tetracycline and Kidney-Calculi

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Carbenicillin; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Humans; Kanamycin; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Methenamine; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillins; Polymyxins; Streptomycin; Sulfamethoxazole; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Urinary Tract; Urinary Tract Infections

Compounds from 16 classes of antimicrobial drugs were tested for their abilities to inhibit the in vitro multiplication of nanobacteria (NB), a newly discovered infectious agent found in human kidney stones and kidney cyst fluids from patients with polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Because NB form surface calcifications at physiologic levels of calcium and phosphate, they have been hypothesized to mediate the formation of tissue calcifications. We describe a modified microdilution inhibitory test that accommodates the unique growth conditions and long multiplication times of NB. This modified microdilution method included inoculation of 96-well plates and determination of inhibition by periodic measurement of the absorbance for 14 days in cell culture medium under cell culture conditions. Bactericidal or bacteriostatic drug effects were distinguished by subsequent subculture in drug-free media and monitoring for increasing absorbance. NB isolated from fetal bovine serum (FBS) were inhibited by tetracycline HCl, nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and ampicillin at levels achievable in serum and urine; all drugs except ampicillin were cidal. Tetracycline also inhibited multiplication of isolates of NB from human kidney stones and kidney cyst fluids from patients with PKD. The other antibiotics tested against FBS-derived NB either had no effect or exhibited an inhibitory concentration above clinically achievable levels; the aminoglycosides and vancomycin were bacteriostatic. Antibiotic-induced morphological changes to NB were observed by electron microscopy. Bisphosphonates, aminocaproic acid, potassium citrate-citric acid solutions, and 5-fluorouracil also inhibited the multiplication of NB in a cidal manner. Insights into the nature of NB, the action(s) of these drugs, and the role of NB in calcifying diseases may be gained by exploiting this in vitro inhibition test system.

Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Diphosphonates; Fluorouracil; Kidney Calculi; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microscopy, Electron; Polycystic Kidney Diseases; Tetracycline

Rana esculenta tadpoles that are fed spinach develop an oxalic calculogenesis. The addition of cholestyramine, orthophosphate, citrate, allopurinol and tungstate to the tank water prevented calculi formation while succinimide, magnesium oxide, hydrochlorothiazide and tetracycline were ineffective. Methylene blue proved lethal to tadpoles, and its anti-lithogenic activity could not be assessed. These findings, except for the non-effectiveness of magnesium oxide, are in agreement with both the theoretical expectations and the results obtained in other experimental models. Experimental frog calculogenesis seems to be a simple and valid method for evaluating anti-lithogenic activity.

Topics: Allopurinol; Animals; Calcium Oxalate; Cholestyramine Resin; Citrates; Diet; Hydrochlorothiazide; Kidney Calculi; Magnesium Oxide; Phosphates; Rana esculenta; Succinimides; Tetracycline; Tungsten; Tungsten Compounds

Inadvertent use of tetracycline hydrochloride while producing calcium oxalate stones in the rat resulted in a reduction of papillary concretions by one-half. Parenchymal calcifications in the continuing long term, preformed stone group were reduced to levels comparable to that of other useful agents. In vitro studies corroborated these findings at physiologic urinary pH ranges. The rationale and comparisons to other anticalculus drugs are discussed.

Topics: Animals; Calcium; In Vitro Techniques; Kidney Calculi; Oxalates; Rats; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Exudates and Transudates; Female; Humans; Hypothermia, Induced; Iatrogenic Disease; Kidney Calculi; Male; Proteus Infections; Pyelonephritis; Staphylococcal Infections; Sulfisoxazole; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Uric Acid; Urinary Tract Infections; Urography

Topics: Ampicillin; Bacteriuria; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Calculi; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin Resistance; Pyelonephritis; Recurrence; Tetracycline; Urinary Bladder Diseases; Urinary Tract Infections; Urography

Topics: Abdomen, Acute; Aged; Blood Urea Nitrogen; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Kidney Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Tetracycline; Uremia; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms