tetracycline and Leptospirosis

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Carrier State; Child; Demography; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Diseases; Penicillins; Seasons; Serologic Tests; Serotyping; Tetracycline; United States; Water Microbiology; Zoonoses

Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic. We present a case of leptospirosis complicated by pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR) that required respiratory and vasopressor support. This case demonstrates a well-defined course of evolution of JHR and the imaging features.. Leptospirosis is easily misdiagnosed in some sporadic areas, and JHR complicates its management. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can reduce the mortality of severe leptospirosis with JHR.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Leptospirosis; Penicillins; Respiratory Insufficiency; Tetracycline

Pathogenic Leptospira spp. represent one cause of leptospirosis worldwide and have long been regarded as solitary organisms in soil and aquatic environments. However, in the present study, Leptospira interrogans was observed to be associated with environmental biofilms with 21 bacterial isolates belonging to 10 genera. All 21 isolates were examined for their coaggregation and biofilm-forming ability with leptospires in vitro. Among these, Azospirillum brasilense RMRCPB showed maximum interspecies coaggregation with leptospiral strains (>75%, visual score of +4). Other significant coaggregating isolates belonged to the genera Sphingomonas, Micrococcus, Brevundimonas, Acinetobacter and Paracoccus. Biofilms of leptospires in combination with A. brasilense RMRCPB showed high resistance to penicillin G, ampicillin and tetracycline (minimum bactericidal concentration ≥800 μg/mL) and tolerance to UV radiation and high temperature (up to 49°C). This study hypothesized that biofilm formation with A. brasilense protects the pathogenic Leptospira from adverse environmental conditions/stress. This coexistence of pathogenic Leptospira with other bacteria may be the key factor for its persistence and survival. However, the mechanism of biofilm formation by leptospires needs to be explored to help devise an appropriate control strategy and reduce transmission of leptospires.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azospirillum; Biofilms; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Environment; Hot Temperature; Leptospira interrogans; Leptospirosis; Microbial Interactions; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin G; Tetracycline; Ultraviolet Rays

Although antimicrobial therapy of leptospirosis has been studied in a few randomized controlled clinical studies, those studies were limited to specific regions of the world and few have characterized infecting strains. A broth microdilution technique for the assessment of antibiotic susceptibility has been developed at Brooke Army Medical Center. In the present study, we assessed the susceptibilities of 13 Leptospira isolates (including recent clinical isolates) from Egypt, Thailand, Nicaragua, and Hawaii to 13 antimicrobial agents. Ampicillin, cefepime, azithromycin, and clarithromycin were found to have MICs below the lower limit of detection (0.016 microg/ml). Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, imipenem-cilastatin, penicillin G, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin had MIC(90)s between 0.030 and 0.125 microg/ml. Doxycycline and tetracycline had the highest MIC(90)s: 2 and 4 microg/ml, respectively. Doxycycline and tetracycline were noted to have slightly higher MICs against isolates from Egypt than against strains from Thailand or Hawaii; otherwise, the susceptibility patterns were similar. There appears to be possible variability in susceptibility to some antimicrobial agents among strains, suggesting that more extensive testing to look for geographic variability should be pursued.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Cefepime; Cefotaxime; Ceftriaxone; Cephalosporins; Ciprofloxacin; Egypt; Hawaii; Humans; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Levofloxacin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nicaragua; Ofloxacin; Tetracycline; Thailand

We report a case of a 61-year-old man who presented with fatigue, abdominal pain and hepatomegaly. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen showed hepatomegaly and multiple hepatic lesions highly suggestive of metastatic diseases. Due to the endoscopic finding of colon ulcer, colon cancer with liver metastases was suspected. Biochemically a slight increase of transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase were present; alpha-fetoprotein, carcinoembryogenic antigen and carbohydrate 19-9 antigen serum levels were normal. Laboratory and instrumental investigations, including colon and liver biopsies revealed no signs of malignancy. In the light of spontaneous improvement of symptoms and CT findings, his personal history was reevaluated revealing direct contact with pigs and their tissues. Diagnosis of leptospirosis was considered and confirmed by detection of an elevated titer of antibodies to leptospira. After two mo, biochemical data, CT and colonoscopy were totally normal.

Topics: Colonic Neoplasms; Colonoscopy; Contrast Media; Diagnosis, Differential; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Leptospirosis; Liver Function Tests; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Middle Aged; Tetracycline; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Reactive arthritis is a well-defined clinical syndrome occurring after various infections, although most cases are usually associated with Chlamydiae and gastrointestinal pathogens. Its immunologic background has been extensively studied, as has its relationship with HLA-B27. We describe two cases of reactive arthritis arising after infections with two pathogens not so far related to the occurrence of reactive arthritis: one patient exhibited migratory oligoarthritis shortly after the course of acute Q fever, and another patient developed monoarthritis during recovery from leptospirosis. Arthritis was transient and did not exhibit a chronic course in either patient. We further discuss the context of pathophysiology of the arthritis in these patients, with an emphasis on the immunomodulatory properties of these two pathogens.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Arthritis, Reactive; Coxiella burnetii; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Middle Aged; Pain Measurement; Q Fever; Range of Motion, Articular; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Tetracycline; Treatment Outcome

Topics: Animals; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Leptospira interrogans; Leptospirosis; Male; Occupational Diseases; Penicillin G; Tetracycline; Veterinary Medicine; Zoonoses

Between May and December 1984, an epizootic of leptospirosis in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) occurred along the west coast of the United States from Monterey County, Calif, northward to Seattle, Wash. Clinical signs observed were severe depression, excessive thirst, and tucked-up posturing, with associated leukocytosis and increased globulin, BUN, and creatinine values. Effective antibiotic therapy consisted of tetracycline (22 mg/kg of body weight every 8 hours, orally) or potassium penicillin G (44,000 U/kg every 12 hours, orally or IM) for 10 to 14 days. Sixty-six sea lions were treated successfully and released. Necropsies of animals that died indicated marked kidney swelling, darkened reniculi, and poorly differentiated cortices and medullae, thick, black bile in gallbladders, thick, pale yellow pericardial fluid, and friable hemorrhagic mesentery. Primary histologic lesions were tubular nephritis and glomerulonephritis. Darkfield microscopy of kidney macerates and/or urine, and results of the microscopic agglutination test, using Leptospira serovar pomona-killed antigen led to a presumptive diagnosis of leptospirosis. Bacteriologic isolation and identification is ongoing. The epizootic primarily affected juvenile or subadult male California sea lions migrating northward from breeding rookeries of southern California's Channel Islands.

Topics: Animal Population Groups; Animals; Animals, Wild; California; Caniformia; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Leptospirosis; Male; Penicillins; Sea Lions; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Animals; Brucellosis; Cats; Colorado Tick Fever; Dogs; Female; Humans; Leptospirosis; Male; Michigan; Middle Aged; Pasteurella Infections; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Psittacosis; Pyrimethamine; Relapsing Fever; Tetracycline; Toxoplasmosis; Zoonoses

The minimal growth inhibiting concentration of tiamulin, a derivative of the diterpen antibiotic pleuromutilin, was evaluated in vitro against 11 different serogroups of leptospira interrogans by twofold serial dilution technique, in comparison to tetracyclin, dihydrostreptomycin and tylosin. The range of the MIC values of tiamulin is between 0.07 and 2.5 microgram/ml and thus comparable to the activities of the standard antibiotics tested (see table 1). The chemotherapeutic efficacy (ED50) of the compound was examined in two experimental leptospiral infections of the Syrian hamster, in comparison to tetracyclin. Both compounds were administered orally for 3 days. In the L. canicola infection, the ED50 values were 103.8 mg/kg and 306.3 mg/kg body-weight for tiamulin and tetracyclin, respectively. In the L. grippotyphosa infection, the ED50 values amounted to 35.16 and 277.5 mg/kg bodyweight for tiamulin and tetracyclin, respectively. Based on these values, tiamulin in comparison to tetracyclin showed 3-8 fold higher efficacy in vivo after oral administration.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cricetinae; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Disease Models, Animal; Diterpenes; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Female; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Leucomycins; Male; Mesocricetus; Species Specificity; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Animals; Antigens; Blood Chemical Analysis; Diagnosis, Differential; Hepatitis A; Humans; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Male; Tetracycline; Vietnam; Zoonoses

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Antibodies; Blood Sedimentation; Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins; Conjunctivitis; Erythrocytes; Fever; Gastroenteritis; Humans; Leptospira; Leptospira interrogans; Leptospirosis; Leukocyte Count; Male; Meningitis; Military Medicine; Muscular Diseases; Serotyping; Tetracycline; United States; Vietnam

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Agglutination Tests; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; India; Infant; Leptospira interrogans; Leptospirosis; Male; Middle Aged; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Czechoslovakia; Female; Humans; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Prednisone; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Chloramphenicol; Female; Humans; Leptospirosis; Lung Diseases; Male; Melioidosis; Penicillins; Radiography; Serologic Tests; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Female; Humans; Leptospirosis; Male; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Czechoslovakia; Female; Humans; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Male; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Communicable Disease Control; Complement Fixation Tests; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Vectors; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Penicillins; Tetracycline; United Kingdom

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Leptospira interrogans serovar canicola; Leptospirosis; Penicillins; Tetracycline; Weil Disease

Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antibody Formation; Hemolysis; Leptospira interrogans; Leptospirosis; Rats; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Leptospirosis; Male; Oxytetracycline; Penicillins; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Chloramphenicol; Cricetinae; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Erythromycin; Fusidic Acid; Kanamycin; Kidney Diseases; Leptospirosis; Lincomycin; Penicillins; Spectinomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Leptospirosis; Male; Penicillins; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Leptospirosis; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Swine; Swine Diseases; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biopsy; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Clostridium; Corynebacterium; Electrons; Fusobacterium; Haemophilus; Humans; Jejunum; Lactobacillus; Leptospirosis; Lipodystrophy; Micrococcus; Microscopy; Microscopy, Electron; Neisseria; Penicillins; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomyces; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Tooth Extraction; Veillonella; Whipple Disease

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ascorbic Acid; Chick Embryo; Chlortetracycline; Demeclocycline; Leptospira; Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae; Leptospirosis; Oxytetracycline; Pharmacology; Research; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

The in vitro susceptibilities to antibiotics of stock strains of various Australian leptospiral serotypes were established. Leptospira pomona was highly susceptible to penicillin and erythromycin, susceptible to streptomycin and tetracyclines, but resistant to chloramphenicol and novobiocin. In general, the twelve serotypes tested were susceptible to streptomycin, penicillin and tetracycline, but L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L. canicola and L. zanoni were more resistant than the other serotypes, especially to penicillin. A newly isolated strain of L. zanoni was more sensitive to penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline than was the stock strain. Against L. australis high concentrations both of penicillin and of streptomycin were bactericidal. In lower concentrations penicillin was bacteriostatic. In high concentrations penicillin caused lysis of leptospirae, but streptomycin and the tetracyclines did not. These results do not agree well with those on the chemotherapy of experimental infections.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Australia; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Leptospira; Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona; Leptospirosis; Penicillins; Serogroup; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

A strain of Leptospira zanoni was used to produce chronic renal infections in young white mice. A variant of this strain produced an acute disease with over 50% mortality. The responses of both forms of disease to chemotherapy were studied. When treatment of the acute disease was initiated before jaundice occurred, suitable single doses of streptomycin, chlortetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, oxytetracycline and oxytetracycline (in oil) prevented death and chronic renal infection in a high percentage of mice. Bicillin, a long-acting penicillin preparation, was more effective than other penicillins, but it prevented the development of chronic renal infection in only half the treated mice. Streptomycin was the only antibiotic of which a single administration regularly cured the chronic renal infections: chlortetracycline, tetracycline and oxytetracycline (in oil) were partially effective. Oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, Bicillin, fortified penicillin, procaine penicillin and potassium penicillin had no permanent action. The suitability of mice as laboratory animals in the study of experimental leptospirosis and the need for complete cure of carriers of chronic renal infection are emphasized. The above findings indicate that streptomycin is the drug of choice for the treatment of leptospirosis in animals, and that it is worthy of further trial in man.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Erythromycin; Kidney Diseases; Leptospira; Leptospirosis; Mice; Oxytetracycline; Penicillin G Benzathine; Penicillins; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Leptospirosis; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Weil Disease

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antibiotics, Antitubercular; Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Humans; Leptospira; Leptospira interrogans; Leptospira interrogans serovar icterohaemorrhagiae; Leptospirosis; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; Tetracycline; Viomycin