tetracycline and Paratyphoid-Fever

To investigate the drug tolerance and PFGE patterns of Salmonella(S.)paratyphi A strains isolated from sentinel hospitals in Dengfeng, Henan province, during 2009-2015.. Venous blood samples were collected from paratyphoid patients and cultured in double phase blood culture bottle. Suspicious strains were identified and used for Salomonella. O antigen and H1/2 phase flagellum-induced serum agglutination test with API20E biochemical systems and SSI Salmonella typing sera. According to Salmonella molecular typing and K-B drug susceptibility testing method published by PulseNet China bacterial infectious disease monitoring network and USA Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, we analyzed the drug susceptibility and PFGE molecule characteristics of S. paratyphi A strains isolated from the patients.. A total of 126 strains of S. paratyphi A were isolated from 248 blood samples, the antigen modes of them were 1, 2, 12:a:-. The resistance rate of 126 strains of S. paratyphi A was 83.3% to ampicillin; 29.4% to ceftazidime, 31.2% to cefotaxime, 17.5% to cefepime; 62.6% to nalidixic acid; 19.3% to ciprofloxacin, 26.4% to norfloxacin; 22.8% to gentamicin, 47.9% to streptomycin; 19.2% to chloramphenicol, 24.2% to methicillin benzyl ammonium, 58.6% to compound sulfamethoxazole and 46.7% to tetracycline. The 126 strains of S. paratyphi A had different levels of resistance to 8 kinds of antibiotics, 109 strains were multidrug resistant(86.5%), 9 strains were resistant to 2-3 kinds of antibiotics(7.1%), 76 strains were resistant to 5-8 kinds of antibiotics(60.3%), 17 strains were resistant to 9-10 kinds of antibiotics(13.5%), 7 strains were resistant to 11-12 kinds of antibiotics(5.6%). The 126 strains of S. paratyphi A were divided into 14 molecular patterns by digestion with XbaⅠand pulsed field gel electrophoresis. The antibiotics resistance to third generation cephalosporin(CAZ, CTX), one generation and three generation of quinolones(NAL, CIP, NOR)and aminoglycosides antibiotics(STR)showed an upward trend. Each pattern contained 1-98 strains with similarity ranged from 64.10% to 100.00%. PTYA 1, 6, 9 and 10 were the main PFGE belt types.. The drug resistance of clinical isolates of S. paratyphi A was serious in Dengfeng, Henan province, PFGE patterns showed a diversity, but predominant patterns could also be found. The PFGE patterns of some strains had clustering and were related with their antidrug spectrums.

Topics: Agglutination Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefepime; Cephalosporins; China; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Tolerance; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Humans; Molecular Typing; Paratyphoid Fever; Salmonella paratyphi A; Tetracycline

To define the genetic characteristics and resistance mechanisms of clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and S. enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A) exhibiting high-level fluoroquinolones resistance.. Three S. Typhi and two S. Paratyphi A ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates (MICs > 4 mg/L) were compared with isolates with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MICs 0.125-1 mg/L) by PFGE, plasmid analysis, presence of integrons and nucleotide changes in topoisomerase genes.. In S. Typhi and Paratyphi A, a single gyrA mutation (Ser-83-->Phe or Ser-83-->Tyr) was associated with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MICs 0.125-1 mg/L); an additional mutation in parC (Ser-80-->Ile, Ser-80-->Arg, Asp-69-->Glu or Gly-78-->Asp) was accompanied by an increase in ciprofloxacin MIC (> or = 0.5 mg/L). Three mutations conferred ciprofloxacin resistance: two in gyrA (Ser-83-->Phe and Asp-87-->Asn or Asp-87-->Gly) and one in parC. This is the first report of parC mutations in S. Typhi. Ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A differed in their MICs and mutations in gyrA and parC. Moreover S. Typhi harboured a 50 kb transferable plasmid carrying a class 1 integron (dfrA15/aadA1) that confers resistance to co-trimoxazole and tetracycline but not to ciprofloxacin. PFGE revealed undistinguishable XbaI fragment patterns in ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Typhi as well as in S. Paratyphi A isolates and showed that ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Typhi have emerged from a clonally related isolate with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin after sequential acquisition of a second mutation in gyrA.. To our knowledge this is the first report of molecular characterization of S. Typhi with full resistance to ciprofloxacin. Notably, the presence of a plasmid-borne integron in ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Typhi may lead to a situation of untreatable enteric fever.

Topics: Amino Acid Substitution; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ciprofloxacin; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific; DNA Gyrase; DNA Topoisomerase IV; DNA Topoisomerases; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; Humans; India; Integrons; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation, Missense; Paratyphoid Fever; Plasmids; Salmonella paratyphi A; Salmonella typhi; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Typhoid Fever

Distribution of tetracyclines and their effect on interaction of the cells in the immune response were studied on pigs and rabbits non-vaccinated, immunized with formolvaccin against paratyphoid fever and experimentally infected with the paratyphoid causative agent. It was found that oxytetracycline and tetracycline administered parentally to the animals formed complexes with the proteins and especially with albumins and gamma-globulins, were rapidly adsorbed by the lymphocytes and consumed by the cells of the reticulo-macro- and micro-phage systems, epithelium of the kidney cannaculi and the cells of the liver parenchyma. Immunomorphological changes accompanied by formation of antibodies to the antibiotics were found in the bloodforming-lymphoid system after repeated parental administrations of the tetracyclines. The titers of the antibodies to oxytetracycline and tetracycline were high by the 5th--14th day after the antibiotic administration and the relatively high levels persisted for 1.5 months. The use of tetracyclines during the induction stage of immunogenesis had a pronounced inhibitory effect on development of immunity against the paratyphoid fever antigen. On the basis of the tetracycline capacity for binding with immunoglobulins and intensive adsorption by the lymphocytes it is possible to suppose that the inhibitory effect of the antibiotics on immunogenesis was connected with their blocking the receptors of T- and B-lymphocytes.

Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Antibody Formation; Antibody-Producing Cells; Formaldehyde; Immunity, Cellular; Immunization; Leukocyte Count; Oxytetracycline; Paratyphoid Fever; Plasma Cells; Rabbits; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines; Time Factors

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Humans; Paratyphoid Fever; Salmonella Infections; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever; Water-Electrolyte Balance

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Japan; Kanamycin; Paratyphoid Fever; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Serologic Tests; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever; Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines

Topics: Adolescent; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Chloramphenicol; Humans; Paratyphoid Fever; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antigen-Antibody Reactions; Bacillus; Bone Marrow; Chloramphenicol; Communicable Diseases; Dysentery; Dysentery, Bacillary; gamma-Globulins; Hematopoietic System; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Infections; Paratyphoid Fever; Rickettsia Infections; Sepsis; Shigella; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever; Virus Diseases

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cholecystectomy; Cholelithiasis; Humans; Paratyphoid Fever; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Salmonella; Tetracycline; Typhoid Fever