurred in each of the above environments while basal activation under noninduced conditions remained low. To ascertain how the system can be used to elucidate the genetic basis of a pathogenic phenotype, we cloned the sigB gene downstream of the inducible promoter. Induction of SigB expression led to dose-dependent attachment of the tested strain to polystyrene microtiter wells. Additionally, bacterial microcolony formation, an event preceding mature biofilm formation, also increased with tetracycline induction of SigB.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Carrier Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genes, Reporter; Mice; Operon; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Sigma Factor; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Xylose

The addition of antibiotics to an adhesive haemostat results in an ideal system for the treatment of a localized infectious disease. Fibrin sealant (FS) is a biocompatible, resorbable, adherent haemostat that can deliver antibiotics. Previous use of fibrin to deliver antibiotics resulted in rapid release and limited bioactivity. We have reported previously that poorly soluble antibiotics significantly retard release from FS, resulting in extended delivery in vitro, and overcome antibiotic-resistant infection. We now report that localized antibiotic delivery from FS controls peritoneal infection without measurable systemic antibiotic. Rats and mice were implanted with preformed FS discs containing tetracycline free-base to evaluate control of peritoneal sepsis and to measure serum tetracycline levels. Infection was initiated with Staphylococcus aureus. Morbidity and mortality were evaluated for 14 days. Serum was isolated from jugular vein blood with subsequent evaluation for antimicrobial activity. Mice prophylactically treated with FS-tetracycline (FS-TET) 500 mg/kg 2 days before infection cleared the S. aureus infection, resulting in 100% survival. Mice treated with FS-TET 500 mg/kg 7 days before infection survived. Mice treated with FS-TET 1750 mg/kg 35 days before infection also survived. Rats treated with FS-TET 500 mg/kg had undetectable serum tetracycline levels, whereas in vitro release of tetracycline from FS-TET pellets in rat serum was readily detected. We conclude that fibrin is an excellent vehicle for extended delivery of low solubility tetracycline. Tetracycline delivered from FS is an appropriate chemotherapy for S. aureus peritonitis. FS-TET controls localized infection without a measurable concentration of systemic tetracycline.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Delivery Systems; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Peritonitis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tissue Adhesives

The antibacterial pattern of tetracycline and bactrim was compared with that of the chloroform extract of two Pseudomonas strains using ten hospital strains each of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. There was no perfect correlation between isolate source, antibiotic type and sensitivity. Both the synthetic and natural antibiotic agent exhibited antibacterial activities against resistant hospital isolates at high concentrations.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloroform; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Hospitals; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pseudomonas; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Clarithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic not previously tested against the common causes of bacterial keratitis, was analyzed for its effectiveness in reducing the number of viable bacteria in a Staphylococcus keratitis model. An in vivo comparison of the effectiveness of clarithromycin to erythromycin, minocycline, and tetracycline for three strains of Staphylococcus aureus was done.. Rabbit eyes were intrastromally injected with 100 colony forming units of one of three strains of S. aureus. Two strains were methicillin-sensitive (ATCC 25923 and MSSA 309) and one strain methicillin-resistant (COL). Eyes were treated every 30 minutes with 0.3% clarithromycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, or minocycline from 4 to 9 hours postinfection. The number of colony forming units (CFU) per cornea in all eyes was determined at 10 hours postinfection.. Vehicle-treated and untreated eyes (controls) contained over 6 logs of CFU per cornea, a value significantly higher than any of the antibiotic-treated eyes (P < or = 0.0001). Clarithromycin or erythromycin therapy significantly decreased the number of CFU per cornea by approximately 5 logs in the eyes infected with the methicillin-sensitive strains and by approximately 4 logs in the eyes infected with the methicillin-resistant strain. Tetracycline and minocycline were also successful in treating these strains, but overall showed less effectiveness than clarithromycin and erythromycin.. Clarithromycin proved to be an effective ocular medication for the therapy of experimental S. aureus keratitis. The effectiveness of clarithromycin in this model and its known effectiveness for a variety of bacterial pathogens suggests a role for this drug as a useful ocular antibiotic.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clarithromycin; Colony Count, Microbial; Erythromycin; Keratitis; Minocycline; Rabbits; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant to mupirocin (MIC > 4000 mg l-1) were recovered from children and staff at a school for children with eczema and/or asthma or cystic fibrosis after mupirocin had been used to treat eczematous lesions. At least three distinct strains of S. aureus were involved and resistance was shown to be due in most isolates to a transmissible plasmid. The need for monitoring the extended use of this valuable antibiotic is emphasized.

Topics: Adolescent; Asthma; Bacteriophage Typing; Carrier State; Child; Cystic Fibrosis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Eczema; Female; Humans; Male; Mupirocin; Plasmids; Schools; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Female; Male; Reoviridae Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tenosynovitis; Tetracycline

In 58 patients with chronic conjunctivitis of greater than two weeks' duration, examination included obtaining an ocular and general medical history and performing a complete ophthalmic examination of the external eye. Conjunctival smears were obtained for Gram and Giemsa staining, direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody staining for Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus, and chlamydial culture. Cultures for bacteria and viruses were obtained in 33 patients. The cause of the chronic conjunctivitis based on clinical and laboratory criteria was established in 40 of 58 (69%) patients: chlamydia, 11 (19%); virus, eight (14%); irritant, six (10%); allergen, four (7%); contact lens, four (7%); bacteria, four (7%); acne rosacea, two (3%); and floppy eyelid syndrome, one (2%). In 18 of 58 (31%) patients, no specific cause was detected. We recommend a systematic approach in the investigation of chronic conjunctivitis. Direct immunofluorescent monoclonal antibody staining is an effective and rapid technique for detecting chronic chlamydial conjunctivitis.

Topics: Adult; Allergens; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Chronic Disease; Conjunctivitis; Contact Lenses; Cromolyn Sodium; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorometholone; Humans; Keratitis, Dendritic; Male; Prospective Studies; Simplexvirus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Tetracycline

The authors evaluated the susceptibility of some antibiotics against several Staphylococci subdivided in lyogroups and different resistance patterns: methicillin-susceptible/penicillin-susceptible (MS/PS), methicillin-susceptible/penicillin-resistant (MS/PR), methicillin-resistant/penicillin-resistant (MR/PR) and methicillin-resistant/penicillin-susceptible (MR/PS). The antimicrobial agents used were: methicillin, penicillin, rifampin, tetracycline, lincomycin, erythromycin, gentamicin and netilmicin. Netilmicin showed better activity against all Staphylococcus strains tested, particularly against coagulase-negative.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Humans; Lincomycin; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Netilmicin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

The effect of benzylpenicillin and tetracycline on phagocytosis by leukocytes of abdominal cavity exudate, activity of lysozyme and beta-lysines in the blood serum, content of nucleic acids and activity of succinate dehydrogenase and phosphatase (total and acid) in the liver cells was studied on albino mice infected by staphylococci. It was shown that the treatment of the animals with benzylpenicillin and tetracycline for 5 days affected the cellular and nonspecific humoral defence and activity of succinate dehydrogenase and phosphatase. A decrease in the indices of the phagocytosis, activity of lysozyme, beta-lysines, succinate dehydrogenase and phosphatase was observed. Tetracycline had a more pronounced inhibitory effect. Neither benzylpenicillin, nor tetracycline had an effect on the content of nucleic acids in liver cells.

Topics: Animals; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Blood Proteins; DNA; Immunity; Liver; Mice; Muramidase; Penicillin G; Phagocytosis; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Proteins; RNA; Staphylococcal Infections; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Tetracycline

Pustules from 92 new cases of pustular acne and gram-negative folliculitis were cultured in aerobic medium for superimposed bacterial infection. During the treatment of 1,561 new patients with papular acne with tetracycline and topical clindamycin and antibacterial soaps, an additional 10 developed pustules. The majority showed in vitro resistance to ampicillin. The effective treatment was co-trimoxazole and topical gentamicin. A new classification of acne with practical therapeutic use is needed.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adult; Ampicillin; Clindamycin; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Suppuration; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

The outcome of treatment of 48 episodes of septicemia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in 44 patients was assessed. Twenty-six of the patients died; nineteen of them died of infection, and infection was a major contributing factor to the deaths of the remaining seven patients. Fourteen of fifteen patients treated with inadequate antibiotic therapy died, and the other patient developed a mycotic aneurysm of the femoral artery, for which amputation was necessary. Eight of eleven patients treated with amikacin (alone or combined with another antimicrobial) died, and three recovered slowly; only one recovered fully without sequelae. In an additional two patients who failed to respond to amikacin, treatment was changed to vancomycin. Vancomycin was used to treat 18 episodes of MRSA septicemia in 17 patients. In 14 of these episodes the patients recovered fully. One patient died of uncontrolled infection, and in three, infection was a contributing factor but not the major cause of death. Vancomycin was confirmed as antibiotic of choice in treating MRSA septicemia.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Amikacin; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Methicillin; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Vancomycin

A 19-year-old man incurred a closed femoral fracture complicated by hematogenous dissemination of Brucella osteomyelitis. Repeated limited incision and drainage were ineffective in eradicating infection. Wide debridement, delayed wound closure, and vigorous antimicrobial therapy with streptomycin and tetracycline, along with cephalosporin for secondary staphylococcal infection, were necessary measures before the infection was eradicated. A constant awareness of brucella musculoskeletal infection is advisable when caring for patients frequently exposed to all kinds of livestock, including domesticated and wild animals.

Topics: Adult; Brucella abortus; Brucellosis; Cephalosporins; Combined Modality Therapy; Debridement; Drainage; Femoral Fractures; Fractures, Closed; Humans; Male; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Wound Infection

Strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 360 patients with angular cheilitis. Of these 24 per cent were sensitive to penicillin G, 74 per cent to tetracycline, 93 per cent to fusidic acid and 96 per cent to erythromycin. Twenty per cent belonged to bacteriophage Group I, 9 per cent to Group II, 13 per cent to Group III, 39 percent miscellaneous and 19 per cent were untypable. A number of phage typing patterns which have been reported for strains associated with specific forms of staphylococcal disease were present in the 360 isolates. In investigations involving cross infection of Staph. aureus, both patients and staff should be examined for evidence of infection at the angles of the mouth.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Cheilitis; Erythromycin; Female; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin G; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline

Most phage-Group-II Staphylococcus aureus have been shown to carry at least one plasmid. The proportion of strains that are resistant to tetracycline appears to have increased during the last 17 years. Restriction maps of several of the small plasmids isolated from Group-II strains are presented and compared with those known for staphylococcal plasmids. These small plasmids are similar to previously characterised plasmids from staphylococci of other phage groups.

Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; DNA Restriction Enzymes; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Plasmids; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline

A total of 1504 consecutive abdominal operations were studied prospectively over a five year period. The incidence of wound (2.8%) and intraperitoneal (0.8%) infections was low compared with contemporary reports. It is difficult to justify modifying existing practice on the basis of small controlled clinical trials when information from accurate audit discloses results superior to those of experimental studies.

Topics: Abdomen; Abscess; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Peritoneal Diseases; Prospective Studies; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Combination of rifampicin with trimethoprim, erythromycin, tetracycline or fusidic acid have some desirable features in the treatment of difficult infections. They are active against a very wide range of possible pathogens. Resistance to rifampicin is rare. Such combinations may be bactericidal and may be usefully synergistic. They may prevent or delay the emergence of bacterial resistant seen when some single agents are used. They can be used in patients with penicillin hypersensitivity. A series of life-threatening infections has been treated with rifampicin-containing combinations. The infections included endocarditis, meningitis, pneumonia, Legionnaire's disease, and head and neck sepsis. A major reason for the choice of drug was often penicillin hypersensitivity. A second reason was the presumption (mostly subsequently confirmed) that streptococci and/or staphylococci were implicated. The clinical outcome of these infections was generally satisfactory, with few side effects and little evidence of the emergence of antibiotic resistance.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Female; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Infant; Legionnaires' Disease; Male; Meningitis; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Rifampin; Sepsis; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated at a single Melbourne Hospital between 1969 and 1981 were examined for susceptibility to a range of antimicrobial agents and for the presence of plasmid DNA. Isolates obtained during 1969 possessed a plasmid of mol. wt 20 X 10(6), encoding heavy metal resistance and penicillinase production, and a plasmid of mol. wt 2.8 X 10(6), mediating tetracycline resistance. In the majority of isolates obtained after 1973, these functions were chromosomally encoded. Before 1980, both high- and low-level chromosomally-encoded gentamicin resistances were encountered, whereas isolates from 1980 and 1981 displayed low-level gentamicin resistance only; the latter phenotype was most commonly mediated by a plasmid of mol. wt 18 X 10(6) that also encoded resistance to tobramycin and kanamycin. Chloramphenicol resistance in strains isolated throughout the period was mediated by one of three plasmids, each of mol. wt c. 3 X 10(6).

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Australia; Bacteriophage Typing; Cadmium; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Humans; Methicillin; Penicillin Resistance; Phenotype; Plasmids; Retrospective Studies; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Intraoperative Care; Male; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Suction; Tetracycline

Gentamicin- and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus have been isolated from Spring 1979 to the present from many hospitals in New York City. A large proportion of the strains were resistant to the majority of antistaphylococcal antibiotics. The ratio of multiply resistant strains was highest among tetracycline-resistant strains. There were significant differences in phage susceptibility patterns and the resistance spectrum of strains isolated at different hospitals, whereas strains isolated at the same hospital often showed a marked degree of similarity. This suggests multiple origins of gentamicin- and methicillin-resistant strains isolated in New York City.

Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; Cross Infection; Gentamicins; Hospitals; Humans; Methicillin; New York City; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

One hundred seventy-one cases of neonatal conjunctivitis seen at Bellevue Hospital during the period 1950--1976 were reviewed. An overall incidence of 3.0 cases per 1,000 live births was found. A comparison of the rates of neonatal conjunctivitis with silver nitrate and tetracycline prophylaxis revealed a 100% increase in the rate overall, as well as the rate of gonococcal conjunctivitis with tetracycline. Using conjunctival cultures and cytology, a diagnosis could be established in 73% of the cases, with 41% being bacterial and 32% chlamydial. Staphylococcus was the single most common organism recovered; gonococcus was relatively rare.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlamydia Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Methods; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Conjunctiva; Conjunctivitis; Gentamicins; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Uganda

In the study on regional difference in susceptibility to damage of vestibulo-semicircular canals upon causing labyrinthine lesion by four different procedures, namely, by intracranial approach, through the middle ear, through the facial nerve and by means of experimental endolymphatic hydrops, the following results were obtained. 1. The crista of posterior semicircular canal among the semicircular canals and the macula of the saccule within the vestibule were most susceptible to impairment. In other words, the most susceptible region was the so-called pars inferior. In regard to the impairment of the cupulas, the posterior semicircular canal was the most susceptible region. 2. Recovery from markedly reduced caloric nystagmus within a short period so as to see provocation of caloric nystagmus may result from the reconstruction of the cupulas and the normalization of vacuole-like findings of the sensory epithelium.

Topics: Animals; Ear, Middle; Edema; Endolymphatic Sac; Eye Movements; Facial Nerve; Guinea Pigs; Herpesviridae Infections; Immune Sera; Labyrinth Diseases; Rabbits; Sodium Hydroxide; Staphylococcal Infections; Subarachnoid Space; Tetracycline; Vestibulocochlear Nerve Injuries

A staphylococcal disperser employed as a theatre technician appeared to have been the source of 11 cases of wound sepsis over a period of about 3 years. He was primarily a nasal carrier and after attempts to eradicate Staphylococcus aureus from his nose failed, his skin dispersal was controlled by daily washing with 4% chlorhexidine detergent ('Hibiscrub') and he was allowed to resume his theatre duties under careful bacteriological surveillance. Over the following 2 years 173 dispersal tests showed a mean dispersal of 1 . 7 c.f.u. per 2800 l air compared with a mean of 152 c.f.u. per 2800 l air in the mouth immediately preceding treatment and 55 c.f.u. per 2800 l in the period after cessation of treatment. One case of wound sepsis was attributed to the technician during the 2 years in which he received skin disinfection treatment.

Topics: Chlorhexidine; Cross Infection; Humans; Male; Nasal Mucosa; Operating Room Technicians; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Mice were infected wtih a mixed culture of pathogenic Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The doses of sodium nucleinate were titrated. When used for prophylactic and treatment-prophylactic purposes, these doses did not change the antiinfection resistance of the animals. The doses of tetracycline and lincomycin combination (lincotetrin) having no therapeutic effect on repeated use of the combination were also chosen. It was shown that the combined use of the antibiotics and sodium nucleinate in the above doses promoted a significant increase in the animal survival rate while the drugs used alone did not promote any increase in the survival of the mice. The decrease in the death rate of the animals was observed both with the parenteral and the oral use of sodium nucleinate.

Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Therapy, Combination; Lincomycin; Mice; Nucleic Acids; Placebos; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Four strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis from clinical sources were capable of serving as donors for the transduction of either penicillinase production, ethidium bromide resistance, or tetracycline resistance. Three typing phages served as transducing phages and, depending upon the combination of transducing phage, donor strain, and recipient strain, the rates of transduction ranged between 10(-5) and 10(-9). In one strain, cotransduction of penicillinase production and ethidium bromide resistance was observed. Although ultraviolet irradiation kinetics indicated that both the tetracycline resistance and the penicillin resistance determinants were located on plasmids, only resistance to tetracycline could be eliminated by growth in the presence of curing agents or at elevated temperature. However, evidence was obtained by agarose gel electrophoretic studies that both the tetracycline resistance and the penicillin resistance determinants are located on separate plasmids in this organism.

Topics: beta-Lactamases; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ethidium; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Plasmids; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline; Transduction, Genetic

We obtained cultures for bacteria and chlamydiae from 100 infants with conjunctivitis that began during the first month of life. Sixty-nine infants were evaluated during well-child visits (group A); 31 were seen specifically for the ocular discharge (group B). Potentially pathogenic bacteria, predominantly Staphylococcus aureus, were cultured from one third of the infants in each group. Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from three infants (4%) in group A and from ten (32%) in group B. Three infants with chlamydial conjunctivitis (two in group A, one in group B) had only mild inflammation. Initial treatment with topical antibiotics was unsuccessful in eliminating the organism from seven of 11 infants.

Topics: Conjunctivitis; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Erythromycin; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline

An outbreak of staphylococcal mastitis in nursing female ranch mink (Mustela vison) is described. Lesions were acute necrotizing mastitis, fatty infiltration of the liver and renal tubules, and adrenal cortical hyperplasia. The presence of Aleutian disease in the herd suggests a role of immunosuppression in the outbreak.

Topics: Aleutian Mink Disease; Animals; Female; Mastitis; Mink; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Many factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of acne, the most important of them lie in the sebaceous follicle, in disturbances of the cornification of the follicular channels and in the bacterial flora of the hair follicles. The latter consists of a yeast (pityrosporon ovale), coagulase-negative aerobic staphylococci and propionibacterium acnes. P. acnes is found in the depth of the follicle. It is of particular importance for the pathogenesis because it produces a lipase which releases fatty acids which stimulate the formation of comedones. Many questions are still unanswered. Presently, treatment consists of administration of estrogens or combination preparations of estrogen and progesterone (only recommended for women), of vitamin A acid and antibiotics. Tetracycline and its derivatives have proved particularly valuable for this purpose.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Candidiasis; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Malassezia; Male; Progesterone; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Vitamin A

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Bacterial Infections; Cellulitis; Child; Dermatitis, Exfoliative; Furunculosis; Humans; Impetigo; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Penicillins; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Nasal swabs were obtained from 408 patients seen in a family practice office in an attempt to identify Staphylococcus aureus carriers. Isolated strains were tested for sensitivity to 11 antibiotics. Study participants were interviewed to obtain the following data: age, history of recent hospitalization and/or recent antibiotic use, number of household members, and occupation, if employed in a health-care facility. S aureus was isolated from 109 nasal swabs. This represents a 26.7 percent carrier rate. Only 25.7 percent of the isolates were sensitive to penicillin G and ampicillin. No statistically significant association was found between the patient variables and either the carrier rate or the sensitivity of the S aureus isolates to penicillin. The sensitivity testing demonstrated that 94.5 percent of the isolates were sensitive to tetracycline and erythromycin. Ninety-nine to 100 percent of the isolates were sensitive to all other antibiotics tested. The authors conclude that penicillin G should not be used in the treatment of S aureus infections. Erythromycin, due to demonstrated sensitivity and reasonable cost, is recommended for mild to moderate infections.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Child; Child, Preschool; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Middle Aged; Nose; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Nasal swabs were taken from 492 babies born consecutively to residents of two South Wales towns soon after their discharge from maternity hospitals. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 352 babies (72%) and in 79 (22%) of these it was resistant to at least one antibiotic. By the time these babies were a year old the prevalence of both sensitive and resistant strains had fallen, so that only 12% still carried nasal staphylococci, but 64% of these organisms were then resistant to penicillin. Administration of penicillin to the baby seemed to be a more important factor in selecting resistant organisms than other antibiotics given to the baby, any antibiotic treatment to other members of the household, or discharge from hospital.

Topics: Carrier State; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Nasal Mucosa; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Air Microbiology; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nasal Cavity; Nurseries, Hospital; Nursing Staff, Hospital; Ointments; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Described is a case of chronic staphylococcal stomatitis, apparently precipitated by toothbrushing, which persisted for almost 6 months. The implicated organism, Staphylococcus aureus, was resistant to penicillin and tetracycline but sensitive to erythromycin. Recovery finally occurred after antibiotic therapy combined with surgical excision of some small persistent ulcers. Ther sera from a paired set of blood specimens failed to show a significant agglutinating titer, but the samples of saliva collected at the same times gave evidence of specific secretory Iga and showed relatively high agglutinating titer.

Topics: Adult; Agglutination Tests; Chronic Disease; Humans; Male; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Stomatitis; Tetracycline; Toothbrushing

Cross-sectional surveys of infection in relation to ward structure and practice were made in 38 hospitals between 1967 and 1973, including repeat surveys in 12 hospitals. The survey team (a research nurse and a senior microbiologist or technician) visited one ward a day and entered data on patients, including appearance of wounds seen at change of dressings, on the structure of the ward, and on ward practices; bacteriological swabs were taken from noses of all patients and staff of wards visited and from infected or open wounds, also from some environmental sites. Effect of age, sex, length of hospital stay and antibiotic use on carriage of tetracycline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and on post-operative sepsis are considered here.Clinical infection (sepsis), further classified as ;severe', ;moderate' or ;mild' in accordance with a code of physical signs, including inflammation and suppuration, was found in 6.1% of clean undrained operation wounds. Drained wounds and those through hollow, heavily colonized viscera (;contaminated' wounds) had higher sepsis rates than undrained and ;clean' wounds; there was less sepsis with closed drainage and with small drains. Staph. aureus (24%) was the commonest single bacterial species, but gram-negative bacilli (50%) were found in a much larger proportion of septic wounds. The results showed that the infection rate was lowest among patients between 20 and 40 years old. Infection was significantly more common in male than in female patients.Nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistant Staph. aureus, used as an index of hospital-acquired infection, was commonest in geriatric patients and least common in gynaecological patients. There was correlation between nasal carriage of tetracycline-resistant staphylococci and age of the patient, length of hospital stay, sex, (male greater than female), operative treatment, and treatment with tetracycline, ampicillin and nitrofurantoin, but not with penicillin.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; England; Female; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Clindamycin; Erythromycin; Fees, Pharmaceutical; Hospitals, Community; Humans; Massachusetts; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

The effect of subsequent cyclic administration of oleandomycin and tetracycline on the titer of the complement, the content of lysozyme, the bactericidal properties of the serum and the presence of the antibiotic specific antibodies in the blood serum found in the Hoigne reaction were studied on rabbits. It was found that the subsequent cyclic administration of the antibiotics to both the intact animals and the animals with experimental staphylococcal sepsis was accompanied by an increase in the titer of the complement only on the 7th day of administration of oleandomycin, the first antibiotic. The subsequent administration of tetracycline and especially discontinuation of the antibiotics use resulted in a significant, stable and prolonged decrease in the complement titer. The cyclic subsequent administration of oleandomycin and tetracycline for 7 days was accompanied by an increase in the lysozyme content and serum bactericidal properties. Changes in the factors of non-specific resistance under the effect of the subsequent cyclic administration of oleandomycin and tetracycline on both the intact animals and the animals with experimental staphylococcal sepsis were accompanied by an appearance, progressive increase and prolonged preservation in the serum of the antibiotic specific antibodies found in the Hoigne reaction. A possibility of producing specific antibodies simultaneously to the 2 antibiotics, i. e. oleandomycin and tetracycline in their administration in subsequent 7-day cycles was shown.

Topics: Animals; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Chinchilla; Complement System Proteins; Drug Combinations; Muramidase; Oleandomycin; Rabbits; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

The in vivo antibacterial effectiveness in the rabbit cornea of a number of commercially available ophthalmic antibiotic preparations was determined against a single strain of penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a human corneal ulcer. Each antibiotic was instilled topically at hourly intervals, and the number of residual viable organisms in the cornea subsequently was ascertained. In vivo measurements demonstrated that five antibiotics--neomycin sulfate, gentamicin sulfate, erythromycin, tetracycline hydrochloride, and chlortetracycline hydrochloride--were equally effective in suppressing growth of the strain of S aureus studied. Therapeutic results were the same whether the corneal epithelium was present of absent for each of the drugs studied. With one exception (chloramphenicol), there was excellent correlation between in vivo and in vitro findings.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Disease Models, Animal; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Keratitis; Neomycin; Ophthalmic Solutions; Rabbits; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

The combination effect of tetracycline (TC) and oleandomycin (OM) on acute infection of mice with four strains of Staphylococcus aureus including TC or OM resistant ones was examined by the quantitative determination of protective potencies of single and combined drugs. The grade of synergism was expressed by the synergistic ratio (SR), a ratio of experimentally determined potency of the combined drug over a hypothetical potency in which additive effect of the both drugs is assumed. With 3 out of the 4 strains of S. aureus synergism between TC and OM or triacetyloleandomycin (TAO) was demonstrated by the determination of the 50% effective dose and by statistical examination of the SR. The grade of synergistic protection by these drugs varied with the strains infected and it did not depend upon the sensitivity to antibiotics or grade of synergism in vitro. There was no synergistic enhancement of acute toxic action in the combined administration of TC and OM to mice.

Topics: Animals; Drug Combinations; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Oleandomycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Susceptibility of 983 isolates of Staphyloccus aureus to tetracycline, doxycycline and minocycline was determined in vitro. Minocycline was shown to be more active than doxycycline, which in turn was shown to be slightly more active than tetracycline. 77% of the isolates which were resistant to tetracycline were also resistant to doxycycline, whereas only 4% of the tetracycline-resistant isolates were resistant to minocycline. The in vivo use of tetracycline correlated with increased in vitro resistance of S. aureus to tetracycline and doxycycline. A correlation between use of tetracycline and in vitro resistance to minocycline was not demonstrated.

Topics: Doxycycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

The effect of benzylpenicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline on the animal resistance to infection caused by the antibiotic resistant staphylococci was studied. It was found that the effect of the antibiotics on the infectious process outcome was not limited by their antibacterial properties. Changes in the natural resistance of the host under the effect of the antibiotics were not always the same and depended on both the antibiotic type and the moment of its administration.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Immunity; Mice; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Procaine; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Child; Cloxacillin; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines; Time Factors

Six representative strains of staphylococci were selected on the basis of DNase activity and inoculated into the mice to study the correlation of the presence of this enzyme to the virulence of the staphylococci. Two strains of staphylococci among them produced DNase but not the free coagulase, and one of these two strains had an obvious virulence against the mice. The results of experiments suggest that there are at least certain strains which may be designated as Staphylococcus aureus among these DNase-producing staphylococci producing no free coagulase. This is an additional evidence that this enzyme activity should be adopted as a criterion to distinguish from the other S. aureus which has lost the free coagulase activity. In this sense, the staphylococci producing neither free coagulase nor DNase are after all Staphylococcus epidermidis, regardless of their ability to ferment mannitol or not.

Topics: Animals; Chloramphenicol; Coagulase; Deoxyribonucleases; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Male; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Polymyxins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Virulence

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriolysis; Chromosomes, Bacterial; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Genes; Genetics, Microbial; Humans; Methicillin; Mutation; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Species Specificity; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline; Transduction, Genetic; Transformation, Genetic; Virulence

Sixty-eight methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from mastitis milk samples originating from 20 Belgian dairyherds. All these strains appeared to be representatives of one single strain which was probably of human origin. Evidence is presented indicating a rapid in vivo evolutionary change in this strain. The following characteristics were found to be variable: the production of beta haemolysin inversely connected with fibrinolysin (staphylokinase) activity; the production of lipase, enterotoxin B and delta haemolysin; the resistance to neomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, methicillin and spectinomycin associated with constitutive or inducible macrolide resistance.

Topics: Animals; Belgium; Cattle; Chloramphenicol; Enterotoxins; Female; Fibrinolysin; Hemolysin Proteins; Lipase; Mastitis, Bovine; Methicillin; Milk; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline

Topics: Age Factors; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Kanamycin; Nitrofurantoin; Pneumococcal Infections; Polymyxins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfamethizole; Tetracycline; United States

A study was made of 111 strains of plasma-negative spathylococci isolated from the blood, pleural fluid, urine, and exudate of the abdominal cavity of 30 patients. The studies were carried out by 18 criteria. A variety of biological properties and signs characteristic of pathogenic staphylococci (hemolytic activity, anaerobic splitting of mannite, the presence of phosphatase, lysozyme, protease, alpha-toxin, fibrinolysin) were noted. A high resistance to tetracycline and penicillin was found in the strains isolated from the blood and the pleural cavity.

Topics: Animals; Ascitic Fluid; Bacteriophage Typing; Bacteriuria; Cross Infection; Erythrocytes; Fibrinolysin; Hemolysis; Humans; Mannitol; Muramidase; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Phospholipases; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Pleural Effusion; Pyelonephritis; Rabbits; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline; Toxins, Biological

A strain of Staphylococcus aureus has been isolated from a hospital environment over 3 months. Every isolate was lysed by phage 77, had high-level resistance to streptomycin, and was resistant to about 250 pg per ml of both tetracycline and sulphonamide; a combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim produced little bacteristatic synergy towards each isolate. All These organisms were thus considered to be "the same"; the variation in other properties was probably due to rapid evolutionary change in vivo. the variation in senxitivity to methicillin and neomycin, and the absence of penicillinase production in some isolates, probably indicated loss of the relevant genes. Several isolates had probably acquired resistance to lincomycin by a one-step mutatuon in vivo. The usefulness of lincomycin and analogues in treating staphylococcal infections seems limited.

Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; Biological Evolution; Carrier State; Cross Infection; England; Genes; Genetic Variation; Humans; Lincomycin; Methicillin; Mutation; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Seasons; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Transduction, Genetic

Fifteen patients who had severe Staphylococcus aureus infections were treated with minocycline for 6 to 24 days; all responded satisfactorily. Where possible, posttherapy cultures were taken, and in all instances, the pathogen was eradicated. There was no adverse reactions. Minocycline proved to be an acceptable and effective alternative for staphylococcal soft-tissue infections. It has the following advantages: (1) it is administered orally on a twice-daily dosage schedule, which facilitates patient compliance; (2) its toxicity is well defined and is not troublesome during short-term therapy; and (3) it penetrates tissues in therapeutic amounts and yields serum levels that are well above the minimum inhibitory concentrations of most staphylococci.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Cell Count; Body Temperature; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Minocycline; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Cephalothin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Local footpad infection in mouse was investigated with 55 clinically isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus. When 10(7) viable cells were inoculated into the footpad, local swelling and bacterial growth resulted after 24 hr. With a dose of 10(6) cells, moderate swelling was observed after a few hours but the reaction had almost disappeared after 24 hr. About 75% of the staphylococcal strains tested caused footpad edema in mice at doses of 10(7) cells. A statistical comparison of the virulence of the organisms on intravenous and intraperitoneal injection with that in inducing footpad swelling is also reported.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Bacteriophage Typing; Chloramphenicol; Edema; Erythromycin; Female; Foot; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Intravenous; Kanamycin; Mice; Penicillin G; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Virulence

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Animals; Bacterial Infections; Clindamycin; Humans; Male; Rabbits; Sinusitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Drug Combinations; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Middle Aged; Oleandomycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Doxycycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; Carrier State; Child; Chloramphenicol; Germany, West; Humans; Immunodiffusion; Impetigo; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; School Health Services; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Fusidic Acid; Germany, West; Humans; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Biological Availability; Clindamycin; Colitis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Lincomycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Abortion, Septic; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitoxins; Carbenicillin; Cephalosporins; Complement System Proteins; Endometritis; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Methicillin; Muramidase; Penicillin G; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Amphotericin B; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Infections; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Mice; Neomycin; Nystatin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Thiourea; Undecylenic Acids

Topics: Abscess; Ampicillin; Calcaneus; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cloxacillin; Curettage; Erythromycin; Female; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Male; Osteomyelitis; Penicillins; Radiography; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Talus; Tetracycline

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Clindamycin; Cloxacillin; Drug Hypersensitivity; Erythromycin; Humans; Lincomycin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Animals; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Horses; Lincomycin; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bone Diseases; Clindamycin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Lincomycin; Moscow; Orthopedics; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Postoperative Complications; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Wound Infection; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; England; Family Practice; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Humans; Neomycin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Bronchitis; Carbenicillin; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Humans; Penicillin G; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Syndrome; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Blood; Cells, Cultured; Culture Media; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Klebsiella Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pseudomonas Infections; Salmonella Infections; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Central Nervous System Diseases; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; History, 20th Century; Humans; Neomycin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; USSR

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Colitis; Dysentery; Enteritis; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Humans; Infant; Lactobacillaceae; Mice; Salmonella Infections; Seasons; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Latvia; Methicillin; Moscow; Neomycin; Oleandomycin; Oxacillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Serotyping; Species Specificity; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Nitrofurantoin; Oleandomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas Infections; Pyelonephritis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Candidiasis; Cross Infection; Enterobacter; Female; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Mycoplasma Infections; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Age Factors; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Erythromycin; Haemophilus; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; Male; Minocycline; Osteomyelitis; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Arthritis, Infectious; Cephalosporins; Cloxacillin; Dicloxacillin; Germany, West; Humans; Kanamycin; Lincomycin; Orthopedics; Osteomyelitis; Oxacillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Breast; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Disease Reservoirs; Erythromycin; Female; Hospital Departments; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Medical Staff; Nose; Obstetrics; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Germany, West; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Rifamycins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Poland; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

A survey of the staphylococcal infections occurring in a general hospital over a period of four and a half years showed that multiple-resistant strains of phage type 77 were endemic in the medical and surgical wards. Strains of this phage type were uncommon among patients attending the casualty department, and those found were usually either fully sensitive to antibiotics or resistant to benzylpenicillin only. Regular monitoring of patients admitted to the intensive-care unit showed that 58% of staphylococcal infections in such patients were present at the time of admission to the unit. Although the wards thus constituted a significant reservoir of infection for the intensive-care unit, there was no evidence to suggest that the return of patients from the unit to the wards was responsible for the transfer of infection in the opposite direction. The possibility of reducing the numbers of multiple-resistant staphylococci in the general wards, by the screening of all new admissions for the presence of tetracycline-resistant strains, appears to be impracticable in this area.

Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Hospitals, General; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Kanamycin; Methicillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Furunculosis; Humans; Infant; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Otitis Media; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Pneumococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Doxycycline; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Methacycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Air Microbiology; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Operating Rooms; Pseudomonas; Pseudomonas Infections; Quebec; Sepsis; Serotyping; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Iatrogenic Disease; Kidney Calculi; Male; Proteus Infections; Pyelonephritis; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfisoxazole; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections; Urography

Topics: Animals; Chlortetracycline; Intestinal Mucosa; Kidney; Liver; Myocardium; Nephritis; Oxytetracycline; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Carrier State; Cross Infection; England; Equipment and Supplies, Hospital; Female; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Male; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nose; Patients; Personnel, Hospital; Staphylococcal Infections; Sterilization; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Appendicitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Methicillin; Nystatin; Peritonitis; Polymyxins; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfadimethoxine; Tetracycline

Topics: Administration, Oral; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Half-Life; Kinetics; Medication Systems, Hospital; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Protein Binding; Referral and Consultation; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Agar; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Culture Techniques; Germany, West; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Kanamycin; Leucomycins; Lincomycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mongolia; Neomycin; Oxacillin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Acridines; Animals; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Erythromycin; Kidney; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Virulence

An isolation policy in a hospital for skin diseases is reported. Patients carrying penicillin- and tetracycline-resistant organisms were to be isolated in single rooms, though barrier nursing was not practised. The policy failed because the single beds rapidly became blocked with long-stay patients and because even in a single-bed unit patients acquired staphylococci within 3-7 days of admission. Patients with skin diseases often do not feel ;ill' and resent isolation.

Topics: Attitude to Health; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Patient Isolators; Penicillin Resistance; Skin Diseases; Social Isolation; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Aged; Alkaline Phosphatase; Anemia; Blood Transfusion; Bone Marrow; Busulfan; Cytarabine; Female; Histocytochemistry; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Leukocytes; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumonia; Purpura; Radiography; Sepsis; Splenomegaly; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Thioguanine

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Disease Reservoirs; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Genetics, Microbial; Humans; Neomycin; Oxacillin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchial Neoplasms; Bronchopneumonia; Drug Combinations; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Virginiamycin

Topics: Humans; Lincomycin; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bites and Stings; Cats; Child; Dogs; Facial Injuries; Hand Injuries; Humans; Male; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Penicillin G; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Antigens, Bacterial; Bacteriophage Typing; Chloramphenicol; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteriophage Typing; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nursing Staff, Hospital; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Poland; Serotyping; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Culture Media; Enterococcus faecalis; Erythromycin; Female; Femoral Fractures; Femur Head; Humans; Hypertonic Solutions; Kanamycin; L Forms; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Necrosis; Osteomyelitis; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Proteus; Radiography; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbenicillin; Cephaloridine; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Humans; Kanamycin; Lincomycin; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oxacillin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Personnel, Hospital; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Chlortetracycline; Depression, Chemical; Doxycycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Kinetics; Methacycline; Oxytetracycline; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Abdomen; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Appendicitis; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Escherichia coli; Exudates and Transudates; Herniorrhaphy; Humans; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Blood Proteins; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Ovalbumin; Pneumococcal Infections; Proline; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Bacteriophage Typing; Burns; Chloramphenicol; Coagulase; Erythromycin; Humans; Hyperbaric Oxygenation; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nose; Penicillin G; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Animals; Cyanoacrylates; Female; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tissue Adhesives; Vancomycin; Wound Infection

Topics: Animals; Klebsiella Infections; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Rats; Solutions; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Therapeutic Irrigation; Vancomycin; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood; Cephaloridine; Cloxacillin; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Lichen Planus; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Psoriasis; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Adult; Cephalothin; Drug Synergism; Female; Humans; Influenza, Human; Male; Middle Aged; Oxacillin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Drug Industry; Female; Humans; Male; Methylamines; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; United States

Topics: Acute Disease; Child; Child, Preschool; Cloxacillin; Erythromycin; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Osteomyelitis; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacitracin; Burns; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Nose; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Studies on infections in a hospital for diseases of the skin are described. Patients were shown to acquire staphylococci in the groin and on the chest at about the same rate as in the nose. In contrast to surgical wards, many staphylococci were resistant to tetracycline but sensitive to penicillin. Nevertheless, much of the epidemic spread of staphylococci was with typical surgical-ward strains rather than with phage group II strains which might be thought typical of skin diseases.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Disease Outbreaks; Hospitals, Special; Humans; Nose; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Skin; Skin Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Thorax

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Leukorrhea; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Trichomonas Infections; Vaginal Smears; Vaginitis; Vibrio Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Erythromycin; Furunculosis; Glycosides; Humans; Impetigo; Infant; Lincomycin; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Pyrrolidines; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Bronchopneumonia; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cloxacillin; Cystic Fibrosis; Female; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Infant; Lincomycin; Male; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Colitis; Enteritis; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Furazolidone; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Temperature; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Colistin; Depression, Chemical; Drug Synergism; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrofurantoin; Oleandomycin; Oxacillin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Pyelonephritis; Staphylococcal Infections; Stimulation, Chemical; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Cephalothin; Depression, Chemical; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Fusidic Acid; Lincomycin; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Oxacillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clostridium Infections; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Gas Gangrene; Liver Extracts; Penicillin G Procaine; Proteus Infections; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Age Factors; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Femur; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Humerus; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Osteomyelitis; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Proteus Infections; Radiography; Radius; Salmonella Infections; Seasons; Sepsis; Splints; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tibia; Ulna

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Cattle; Chloramphenicol; Leucomycins; Mastitis, Bovine; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Milk; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Age Factors; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Infectious; Bacterial Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Hand Injuries; Humans; Infections; Lincomycin; Male; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Sex Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Air Microbiology; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Dust; Germany, East; Hand; Humans; Nose; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pharynx; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Sterilization; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Bacteroides Infections; Chloramphenicol; Diagnosis, Differential; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasms; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antigens; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epidermitis, Exudative, of Swine; Rabbits; Serotyping; Sheep; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Swine; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bacteriophage Typing; Boston; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Lincomycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Cephalothin; Humans; Penicillin G; Retrospective Studies; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Depression, Chemical; Enterobacter; Kidney; Klebsiella Infections; Liver; Lung; Lung Diseases; Mice; Oleandomycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Kanamycin; Lincomycin; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Rabbits; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Cephaloridine; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Female; Heart Valve Prosthesis; Humans; Lincomycin; Methicillin; Oxacillin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Bronchial Diseases; Chloramphenicol; Humans; Lung Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pseudomonas Infections; Rifampin; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Brucellosis; Chronic Disease; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Radiography; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Infective Agents; Chronic Disease; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Hair; Humans; Male; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Soaps; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Acid Phosphatase; Aminosalicylic Acids; Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Benzimidazoles; Cephaloridine; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Synergism; Escherichia coli Infections; Kanamycin; Liver Glycogen; Macrophages; Mice; Neomycin; Oxacillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Infectious; Cricetinae; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Injections, Intra-Articular; Injections, Intramuscular; Knee Joint; Rabbits; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tritium

Topics: Animals; Arthritis; Autoradiography; Cricetinae; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Rabbits; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tritium

Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitoxins; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Synergism; gamma-Globulins; Mice; Oleandomycin; Oxacillin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Child, Preschool; Eczema; Female; Furunculosis; Humans; Male; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Skin Ulcer; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Suppuration; Tetracycline

Topics: Abscess; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Cellulitis; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Hand; Humans; Infections; Kanamycin; Lincomycin; Methicillin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Animals; Bacillus; Bacteria; Blood Proteins; Candida; Clostridium; Culture Media; Drug Synergism; Enterobacter; Escherichia coli; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Klebsiella; Mice; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Neisseria; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Penicillinase; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella; Sarcina; Shigella; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline; Trichophyton

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antisepsis; Child; Child, Preschool; Drainage; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Postoperative Care; Preoperative Care; Sex Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Chronic Disease; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Suppuration; Tetracycline

Topics: Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Diverticulum; Humans; Intestinal Obstruction; Jejunum; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Middle Aged; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Abscess; Adult; Female; Furunculosis; Humans; Infections; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Mastitis; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus subtilis; Cephalosporins; Cornea; Escherichia coli Infections; Eye Diseases; Humans; Infections; Neisseria; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Brain; Demeclocycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Blood Proteins; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Demeclocycline; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Demeclocycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Cephaloridine; Cephalosporins; Child; Gonorrhea; Hexachlorophene; Humans; Lincomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Salmonella Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Bacitracin; Bacteriophage Typing; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Denmark; Erythromycin; Genetics, Microbial; Hospitals; Humans; Infant; Lysogeny; Methicillin; Middle Aged; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Sepsis; Sex Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Coagulase; Erythromycin; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Bile; Brain; Colitis; Dogs; Feces; Female; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Male; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Pyelitis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Spleen; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Erythromycin; Humans; Intestines; Male; Middle Aged; Nalidixic Acid; Nystatin; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Proteus Infections; Rheumatic Heart Disease; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Hospital Design and Construction; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Nose; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Ventilation

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Drug Combinations; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Klebsiella Infections; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Mice; Oleandomycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

The results of treatment have been analysed in 173 patients with septicaemia during 1962-8. Between 1962 and 1965 various antibiotics were used, and shock was treated with vasopressor agents. Between 1966 and 1968 kanamycin was given initially, and shock was treated with corticosteroids and with intravenous fluid therapy monitored with a central venous pressure manometer.The mortality rate in 1966-8 fell to half that of the earlier period in patients with Gram-negative infections, and in those with shock. The reduced mortality in the latter was clearly associated with the use of a central venous manometer to control intravenous fluid therapy, though whether the reduction resulted from specific improvement in intravenous therapy or from the necessary closer observation of the patient is not clear. Staphylococcal septicaemia was common during both periods, and its mortality rate did not fall; hence methicillin together with kanamycin is now given initially in all cases.

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Aged; Chloramphenicol; Digitalis Glycosides; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Sepsis; Shock, Septic; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Vasoconstrictor Agents

Topics: Animals; Mice; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Blood Sedimentation; Body Weight; Child; Child, Preschool; Cystic Fibrosis; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukocyte Count; Lung Diseases; Male; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Cavernous Sinus; Face; Female; Humans; Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Thrombosis

Topics: Animals; Eye; Eye Diseases; Female; Hydrochloric Acid; Male; Rabbits; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tritium

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Burns; Candida; Chlortetracycline; Colistin; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Male; Neomycin; Nystatin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Ristocetin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Child; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Colistin; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Russia; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bacteriophage Typing; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Denmark; Erythromycin; Humans; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Colistin; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Georgia (Republic); Humans; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Ristocetin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Actinomyces; Animals; Chloramphenicol; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Injections, Intravenous; Injections, Subcutaneous; Mice; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Streptovaricin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Methylation; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Age Factors; Body Weight; Child; Enterobacter; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Male; Methacycline; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Urologic Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Washington

Topics: Adult; Folliculitis; Griseofulvin; Humans; Male; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tinea; Trichophyton

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Communicable Diseases; Diarrhea, Infantile; Enteritis; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Meningitis; Pneumonia; Pyelonephritis; Sepsis; Skin Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tooth Diseases; Tooth, Deciduous; Vomiting; Whooping Cough

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; Lysostaphin; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arteriosclerosis; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Cross Infection; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Lung Diseases; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Vascular Surgical Procedures

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Cholecystitis; Humans; Infant; Pneumonia; Rolitetracycline; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Drug Synergism; Erythromycin; Humans; Muramidase; Neutrophils; Phagocytosis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chloramphenicol; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Horse Diseases; Horses; Lysostaphin; Penicillin Resistance; Rabbits; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Bacitracin; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Indians, North American; Kanamycin; Minnesota; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Pyoderma; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Corynebacterium; Diagnosis, Differential; Folliculitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Scalp Dermatoses; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteria; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Drug Antagonism; Drug Incompatibility; Humans; Infections; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Bacillus; Bacteria; Brucella; Cephaloridine; Clostridium perfringens; Enterobacteriaceae; Haemophilus influenzae; Mice; Micrococcus; Mycobacterium; Neisseria; Pasteurella; Pseudomonas; Rifampin; Sarcina; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus anthracis; Bacteria; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Enterococcus faecalis; Mice; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Ascorbic Acid; Chronic Disease; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Infections; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Peritonitis; Pleural Diseases; Pneumonia; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Suppuration; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Thiamine

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli Infections; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Mice; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Mice; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Demeclocycline; Mice; Pasteurella Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Colistin; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Infections; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Poultry Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Paranasal Sinuses; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Poultry Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Erythromycin; Humans; Methicillin; Mice; Neomycin; Oxacillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Erythromycin; Humans; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Bronchiectasis; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lymecycline; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumococcal Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Isoniazid; Meningitis; Meningococcal Infections; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfisoxazole; Suppuration; Tetracycline; Tuberculosis, Meningeal

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Synergism; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Neomycin; Oleandomycin; Otitis; Pneumonia; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Male; Nephritis; Oxytetracycline; Rabbits; Rats; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Mice; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Surgery, Oral; Tetracycline; Tooth Diseases

Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow; Exudates and Transudates; In Vitro Techniques; Leukocytes; Liver; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Diseases; Mice; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Phagocytosis; Rabbits; Spleen; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bacteria; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Middle Aged; Proteus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Catheterization; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Empyema; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Mortality; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Pneumothorax; Radiography, Thoracic; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacitracin; Chloramphenicol; Finland; Humans; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Lymphangitis; Oleandomycin; Osteomyelitis; Peritonitis; Pneumonia; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Animals; Mice; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tuberculosis

Topics: Animals; Mice; Salmonella Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cholecystectomy; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Erythromycin; Female; Gastritis; Humans; Kanamycin; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Lung Abscess; Male; Oleandomycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Mice; Oleandomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Mice; Oleandomycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biomedical Research; Communicable Diseases; Drug Therapy; Mice; Oleandomycin; Pharmacology; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Mitsuhashi, Susumu (Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan), Hiroshi Oshima, Umeko Kawaharada, and Hajime Hashimoto. Drug resistance of staphylococci. I. Transduction of tetracycline resistance with phage lysates obtained from multiply resistant staphylococci. J. Bacteriol. 89:967-976. 1965.-Tetracycline resistance was found to be transduced with phage lysates obtained from multiply resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus of human origin. With various combinations of multiply resistant donors and tetracycline (TC)-sensitive recipients, almost all of the strains were found to be competent donors. A greater percentage of group 1 staphylococci were competent recipients. Most of the TC(+) transductants were not lysogenic for the transducing phage and were unable to transduce TC resistance with their own phage lysates obtained by ultraviolet irradiation. However, the TC(+) transductants, lysogenized with transducing phage, were capable of transducing TC resistance, and some of the lysogenizations were accompanied by changes in phage type. These results suggest that the emergence of the multiply resistant staphylococci (consistently resistant to TC) can be accounted for by transduction among various strains accompanied sometimes by changes in phage typing pattern after lysogenization, and by selection through extensive use of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Bacteriophages; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Japan; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bacteriophage Typing; Burns; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Drug Therapy; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Hexachlorophene; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Oxacillin; Penicillins; Postoperative Care; Preoperative Care; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Thoracic Surgery

Jarolmen, Howard (Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.), Amedeo Bondi, and Richard L. Crowell. Transduction of Staphylococcus aureus to tetracycline resistance in vivo. J. Bacteriol. 89:1286-1290. 1965.-Staphylophage 80, propagated on a hospital strain of Staphylococcus aureus 80/81, has been shown to transduce antibiotic resistance markers to a variety of staphylococcal recipient strains in vitro. In an attempt to demonstrate transduction of penicillin and tetracycline resistance in mice, experiments were performed in which mice were injected intravenously with a pathogenic recipient strain, S. aureus N135, and subsequently with transducing phage by the same route. Periodic assays of organs from infected mice revealed that maximal bacterial concentrations were attained in kidneys 6 days after infection, at which time the transducing lysate, containing approximately 5 x 10(10) plaque-forming particles, was introduced. Isolation of tetracycline-resistant transductants from the kidneys of infected animals was facilitated by the therapeutic administration of tetracycline. In contrast, penicillin-resistant transductants, which produced penicillinase, were not found even when penicillin therapy was administered. Results showed that tetracycline-resistant transductants were recovered from as many as 40% of test animals in repeated experiments. Furthermore, in some of these mice the entire staphylococcal population of the kidneys was found to be tetracycline-resistant. Control infected animals which did not receive phage were uniformly negative for tetracycline-resistant staphylococci. The finding that phage levels were low or undetectable at a time when tetracycline-resistant organisms were recovered from test animals provided evidence that transduction had occurred in vivo.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophages; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Genetics; Injections, Intravenous; Kidney; Mice; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Penicillins; Pharmacology; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Topics: Cell Biology; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Electrons; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Pharmacology; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Carrier State; Communicable Disease Control; Cross Infection; Diagnosis; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epidemiology; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Statistics as Topic; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Infectious; Drainage; Drug Therapy; Escherichia coli Infections; Hip Joint; Humans; Pseudomonas Infections; Radiography; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Chloramphenicol; Chromatography; Cystic Fibrosis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Fatty Acids; Humans; Kanamycin; Lipid Metabolism; Lipids; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Sputum; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; England; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Carrier State; Guinea Pigs; Hydrocortisone; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lymecycline; Male; Middle Aged; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Mice; Oxytetracycline; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Mercury; Penicillinase; Penicillins; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Haemophilus influenzae; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumonia; Scotland; Staphylococcal Infections; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Chemical Analysis; Blood Pressure; Cats; Dogs; Mice; Pharmacology; Research; Respiration; Rolitetracycline; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Water

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Child; England; Erythromycin; Fever; General Practice; Headache; Hemoptysis; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Vomiting

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Enterobacter aerogenes; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Spinal Dysraphism; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Child; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Fever; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Leukocyte Count; Meningitis; Methicillin; Middle Aged; Mortality; Osteomyelitis; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Child; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Oleandomycin; Otolaryngology; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Troleandomycin

Topics: Adenoma; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cholesteatoma; Ear Canal; Ear, Middle; Erythromycin; Humans; Pathology; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Child; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Drainage; Empyema; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Pediatrics; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumothorax; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Clinical and pathological features of two fatal cases of bacterial endocarditis with Candida albicans superinfection are described. One patient presented with combined Streptococcus viridans and Candida endocarditis of the aortic valve. The second patient, an addict to paregoric injected intravenously, developed Staphylococcus aureus of the tricuspid valve with eventual Candida endocarditis. The responsible organisms were identified from blood cultures during the hospital course, and by culture or tissue section of postmortem material. Candida endocarditis has emerged as a disease entity in the past 20 years. The incidence is increasing and patients with bacterial endocarditis are among those at risk. Antibiotic therapy appeared to facilitate the development of Candida endocarditis in these two cases.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Aortic Valve; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Dermatologic Agents; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Heart Valve Diseases; Humans; Middle Aged; Pathology; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcal Infections; Superinfection; Tetracycline; Tricuspid Valve; Viridans Streptococci

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Bacteriophage Typing; Bacteriophages; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; India; Penicillins; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biopsy; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Clostridium; Corynebacterium; Electrons; Fusobacterium; Haemophilus; Humans; Jejunum; Lactobacillus; Leptospirosis; Lipodystrophy; Micrococcus; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Neisseria; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomyces; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Tooth Extraction; Veillonella; Whipple Disease

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Cornea; Corneal Transplantation; Debridement; Diathermy; Eye Burns; Eye Injuries; Geriatrics; Humans; Injections, Intra-Arterial; Iontophoresis; Lidocaine; Ophthalmology; Polymyxins; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Therapeutic Irrigation; Ulcer

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Hypersensitivity; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Kanamycin; Methicillin; Mycoses; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Vancomycin

Topics: Abscess; Adolescent; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Dura Mater; Epidural Abscess; Humans; Hypothermia; Laminectomy; Myelography; Paraplegia; Penicillins; Spinal Cord; Spinal Cord Compression; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline

Topics: Abscess; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bronchial Fistula; Chloramphenicol; Empyema; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Pleural Effusion; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Pneumothorax; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Chloramphenicol; Epidemiology; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillins; Prognosis; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfamethoxypyridazine; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Urography; Urology; Virginia

Topics: Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Hospitals; Hospitals, Psychiatric; Humans; Lung; Penicillins; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anthelmintics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Aqueous Humor; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Conjunctivitis; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Endophthalmitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Helminthiasis; Keratitis; Keratitis, Dendritic; Lens, Crystalline; Manometry; Mycoses; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Virus Diseases

Topics: Abortion, Septic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bile Ducts; Chloramphenicol; Emetine; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Oxytetracycline; Paraplegia; Penicillins; Peritonitis; Pregnancy; Pressure Ulcer; Pseudomonas Infections; Pyelonephritis; Pyoderma; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Achromobacter; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriology; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Klebsiella; Maxillary Sinus; Maxillary Sinusitis; Penicillin V; Penicillins; Placebos; Pneumococcal Infections; Proteus Infections; Sinusitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; United Kingdom; Urinary Catheterization; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Black People; Child; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Osteomyelitis; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides; Sulfonamides; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Burns; Child; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Immune Sera; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Kanamycin; Novobiocin; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Salmonella Infections; Sepsis; Serum Albumin; Shigella; Sodium Chloride; Solutions; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Abortion, Septic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Gynecology; Humans; Mastitis; Obstetrics; Oleandomycin; Peritonitis; Pleuropneumonia; Pregnancy; Puerperal Infection; Salpingitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Enterobacter aerogenes; Enterobacteriaceae; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Kanamycin; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Ristocetin; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cataract Extraction; Chloramphenicol; Endophthalmitis; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Oxacillin; Postoperative Complications; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Vancomycin

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Chloramphenicol; Internal Medicine; Penicillins; Specialization; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriology; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Penicillins; Pyoderma; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Humans; Infections; Kanamycin; Methicillin; Oxacillin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin G; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; Penicillins; Pharmacology; Pneumococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Troleandomycin

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dermatology; Family; Furunculosis; Hexachlorophene; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Impetigo; Minor Surgical Procedures; Quinolines; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Toxicology

A survey of Staphylococcus albus urinary infections is reported from a general hospital. The infection followed urethral instrumentation in 75% of the patients, and was usually caused by organisms already present in the urethra. Novobiocin-resistant strains caused infections in four out-patients with no predisposing lesions or instrumentation of the urinary tract.

Topics: Bacteriology; Coagulase; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Hydrolases; Male; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urethra; Urinary Catheterization; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Denmark; Dermatology; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epidemiology; Erythromycin; Humans; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Abscess; Air Microbiology; Antisepsis; Bacteriological Techniques; Bacteriophage Typing; Burns; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Empyema; Enteritis; Epidemiology; Osteomyelitis; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Postoperative Complications; Pressure Ulcer; Pyelonephritis; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Wound Infection

Topics: Adolescent; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cellulitis; Child; Endocarditis; Erythromycin; Female; Furunculosis; Fusidic Acid; Geriatrics; Humans; Infant; Meningitis; Osteomyelitis; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Pregnancy; Puerperal Infection; Pyelonephritis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Humans; Nose; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Aerosols; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Child; Chloramphenicol; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Infant; Kanamycin; Leukopenia; Methicillin; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Radiography, Thoracic; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Burns; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Egg Yolk; Erythromycin; Humans; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Biomedical Research; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Conjunctivitis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Feces; Humans; India; Infant, Newborn; Methicillin; Methicillin Resistance; Penicillin G; Penicillin V; Penicillins; Research; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

A new strain of Staphylococcus aureus, implicated in severe "hospital-acquired" infections, has been recognized and identified. This strain is characterized by lysis with a recently isolated bacteriophage, UC-18. Resistance to penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline combined with widespread prevalence in the hospital environment make S. aureus UC-18 a significant contributor to endemic staphylcoccal disease in hospitals.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Cross Infection; Hospitals; Humans; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Abscess; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Cross Infection; Diabetes Mellitus; Erythromycin; Furunculosis; Fusidic Acid; Gangrene; Humans; Leukemia; Lung Diseases; Penicillins; Pyelonephritis; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Communicable Diseases; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Israel; Mastitis; Mothers; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Puerperal Disorders; Pyoderma; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Sulfathiazoles; Tetracycline

Topics: Alcaligenes; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Diabetes Mellitus; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Neomycin; Nitrofurantoin; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Colonic Neoplasms; Diagnosis; Enteritis; Humans; Neomycin; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Boston; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Hospitals, Urban; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella; Massachusetts; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Statistics as Topic; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Aerosols; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Lung Abscess; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Pregnancy; Respiration, Artificial; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Therapy; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bronchial Fistula; Bronchopneumonia; Cross Infection; Empyema; Humans; Influenza, Human; Lung Abscess; Pneumonectomy; Postoperative Complications; Sputum; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Thoracic Diseases; Thoracoplasty; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Chloramphenicol; Drug Therapy; Enterocolitis; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Neomycin; Paromomycin; Penicillins; Postoperative Complications; Preoperative Care; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteroides; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Chloramphenicol; Drug Therapy; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Klebsiella; Norway; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Thoracic Surgery

Topics: Air Microbiology; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Preliminary results suggest that the antibiotic lincomycin (a product of Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis) possesses certain valuable properties which include good in vitro activity against many strains of hospital staphylococci resistant to many other antibiotics. During a study of this agent, a selected series of severe staphylococcal infections due to resistant organisms were treated with lincomycin, with encouraging responses. Favourable results were also noted in seven cases of osteomyelitis. Lincomycin may be administered by the oral or parenteral routes to adults and infants and satisfactory serum blood levels obtained. So far as the authors' limited experience enables them to conclude, and at the dose range tested, this antibiotic promises to be one of low toxicity.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Bacteriology; Biomedical Research; Canada; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Geriatrics; Gram-Positive Cocci; Humans; Infant; Lincomycin; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Osteomyelitis; Penicillins; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Mice; Pharmacology; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Chloramphenicol; Female; Food Contamination; Humans; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Penicillins; Preventive Medicine; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Five hundred and fifty-two strains of Staphylococcus aureus of hospital origin were resistant to penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Of these, 298 were also resistant to neomycin and kanamycin, and this resistance was related to pigment production on glycerol monoacetate agar, the production of beta-lysin, the absence of fibrinolytic and proteolytic activity, and to phage susceptibility. The use of physiological markers, the inadequacy of phage typing, and the possible reasons for the emergence of neomycin-resistant staphylococci are discussed.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Bacteriophage Typing; Culture Media; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Fibrinolysis; Hemolysin Proteins; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Penicillins; Pigments, Biological; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Chloramphenicol; Frontal Bone; Frontal Sinus; Humans; Methicillin; Osteomyelitis; Plastics; Radiography; Sinusitis; Skull; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Surgery, Plastic; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline

Topics: Absorption; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Mice; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Oxytetracycline; Pharmacology; Pneumococcal Infections; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Cephalothin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Methicillin; Mutation; Oxacillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Penicillins; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Chick Embryo; Chloramphenicol; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Egg Yolk; Erythromycin; Female; Fermentation; Gelatin; Hemolysin Proteins; Humans; Hydrolases; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mannitol; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Mice; Neomycin; Oleandomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Pigmentation; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline; Virulence

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Disaccharides; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Genetics; Hemolysin Proteins; Hot Temperature; Hydrolases; Metabolism; Monosaccharides; Mutation; Penicillinase; Penicillins; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Sulfadiazine; Temperature; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Furazolidone; Kanamycin; Penicillin G; Poultry Diseases; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchial Fistula; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Collapse Therapy; Drug Therapy; Empyema; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Klebsiella; Penicillins; Pneumonectomy; Polymyxins; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Thoracic Surgery

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; In Vitro Techniques; Pharmacology; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriolysis; Bacteriophage Typing; Erythromycin; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Kanamycin; Lysostaphin; Penicillins; Pharmacology; Research; Ristocetin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacteriological Techniques; Biomedical Research; Chloramphenicol; Humans; Neomycin; Otitis Externa; Polymyxins; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Conjunctivitis; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Guinea Pigs; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Reference Standards; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Erythromycin; Ophthalmology; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Kanamycin; Neomycin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Chloramphenicol; Deoxyribonuclease I; DNA; Humans; Injections, Spinal; Meningitis; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptodornase and Streptokinase; Streptokinase; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Japan; Kanamycin; Penicillins; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Staphylococcal Infections; Statistics as Topic; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epidemiologic Studies; Epidemiology; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Brown, Ruby L. (North Carolina State College, Raleigh) and James B. Evans. Comparative physiology of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Bacteriol. 85:1409-1412. 1963.-A collection of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from clinical sources was studied with respect to nutritional requirements and common diagnostic tests. Contrary to numerous reports in the literature indicating changes in these characteristics in antibiotic-resistant mutants, the present cultures were typical members of the taxonomic species S. aureus. They were coagulase-positive, fermented both glucose and mannitol under anaerobic conditions, produced acetoin from glucose, grew and produced black colonies on tellurite glycine agar, required both thiamine and nicotinic acid, and did not require other vitamins or purines. It is suggested that in most instances these cultures from clinical sources represent spontaneous mutants having genetic changes limited largely to loci concerned with antibiotic resistance. Most reports of extensive changes in physiology and nutritive requirements by antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus are based on studies of resistant strains selected after exposing a large population of the parent sensitive strain to toxic levels of antibiotics, chemical mutagens, or irradiation. Such isolates may have widespread genetic damage at other loci in addition to those concerned with their antibiotic resistance.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Glucose; Humans; Hydrolases; Mannitol; Metabolism; Micrococcus; Neomycin; Niacin; Nicotinic Acids; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Penicillins; Pyruvates; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Thiamine

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Child; Chloramphenicol; Empyema; Empyema, Pleural; Erythromycin; Humans; Kanamycin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Abscess; Arthritis; Child; Chloramphenicol; Diagnosis, Differential; Drainage; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Joint Diseases; Novobiocin; Osteomyelitis; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Suppuration; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tetracycline

Topics: Amphotericin B; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Kanamycin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Erythromycin; Humans; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Spiramycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Amphotericin B; Child; Diphtheria; Enterovirus Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Infant; Otolaryngology; Phosphates; Pneumococcal Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epidemiology; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Obstetrics; Penicillin Resistance; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Fusidic Acid; Humans; Infant; Methicillin; Osteitis; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

An aerosol-induced staphylococcal infection of previously non-infected guinea pigs is described. Investigations concerning the dynamics of this infection indicate that: 1. An infection ("carrier state") could be established predictably in every animal exposed to the aerosol inoculum. 2. Infection was limited to the upper respiratory tract and occurred without apparent systemic dissemination. 3. Cross-infection between infected and non-infected animals did not occur. 4. The initially established infection persisted in detectable form for 6 days or less in the majority of exposed animals. 5. Tetracycline administration prior to and following aerosol infection with tetracycline-resistant strains significantly prolonged the duration of the carrier state. 6. When tetracycline-resistant strains were employed, the infection could be recalled predictably by means of tetracycline administration. 7. Infection initiated with a tetracycline-susceptible strain could not be recalled by tetracycline administration. 8. The mechanism(s) of action of tetracycline in recalling the attenuated infection is (are) unknown. It (they) may not be wholly attributable to ecological changes alone, at least as these are usually considered. The indigenous microflora diminished and changed as a result of tetracycline administration, and no growth-enhancing effect of the antimicrobial of the infection strains was detectable in vitro. 9. The experimental model described lends itself well to the study of attenuated staphylococcal infection in guinea pigs, and to more general studies of staphylococcal epidemiology and pathogenesis.

Topics: Aerosols; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Guinea Pigs; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; France; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Penicillins; Saints; Spiramycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Mice; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Oxytetracycline; Phagocytosis; Pharmacology; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brain Abscess; Child; Chloramphenicol; Geriatrics; Meningitis; Meningitis, Meningococcal; Meningitis, Pneumococcal; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Enterocolitis; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Chlorpromazine; Erythromycin; gamma-Globulins; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Viral; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Nose; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Oleandomycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; Novobiocin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Child; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Hospitals; Humans; India; Infant; Micrococcus; Nose; Orthopedics; Penicillins; Pharynx; Pneumococcal Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Wounds and Injuries

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antitoxins; Bacteriophages; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Immunotherapy, Active; Methicillin; Novobiocin; Oleandomycin; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Spiramycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Toxins, Biological; Vancomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Conjunctivitis; Corynebacterium diphtheriae; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Pharmacology; Pneumococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Erythromycin; Geriatrics; Hydrocortisone; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Suppuration; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Kanamycin; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Laparotomy; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Wound Healing

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia coli Infections; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Postoperative Complications; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Culture Media; Cycloserine; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Fusidic Acid; Kanamycin; L Forms; Methicillin; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Research; Ristocetin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Kanamycin; Oleandomycin; Osteomyelitis; Penicillin G; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Wound Infection

Topics: Aeromonas; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anura; Escherichia; Infections; Leg; Rana pipiens; Ranidae; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Biomedical Research; Brucellosis; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Communicable Diseases; Cycloserine; Diphtheria; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Influenza, Human; Liver Extracts; Methicillin; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Syphilis; Tetracycline; Trachoma; Tuberculosis; USSR

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Colitis, Ulcerative; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Intestines; Penicillins; Peptic Ulcer Perforation; Polyps; Proteus Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Aluminum Silicates; Animals; Catalase; Cobalt Isotopes; Cortisone; Dysentery; Immune Sera; Immunity; Immunity, Innate; Ink; Leukocyte Count; Mice; Properdin; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Vaccines; Zymosan

Topics: Acrodermatitis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Therapy; Egypt; Finger Injuries; Humans; Oxytetracycline; Pathology; Psoriasis; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Humans; Novobiocin; Osteomyelitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Bilirubin; Child; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Novobiocin; Rhinitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Enterobacter; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Nitrofurantoin; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Meningitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Fusobacterium; Humans; Klebsiella; Sputum; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cold Temperature; Mice; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Blood Chemical Analysis; Cortisone; Erythrocyte Count; Leukocyte Count; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Novobiocin; Sepsis; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dogs; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Intestines; Pneumococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Enteritis; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Chlortetracycline; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Immunity, Innate; Proteins; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Oleandomycin; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli; Oleandomycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Communicable Diseases; Novobiocin; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Mice; Rolitetracycline; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gynecology; Oleandomycin; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Erythromycin; In Vitro Techniques; Oleandomycin; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bile Ducts; Cholangitis; Rolitetracycline; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Erythromycin; In Vitro Techniques; Oleandomycin; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Oleandomycin; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Treatment Outcome; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Topics: Child; Diarrhea; Feces; Humans; Infant; Micrococcus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Oleandomycin; Otolaryngology; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Disease; Intestinal Diseases; Intestines; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Micrococcus; Oleandomycin; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Feces; Intestines; Micrococcus; Nasal Cavity; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Mice; Micrococcus; Novobiocin; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline