tetracycline and Respiratory-Tract-Infections

Anaerobic bacteria predominate in the normal flora of the human oropharynx and therefore are a common cause of endogenous bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. They are found in chronic otitis media and sinusitis, play a pathogenic role in tonsillitis, and are important contributors to complications of these infections. Anaerobes also predominate in deep oral and neck infections and abscesses. Their direct pathogenicity in these infections is compounded by their ability to produce beta-lactamase, which allows anaerobes to "shield" non-beta-lactamase-producing bacteria from penicillin activity. Their slow growth, polymicrobial nature, and growing resistance to antimicrobial agents complicate treatment. Usually, antimicrobial therapy is all that is needed, but in some cases, it serves as an important adjunct to surgical intervention. Adequate antimicrobial coverage of both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria is essential because culture usually reveals a mixed infection. Failure to select the appropriate antibiotics may lead to clinical failure.

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacterial Infections; beta-Lactams; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Risk Factors; Tetracycline

Despite the use of penicillin for more than 40 years in treating GABHS infections, there has been no significant change in the in vitro susceptibility of GABHS to penicillin. Reported failures to eradicate GABHS from the upper respiratory tracts of patients with pharyngitis and the apparent resurgence of serious Group A streptococcal infections and their sequelae probably are not related to the emergence of penicillin resistance. Although erythromycin resistance in GABHS had been a major problem in Japan and continues to be a major problem in Finland, it has not been a problem in this country. The susceptibility of GABHS to the newer macrolide antibiotics appears to be similar to that of erythromycin. Comprehensive, community-wide programs to continuously monitor for erythromycin resistance in GABHS would be difficult to justify. However, because little is known about how erythromycin resistance in GABHS is acquired or spread, it would be reasonable to periodically monitor isolates of GABHS for erythromycin resistance. A substantial proportion of GABHS are currently resistant to tetracyclines and these agents are inappropriate for treating GABHS infections. Although little recent information is available about the susceptibility of GABHS to sulfonamides, these agents have been shown to be ineffective in eradicating GABHS from the upper respiratory tract regardless of the in vitro sensitivities. GABHS have not been shown to be resistant to any of the commonly used oral cephalosporins; however, there is a great deal of variability among these agents in their activity against GABHS. Clindamycin resistance in GABHS has remained unusual. This agent is an alternative for treating GABHS infections due to macrolide-resistant strains in patients who cannot be treated with beta-lactam antibiotics. There is no reason, based on the in vitro susceptibilities of GABHS, to change the current recommendations for treating GABHS infections with penicillin and for using erythromycin for patients who are allergic to penicillin.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Humans; Lactams; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Arthritis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Amphotericin B; Anti-Infective Agents; Cephalosporins; Cephamycins; Chloramphenicol; Clindamycin; Erythromycin; Flucytosine; Humans; Miconazole; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Vancomycin

Topics: Age Factors; Air Pollution; Ampicillin; Bronchitis; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Drug Therapy, Combination; Emphysema; Environmental Exposure; Maximal Expiratory Flow-Volume Curves; Mycoplasma; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Smoking; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Urban Population

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Bronchitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Erythromycin; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Pneumonia, Viral; Radiography; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Tests; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Age Factors; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cephalosporins; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Drug Synergism; Humans; Infant; Infections; Oligosaccharides; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Age Factors; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cephalosporins; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Drug Synergism; Humans; Infant; Infections; Oligosaccharides; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Acinetobacter Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Clostridium Infections; Corynebacterium; Drug Synergism; Enteritis; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; Infections; Mycobacterium Infections; Mycoses; Neomycin; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Vaginitis

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bronchitis; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Ear Diseases; Humans; Labyrinth Diseases; Laryngitis; Neomycin; Novobiocin; Otitis Externa; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Polymyxins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis; Tracheal Diseases

Topics: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibody Formation; Child; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Haemophilus; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Iran; Kanamycin; Klippel-Feil Syndrome; Meningitis; Meningitis, Bacterial; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Meningitis, Meningococcal; Meningitis, Pneumococcal; Norepinephrine; Polymyxins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfadiazine; Sulfisoxazole; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Efficacy of doxycycline hydrochloride administered intravenously was studied in treatment of severe purulent inflammatory diseases such as pneumonia, lung abscesses, pyothorax, skin and soft tissue infections, peritonitis, purulent cholangitis, etc.. Doxycycline showed significant advantages over tetracyclines: prolonged action, higher efficacy and good tolerance. Favourable results were observed in 85 per cent of the cases.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacterial Infections; Child; Cholecystitis; Doxycycline; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Peritonitis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Tetracycline

In vitro and animal experimental data suggest the combination of edetate sodium (EDTA) by aerosol plus oral antimicrobials might be effective in the treatment of chronic Pseudomonas infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). For six months we studied the effects of edetate sodium administered by ultrasonic nebulizer to ten children with CF and chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. The children had evidence of mild to moderate disease at entry in the study, with a mean (+/- SD) forced expiratory volume in the first second of 85% (+/- 18%) of the predicted value and a mean (+/- SD) Shwachman-Kulczycki score of 83 (+/- 7)/100. Each child was on a three-month regimen of aerosolized edetate sodium plus oral tetracycline twice daily followed by three months of placebo aerosol plus tetracycline or vice versa. Progress was assessed by measurement of pulmonary function, physical examination, and sputum cultures at four weekly intervals, plus chest roentgenograms on entry and after each of the three-month treatment periods. Daily symptoms were assessed using a diary card system. Two patients could not complete the study, one because of severe respiratory relapse, the other because of antibiotic side effects. Of the remaining eight patients, none showed any improvement in pulmonary function, weight gain, or growth acceleration, and none was rendered free of Pseudomonas lung infection. Daily symptom scores and chest roentgenograms were unaltered by edetate sodium. We conclude that the combination of aerosol edetate sodium plus oral tetracycline over a three-month period does not modify the clinical course nor the pulmonary flora in patients with CF with chronic Pseudomonas lung infection.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Aerosols; Child; Cystic Fibrosis; Double-Blind Method; Drug Therapy, Combination; Edetic Acid; Female; Humans; Male; Pseudomonas Infections; Respiratory Function Tests; Respiratory Therapy; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Seven-day courses of either pivmecillinam 200 mg plus pivampicillin 250 mg (Miraxid) or a combination of tetracycline hydrochloride, chlortetracycline hydrochloride and demeclocycline hydrochloride (Deteclo) 300 mg, both given twice daily, were compared in a multicentre general practice study in 408 patients with symptoms of upper or lower respiratory tract infection. Patients were stratified into four diagnostic groups: sinusitis, otitis media, throat infections, and acute bronchitis and randomly allocated to treatment within these groups. Assessment at 7 days showed no difference in clinical efficacy between the two treatments where 193 of the 208 infections receiving Miraxid (93%) were rated as either cured or improved compared with 181 of the 201 infections treated with Deteclo (90%). At 7 days, the percentage of patients completely free of symptoms was the same for both groups (66%). The mean time for symptoms to clear was 3.9 days in the Miraxid group and 4.0 days in the Deteclo group. Side-effects were reported by significantly fewer patients in the Miraxid group (9.3%) than the Deteclo group (17.5%) (p less than 0.05) and six patients in the latter group failed to complete the course of treatment. Miraxid given twice daily for respiratory tract infections is as effective as Deteclo but causes significantly fewer side-effects.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Amdinocillin; Amdinocillin Pivoxil; Ampicillin; Bronchitis; Child; Chlortetracycline; Demeclocycline; Drug Combinations; Family Practice; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Otitis Media; Pharyngeal Diseases; Pivampicillin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sinusitis; Tetracycline

Topics: Aged; Bromelains; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

One hundred and twenty-six adult patients with acute lower respiratory infection were studied in a double-blind trial. One group was treated with co-trimoxazole (480 mg trimethoprim and 2400 mg sulphamethoxazole) per day and the other group with tetracycline 2 g per day. The results showed that co-trimoxazole was significantly more effective than tetracycline as judged by clinical improvement, and the reduction in sputum volume and purulence. No haematological abnormalities were observed, but the incidence of side-effects, though mostly mild, was higher in the group of patients on tetracycline than in the co-trimoxazole group. The results of this study strongly suggest that co-trimoxazole may be a useful and reliable drug in the treatment and control of acute lower respiratory tract infection in the developing countries.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Adult; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Haemophilus; Humans; Minocycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines; Time Factors

The effect on the aerobic faecal flora of a 10-day course of doxycycline or tetracycline hydrochloride was compared in 36 patients with acute infections mainly of respiratory origin. The patients were treated in hospital with a well-developed barrier nursing technique. The proportions of isolates of Escherichia coli resistant to tetracyclines were significantly lower after 10 days' treatment with doxycycline (80%) as well as one month later (24%), compared to the figures for tetracycline HCI (100% and 46%, respectively). The resistant strains selected during therapy probably represented the community flora. Only a small increase in multiresistant strains occurred and no identical strains were found in different patients. Thus, it seems possible to limit the biological side-effects of tetracyclines by a good barrier nursing technique. An increase in the number of E. coli resistant to tetracyclines cannot be avoided, but is more limited when doxycycline is used.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Doxycycline; Escherichia coli; Feces; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin Resistance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Time Factors

A double-blind trial was carried out on 116 patients with lower respiratory tract infection and systemic manifestations. One group received co-trimoxazole (480 mg. trimethoprim and 2,400 mg. sulphamethoxazole daily), and the other group received 2 g. tetracycline daily. The trial, as judged by clinical improvements, the reduction of purulent sputum and the rate of eradication of infection, showed a better result with co-trimoxazole. The incidence of side-effects were higher in the group receiving tetracycline compared with those receiving co-trimoxazole.

Topics: Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Administration, Oral; Bacterial Infections; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Minocycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Acetamides; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bronchiectasis; Bronchitis; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Combinations; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenethylamines; Remission, Spontaneous; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfones; Tetracycline

Topics: Amines; Ampicillin; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bronchi; Bronchitis; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; DNA; Fibrinogen; Humans; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; Leukocyte Count; Mucus; Penicillins; Recurrence; Respiratory Tract Infections; Saliva; Tetracycline

Topics: Blood Cells; Bronchial Diseases; Doxycycline; Female; Humans; Liver Function Tests; Male; Placebos; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Administration, Oral; Bacteria; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Male; Nasopharynx; Penicillins; Placebos; Pneumococcal Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Thailand; Viruses

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacteria; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Methylamines; Middle Aged; Naphthacenes; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Biological Assay; Carrier State; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Male; Meningococcal Infections; Naval Medicine; Neisseria meningitidis; Nose; Pharynx; Placebos; Respiratory Tract Infections; Saliva; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Drug Synergism; Female; Folic Acid Antagonists; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrimidines; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Child; Chloramphenicol; Clinical Trials as Topic; Dyspnea; Female; Glycine; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Digestive System; Erythromycin; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Lincomycin; Male; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pyogenes; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chlortetracycline; Clinical Trials as Topic; Demeclocycline; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Methacycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

In a multicentre, double-blind, controlled trial of tetracycline plus nystatin (Mysteclin) and tetracycline, 111 patients with respiratory infections received one or other drug for a period of 10 days.The incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms was high in both groups before treatment began, and somewhat higher in the Mysteclin group than in the tetracycline group. After 10 days' treatment 50% of the patients in the Mysteclin group had symptoms, a mean of 1.44 each, compared with 34% of the patients in the tetracycline group, with a mean of 1.47 symptoms each; the difference between the two groups is not significant (P>0.05). The incidence of Candida albicans in the stools at 10 days in the Mysteclin group (9.1%) was significantly lower than that in the tetracycline group (37.1%), but this was not reflected in any reduction in the frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms.

Topics: Candida; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diarrhea; Feces; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nystatin; Pruritus; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sex Factors; Tetracycline

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Male; Mycoses; Nystatin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Yeasts

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Hypersensitivity; Fever; Humans; Infant; Penicillin V; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cloxacillin; Female; Humans; Male; Methacycline; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Blood Cell Count; Carrier State; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cyanosis; Dexamethasone; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Laryngitis; Male; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Methacycline; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

To survey antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria causing cattle and pig respiratory infections in 10 European countries.. Non-replicate nasopharyngeal/nasal or lung swabs were collected from animals with acute respiratory signs during 2015-2016. Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni from cattle (n = 281), and P. multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Glaesserella parasuis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Streptococcus suis from pigs (n = 593) were isolated. MICs were assessed following CLSI standards and interpreted using veterinary breakpoints where available. Histophilus somni isolates were fully antibiotic susceptible. Bovine P. multocida and M. haemolytica were susceptible to all antibiotics, except tetracycline (11.6%-17.6% resistance). Low macrolide and spectinomycin resistance was observed for P. multocida and M. haemolytica (1.3%-8.8%). Similar susceptibility was observed in pigs, where breakpoints are available. Resistance in P. multocida, A. pleuropneumoniae, and S. suis to ceftiofur, enrofloxacin, and florfenicol was absent or <5%. Tetracycline resistance varied from 10.6% to 21.3%, but was 82.4% in S. suis. Overall multidrug-resistance was low. Antibiotic resistance in 2015-2016 remained similar as in 2009-2012.. Low antibiotic resistance was observed among respiratory tract pathogens, except for tetracycline.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pasteurella multocida; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Swine; Tetracycline

Antibiotic resistance is a serious threat that occurs globally in the health sector due to increased consumption of inappropriate antibiotics. Guidelines for prescribing antibiotics for ARTIs have been issued in general practice to promote rational antibiotic prescribing. This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of cefixime and tetracycline as a solution to improve monitoring of appropriate antibiotic use in the treatment of ARTIs. All stock isolates were rejuvenated first, and cultured on standard media and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for susceptibility testing in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute's (CLSI) recommendations. Identification of bacteria from a single isolate was carried out to determine which bacteria were resistant to cefixime and tetracycline. A total of 466 single isolates of bacteria were analyzed, which showed a percentage of resistance to cefixime 38.0%, and tetracycline 92.86%. Bacterial isolates were resistant to cefixime and tetracycilne was a genus of Haemophilus, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and bordetella. Cefixime compared to tetracycline was proven to be superior in terms of the effectiveness of ARIs treatment.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bordetella; Cefixime; Corynebacterium; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests; Drug Dosage Calculations; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Haemophilus; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Azithromycin; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Hospitals, Pediatric; Humans; Infant; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Myanmar; Phylogeny; Pneumococcal Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline; Whole Genome Sequencing

The collaboration project VASIB aims at reducing the antibiotic consumption in pig production by integrating information from consulting expertise in clinical inspection, hygiene, epidemiology, microbiology and pharmacology. In this VASIB subproject, we investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility and relatedness of porcine respiratory tract pathogens. Bordetella bronchiseptica (n = 47), Pasteurella multocida (n = 18) and Streptococcus suis (n = 58) were obtained from weaner pigs at two farms. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution according to CLSI standards. Resistance genes were detected via specific PCR assays. Macrorestriction analysis was conducted to determine the relatedness of the isolates and to identify clones. The B. bronchiseptica isolates showed indistinguishable (farm 1) or two closely related XbaI-patterns (farm 2). Different SmaI-PFGE patterns of P. multocida isolates were obtained at three different time points. In contrast, PFGE analysis of S. suis indicated more than one fragment pattern per pig and time point. Isolates exhibiting indistinguishable PFGE patterns were considered to represent the same clone. This study showed that only two closely related B. bronchiseptica clones were present in both farms, which had low MICs to all antimicrobials, except to β-lactams. Different P. multocida clones were present at the three time points. They showed overall low MIC values, with two clones being resistant and one intermediate to tetracycline. S. suis clones were resistant to tetracycline (n = 19) and/or erythromycin/clindamycin (n = 16). They harboured the tetracycline resistance genes tet(O), tet(M) or tet(L) and/or the macrolide/lincosamide/streptogramin B resistance gene erm(B). Five penicillin-resistant S. suis clones were also detected.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria; beta-Lactams; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Bordetella Infections; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Lincosamides; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Weaning

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that one of the largest problems threatening healthcare includes antibiotic resistance. Tetracycline, an effective antibiotic that has been in use for many years, is becoming less successful in treating certain pathogens. To better understand the temporal patterns in the growth of antibiotic resistance, patient diagnostic test records can be analyzed.. Data mining methods including frequent item set mining and association rules via the Apriori algorithm were used to analyze results from 80,241 Target Enriched Multiplex-PCR (TEM-PCR) reference laboratory tests. From the data mining results, five common respiratory pathogens and their co-detection rates with tetracycline resistance genes (TRG) were further analyzed and organized according to year, patient age, and geography.. From 2010, all five pathogens were associated with at least a 24% rise in co-detection rate for TRGs. Patients from 0-2 years old exhibited the lowest rate of TRG co-detection, while patients between 13-50 years old displayed the highest frequency of TRG co-detection. The Northeastern region of the United States recorded the highest rate of patients co-detected with a TRG and a respiratory pathogen. Along the East-west gradient, the relative frequency of co-detection between TRGs and respiratory pathogens decreased dramatically.. Significant trends were uncovered regarding the co-detection frequencies of TRGs and respiratory pathogens over time. It is valuable for the field of public health to monitor trends regarding the spread of resistant infectious disease, especially since tetracycline continues to be utilized a treatment for various microbial infections. Analyzing large datasets containing TEM-PCR results for co-detections provides valuable insights into trends of antibiotic resistance gene expression so that the effectiveness of first-line treatments can be continuously monitored.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Algorithms; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Data Mining; Female; Geography; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance; United States; Young Adult

Utilizing a fully synthetic route to tetracycline analogues, the C-9 side-chain of the fluorocyclines was optimized for both antibacterial activity and oral efficacy. Compounds were identified that overcome both efflux (tet(K), tet(A)) and ribosomal protection (tet(M)) tetracycline-resistance mechanisms and are active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. A murine systemic infection model was used as an oral efficacy screen to rapidly identify compounds with oral bioavailability. Two compounds were identified that exhibit both oral bioavailability in rat and clinically relevant bacterial susceptibility profiles against major respiratory pathogens. One compound demonstrated oral efficacy in rodent lung infection models that was comparable to marketed antibacterial agents.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biological Availability; Cyclophosphamide; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Lung; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neutropenia; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Respiratory Tract Infections; Ribosomes; Sepsis; Stereoisomerism; Structure-Activity Relationship; Tetracycline Resistance; Tetracyclines

We report retrospective analysis of the clinical and antimicrobial susceptibility data of 140 Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae isolates. Strains were isolated mostly from respiratory tract samples from patients with underlying diseases. In the case of infection, pneumonia, mainly aspiration pneumonia, was the most frequent (27.1% of the patients). We documented high rates of decreased susceptibilities and resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline (57% and 43% of the isolates, respectively), as well as reduced susceptibility to penicillin in 21% of the isolates.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Child; Erythromycin; Female; France; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies; Sputum; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Tetracycline; Young Adult

Antibiotic resistant and invasive pneumococci may spread temporally and locally in day care centers (DCCs). We examined 267 children attending four DCCs located in the same city and 70 children staying at home in three seasons (autumn, winter, and spring) to determine prevalence, serotype distribution, antibiotic resistance patterns, and transmission of pneumococcal strains colonizing upper respiratory tract of healthy children without antipneumococcal vaccination. By pheno- and genotyping, we determined clonality of pneumococci, including drug-resistant strains. The average carriage of pneumococci in three seasons was 38.2%. 73.4% and 80.4% of the isolates belonged to serotypes present in 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccine, respectively. Among the pneumococcal strains, 33.3% were susceptible to all antimicrobial tested and 39.2% had decreased susceptibility to penicillin. Multidrug resistance was common (35.7%); 97.5% of drug-resistant isolates represented serotypes included to 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccine. According to BOX-PCR, clonality definitely was observed only in case of serotype 14. Multivariate analysis determined DCC attendance as strongly related to pneumococcal colonization in all three seasons, but important seasonal differences were demonstrated. In children attending DCCs, we observed dynamic turnover of pneumococcal strains, especially penicillin nonsusceptible and multidrug resistant, which were mostly distributed among serotypes included to available pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Child Day Care Centers; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Genotype; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multivariate Analysis; Odds Ratio; Penicillins; Phenotype; Pneumococcal Infections; Poland; Prevalence; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Seasons; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main pathogen that causes respiratory infections in children younger than five years. The increasing incidence of macrolide- and tetracycline-resistant pneumococci among children has been a serious problem in China for many years. The molecular characteristics of erythromycin-resistant pneumococcal isolates that were collected from pediatric patients younger than five years in Beijing in 2010 were analyzed in this study.. A total of 140 pneumococcal isolates were collected. The resistance rates of all isolates to erythromycin and tetracycline were 96.4% and 79.3%, respectively. Of the 135 erythromycin-resistant pneumococci, 91.1% were non-susceptible to tetracycline. In addition, 30.4% of the erythromycin-resistant isolates expressed both the ermB and mef genes, whereas 69.6% expressed the ermB gene but not the mef gene. Up to 98.5% of the resistant isolates exhibited the cMLSB phenotype, and Tn6002 was the most common transposon present in approximately 56.3% of the resistant isolates, followed by Tn2010, with a proportion of 28.9%. The dominant sequence types (STs) in all erythromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae were ST271 (11.9%), ST81 (8.9%), ST876 (8.9%), and ST320 (6.7%), whereas the prevailing serotypes were 19F (19.3%), 23F (9.6%), 14 (9.6%), 15 (8.9%), and 6A (7.4%). The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) coverage of the erythromycin-resistant pneumococci among the children younger than five years were 45.2% and 62.2%, respectively. ST320 and serotype 19A pneumococci were common in children aged 0 to 2 years. CC271 was the most frequent clonal complex (CC), which accounts for 24.4% of all erythromycin-resistant isolates.. The non-invasive S. pneumoniae in children younger than five years in Beijing presented high and significant resistance rates to erythromycin and tetracycline. The expressions of ermB and tetM genes were the main factors that influence pneumococcal resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline, respectively. Majority of the erythromycin-resistant non-invasive isolates exhibited the cMLSB phenotype and carried the ermB, tetM, xis, and int genes, suggesting the spread of the transposons of the Tn916 family. PCV13 provided higher serotype coverage in the childhood pneumococcal diseases caused by the erythromycin-resistant isolates better than PCV7. Further long-term surveys are required to monitor the molecular characteristics of the erythromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae in children.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; China; DNA Transposable Elements; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Female; Genes, Bacterial; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Molecular Epidemiology; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Pneumococcal Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Serotyping; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline

The epidemiology of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) differs from country to country. We assess the features of the ST80 European clone, which is the most prevalent PVL-positive CA-MRSA clone in Europe, and the TSST-1 ST5 clone that was recently described in France. In 2008, all MRSA strains susceptible to fluoroquinolones and gentamicin and resistant to fusidic acid that were isolated in 104 French laboratories were characterized using agr alleles, spa typing, and the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element and PCR profiling of 21 toxin genes. Three phenotypes were defined: (i) kanamycin resistant, associated with the ST80 clone; (ii) kanamycin and tobramycin resistant, associated with the ST5 clone; and (iii) aminoglycoside susceptible, which was less frequently associated with the ST5 clone. Among the 7,253 MRSA strains isolated, 91 (1.3%) were ST80 CA-MRSA (89 phenotype 1) and 190 (2.6%) were ST5 CA-MRSA (146 phenotype 2, 42 phenotype 3). Compared to the latter, ST80 CA-MRSAs were more likely to be community acquired (80% versus 46%) and found in young patients (median age, 26.0 years versus 49.5 years) with deep cutaneous infections (48% versus 6%). They were less likely to be tetracycline susceptible (22% versus 85%) and to be isolated from respiratory infections (6% versus 27%). The TSST-1 ST5 clone has rapidly emerged in France and has become even more prevalent than the ST80 European clone, whose prevalence has remained stable. The epidemiological and clinical patterns of the two clones differ drastically. Given the low prevalence of both among all staphylococcal infections, no modification of antibiotic recommendations is required yet.

Topics: Adult; Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Toxins; Community-Acquired Infections; Enterotoxins; Exotoxins; France; Humans; Kanamycin; Leukocidins; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Diseases, Bacterial; Superantigens; Tetracycline; Tobramycin

European guidelines for treating acute cough/lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) aim to reduce nonevidence-based variation in prescribing, and better target and increase the use of first-line antibiotics. However, their application in primary care is unknown. We explored congruence of both antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic choice with European Respiratory Society (ERS)/European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) guidelines for managing LRTI. The present study was an analysis of prospective observational data from patients presenting to primary care with acute cough/LRTI. Clinicians recorded symptoms on presentation, and their examination and management. Patients were followed up with self-complete diaries. 1,776 (52.7%) patients were prescribed antibiotics. Given patients' clinical presentation, clinicians could have justified an antibiotic prescription for 1,915 (71.2%) patients according to the ERS/ESCMID guidelines. 761 (42.8%) of those who were prescribed antibiotics received a first-choice antibiotic (i.e. tetracycline or amoxicillin). Ciprofloxacin was prescribed for 37 (2.1%) and cephalosporins for 117 (6.6%). A lack of specificity in definitions in the ERS/ESCMID guidelines could have enabled clinicians to justify a higher rate of antibiotic prescription. More studies are needed to produce specific clinical definitions and indications for treatment. First-choice antibiotics were prescribed to the minority of patients who received an antibiotic prescription.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Ciprofloxacin; Cough; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Europe; Female; Guideline Adherence; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Primary Health Care; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Data on more than a decade of outpatient use of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials in Europe were collected from 33 countries as part of the European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption (ESAC) project, funded by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).. For the period 1997-2009, data on outpatient use of systemic tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials aggregated at the level of the active substance were collected and expressed in defined daily doses (DDD; WHO, version 2011) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID). Using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification, trends in the use of tetracyclines (J01A), sulphonamides and trimethoprim (J01E) and other antibacterials (J01X) over time, seasonal variation and composition of use were analysed.. In 2009, the variations in outpatient use of systemic tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials between countries, and also in the composition of use over time, were huge. For tetracyclines a significant and for sulphonamides and trimethoprim a non-significant decrease in use was observed between 1997 and 2009 in Europe. The seasonal variation in their use significantly decreased over time. For the other antibacterials, no significant changes in the volume of use or its seasonal variation were seen.. As for all other major antibiotic subgroups, a striking variation in use and composition of use between countries in Europe was observed for outpatient use of tetracyclines, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and other antibacterials. In combination with the decreasing use, especially of recommended substances, this represents an opportunity not only to reduce antibiotic use but also to improve its quality.

Topics: Ambulatory Care; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Drug Utilization; Europe; Humans; Outpatients; Pharmacoepidemiology; Respiratory Tract Infections; Seasons; Statistics as Topic; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Urinary Tract Infections

The macrolide efflux mechanism of resistance, mef, was characterized in community-acquired respiratory tract infections with Streptococcus pyogenes. Fifty-four (4.6%) M phenotype isolates were screen tested as negative for mef(A). Of these 54 isolates, 5 (0.4%), 27 (2.3%), and 1 (0.1%) were considered to be mef(I) positive, a novel mosaic variant of mef, or a novel subclass of mef, respectively. This study shows (i) the definitive presence of mef(E) in S. pyogenes and its global distribution, (ii) the presence of a mosaic variant of mef composed of mef(A) and mef(E), (iii) the previously undescribed presence of mef(I) in S. pyogenes, and (iv) the presence of a novel subclass of mef in S. pyogenes.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Global Health; Humans; Macrolides; Membrane Proteins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Sequence Data; Population Surveillance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes

Fifty-three Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains were isolated from pediatric patients in Shanghai, China, from October 2005 to February 2008. Of 53 clinical isolates, 44 (83%) were resistant to erythromycin (MICs of >128 microg/ml for all 44 strains), azithromycin, and clarithromycin. All macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae strains harbored an A-to-G transition mutation at position 2063 in 23S rRNA genes. Forty-five (85%) clinical isolates were classified into the P1 gene restriction fragment length polymorphism type I, and six (11%) were type II.

Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; China; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genes, rRNA; Humans; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; Respiratory Tract Infections; RNA, Ribosomal, 23S; Sequence Analysis, DNA

The genes erm(B), mef(A), and both erm(B) and mef(A) were identified in 42.6, 10.1, and 47.3%, respectively, of the erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. Of the strains, 3.8% were nonsusceptible to levofloxacin and had 1 to 6 amino acid changes in the quinolone resistance-determining region, including a new mutation, Asn94Ser, in the product of parC. Levofloxacin with reserpine was highly specific for efflux screening.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Community-Acquired Infections; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Fluoroquinolones; Genes, Bacterial; Hospitals; Humans; Korea; Levofloxacin; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Epidemiology; Mutation; Ofloxacin; Pneumococcal Infections; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Reserpine; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies; Streptococcus pneumoniae

About two million people per year in the U.S. have acne severe enough to require treatment with antibiotics. Treatment frequently lasts for more than six months, prompting concerns about antibiotic resistance and other possible consequences of long-term antibiotic use, such as increased susceptibility to infections. This Issue Brief summarizes a large study that evaluates the risk for upper respiratory and urinary tract infections among adolescents and young adults treated with antibiotics for acne.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clindamycin; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance; Time

To investigate the antibiotics-resistance type and molecular epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children in Hangzhou.. The sensitivities of 323 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae to 9 antibiotics were determined in vitro by Kirby-Bauer diffuse methods, and MICs of penicillin and cefotaxime were determined by E-test methods.. Among all 323 strains isolated from children during the period from August 2001 to July 2002, 136 strains (42.1%) were sensitive to penicillin, while 57 strains (17.7%) were penicillin-resistant. Penicillin MICs ranged from 0.012 microg/ml to 4.0 microg/ml. All the strains were sensitive to cefotaxime and its MICs ranged from 0.012 microg/ml to 4.0 microg/ml. The most resistant antibiotic was erythromycin and it's resistant-rate was as high as 90.7%, followed by tetracycline (87.6%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (48.6%) and chloromycetin (14.9%). Totally 197 strains (61.0%) were multi-drug-resistant pneumococci and most of them were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin and tetracycline at the same time. Two strains (0.6%) were resistant to rifampin and none was resistant to vancomycin and ofloxacin. BOX PCR typing was carried out and no overwhelming fingerprinting pattern was found among penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains which were isolated from patients, while the banding patterns were always similar or identical among the strains isolated from the same specimen or from the same patient at different time, respectively.. The antibiotics-resistant rate of pneumococci was high in Hangzhou, but the third-generation cephalosporins were still the best antibiotics against Streptococcus pneumoniae. One child could be infected or colonized by more than one pneumococci clone at the same or different time.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefotaxime; Child, Preschool; China; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Ofloxacin; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rifampin; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

The in vitro activities of numerous antimicrobials against clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis from patients with bloodstream and respiratory tract infections in the United States, Canada, Europe, Latin America, and the Asia-Pacific region were studied in the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Penicillin resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration, > or =2 microg/mL) was noted in all 5 geographic regions, and a high and increasing rate of macrolide resistance among S. pneumoniae isolates was observed. Elevated rates of resistance to clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline were seen. beta-Lactamase-mediated resistance in H. influenzae to amoxicillin and variable trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance by region were documented. Resistance to several drugs continues to emerge among pneumococci worldwide, but more stable resistance patterns have been noted for H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis. Continued surveillance of this pathogen group appears to be prudent.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Chloramphenicol; Clindamycin; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Resistance, Multiple; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Macrolides; Moraxella catarrhalis; Penicillin Resistance; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Haemophilus influenzae was isolated from patients with respiratory tract infections in five centers in Saudi Arabia. All of the 129 isolates tested by MIC agar dilution were fully susceptible to ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin but 13.2% were resistant to ampicillin, 7% to tetracycline, 5.4% to chloramphenicol, 3.9% to roxithromycin, and 1.6% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Seventeen (13.2%) of all isolates produced TEM-1 type beta-lactamase, the majority (82%) characterized as biotype I or II with 4 (23.5%) encapsulated and belonging to serotype b. There was a clear distinction between the prevalence of beta-lactamase production in hospital patients (26.3% of 19 isolates) compared with community based patients (10.9% of 110 isolates). In addition, we report an increase in the prevalence of beta-lactamase negative, ampicillin intermediate strains (BLNAI) compared to previous studies in this defined geographical region. Changes in the frequency and nature of antimicrobial resistance in common respiratory pathogens confirms the need to maintain surveillance.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Chloramphenicol; Community-Acquired Infections; Conjunctiva; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ear, Middle; Female; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nasal Lavage Fluid; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Infections; Roxithromycin; Saudi Arabia; Serotyping; Sputum; Tetracycline

The American Thoracic Society regards fluoroquinolones together with macrolides and doxycycline as first choice antibiotics in the empirical treatment of community acquired pneumoniae in non-hospitalized patients, while the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumology only recommends macrolides and doxycycline for these patients.. In order to find out if the German recommendations still adequately reflect the local resistance situation, we analyzed antibiotic resistance of clinically relevant isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in a multicenter study with special reference to sparfloxacine and ciprofloxacin according to DIN recommendations.. In contrast to other European countries and the USA the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Germany is low. Betalactam antibiotics were effective against more than 95% of strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, 10% of the strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were resistant to tetracycline and 7% resistant to erythromycin. Resistances against ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacine were not detectable. Of both quinolone antibiotics, sparfloxacine was always more active than ciprofloxacin.. These susceptibility data and the known prevalence of other respiratory tract pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae which are sensitive to erythromycin and tetracycline therefore support the recommendations of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumology. However, newer fluoroquinolones with increased activity against pneumococci may be a helpful alternative for patients with persistent and recurrent exacerbations of respiratory infections and patients with relevant underlying diseases or relevant risk factors.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Community-Acquired Infections; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Female; Fluoroquinolones; Germany; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Moraxella catarrhalis; Population Surveillance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sampling Studies; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline

A national study was conducted to determine the in vitro activity of 2 newer macrolides, dirithromycin and erythromycylamine compared with that of erythromycin, tetracycline and penicillin. Nineteen major teaching hospitals participated in the study. Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were determined by agar dilution, mostly using Iso-Sensitest Agar and an inoculum of 10(4) cells per spot. 2284 clinically significant strains were isolated in late 1991 and early 1992, comprising 1736 Gram-positive cocci, 355 Haemophilus influenzae, 97 Moraxella catarrhalis, 32 Listeria monocytogenes, 25 Neisseria meningitidis and 39 Neisseria gonorrhoeae were tested. The study indicates that dirithromycin and erythromycylamine possess antibacterial activity equivalent to that of erythromycin against most Gram-positive cocci and M. catarrhalis. Strains resistant to erythromycin were also resistant to dirithromycin and to erythromycylamine. Tetracycline was as active as the macrolides against both penicillin-resistant and penicillin-susceptible strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Coagulase-negative penicillin-resistant staphylococci, compared with tetracycline, were relatively resistant to the macrolides. H. influenzae was less susceptible than the Gram-positive cocci.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Australia; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Macrolides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Moraxella catarrhalis; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Ethics, Medical; Family Practice; Humans; Internship and Residency; Interprofessional Relations; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Chlamydia pneumoniae, a newly described Chlamydia species, has been shown to be a cause of acute respiratory tract infection in both adults and children, but its role in human infection is still under investigation. Here we present a family outbreak of C. pneumoniae infection where three members of a family presented with a 'flu-like illness' and acute upper respiratory tract infection which did not improve despite penicillin or septrin therapy. No history of exposure to birds, pets or animals was obtained. As C. pneumoniae isolation from respiratory secretions is not without difficulty, diagnosis usually relies currently on serum-based tests. In this study C. pneumoniae specific IgM determined by the micro-immunofluorescence test was detected in the three clinical cases. All three cases had an elevated complement-fixing antibody titre to Psittacosis-LGV antigen, which may have suggested psittacosis, if type-specific tests had not been performed. In addition, three other members of the family had C. pneumoniae-specific IgG antibody although specific IgM was absent. These three younger members of the family had been symptomatic in the month preceding symptoms in their older sibling and their parents. All the symptomatic members of the family made a complete recovery on tetracycline therapy.

Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; Child; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Disease Outbreaks; Family Health; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Nowadays the existence of bearing both T and B marker lymphocytes has generally been accepted, but their role and nature is still unknown. The effect of tetracycline on lymphocytes was examined in 26 patients with different, mainly respiratory infections. Examinations were carried out on lymphocyte populations with T and B cell count using E rosette and surface immunoglobulin as a marker. It has been shown that on the lymphocytes of patients receiving tetracycline, regularly high number of D cells are found.

Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Adult; Aged; Antigens, Surface; Female; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Leukocyte Count; Lymphocyte Subsets; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of five tetracyclines and ten other antimicrobial agents were determined for four porcine bacterial respiratory tract pathogens by the agar dilution method. For the following oxytetracycline-susceptible strains, the MIC50 ranges of the tetracyclines were: P. multocida (n = 17) 0.25-0.5 micrograms/ml; B. bronchiseptica (n = 20) 0.25-1.0 micrograms/ml; H. pleuropneumoniae (n = 20) 0.25-0.5 micrograms/ml; S. suis Type 2 (n = 20) 0.06-0.25 micrograms/ml. For 19 oxytetracycline-resistant P. multocida strains the MIC50 of the tetracyclines varied from 64 micrograms/ml for oxytetracycline to 0.5 micrograms/ml for minocycline. Strikingly, minocycline showed no cross-resistance with oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline in P. multocida and in H. pleuropneumoniae. Moreover, in susceptible strains minocycline showed the highest in vitro activity followed by doxycycline. Low MIC50 values were observed for chloramphenicol, ampicillin, flumequine, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against P. multocida and H. pleuropneumoniae. B. bronchiseptica was moderately susceptible or resistant to these compounds. As expected tiamulin, lincomycin, tylosin and spiramycin were not active against H. pleuropneumoniae. Except for flumequine, the MIC50 values of nine antimicrobial agents were low for S. suis Type 2. Six strains of this species showed resistance to the macrolides and lincomycin.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bordetella; Chlortetracycline; Doxycycline; Haemophilus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minocycline; Oxytetracycline; Pasteurella; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptococcus; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Haemophilus species usually occur on mucous membranes of both the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity, in children mostly in the pharynx. In children and adults, Haemophilus influenzae has pathogenic properties. In 1973, the first ampicillin-resistant and beta-lactamase-producing strain was isolated. Since then, an increase in ampicillin resistance has been observed worldwide in different countries due, mostly, to beta-lactamase production. Thus, the latter should be examined on a systematic basis in all pathogenic strains. Prior to 1980, the incidence of ampicillin resistance was still below 100%. In the course of a joint French study, in which both the "Centre d'Etude des Haemofiles" and municipal hospitals and university clinics participated in 1985, 705 strains occurring in clinical infections have been isolated. 613 strains (86.9%) were susceptible to the antibiotics tested, in 92 strains (13%) resistance to one or several antibiotics was seen. Biotype I and serotype b constituted the major proportion of residual strains. Resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, kanamycin, and chloramphenicol was observed in 11.2%, 9%, 6.8%, and 3.4% of the strains respectively. 11 different phenotypes of resistance have been considered feasible for the resistant strains. With one exception, resistance to ampicillin was invariably due to beta-lactamase production. On account of the level of incidence of ampicillin-resistant strains it is recommended that ampicillin no longer be used in the treatment of systemic infections due to H. influenzae.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Kanamycin; Penicillin Resistance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Chronic bronchitis is characterized by chronic, productive cough present on most days for at least three months of the year. Differential diagnosis must exclude an endobronchial obstructive lesion, asthma, nocturnal aspiration, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, and immotile cilia syndrome. The most characteristic finding in patients with chronic bronchitis is hypertrophy of the mucous glands and goblet cells.

Topics: Alcoholism; Amoxicillin; Ampicillin; Animals; Bronchitis; Bronchodilator Agents; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Dogs; Drug Combinations; Humans; Ipratropium; Klebsiella Infections; Metaproterenol; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Analysis of clinical features of infectious complications of lung cancer was carried out to obtain the informations necessary for the efficient management. Infectious complications developed in 114 patients out of 188 patient of primary lung cancer who were admitted to the institute during the period of two years from 1982 to 1983. From the results of the analysis it was revealed that anticancer chemotherapy was extensively restricted by coexistent infectious complications. Therefore, complete and partial responses in the patients associated with infections was significantly (p less than 0.05) lower than that in the patients without infection. Survival rate at the point of one year after the admission was also lower with significance (p less than 0.05) in the patients with infections than that in the patients without infections. Main and direct cause of the infection was bronchial obstruction. Therefore, the incidence of the infectious complication was the highest in the patients with squamous cell carcinoma. Of defence mechanism against infection, cellular immunity seemed to play the more important role as compared with that of humoral immunity. And it was shown that decrease in number of lymphocytes was most closely related to the development of serious or terminal infections. Causative organisms in most of the pulmonary infections were opportunistic Gram-negative bacilli. Recently, the incidence of the infections due to E. colioand K. pneumoniae decreased and that due to Enterobacteriaceae except for these two species increased. Therapeutic efficacy rate of antimicrobial agents including cephems of the 3rd generation remained as low as 50% or so. However, the cure rate of the triple regimen consisted of beta-lactam, aminoglycoside and tetracycline was revealed to be satisfactorily high.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Lactams; Leukocyte Count; Lung Neoplasms; Prognosis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Serum Albumin; Tetracycline

A full-term baby boy had respiratory distress, fever and pneumonia within 20 h of birth. Isolation of Mycoplasma hominis from blood taken after 20 h and 11 days was accompanied by an antibody response. Although chlamydial IgM antibody was detected, chlamydial infection probably did not cause the pneumonia. Penicillin was ineffective but treatment with gentamicin, and particularly tetracycline, was associated with slow improvement. Mycoplasma hominis should be considered as a cause of respiratory disease and fever in neonates.

Topics: Ampicillin; Erythromycin; Fever; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Professional Standards Review Organization claims data were used in defining, planning, implementing and evaluating an approach to an ambulatory medical care problem utilizing educational intervention. Modification of physicians' tetracycline prescribing behavior was achieved in an actual practice setting by personal visits from peer physicians.

Topics: Drug Utilization; Humans; New Mexico; Professional Review Organizations; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

A 15-month-old child developed an infectious pulmonary complication of open heart surgery. Cultures of the respiratory secretions showed growth of a 9L serotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae which was resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. There was no evidence that the organism was spread among the family of the patient or hospital personnel.

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Female; Humans; Infant; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Postoperative Complications; Respiratory Tract Infections; Serotyping; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline

A high incidence of pharyngeal infection was found in babies with isolation-positive chlamydial conjunctivitis. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the pharynx of 12 (52%) of 23 babies before treatment, and was reisolated from the eyes of 4 (12%) of 34 and from the pharynx of 14 (41%) of 34 after treatment. C trachomatis was reisolated significantly more often from babies treated only with topical tetracycline for 4 weeks (75%) than from those treated with both topical tetracycline and oral erythromycin for 2 weeks (32%). Reisolation from the eyes was associated with only minor clinical signs. Radiological signs of an inflammatory lesion in the chest were found in 2 of 8 babies examined because of persistent cough. These signs were not associated with high or rising titres of serum chlamydial antibody.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctivitis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Pharynx; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bacterial Infections; Child; Doxycycline; Drug Evaluation; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Meningitis, Pneumococcal; Middle Aged; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Erythromycin and rifampicin (rifampin) were able to prevent death of guineapigs given intraperitoneal injections of the agent causing legionnaires' disease. Penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and gentamicin showed no significant effect. On the basis of clinical experience and experimental observations, erythromycin is recommended for patients suspected to have legionnaires' disease. Combined therapy with erythromycin and rifampicin may be justified in patients with confirmed legionnaires' disease who are not responding to erythromycin alone or as part of a controlled antibiotic trial among suspected cases during an outbreak of legionnaires' disease.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Chloramphenicol; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Drug Therapy, Combination; Erythromycin; Female; Gentamicins; Guinea Pigs; Injections, Subcutaneous; Legionnaires' Disease; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rifampin; Tetracycline

Paired sera from victims of Legionnaires' disease showed, in many cases, significant rises in immunoglobulin G antibodies to both the causative agent (LA) of Legionnaires' disease and Chlamydia psittaci, but concurrent rises in immunoglobulin M antibodies only against LA. Guinea pigs experimentally infected with LA likewise responded with antibodies to both C. psittaci and LA. Guinea pigs infected with LA also reflected significant differences in antigenic makeup and in pathogenicity among four strains of LA examined. In antibiotic studies, rifampin was 200 times more effective than erythromycin and 17,000 times more effective than tetracycline in plaque reduction tests of LA in monolayer cultures of primary chick embryo cells. An isolate of LA recovered from a healthy person was compared with three isolates from persons with fatal infections.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Antigens, Viral; Chlamydophila psittaci; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Guinea Pigs; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rifampin; Tetracycline

Rhinoscleroma may present a diagnostic problem when encountered outside endemic region. Two young men from Gaza with tumor-like masses of scleroma in the nasal cavities and the nasopharynx are described. Histological examination of biopsy material from the nasal lesions showed pathognomonic Mikulicz cells, and cultures grew Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis. Both patients responded well to antibiotic treatment.

Topics: Adult; Humans; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinoscleroma; Streptomycin; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Antiviral Agents; BCG Vaccine; Bronchitis; Humans; Isoniazid; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tuberculosis; Virus Diseases

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Antibiotic therapy has been shown to be of no value in the treatment of the URI--either in shortening the course of the acute illness or in preventing the development of secondary bacterial infections. Patient expense, as well as the threat of adverse reactions, should prohibit the present practice by some of routinely prescribing tetracycline, erythromycin, and ampicillin. Indiscriminate antibiotic therapy cannot substitute for proper diagnostic evaluation of the patient who may have either a bacterial or, far more likely, a viral illness.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Diagnosis, Differential; Diarrhea; Guaiacol; Humans; Mycoplasma Infections; Otitis Media; Penicillin V; Penicillins; Pharyngitis; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Vomiting

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Cephalosporins; Child; Female; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthritis, Infectious; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Cystitis; Diarrhea; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Foot Diseases; Fusobacterium Infections; Liver Abscess; Mastitis, Bovine; Meningitis; Osteomyelitis; Pasteurella Infections; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Uterine Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ascorbic Acid; Common Cold; Diet; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Adult; Aged; Cephalothin; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Drug Combinations; Erythromycin; Fusidic Acid; Germany, West; Humans; Lincomycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitrofurans; Novobiocin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Serotyping; Sputum; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Sulfamethoxazole; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Vancomycin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Utilization; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Norway; Penicillin V; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chlortetracycline; Demeclocycline; Drug Combinations; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Clostridium Infections; Haemophilus Infections; Immunization; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pasteurella Infections; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Stress, Physiological; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Bone Development; Child; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Pregnancy; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tetracycline

The use of many different antibiotics to treat chest infection has led us to test the sensitivity of 68 strains of Haemophilus influenzae to 15 different compounds. These included established compounds such as ampicillin and tetracycline and newer agents such as cephalosporins and clindamycin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the compounds for H. influenzae were then compared with blood levels attained after the usual dose regimens. There has been a significant increase in tetracycline resistance in the last few years, but all strains were sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulphamethoxazole, and trimethoprim, Several antibiotics were found to be microbiologically unsuitable for treating H. influenzae infections.

Topics: Amines; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalexin; Cephaloridine; Cephalosporins; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Clindamycin; Erythromycin; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Lincomycin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rifamycins; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Child; Child, Preschool; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pharynx; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptococcus; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Drug Combinations; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Male; North America; Penicillin Resistance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; United Kingdom; United States

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Child; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Twenty-three of 43 E. coli and 25 of 39 Klebsiella isolates, resistant to two or more antibiotics, transferred one or more resistance genes to a recipient E. coli K(12) culture. Resistances transferred most frequently by both species were those to kanamycin and neomycin. E. coli cultures transferred resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin and carbenicillin, whereas Klebsiella isolates transferred resistance to the first two of these antibiotics. Extrapolation of these results to a larger series of isolations of E. coli and Klebsiella from hospital patients suggested that 21 and 18% respectively of cultures of these two organisms carried potentially transferable resistance.

Topics: Ampicillin; Carbenicillin; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Escherichia coli; Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Neomycin; Ontario; Penicillin Resistance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Wound Infection

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Doxycycline; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Methacycline; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Asthma; Bronchiectasis; Bronchitis; Bronchopneumonia; Chloramphenicol; Drug Combinations; Enteritis; Folic Acid Antagonists; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Lung Diseases; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pneumonia; Pyrimidines; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Aged; Ampicillin; Cross Infection; Female; Humans; Klebsiella; Klebsiella Infections; Male; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sputum; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Bacterial Infections; Bronchitis; Bronchopneumonia; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Minocycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Photosensitivity Disorders; Pregnancy; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Diphenhydramine; Drug Combinations; Guaifenesin; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Thiamine

Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Mexico; Penicillin G; Physicians; Respiratory Tract Infections; South America; Tetracycline; Travel

Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Adult; Aged; Asthma; Dyspnea; Female; Hematoma; Humans; Male; Pulmonary Emphysema; Radiography; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Thrombophlebitis

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Bronchiectasis; Bronchitis; Chloramphenicol; Drug Eruptions; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Optic Neuritis; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Dexamethasone; Dyspnea; Erythromycin; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Male; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline; Tracheotomy

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Alanine Transaminase; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Asthma; Bronchiectasis; Bronchitis; Female; Humans; Lung Abscess; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Administration, Oral; Bronchitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Dosage Forms; Female; Humans; Impetigo; Infant; Lymphadenitis; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis; Whooping Cough

Topics: Adult; Candida albicans; Candidiasis; Diagnosis, Differential; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagitis; Esophagoscopy; Humans; Male; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchial Neoplasms; Bronchopneumonia; Drug Combinations; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Virginiamycin

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bromelains; Drug Combinations; Drug Synergism; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases; Penicillin V; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Humans; Pulmonary Emphysema; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sputum; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Aged; Asthma; Bronchiectasis; Bronchitis; Bronchopneumonia; Chronic Disease; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Middle Aged; Pulmonary Emphysema; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Administration, Oral; Bacteria; Dermatitis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Medication Errors; Mycoplasma; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Viruses

Topics: Acute Disease; Amantadine; Ampicillin; Humans; Interferons; Penicillin G; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis; Vaccination

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Amines; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Male; Methylamines; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Delayed-Action Preparations; Family Practice; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Amantadine; Ampicillin; Humans; Immunotherapy; Interferons; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Combinations; Gentamicins; Humans; Neoplasms; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Cephalothin; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Infant; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Male; Middle Aged; Polymyxins; Postoperative Complications; Respiratory Tract Infections; Serotyping; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Female; Gentamicins; Humans; Kanamycin; Lincomycin; Male; Meningitis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Novobiocin; Penicillins; Radiography; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Aldehydes; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antitussive Agents; Escherichia coli Infections; Klebsiella Infections; Mice; Oxadiazoles; Pyrazoles; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mycoplasma Infections; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Aged; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Humans; Kidney Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Bromelains; Chronic Disease; Drug Combinations; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Guaifenesin; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phosphates; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sodium; Tetracycline; Theophylline

Topics: Adult; Cephalothin; Drug Synergism; Female; Humans; Influenza, Human; Male; Middle Aged; Oxacillin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Diseases, Obstructive; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfamethoxypyridazine; Tetracycline

Topics: Administration, Oral; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Respiratory Tract Infections; Solutions; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Aged; Female; Guaifenesin; Humans; Lobeline; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Paired blood specimens submitted to the Virus Laboratory, between January and September 1970, from 200 patients with a lower respiratory tract infection were examined for antibodies to the psittacosis-human pneumonitis group antigen. A high static titre of antibodies was found in four patients and a rising titre in three. The illness varied in the seven patients, tending to be severe, chronic and recurrent. All patients recovered following a course of antibiotic therapy which was repeated in four; treatment tended to be inadequate since the diagnosis of psittacosis was made retrospectively. The likely source of the infection in four of the patients was budgerigars, in one it was pigeons, in one it was a canary as well as a pigeon, and in one the source was not identified. Two additional patients had a fairly high static titre of antibodies to the psittacosis-human pneumonitis antigen but were excluded from this report since they showed a diagnostic increase in antibodies to a respiratory virus during the course of their illness; both patients had an avian contact and are being followed up.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibodies; Chronic Disease; Complement Fixation Tests; Disease Reservoirs; Female; Humans; Male; Manitoba; Middle Aged; Psittacosis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophage Typing; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Colitis; Enteritis; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Furazolidone; Neomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Surgical Wound Infection; Temperature; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Adult; Aged; Capsules; Female; Guaiacol; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Thymol

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Glycolates; Guaiacol; Humans; Lung Diseases; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Drug Hypersensitivity; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oleandomycin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfamethazine; Sulfathiazoles; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Cephalosporins; Humans; Penicillin G; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Administration, Oral; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Otitis Media; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Pyrazoles; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Chronic Disease; Drug Synergism; Female; Humans; Intestinal Absorption; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Complement Fixation Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Male; Methods; Mycoplasma Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urethritis; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Aged; Bronchi; Humans; Male; Melioidosis; Pseudomonas; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfates; Tetracycline

Topics: Bronchitis; Bronchopneumonia; Child; Child, Preschool; Chymotrypsin; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Pediatrics; Respiratory Tract Infections; Stomatitis, Aphthous; Tetracycline; Trypsin

Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Intestinal Absorption; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Mice; Respiratory Tract Infections; Terpenes; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Appendicitis; Brucellosis; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cholangitis; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Male; Meningitis; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Adult; Aged; Body Temperature; Female; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Leukocyte Count; Lung; Lung Abscess; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin V; Pneumonia; Radiography; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis

Topics: Adult; Bronchiectasis; Bronchitis; Endocarditis; Female; Gallbladder Diseases; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Liver; Liver Function Tests; Lung Abscess; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Pneumonia; Pyelonephritis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis

Topics: Acute Disease; Bronchitis; Bronchopneumonia; Child; Child, Preschool; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Infant; Injections, Intramuscular; Lymphadenitis; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis

Topics: Abscess; Adolescent; Bronchitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Measles; Penicillin V; Pharyngeal Diseases; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Stomatitis; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bronchitis; Cholecystitis; Female; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Pneumonia; Pyelonephritis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis

Topics: Adult; Cystitis; Female; Gallbladder Diseases; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Lung Abscess; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Peritonsillar Abscess; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bronchiectasis; Female; Gallbladder Diseases; Humans; Injections, Intramuscular; Leukocyte Count; Lung Abscess; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Pneumonia; Pyelonephritis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Blood Proteins; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Demeclocycline; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Administration, Oral; Adult; Aged; Bacillus subtilis; Escherichia coli; Female; Humans; Klebsiella; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Shigella; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Animals; Bile; Brain; Colitis; Dogs; Feces; Female; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Kidney; Liver; Lung; Male; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Pyelitis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Spleen; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Chymotrypsin; Cystic Fibrosis; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Trypsin; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Intestinal Diseases; Latex Fixation Tests; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Hospital Design and Construction; Humans; Length of Stay; Male; Nose; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Ventilation

Topics: Adult; Animals; Child; Female; Hepatitis; Humans; Male; Meningoencephalitis; Middle Aged; Myocarditis; Psittaciformes; Psittacosis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Zoonoses

Topics: Adult; Asia, Southeastern; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Lung Diseases; Male; Melioidosis; Military Medicine; Pseudomonas; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary; Urticaria

Topics: Adolescent; Aged; Appendicitis; Chloramphenicol; Drug Synergism; Female; Humans; Infections; Male; Middle Aged; Peritonitis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Diseases; Tetracycline

Topics: Chickenpox; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Alpha-Globulins; Blood Protein Electrophoresis; Female; Fluorescence; Humans; Male; Methods; Respiratory Tract Infections; Respiratory Tract Neoplasms; Tetracycline

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Freeze Drying; Humans; Infant; Infections; Lactobacillus; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Infant; Lincomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Erythromycin; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin V; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Blood Sedimentation; Chlortetracycline; Demeclocycline; Female; Humans; Leukocyte Count; Male; Middle Aged; Neutrophils; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tablets; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Arthritis; Bacteria; Child; Drug Synergism; Drug Tolerance; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Penicillin V; Phlebitis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Varicose Ulcer

Topics: Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Male; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin V; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; Feces; Humans; Infections; Intestines; Lincomycin; Male; Oxacillin; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchiolitis, Viral; Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Cross Infection; Humans; Laryngitis; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pharyngitis; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tracheitis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Dysentery, Bacillary; Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chymotrypsin; Female; Guaifenesin; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Trypsin; Uterine Cervicitis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Chymotrypsin; Female; Guaifenesin; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Peritonitis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Trypsin

Topics: Anemia; Child; Diarrhea; Enteritis; Humans; Hypothermia; Infections; Kwashiorkor; Nutrition Disorders; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Abscess; Adult; Aged; Asthma; Chymotrypsin; Dermatitis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Otitis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Thrombophlebitis; Trypsin

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Bronchopneumonia; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Male; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infectious Mononucleosis; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis

Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antitussive Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Benzoxazoles; Brucellosis; Child; Cholangitis; Humans; Infections; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Humans; Infant; Otitis; Oxadiazoles; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Balsams; Female; Guanine; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nucleosides; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Asthma; Bronchitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Pharyngitis; Pyrazoles; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis

Topics: Bronchitis; Bronchopneumonia; Child; Child, Preschool; Chymotrypsin; Female; Humans; Infant; Lymphadenitis; Male; Pharyngitis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Trypsin

Topics: Bronchitis; Chronic Disease; Humans; Nitrofurantoin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Female; Humans; Infections; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Agglutination Tests; Amino Acids; Fever; Humans; Male; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tularemia

Topics: Asthma; Blood Protein Disorders; Bronchiectasis; Bronchitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Eczema; Female; gamma-Globulins; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Methacycline; Otitis Media; Pneumonia; Pyelonephritis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tonsillectomy

Topics: Analgesics; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Common Cold; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Humans; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Bacteriological Techniques; Cephalothin; Child; Chloramphenicol; Cloxacillin; Diarrhea; Eosinophilia; Erythromycin; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Methicillin; Nausea; Penicillin G; Penicillin G Benzathine; Penicillin G Procaine; Penicillin V; Physician-Patient Relations; Pruritus; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Diseases; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urticaria; Vomiting

Topics: Abscess; Ampicillin; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Enterobacter; Escherichia coli; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Imidazoles; Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Peritoneal Diseases; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Vascular Diseases; Wound Infection

Topics: Bronchitis; Cephalothin; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Empyema; Epiglottis; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Histoplasma; Humans; Infant; Klebsiella; Laryngeal Diseases; Methicillin; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Pseudomonas; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sinusitis; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Penicillin V; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bacteria; Enterobacteriaceae; Female; Humans; Male; Methacycline; Middle Aged; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Animals; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Poultry Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Paranasal Sinuses; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Poultry Diseases; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Bronchiectasis; Female; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lymecycline; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumococcal Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Adult; Agglutination; Child; Child, Preschool; Complement Fixation Tests; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Humans; Male; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections; Ohio; Pneumonia; Population Surveillance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Humans; Lymecycline; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Abscess; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biguanides; Cholangitis; Cystitis; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Synergism; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Radiography; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillin V; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Animals; Child; Demeclocycline; Humans; Mice; Oxytetracycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bronchitis; Humans; Lymecycline; Male; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Methacycline; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Bronchitis; Chloramphenicol; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Humans; Methacycline; Middle Aged; Oxytetracycline; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bacteria; Biliary Tract Diseases; Female; Humans; Male; Methacycline; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Erythromycin; Humans; Muramidase; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Cholangitis; Erysipelas; Female; Humans; Male; Measles; Pharyngitis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Smallpox; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Humans; Otitis Media; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacteriological Techniques; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; England; Humans; Laryngitis; Otitis Media; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sinusitis; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Child; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Humans; Infant; Otitis Media; Pediatrics; Penicillin V; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Bronchitis; Bronchitis, Chronic; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Therapy; Humans; Penicillin V; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Superinfection; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Aerosols; Child; Drug Therapy; Humans; Infant; Pneumonia; Respiratory Insufficiency; Respiratory Therapy; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Water

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Drug Therapy; Humans; Infections; Oleandomycin; Pediatrics; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Drug Therapy; Humans; Lymecycline; Lysine; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Therapy; Humans; Lymecycline; Lysine; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Diseases; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Drug Therapy; Humans; Penicillin V; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Analgesics; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antipyretics; Expectorants; Inflammation; Mice; Oxadiazoles; Research; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Adult; Aged; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Cross Infection; England; Female; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Dysentery, Bacillary; Enteritis; Escherichia coli Infections; Humans; Oleandomycin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Endopeptidases; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Nitrofurantoin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Adult; Humans; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Acidosis, Respiratory; Acute Disease; Alkalosis; Blood Gas Analysis; Bronchodilator Agents; Catheterization; Chlorides; Dehydration; Heart Failure; Humans; Hypokalemia; Penicillin G; Potassium Chloride; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Insufficiency; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Common Cold; Culture Media; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sputum; Tetracycline

Topics: Carrier State; Child; Demeclocycline; Dosage Forms; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Penicillin G; Penicillin V; Pharyngitis; Pharynx; Phosphates; Potassium; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Congenital Abnormalities; Cortisone; Esophageal Fistula; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Jaundice; Jaundice, Neonatal; Penicillins; Prednisone; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sclerema Neonatorum; Sepsis; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Antitussive Agents; Bronchial Diseases; Bronchitis; Bronchopneumonia; Hemopneumothorax; Humans; Influenza, Human; Lung Diseases; Oxadiazoles; Pleurisy; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Viral; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Nystatin; Phosphates; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Child; Diarrhea; Diarrhea, Infantile; Humans; Infant; Lymecycline; Lysine; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Biomedical Research; Carrier State; Chloramphenicol; Conjunctivitis; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Feces; Humans; India; Infant, Newborn; Methicillin; Methicillin Resistance; Penicillin G; Penicillin V; Penicillins; Research; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Diagnosis; Drug Therapy; Enterovirus; Enterovirus B, Human; Epidemiology; Geriatrics; Mycoplasma; Orthomyxoviridae; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Viral; Poxviridae; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biomedical Research; Child; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Drug Therapy; Humans; Mouth; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rheumatic Fever; Saliva; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Therapy; Humans; Lymecycline; Lysine; Methane; Pharmacology; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ascorbic Acid; Bacterial Infections; Biomedical Research; Common Cold; Communicable Disease Control; Drug Therapy; Humans; Placebos; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Respiratory Tract Infections; Spiramycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Biological Assay; Biomedical Research; Blood Chemical Analysis; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Escherichia; Escherichia coli; Fluids and Secretions; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Lymecycline; Lysine; Proteus; Pseudomonas; Respiratory Tract Infections; Salmonella; Shigella; Staphylococcus; Statistics as Topic; Streptococcus; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections; Urine

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biomedical Research; Bronchitis; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sputum; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Child; Drug Therapy; Geriatrics; Humans; Infant; Labyrinth Diseases; Lysine; Otitis; Otolaryngology; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sinusitis; Tetracycline

Topics: Aerosols; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacitracin; Bacteriological Techniques; Bronchitis; Chloramphenicol; Diagnosis; Drug Therapy; Humans; Neomycin; Penicillins; Pharyngitis; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Tracheitis; Virus Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Biomedical Research; Drug Therapy; Erythromycin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Inositol; Phytic Acid; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Candidiasis; Dermatology; Gastroenterology; Hepatitis; Hepatitis A; Humans; Nystatin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Bronchial Diseases; Glycerol; Humans; Lung Diseases; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anthrax; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Haplorhini; Humans; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Radiography, Thoracic; Research; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Child; Dermatology; Focal Infection; Focal Infection, Dental; Humans; Infant; Novobiocin; Otitis; Pediatrics; Pharyngitis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sinusitis; Tetracycline

Topics: Asthma; Bronchiectasis; Bronchitis; Humans; Novobiocin; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biomedical Research; Bronchi; Bronchial Neoplasms; Bronchitis; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Lung Diseases; Lung Neoplasms; Neisseria; Pneumococcal Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sputum; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchiectasis; Bronchitis; Bronchitis, Chronic; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Pneumococcal Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Bronchiectasis; Humans; Lung Diseases; Penicillin V; Penicillins; Pulmonary Medicine; Respiratory Tract Infections; Suppuration; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlortetracycline; Cholecystitis; Humans; Influenza, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Thrombophlebitis; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Antitussive Agents; Humans; Inflammation; Oxadiazoles; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Oleandomycin; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Humans; Infant; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Chlortetracycline; Humans; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Bronchi; Bronchial Diseases; Disease; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Oleandomycin; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sulfadimethoxine; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Micrococcus; Penicillins; Pharynx; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Asthma; Child; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Infant; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Dermatologic Agents; Humans; Novobiocin; Phosphates; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Glucosamine; Humans; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Lung Diseases; Oleandomycin; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Humans; Oleandomycin; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Humans; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Vitamins

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Furans; Nitrofurantoin; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Oleandomycin; Osteomyelitis; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus; Chloramphenicol; Communicable Diseases; Humans; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Aerosols; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Goats; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline