tetracycline and Mastitis

Mastitis and associated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are major challenges to the dairy industry worldwide.. This study aimed to expose the mastitis burden, causative bacteria and drivers for mastitis-causing multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococci infectivity in cows on dairy farms in Wakiso district, Uganda.. On 22 farms, practices were documented using questionnaires, and 175 cows were screened by the California mastitis test. Composite milk samples from the positive reactors were submitted to the laboratory for bacterial culture testing. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method was done only on Staphylococci with a panel of 10 antimicrobials of clinical relevance.. Mastitis was detected in 80.6% (n = 141) of the 175 sampled cows, of which sub-clinical mastitis (76.0%: n = 133) was predominant. The Chi-squared analysis hypothesized that cow age (p = 0.017), sub-county (p = 0.013), parity (p < 0.0001), sex of farm owner (p = 0.003), farm duration in dairy production (p = 0.048) and the use of milking salve (p = 0.006) were associated with mastitis. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci were the most prevalent (71.4%; n = 95), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (30.1%, n = 40). Staphylococci (76.3%; n = 135) were majorly resistant to penicillin and tetracycline. Only one isolate was phenotyped as a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus specie (MRSS). The prevalences of MDR strains at cow and isolate level were 6.3% and 8.3%. The major MDR phenotype identified was penicillin-tetracycline-trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. The isolate detected as an MRSS exhibited the broadest MDR pattern. Cow parity was identified as a predictor of infectivity of mastitis-causing MDR Staphylococci in dairy herds.. The high prevalence of mastitis and associated pathogen AMR found exposes possibilities of economic losses for the dairy sector warranting the need for farmer sensitization on the institution of proper mastitis prevention and control programs, with emphasis on milking hygiene practices and routine disease monitoring.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Farms; Female; Mastitis; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Staphylococcus; Tetracycline; Uganda

Mastitis is an important constraint to milk production in pastoralist camel (Camelus dromedarius) herds in Kenya. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and bacterial panorama of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in pastoralist camel herds in Isiolo County, Kenya. Furthermore, antimicrobial susceptibility in udder pathogens was studied. A cross-sectional sample of 206 camels from 20 milking herds was screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT), and quarter milk was subjected to bacterial culturing. Isolates were confirmed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the broth microdilution method. Interviews focusing on herd management were conducted with camel owners. Subclinical mastitis, defined as a CMT score ≥ 3 (scale 1 to 5) and absence of clinical symptoms in the udder, were present in all visited herds. On the individual level, 46% of the camels had at least 1 quarter affected with SCM, and on the quarter level the prevalence was 26%. Intramammary infections (IMI) were common; out of 798 quarter milk samples, 33% yielded conclusive bacterial growth. The sensitivity and specificity of CMT for correctly identifying quarters with IMI were 82% and 92%, respectively. The most prevalent pathogen was Streptococcus agalactiae (72% of IMI-positive quarters), followed by non-aureus staphylococci (19%) and Staphylococcus aureus (13%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that only a low proportion (4.9%) of Strep. agalactiae isolates was sensitive to tetracycline. For Staph. aureus, 59.1% of isolates exhibited sensitivity to penicillin. Skin lesions on the teats or udder were a risk factor for SCM. Increased age, parity, and stage of lactation were associated with increased risk of both SCM and IMI. Older camels with a blind teat or a previous history of mastitis were more likely to be infected with Strep. agalactiae. Hygiene routines for milking were largely absent in the observed herds, and knowledge of adequate milk handling was limited. The poor udder health is likely to depend on multiple factors, most prominently the within-herd maintenance of contagious udder pathogens, in combination with difficult sanitary conditions and lack of awareness among camel keepers. This study showed that in pastoralist camel herds around Isiolo town, SCM and IMI specifically caused by Strep. agalactiae are common udder health problems and are associated with increasing age,

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Camelus; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Geography; Hygiene; Kenya; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mastitis; Milk; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus agalactiae; Tetracycline

Contagious agalactia is a mycoplasmosis that affects small ruminants, is associated with loss of milk production and high morbidity rates, and is highly deleterious to dairy industries. The etiological agents are four mycoplasma (sub)species, of which the relative importance depends on the countries and the animal host. Tetracyclines are non-expensive, broad-spectrum antimicrobials and are often used to control mastitis in dairy herds. However, the in vitro efficiency of tetracyclines against each of the etiological agents of contagious agalactia has been poorly assessed. The aims of this study were i) to compare the tetracycline susceptibilities of various field isolates, belonging to different mycoplasma (sub)species and subtypes, collected over the years from different clinical contexts in France or Spain, and ii) to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the decreased susceptibility of some isolates to tetracyclines. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of tetracyclines were determined in vitro on a set of 120 isolates. Statistical analyses were run to define the significance of any observed differences in MICs distribution. As mutations in the genes encoding the tetracycline targets (rrs loci) are most often associated with increased tetracycline MICs in animal mycoplasmas, these genes were sequenced. The loss of susceptibility to tetracyclines after year 2010 is not significant and recent MICs are higher in M. agalactiae, especially isolates from mastitis cases, than in other etiological agents of contagious agalactia. The observed increases in MICs were not always associated with mutations in the rrs alleles which suggests the existence of other resistance mechanisms yet to be deciphered.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Female; Goat Diseases; Goats; Mastitis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mutation; Mycoplasma agalactiae; Mycoplasma Infections; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Tetracycline

Antimicrobial resistance, genotype, and virulence gene content of Escherichia coli isolated from bovine clinical mastitis in Tehran Province, Iran, were studied. Two hundred seven (207) milk samples from individual cows presenting mastitis symptoms collected from different dairy farms were used to determine the presence of specific genes of E. coli responsible for this pathology. Multiplex PCR was used to differentiate E. coli isolates into different phylogenetic groups/subgroups and to detect their virulence and involved resistance genes. All the isolated strains were tested for the susceptibility to 21 antimicrobial agents. The results showed that E. coli was detected in 42 (20.3%) samples and 69% of them belonged to the phylogenetic groups A and B1. The phylogenetic subgroup A1 (31%) and subgroup B1 (28.6%) demonstrated the highest prevalence of virulence genes (f17c-A, and eae (n = 6), f17b-A, and f17d-A (n = 5), afaD-8, afaE-8, aucD, and bfpA (n = 4), clpG and VT (n = 2), and LT and ST genes (n = 1)). The highest antimicrobial resistance was observed for tetracycline (45.2%) followed by streptomycin (26.2%). The antimicrobial resistance genes tetB (31%), tetA (28.6%), and aadA (26.2%) were the most prevalent. Moreover, integron class 1 and 2 were found in 24 (57.1%) and 8 (19%) of the E. coli isolates.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Female; Genes, Bacterial; Genetic Association Studies; Mastitis; Milk; Phylogeny; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Virulence

A project implemented from 2003 to 2005 trained women in Chitwan District, Nepal, in hygienic dairy production using a process of social mobilization. The aim of this research was to assess if the prevalence of mastitis in water buffalo in the households of women who were trained was lower one year after training than in untrained households, if the training influenced knowledge and practices for the prevention or control of mastitis, and if these practices and knowledge were associated with a lower prevalence of mastitis. A total of 202 households from Eastern and Western Chitwan District were included in the study. Of these, 60 households had participated in the project and 142 had not. Milk samples were collected from 129 households (33 project households and 96 non-project households). Clinical mastitis was determined using visual inspection of udders and detection of macroscopic clots and flakes in milk. The California Mastitis Test was used to diagnose sub-clinical mastitis from milk samples, and the IDEXX SNAP test to identify the presence of tetracycline residues. The prevalence of mastitis in trained households (39.4%) was 43.78% of that in untrained households (60.4%), lower but not significantly so (p=0.08, 95% CI 0.17-1.12). Thirteen indicators of knowledge or practice for the control or prevention of mastitis were more likely to occur in trained households, four significantly so (not consuming milk from sick buffalo (p=0.001), using soap to wash hands before milking (p=0.001), discarding milk after antibiotic usage (p=0.01), and choosing appropriate flooring for their livestock (p=0.03)). Trained households that discarded milk from sick buffalo were 2.96 times more likely to have at least one animal with mastitis in the household (p=0.03, 95% CI 1.15-7.65). Trained households that knew to wash buffalos' teats after milking were less likely (OR 0.25) to have mastitis in their herd (p=0.02, 95% CI 0.08-0.80). Of the 138 buffalos tested, only one tested positive for tetracycline residues.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Buffaloes; Dairying; Drug Residues; Female; Hygiene; Mastitis; Milk; Nepal; Prevalence; Tetracycline

The antibiotic susceptibility of 70 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) isolated during the 2001 lactating period from the milk of dairy goats, was evaluated. The antibiotics tested were benzylpenicillin, cloxacillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, cephalonium and cefoperazone, erythromycin and tylmicosin, kanamycin and tetracycline. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) measurements showed that all beta-lactams (except cefoperazone) were effective against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus caprae, whereas the other antibiotics were either less effective or showed no activity. Other CNS species showed very variable sensitivity to the antibiotics; testing would be required before therapy for the clinical control of goat mammary infections.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactams; Clavulanic Acid; Food Microbiology; Goat Diseases; Goats; Kanamycin; Macrolides; Mastitis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Milk; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Tetracycline

Plasma copper and zinc in 20 ewes, healthy or infected with chronic postpartum metritis or mastitis, have been determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Plasma protein profile was measured by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate plates, and albumin and ceruloplasmin were determined colorimetrically. For the ten initial days, plasma copper and ceruloplasmin increased in plasma zinc decreased in spite of a daily drenching of 200 mg Zn/ewe (as sulfate). Fibrinogen and IgG2 increased and albumin decreased slightly indicating an infectious process. After a five day period of intramuscular injection with chloramphenicol, tetracycline and prednisolone, plasma zinc increased but copper remained unchanged. It may be concluded that hypozincemia should not be attributed to a zinc deficiency without any information on biochemical parameters specific for inflammation of infection. An inflammatory hypozincemia is not affected by a zinc treatment even at a high level.

Topics: Animals; Chloramphenicol; Chronic Disease; Copper; Diet; Endometritis; Female; Mastitis; Prednisolone; Pregnancy; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Tetracycline; Zinc

An outbreak of staphylococcal mastitis in nursing female ranch mink (Mustela vison) is described. Lesions were acute necrotizing mastitis, fatty infiltration of the liver and renal tubules, and adrenal cortical hyperplasia. The presence of Aleutian disease in the herd suggests a role of immunosuppression in the outbreak.

Topics: Aleutian Mink Disease; Animals; Female; Mastitis; Mink; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Abscess; Adult; Female; Furunculosis; Humans; Infections; Injections, Intramuscular; Male; Mastitis; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Surgical Wound Infection; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Cesarean Section; Cystitis; Escherichia coli; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Hysterectomy; Infection Control; Injections, Intramuscular; Mastitis; Maternal-Fetal Exchange; Milk; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillin V; Postoperative Complications; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Rats; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Tetracycline

Topics: Amines; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Drug Synergism; Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Humans; Mastitis; Oxazines; Pelvic Inflammatory Disease; Peritonitis; Pregnancy; Puerperal Infection; Tetracycline; Vulvitis

Topics: Abortion, Septic; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Gynecology; Humans; Mastitis; Obstetrics; Oleandomycin; Peritonitis; Pleuropneumonia; Pregnancy; Puerperal Infection; Salpingitis; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Communicable Diseases; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Israel; Mastitis; Mothers; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Puerperal Disorders; Pyoderma; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptomycin; Sulfathiazoles; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Cattle; Female; Food Contamination; Food Preservation; Humans; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Tetracycline; Toxicology; Veterinary Medicine

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Chloramphenicol; Female; Food Contamination; Humans; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Penicillins; Preventive Medicine; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Toxicology

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Chick Embryo; Chloramphenicol; Coagulase; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Egg Yolk; Erythromycin; Female; Fermentation; Gelatin; Hemolysin Proteins; Humans; Hydrolases; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mannitol; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Mice; Neomycin; Oleandomycin; Penicillin Resistance; Pigmentation; Research; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus Phages; Tetracycline; Virulence

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle; Female; Food Contamination; Injections, Intravenous; Mastitis; Mastitis, Bovine; Milk; Sulfanilamide; Sulfanilamides; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Postpartum Period; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Mastitis; Milk, Human; Oxytetracycline; Postpartum Period; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline