tetracycline and Ophthalmia-Neonatorum

Ophthalmia neonatorum is an infection of the eyes in newborns that can lead to blindness, particularly if the infection is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antiseptic or antibiotic medication is dispensed into the eyes of newborns, or dispensed systemically, soon after delivery to prevent neonatal conjunctivitis and potential vision impairment.. 1. To determine if any type of systemic or topical eye medication is better than placebo or no prophylaxis in preventing ophthalmia neonatorum. 2. To determine if any one systemic or topical eye medication is better than any other medication in preventing ophthalmia neonatorum.. We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, and three trials registers, date of last search 4 October 2019. We also searched references of included studies and contacted pharmaceutical companies.  SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of any topical, systemic, or combination medical interventions used to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum in newborns compared with placebo, no prophylaxis, or with each other.. We used standard methods expected by Cochrane. Outcomes were: blindness or any adverse visual outcome at 12 months, conjunctivitis at 1 month (gonococcal (GC), chlamydial (CC), bacterial (BC), any aetiology (ACAE), or unknown aetiology (CUE)), and adverse effects.  MAIN RESULTS: We included 30 trials with a total of 79,198 neonates. Eighteen studies were conducted in high-income settings (the USA, Europe, Israel, Canada), and 12 were conducted in low- and middle-income settings (Africa, Iran, China, Indonesia, Mexico). Fifteen of the 30 studies were quasi-randomised. We judged every study to be at high risk of bias in at least one domain. Ten studies included a comparison arm with no prophylaxis. There were 14 different prophylactic regimens and 12 different medications in the 30 included studies. Any prophylaxis compared to no prophylaxis  Unless otherwise indicated, the following evidence comes from studies assessing one or more of the following interventions: tetracycline 1%, erythromycin 0.5%, povidone-iodine 2.5%, silver nitrate 1%. None of the studies reported data on the primary outcomes: blindness or any adverse visual outcome at any time point. There was only very low-certainty evidence on the risk of GC with prophylaxis (4/5340 newborns) compared to no prophylaxis (5/2889) at one month (risk ratio (RR) 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.24 to 2.65, 3 studies). Low-certainty evidence suggested there may be little or no difference in effect on CC (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.61, 4874 newborns, 2 studies) and BC (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.93, 3685 newborns, 2 studies). Moderate-certainty evidence suggested a probable reduction in risk of ACAE at one month (RR 0.65, 95% 0.54 to 0.78, 9666 newborns, 8 studies assessing tetracycline 1%, erythromycin 0.5%, povidone-iodine 2.5%, silver nitrate 1%, colostrum, bacitracin-phenacaine ointment). There was only very low-certainty evidence on CUE  (RR 1.75, 95% CI 0.37 to 8.28, 330 newborns, 1 study). Very low-certainty evidence on adverse effects suggested no increased nasolacrimal duct obstruction (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.28, 404 newborns, 1 study of erythromycin 0.5% and silver nitrate 1%) and no increased keratitis (single study of 40 newborns assessing silver nitrate 1% with no events).    Any prophylaxis compared to another prophylaxis Overall, evidence comparing different interventions did not suggest any consistently superior intervention. However, most of this evidence was of low-certainty and was e. There are no data on whether prophylaxis for ophthalmia neonatorum prevents serious outcomes such as blindness or any adverse visual outcome. Moderate-certainty evidence suggests that the use of prophylaxis may lead to a reduction in the incidence of ACAE in newborns but the evidence for effect on GC, CC or BC was less certain. Comparison of individual interventions did not suggest any consistently superior intervention, but data were limited. A trial comparing tetracycline, povidone-iodine (single administration), and chloramphenicol for GC and CC could potentially provide the community with an effective, universally applicable prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Bias; Blindness; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Povidone-Iodine; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline; Trachoma; Vision Disorders

Topics: Canada; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Erythromycin; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Preventive Medicine; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

In many countries the statutory use of silver nitrate prophylaxis as soon as possible after birth has recently been reviewed from both a human rights and a medical standpoint. It has been argued that silver nitrate does not prevent all cases of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum (GON) and that it causes chemical conjunctivitis, pain and visual impairment, which may interfere with parent-infant bonding. Furthermore, the low incidence of GON, better methods of prenatal diagnosis, and the availability of suitable alternative prophylactic medication and of effective methods of treatment of GON have prompted recommendations that alternative prophylaxis be legally allowed or that mandatory prophylaxis be eliminated altogether. This paper reviews the situation and provides updated recommendations.

Topics: Conjunctivitis; Erythromycin; Gonorrhea; History, 20th Century; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Legislation, Medical; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Sweden; Tetracycline; Therapeutic Equivalency; Wisconsin

Administration of silver nitrate 1% solution into the eyes of the newborn has proven effective in the prophylaxis of gonococcal neonatal conjunctivitis. Silver nitrate, however, is not active against Chlamydia trachomatis, the most common cause of neonatal conjunctivitis. Also, silver nitrate commonly is associated with substantial chemical irritation. For these reasons, alternative agents are receiving increasing attention. Recently, erythromycin 0.5% and tetracycline 1% ophthalmic ointments were recommended by the Centers for Disease Control Venereal Disease Control Division for prophylaxis of neonatal conjunctivitis. Erythromycin has proven at least as effective as silver nitrate for gonococcal prophylaxis, can prevent chlamydial conjunctivitis in infants born to Chlamydia-positive mothers, and is associated with minimal complications. Clinical studies, however, demonstrating significant differences between erythromycin and tetracycline ophthalmic ointments are lacking. Well-controlled clinical studies comparing silver nitrate, erythromycin, and tetracycline prophylaxis are needed to determine the relative effectiveness of these agents.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

Topics: Bacitracin; Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillins; Silver Nitrate; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Arthritis, Infectious; Cephalosporins; Child; Doxycycline; Erythromycin; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Kanamycin; Leucomycins; Male; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillins; Proctitis; Salpingitis; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Spectinomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Thiamphenicol; Trimethoprim

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Glucocorticoids; Gonorrhea; Haemophilus Infections; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Metronidazole; Mycoplasma Infections; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillin G Procaine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy in Diabetics; Syphilis; Syphilis Serodiagnosis; Syphilis, Congenital; Tetracycline; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vaginal Diseases

To evaluate the efficacy of povidone iodine solution 2.5% and tetracycline ointment 1% in prevention of ophthalmia neonatorum (ON).. Prospective, randomized, controlled observational study.. Three-hundred ninety-four full-term neonates.. A randomized comparison between 201 neonates randomly treated with povidone iodine 2.5% solution and 193 treated with tetracycline 1% ointment.. Incidence of ON.. The incidence of ON was significantly higher after povidone iodine than tetracycline prophylaxis (15.4% and 5.2% respectively; P = 0.001). Noninfective ON developed in 10 (5%) of the 201 neonates treated with povidone iodine and in none (0%) of the neonates treated with tetracycline (P = .002). Infective ON was detected in 21 (10.4%) of the neonates treated with povidone iodine and in 10 (5.2%) after treatment with tetracycline (P = .052). Ophthalmia neonatorum appeared more commonly in the first 3 days after treatment with povidone iodine (P = .043). The spectrum of the infective isolates was similar in the 2 groups.. Povidone iodine was associated with noninfective (sterile) conjunctivitis, probably because of its toxicity to the ocular surface in neonates. Tetracycline was marginally more effective against infective ON. For these reasons, tetracycline, rather than povidone iodine, is recommended for prevention of ON.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Conjunctivitis; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant, Newborn; Male; Ointments; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Povidone-Iodine; Prospective Studies; Solutions; Tetracycline; Treatment Outcome

Opinions differ concerning the efficacy of prophylaxis against neonatal chlamydial and gonococcal conjunctivitis. From January 1986 through June 1988, we gave all infants born at Kings County Hospital Medical Center one of three prophylactic agents -- silver nitrate drops, erythromycin ophthalmic ointment, or tetracycline ophthalmic ointment. The treatments were rotated monthly. Gonococcal ophthalmia occurred in 8 of the 12,431 infants born during the study (0.06 percent), 1 in the silver nitrate group, 4 in the erythromycin group, and 3 in the tetracycline group (P not significant). Seven of these infants were born to women who had received no prenatal care. From September 1985 through December 1987, we screened 4357 pregnant women for cervical chlamydial infection, of whom 341 (8 percent) had positive cultures. Of their offspring, 230 were evaluated for neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis; the incidence was 20 percent in the silver nitrate group, 14 percent in the erythromycin group, and 11 percent in the tetracycline group (P not significant). We conclude that neonatal ocular prophylaxis with either erythromycin or tetracycline ophthalmic ointment does not significantly reduce the incidence of chlamydial conjunctivitis in the offspring of mothers with chlamydial infection as compared with silver nitrate, and that better management of maternal chlamydial infection is therefore required. We also conclude that there is a small but appreciable incidence of neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia that could be prevented by better prenatal screening and treatment of maternal gonococcal infection.

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ointments; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Ophthalmic Solutions; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

With the emergence of chlamydia as a major cause of neonatal conjunctivitis, silver nitrate is no longer the prophylactic agent of choice in many parts of the world. We studied 450 consecutive newborns in north-eastern Zaire in an effort to determine which of two agents provided the most effective prophylaxis. None of 236 newborns treated at birth with 1% silver nitrate and none of 123 treated with 1% tetracycline was found to develop conjunctivitis. Three of 91 "forgotten" babies developed gonococcal conjunctivitis. Nurses, thinking tetracycline was "messy", tended to "forget" to treat babies for whom tetracycline was prescribed. The use of silver nitrate still provides adequate prophylaxis in Zaire. Potential changes in the prophylactic regimen would need to take the perceptions of health care workers into account.

Topics: Conjunctivitis, Bacterial; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

We conducted a randomized clinical trial comparing a single intramuscular dose of 125 mg of ceftriaxone with a single intramuscular dose of 75 mg of kanamycin followed by topical gentamicin for seven days, and with a single intramuscular dose of 75 mg of kanamycin followed by topical tetracycline for seven days, in the treatment of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum in Nairobi, Kenya. Of 122 newborns with culture-proved gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, 105 returned for follow-up. Sixty-one infants (54 percent) received ceftriaxone, 32 received kanamycin plus topical gentamicin, and 29 received kanamycin plus topical tetracycline. Sixty-six (54 percent) of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates were penicillinase producing. All 55 newborns who received ceftriaxone and returned for follow-up were clinically and microbiologically cured. One of 26 returning newborns who received kanamycin plus tetracycline and 2 of 24 returning newborns who received kanamycin plus gentamicin had persistent or recurrent gonococcal conjunctivitis. Ceftriaxone also eradicated oropharyngeal gonococcal infection in 18 newborns, whereas oropharyngeal infection persisted in 2 of 8 newborns who had received kanamycin (P not significant). We conclude that 125 mg of ceftriaxone as a single intramuscular dose is very effective therapy for gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, with marked efficacy against extraocular infection and without the need for concomitant topical antimicrobial therapy.

Topics: Ceftriaxone; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Follow-Up Studies; Gentamicins; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Injections, Intramuscular; Kanamycin; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Random Allocation; Tetracycline

In my office I occasionally see neonates with conjunctivitis. What are the current recommendations for ocular prophylaxis at birth? Do topical antibiotics alone provide adequate treatment of neonatal conjunctivitis? When is systemic therapy indicated?. All infants should receive ocular prophylaxis at birth to prevent gonococcal ophthalmia. Neonates presenting with signs of conjunctivitis should have a conjunctival swab sent for Gram stain and culture. If Gram-negative diplococci are present on the Gram stain results, the infants and their parents should be treated immediately for presumed gonorrhea. Infants with chlamydial infection should be treated with oral antibiotics. Most of all other forms of bacterial conjunctivitis can be treated with topical antibiotics, with the exception of Pseudomonas infection. Infants should be followed during their treatment and upon completion of therapy to ensure resolution of symptoms. For cases in which sexually transmitted bacteria are implicated, the mothers and their sexual partners should be treated.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlamydia Infections; Conjunctivitis; Erythromycin; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Tetracycline

Topics: Administration, Ophthalmic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ointments; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Ophthalmic Solutions; Risk Assessment; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Female; Humans; Male; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Povidone-Iodine; Tetracycline

Topics: Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ointments; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Ophthalmic Solutions; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

Topics: Conjunctivitis, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline; Trachoma

Topics: beta-Lactamases; Diagnosis, Differential; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Moraxella catarrhalis; Neisseria; Neisseriaceae Infections; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillin G; Tetracycline

From November, 1989, to October, 1991, 4544 neonates were born at our hospital. Neonatal ocular prophylaxis immediately after birth was used with 1% tetracycline ophthalmic ointment in 1156 neonates, 0.5% erythromycin ophthalmic ointment in 1163 neonates and 1% silver nitrate drops in 1082 neonates. No prophylaxis for neonatal conjunctivitis was given to 1143 neonates. A total of 302 infants (6.7%) developed conjunctivitis during the first 4 weeks of life. Between December, 1991, and January, 1992, 425 neonates were born at our hospital and all were given 0.5% erythromycin ophthalmic ointment twice in the first 24 hours after birth for ocular prophylaxis. Thirty-one (7.3%) infants developed conjunctivitis during the neonatal period. The incidence rates of neonatal chlamydial conjuctivitis in the tetracycline, erythromycin, silver nitrate, no prophylaxis and erythromycin twice groups were 1.3, 1.5, 1.7, 1.6 and 1.4%, respectively. We conclude that neonatal ocular prophylaxis with erythromycin (one or two doses) or tetracycline or silver nitrate does not significantly reduce the incidence of neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis compared with that in those given no prophylaxis.

Topics: Conjunctivitis, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ointments; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Ophthalmic Solutions; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

Topics: Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ointments; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

Topics: Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

Topics: Chlamydia Infections; Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

The use of fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody (Syva, UK) provided a rapid reliable diagnostic test for Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival samples from 100 adults with acute follicular conjunctivitis and seven babies with suspected chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum. Elementary bodies (EBs) were seen in smears from 11 of the adults, and culture confirmed C. trachomatis infection in nine of them. Both tests were positive with specimens from four of the neonates. No specimens from either group of patients produced a negative result in the smear test but a positive result by culture. However, the two adult patients with chlamydial ophthalmia who had negative cultures but were EB-positive had both had prior topical tetracycline therapy.

Topics: Adult; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Tetracycline

We have recently seen two cases of ophthalmia neonatorum (ON) that illustrate a changing picture of this disease and raise a number of questions concerning optimal prophylaxis and treatment. Silver nitrate, which is the most widely used method for prevention of gonococcal ON, fails to prevent neonatal eye disease due to chlamydia. In addition, strains of gonococci which produce a penicillinase and are resistant to penicillin are becoming common in parts of the United States and Europe. Thus all gonococcal isolates must be tested for penicillinase production. The emergence of Chlamydia trachomatis as the most frequent cause of ON and the appearance of penicillin-resistant gonococci has led to new regimens for prophylaxis and therapy of neonatal ophthalmia. At our institution, we now use intramuscular penicillin and topical tetracycline ointment (1%) for eye prophylaxis. For initial therapy of gonococcal ON we recommend penicillin (systemic and topical) plus another antimicrobial with greater stability against the penicillinase of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlamydia Infections; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

Without preventive measures, gonococcal ophthalmia will develop in approximately 28% of infants born to women with gonorrhea, a disease that is relatively frequent and largely asymptomatic in pregnant women. In addition, in some settings conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis may be more frequent than gonococcal conjunctivitis among neonates. The Canadian Paediatric Society therefore recommends that, as soon as possible after birth, all infants receive prophylaxis with silver nitrate, tetracycline or erythromycin, administered according to specific guidelines.

Topics: Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Erythromycin; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ointments; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Ophthalmic Solutions; Penicillin G; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

One hundred seventy-one cases of neonatal conjunctivitis seen at Bellevue Hospital during the period 1950--1976 were reviewed. An overall incidence of 3.0 cases per 1,000 live births was found. A comparison of the rates of neonatal conjunctivitis with silver nitrate and tetracycline prophylaxis revealed a 100% increase in the rate overall, as well as the rate of gonococcal conjunctivitis with tetracycline. Using conjunctival cultures and cytology, a diagnosis could be established in 73% of the cases, with 41% being bacterial and 32% chlamydial. Staphylococcus was the single most common organism recovered; gonococcus was relatively rare.

Topics: Bacterial Infections; Chlamydia Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Methods; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Silver Nitrate; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Erythromycin; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ointments; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Ophthalmic Solutions; Silver Nitrate; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Drug Administration Schedule; Epididymitis; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillin G Procaine; Penicillinase; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Ophthalmic Solutions; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Spectinomycin; Tetracycline; United States; United States Public Health Service

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Amoxicillin; Ampicillin; Child; Drug Administration Schedule; Epididymitis; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Male; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillin G Procaine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Probenecid; Salpingitis; Tetracycline

The most frequently seen type of infectious ophthalmia neonatorum, inclusion conjunctivitis, is caused by the organism Chlamydia trachomatis. This agent is known to be transmitted sexually. Until recently, the infections produced by C trachomatis were though to be relatively benign. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the organism may produce urethritis and epididymitis in the male; cervicitis, cervical erosions, salpingitis, and puerperal infections in the female; and prematurity and pneumonitis in the infant. An infant who develops ophthalmia neonatorum should be thoroughly evaluated for the presence of a chlamydial infection. In many instances the first evidence of chlamydial infection within the parents will be the development of inclusion conjunctivitis in their newborn infant. Family members of infants with inclusion conjunctivitis who manifest any evidence of clinical disease should be evaluated and treated with appropriate antibiotics.

Topics: Adult; Chlamydia Infections; Chlamydia trachomatis; Conjunctivitis, Inclusion; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Salpingitis; Tetracycline; Urethritis

In many cases gonorrhea is overlooked and not treated due to an unusual course of the disease. The longer this infection exists the greater is the danger of dissemination of the gonococci. Gonorrhea, if not diagnosed, may cause a series of local and general clinical manifestations, such as: the dermatitis-arthritis syndrome whose pathogenesis is not yet completely clarified: the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome which is often seen in females with chronic gonococcal adnexitis;gonococcal pharyngitis which nowadays occurs more often due to less conventional sexual practices of contemporary society; gonococcal conjunctivitis which represents the best known extragenital gonococcosis. This paper deals with the clinical manifestations and their treatment.

Topics: Adult; Arthritis; Conjunctivitis; Dermatitis; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meningitis; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillins; Pharyngitis; Prognosis; Sepsis; Spectinomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Child, Preschool; Erythromycin; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillin G Procaine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Spectinomycin; Sulfides; Tetracycline; Tetrazoles; Thiadiazoles; Time Factors; United States; United States Public Health Service

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child Abuse; Erythromycin; Female; Gonorrhea; Hospitalization; Humans; Immobilization; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillin G; Penicillin G Procaine; Pregnancy; Probenecid; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; California; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Pediatrics; Penicillin G; Sexual Behavior; Surveys and Questionnaires; Tetracycline; Vaginal Smears

Topics: Chlamydia; Conjunctivitis; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Neomycin; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trachoma; Vulvovaginitis

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchitis; Burns; Chloramphenicol; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Subacute Bacterial; Gastroenterology; Glomerulonephritis; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Kanamycin; Meningoencephalitis; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillins; Preventive Medicine; Rheumatic Diseases; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections