tetracycline and Haemophilus-Infections

Invasive disease due to Hemophilus influenzae constitutes a major pediatric problem. The present article summarizes current concepts regarding epidemiologic, diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic aspects of Hemophilus influenzae infections.

Topics: Ampicillin; Antigens, Bacterial; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Streptomycin; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Vaccination

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aminosalicylic Acids; Bronchitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Erythromycin; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Infant; Isoniazid; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Pneumonia, Viral; Radiography; Respiratory Tract Infections; Skin Tests; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Clostridium perfringens; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Intestines; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Salmonella; Shigella; Species Specificity; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pyogenes; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Acute Disease; Child; Child, Preschool; Chlorpheniramine; Chronic Disease; Ear, Middle; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Gentamicins; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Infant; Methicillin; Otitis Media; Recurrence; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tympanic Membrane

Topics: Aged; Arteriosclerosis; Cell Wall; Cryptococcus; Edetic Acid; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Escherichia coli; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; L Forms; Lysostaphin; Male; Penicillins; Protoplasts; Salmonella; Sepsis; Spheroplasts; Stomatitis; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Thrombophlebitis; Urinary Tract Infections; Whipple Disease

Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis, Vulvovaginal; Female; Glucocorticoids; Gonorrhea; Haemophilus Infections; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Metronidazole; Mycoplasma Infections; Ophthalmia Neonatorum; Penicillin G Procaine; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy in Diabetics; Syphilis; Syphilis Serodiagnosis; Syphilis, Congenital; Tetracycline; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vaginal Diseases

Topics: Azithromycin; Carrier State; Child, Preschool; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Pharynx; Pneumococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Tetracycline; Trachoma

Some 4,263 women from special, family planning and gynecologic clinics were screened at random for the presence of H. vaginalis (C. vaginale) infection. Twenty-four percent of the women from the special clinics, 6% from the family planning and 4% from the gynecology clinics were culture positive although microscopic findings were somewhat higher than this. Of 582 women attending special clinics who were infected solely with H. vaginalis, only 261 complained of having an offensive discharge. Two hundred thirty-eight women reported "no symptoms," but 116 of them did have an offensive discharge on examination. These 582 women were treated with either ampicillin, ampicillin with probenecid or sulphonamide vaginal tablets. All were largely effective. Direct microscopy was regarded as being a reliable guide to H. vaginalis infection.

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Cloxacillin; Erythromycin; Female; Gardnerella vaginalis; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Male; Penicillins; Staining and Labeling; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urethritis

Topics: Administration, Oral; Bacteria; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Trials as Topic; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Male; Nasopharynx; Penicillins; Placebos; Pneumococcal Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Thailand; Viruses

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Candida; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Erythromycin; Exudates and Transudates; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Micrococcus; Neisseria; Otitis Media; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Placebos; Retrospective Studies; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tympanic Membrane

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Child; Clinical Trials as Topic; Digestive System; Erythromycin; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Lincomycin; Male; Methicillin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Osteomyelitis; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pyogenes; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) has become the major cause of invasive H. influenzae diseases in the post-H. influenzae type b vaccine era. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) NTHi is a growing public health problem. Herein, we investigated the molecular basis of MDR in NTHi. The isolated NTHi were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing for 12 agents. Whole genome and plasmid sequencing were conducted and analyzed to identify significant genetic variations and plasmid-encoded genes conferred antibiotic resistance.. This study clarified the molecular epidemiology of MDR in NTHi. This can benefit the monitoring of drug resistance trends in NTHi and the adequate medical management of patients with NTHi infection.

Topics: Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; beta-Lactamases; Cefuroxime; Ciprofloxacin; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Levofloxacin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Avibacterium paragallinarum is the etiological agent of infectious coryza, an acute respiratory disease of chickens that is globally distributed and causes serious economic losses for chicken production.

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Chloramphenicol; Deoxyribonucleases; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Erythromycin; Genomics; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus paragallinarum; Poultry Diseases; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

The human commensal Haemophilus parainfluenzae is emerging as an opportunistic multidrug-resistant pathogen. The objectives of this work were to characterise a new capsular operon of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) H. parainfluenzae clinical isolates and study their resistance mechanisms using whole-genome sequencing. All strains were resistant to: ß-lactams, via amino acid changes in PBP3 (S385T, I442F, V511A, N526K and V562I); quinolones, by alterations in GyrA (S84F and D88Y) and ParC (S84F and S138T); chloramphenicol, through the presence of catS; macrolides, via the presence of mel and mef(E)-carrying MEGA element; and tetracycline, through the presence of tet(M) and/or tet(B). Phylogenetic analysis revealed high genomic diversity when compared to the H. parainfluenzae genomes available on the NCBI, the isolates from this study being closely related to the Swiss XDR AE-2096513. A full capsular operon showing homology to that of H. influenzae was identified, in accordance with the observation of a capsular structure by TEM. This study describes for the first time a capsular operon in H. parainfluenzae, a major determinant of pathogenicity that may contribute to increased virulence in XDR clinical isolates. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis suggests the possible spread of an XDR-encapsulated strain in Europe.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactams; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus parainfluenzae; Humans; Macrolides; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Operon; Phylogeny; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Quinolones; Tetracycline; Whole Genome Sequencing

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chickens; Culture Media; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus paragallinarum; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Netherlands; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Serogroup; Tetracycline

Prior to the implementation of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination worldwide, H. influenzae has been one of the main causative agents of community acquired pneumonia and meningitis in children. Due to the lack of information on the characteristics of the H. influenzae isolates that have previously been collected in Malaysia, the H. influenzae were assessed of their microbial susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics. Emphasis was made on strains that were resistance to co-trimoxazole (SXT) and their mode of transfer of the antibiotic resistance determinants were examined. A collection of 34 H. influenzae isolates was serotyped and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed to 11 antibiotics. To the isolates that were found to be resistant to co-trimoxazole, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) to SXT was performed using Etest while agar dilution method was used to measure the individual MICs of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SUL). These isolates were also examined for presence of plasmid by PCR and isolation method. Conjugal transfers of SXT-resistant genes to SXT-susceptible hosts were performed to determine their rate of transfer. Result showed that 20.6% of the total number of isolates was serotype B while the remaining was non-typeable. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of all the isolates revealed that 58.8% was resistant to at least one antibiotic. Majority of these isolates were equally resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline (29.4% each), followed by resistance to SXT (26.5%). From nine isolates that were found to be SXT-resistant, five contained plasmid/s. Conjugal transfer experiment showed that these five isolates with plasmid transferred SXT-resistance determinants at a higher frequency than those without. From these observations, it is postulated that plasmid is not involved in the transfer of SXT-resistance genes but presence of plasmid facilitates their transfer. The information obtained from this study provides some basic knowledge on the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the H. influenzae isolates and their mode of transfer of SXT-resistance genes.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Community-Acquired Infections; DNA, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Malaysia; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phenotype; Plasmids; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Serotyping; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination

Haemophilus somnus was consistently isolated from vaginal discharges of dairy cows submitted from field cases of vaginitis, cervicitis and/or metritis in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands during the period July 1995 - December 2000 and from the East Griqualand area in November/December 2000. The purulent vaginal discharges, red granular vaginitis and cervicitis, and pain on palpation described in these cases was very similar to that reported in outbreaks of H.somnus endometritis syndrome in Australia, Europe and North America. In all the herds involved in these outbreaks, natural breeding with bulls was employed. Although there was a good cure rate in clinically-affected animals treated with tetracyclines, culling rates for chronic infertility were unacceptably high. Employment of artificial insemination in these herds improved pregnancy rates in cows that had calved previously, but many cows that had formerly been infected failed to conceive.

Topics: Animals; Breeding; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Disease Outbreaks; Endometritis; Female; Haemophilus; Haemophilus Infections; Infertility, Female; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; South Africa; Syndrome; Tetracycline; Uterine Cervicitis; Vaginitis

One hundred and fifteen healthy children in 2 kindergartens of Beijing City were enrolled in a study for carrier state of Haemophilus influenzae (HI) in pharynx. Nontypable HI flora was found in 32.2% (37/115) in this group. There were no significant differences of carrier state in sex, age, and season in these children. Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that some HI strains isolated were resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline (5/34 vs 4/34), most strains resistant to SMZ Co (21/34).

Topics: Ampicillin Resistance; Carrier State; Child, Preschool; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pharynx; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline

An autogenous, multivalent, adjuvanted bacterin for epididymitis was tested in flocks of 700 to 800 Suffolk X white-faced lambs. Long-term feeding of low dosages of antibiotics also was tested in the Suffolk flock. Both methods appeared to reduce the incidence of the disease. The incidence of clinical epididymitis and the number of positive culture results from clinically affected rams were significantly reduced.

Topics: Actinobacillus; Actinobacillus Infections; Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Epididymitis; Haemophilus; Haemophilus Infections; Male; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sulfamethazine; Tetracycline; Time Factors

The most common indication for the use of tetracyclines in Sweden is respiratory tract infections. Among the tetracyclines, doxycycline dominates with about 75% of the consumption. It is therefore used for routine susceptibility testing, while tetracycline is the test drug in most other countries. Six hundred strains of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from different parts of Sweden were tested for susceptibility to doxycycline and tetracycline. The results were compared with those from earlier reports on resistance rates in Sweden and other countries. The MIC50's of the strains were slightly lower for tetracycline than for doxycycline, but some strains with reduced susceptibility to tetracycline were fully susceptible to doxycycline. The level of resistance to doxycycline in H. influenzae was very low (less than 1%) and has not changed significantly over the past ten years, making doxycycline a suitable antibiotic for instance in the treatment of chronic bronchitis when H. influenzae is involved.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Chloramphenicol; Doxycycline; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Sweden; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

Between 1 January and 31 March 1986, 2434 strains of Haemophilus influenzae collected from 23 laboratories in the United Kingdom were examined. With the same criteria as previous studies in 1977 and 1981 the prevalence of resistance was: ampicillin 7.8% (6.2% beta-lactamase producers and 1.6% non-producers), tetracycline 2.7%, chloramphenicol 1.7%, trimethoprim 4.2%, and sulphamethoxazole 3.5%. of the 87 capsulated strains, 15 produced beta-lactamase, nine were resistant to ampicillin but did not produce beta-lactamase, and two strains, one of which produced beta-lactamase, were resistant to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Since 1977 the prevalence of resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim has increased significantly. During 1981-6 strains resistant to ampicillin but not producing beta-lactamase and strains resistant to trimethoprim have significantly increased.

Topics: Ampicillin; Ampicillin Resistance; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Chloramphenicol; Chloramphenicol Resistance; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim Resistance; United Kingdom

Haemophilus species usually occur on mucous membranes of both the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity, in children mostly in the pharynx. In children and adults, Haemophilus influenzae has pathogenic properties. In 1973, the first ampicillin-resistant and beta-lactamase-producing strain was isolated. Since then, an increase in ampicillin resistance has been observed worldwide in different countries due, mostly, to beta-lactamase production. Thus, the latter should be examined on a systematic basis in all pathogenic strains. Prior to 1980, the incidence of ampicillin resistance was still below 100%. In the course of a joint French study, in which both the "Centre d'Etude des Haemofiles" and municipal hospitals and university clinics participated in 1985, 705 strains occurring in clinical infections have been isolated. 613 strains (86.9%) were susceptible to the antibiotics tested, in 92 strains (13%) resistance to one or several antibiotics was seen. Biotype I and serotype b constituted the major proportion of residual strains. Resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, kanamycin, and chloramphenicol was observed in 11.2%, 9%, 6.8%, and 3.4% of the strains respectively. 11 different phenotypes of resistance have been considered feasible for the resistant strains. With one exception, resistance to ampicillin was invariably due to beta-lactamase production. On account of the level of incidence of ampicillin-resistant strains it is recommended that ampicillin no longer be used in the treatment of systemic infections due to H. influenzae.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Kanamycin; Penicillin Resistance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was assessed among a total of 3,356 clinical isolates of Haemophilus influenzae obtained from 22 medical centers distributed throughout the United States during the period July, 1983 through June, 1984. All strains were examined for beta-lactamase production with a rapid acidometric assay and for resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cephalothin, cefamandole, cefaclor, tetracycline, and erythromycin with a standardized disk diffusion procedure. The overall rate of beta-lactamase production was 15.2%, although results of disk diffusion tests suggested that the overall rate of ampicillin resistance was 19.5%. Twenty-one percent of encapsulated type b strains produced beta-lactamase; 12.1% of non-type b strains were beta-lactamase positive. Specific rates of beta-lactamase production obtained at individual study centers varied widely with no evidence of geographic clustering. The highest rates of beta-lactamase production were observed with isolates of H. influenzae recovered from infants and young children, and from blood and cerebrospinal fluid specimens. The overall rate of chloramphenicol resistance was 0.6%. The prevalence of cephalothin, cefamandole, cefaclor, tetracycline, and erythromycin resistance was 9.9%, 2.4%, 2.8%, 6.4%, and 64.2%, respectively. beta-Lactamase positive isolates of H. influenzae had higher rates of resistance to all of the cephalosporins than did strains that lacked beta-lactamase.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Cefaclor; Cefamandole; Cephalothin; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Tetracycline; United States

Topics: beta-Lactamases; Chloramphenicol; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Middle Aged; Sepsis; Tetracycline

Cefaclor and tetracycline were compared in a single-blind study designed to treat patients with acute bacterial bronchitis and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Twenty-five pathogens (including 19 of Haemophilus influenzae and four of Streptococcus pneumoniae) were obtained from sputum samples of 48 patients. No pathogen could be cultured from the sputum of 23 patients. All of these pathogens were susceptible to cefaclor, while 12 (63%) of the 19 H influenzae isolates and three of the four S pneumoniae isolates were resistant to tetracycline. When the susceptibility of the 25 isolates to other commonly used antibacterials was tested, 18 isolates of H influenzae were resistant to erythromycin and one was resistant to ampicillin. (One H influenzae isolate was not tested for erythromycin susceptibility.) The four isolates of S pneumoniae were susceptible to erythromycin and ampicillin. Satisfactory results were achieved in 21 of the 23 patients receiving cefaclor. After four to six days of cefaclor therapy, the other two patients were diagnosed as having bronchopneumonia, and parenteral antibiotic therapy was instituted. Of the 25 patients assigned to the tetracycline regimen, three with resistant H influenzae had unsatisfactory clinical responses and required parenteral antibiotic therapy for recovery. Although patients were randomly assigned to therapy, only three of the 16 patients infected with tetracycline-resistant organisms were assigned to the tetracycline group, and all three failed to respond to treatment. Had the patients been more evenly distributed according to susceptibilities, it is possible that more treatment failures would have occurred in the group receiving tetracycline.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Bronchitis; Cefaclor; Cephalexin; Diarrhea; Drug Eruptions; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pneumococcal Infections; Random Allocation; Tetracycline

Annual ampicillin susceptibility rates for Haemophilus influenzae isolates at the St. Paul-Ramsey Medical Center gradually decreased from 100% in 1974 to 83.3% in 1980 and then remained stable at 88.90%. Penicillin susceptibility rates were similar to those for ampicillin. Ampicillin rates were source dependent: eye 95%, respiratory 90%, miscellaneous sources 82%, and blood and CSF 80%. Rates for Haemophilus parainfluenzae varied and showed no trend. H. parainfluenzae isolates were distinctly less susceptible to penicillin (70%) than to ampicillin (96%). H. influenzae isolates were highly susceptible to chloramphenicol (99.6%) and tetracycline (97.5%), with the latter also showing source dependency. Characterization of isolates for colony morphology and hemolysis showed no clinical relevancy. Ampicillin and penicillin MICs were determined for 128 clinical isolates saved in stock culture during 1978-1983. All 19 resistant isolates (MIC greater than or equal to 4 micrograms/mL) were resistant to both penicillin and ampicillin and produced beta-lactamase. Eight had penicillin MICs of 1 or 2 micrograms/mL and three had ampicillin MICs of 1 or 2 micrograms/mL. The significance of isolates with MICs of 1-2 micrograms/mL is discussed in relation to our findings and a review of the literature.

Topics: Ampicillin; Bacteriological Techniques; beta-Lactamases; Haemophilus; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Tetracycline

Topics: Carbon Dioxide; Culture Media; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Gardnerella vaginalis; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Tetracycline; Vaginitis

We selected 16 schools representing a broad socioeconomic cross-section of metropolitan Omaha and obtained nasopharyngeal cultures for Haemophilus influenzae from 1,084 healthy 4- to 7-year-old children. We found that 34.2% of the children carried nontypable strains and 2.0% carried type b strains. Carriage rates were not influenced by recent illness, family size, or number of people sharing a bedroom. The prevalence of ampicillin-resistant H influenzae in the sample population was 0.9% for nontypable strains and 0.4% for type b strains; it was not significantly different in the group of children who had recently used beta-lactam antibiotics. One child carried a nontypable strain which was resistant to both chloramphenicol and tetracycline, the first chloramphenicol-resistant H influenzae detected in Omaha. A survey of healthy children may be a useful method for projecting a community's risk of disease caused by ampicillin-resistant H influenzae. Among the nasopharyngeal isolates from healthy children, 2.7% of nontypable strains and 18.2% of type b strains were resistant to ampicillin (P less than .01). During the same five-month period in Omaha, clinical failure in the treatment of otitis media with ampicillin was uncommon and four (20.0%) of 20 cases of H influenzae type b bacteremia and meningitis were caused by ampicillin-resistant organisms.

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Child; Chloramphenicol; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nasopharynx; Nebraska; Penicillin Resistance; Tetracycline

Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae does occur now in the FRG. In one isolate a plasmid with resistance genes (R-factor) could be demonstrated as cause of the ampicillin resistance. This R-factor influences production of a beta-lactamase of the TEM type which destroys ampicillin. The infectious nature of the ampicillin resistance was proven by the fact that it was transferable to other bacterial species through cocultivation. Parallel to ampicillin resistance tetracycline resistant Haemophilus influenzae has occurred in the FRG. Here the resistance was equally bound to plasmids. These R-factors are infectious as well. Molecular analysis of the 3 isolated resistance factors in Haemophilus influenzae showed that they carry the same resistance genes which are known from R-factors of Enterobacteriaceae. In the therapy of purulent infections due to Haemophilus influenzae such as childhood meningitis one can no longer rely on general ampicillin sensitivity of the offender. Apart from ampicillin and tetracycline resistant Haemophilus influenzae chloramphenicol resistance has been observed in a few cases.

Topics: Ampicillin; Chloramphenicol; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Meningitis; Penicillin Resistance; Plasmids; R Factors; Tetracycline

Based on a limited number of biochemical properties, a system for biotyping Haemophilus influenzae (M. Kilian, Acta Pathol. Microbiol, Scand. Sect. B82:835-842, 1976) was used to analyze the relationship of biotype to source of infection and antibiotic resistance for 600 clinical strains. The distribution of biotypes from bacteremic patients was significantly different (P less than 0.001) from the distribution of biotypes from nonbacteremic patients. Although there appeared to be a correlation between biotype and source of isolation, no single biotype correlated with a specific clinical syndrome in bacteremic patients. The frequency of resistance to antibiotics (ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and kanamycin), which was known to be at least in part plasmid mediated, was determined. Of the 600 isolates, 43 were resistant to at least one antibiotic (30 were ampicillin resistant, 11 were tetracycline resistant, 1 was ampicillin-tetracycline resistant, and 1 was tetracycline-chloramphenicol resistant). Of these 43 resistant isolates, 42 were either biotype I or II. This distribution of biotypes among antibiotic-resustant isolates was significantly different from the overall distribution of biotypes (P is less than 0.001).

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Kanamycin; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Sepsis; Serotyping; Tetracycline

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Pertussis Vaccine; Streptomycin; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Whooping Cough

Haemophilus influenzae is an important pathogen in respiratory infections in children and often is implicated in otitis media. It is sensitive in vitro to a number of antibiotics, some of which are used clinically for the treatment of such infections. We have checked the in vitro sensitivity of a type b strain of H. influenzae. When tested in Levinthal's broth prepared with laked rabbit blood, the culture was most sensitive to tetracycline, ampicillin and penicillin and was somewhat less sensitive to cephalothin, fosfomycin, cephaloridine, and chloramphenicol. However, when this same strain was used to infect mice, fosfomycin was more active than ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, penicillin or the cephalosporins.

Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephaloridine; Cephalothin; Chloramphenicol; Fosfomycin; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Injections, Subcutaneous; Mice; Penicillins; Tetracycline

Two cases of bacterial endocarditis caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae are reported with a review of 33 other cases of H. parainfluenzae endocarditis and 5 cases of H. influenzae endocarditis. Although H. parainfluenzae is usually considered a non-pathogenic microorganism, this review firmly establishes its role as a causative agent in endocarditis. Furthermore, several clinical features were noted which were atypical when compared to findings usually present in patients with bacterial endocarditis. The mean age of the patients was only 27 years. Over 60% of the patients had no identifiable predisposing illness, an unexpected finding in view of the low degree of pathogenicity associated with this microorganism. Polymicrobial bacteremia, usually with viridans streptococci, was found in 11% of patients. Major arterial emboli were documented in 57% of patients, an incidence unchanged from the pre-antibiotic era. Diagnosis of the disease is dependent upon an awareness of the fastidious cultural requirements necessary for isolation of Haemophilus species. Culture media must contain a source of X and V factors. Mortality from H. parainfluenzae endocarditis has been reduced from 100 per cent prior to 1940 to about 12 per cent by use of appropriate antimicrobial agents. Awareness that Haemophilus species can cause bacterial endocarditis is important because the diagnosis is dependent upon utilization of special culture methods and the patient may not respond to some of the empiric regimens used for treating bacterial endocarditis. It should be especially considered as a possible cause of "culture-negative" or "abacteremic" endocarditis.

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Cephalothin; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Embolism; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Female; Haemophilus; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Heart Valve Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Streptococcal Infections; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Aged; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Errors; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Lymphatic Diseases; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Tetracycline; Whipple Disease

During a three-year-period, 1971-73 inclusive, haemophili isolated from 96 children with severe infections, of whom 73 had meningitis and 19 acute epiglottitis, were serotyped and tested for sensitivity to antibacterial drugs. All strains were identified as Haemophilus influezae type b, and were sensitive to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim. However, 3 isolates--from a boy aged 11 months and a girl aged 1 year with meningitis, and a girl aged 2 years with epiglottitis--were highly resistant to tetracycline, with a median minimal inhibitory concentration of 50 mug tetracycline hydrochloride per ml (resistance ratio greater than or equal to 50). Resistance was also demonstrated to doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and rolitetracycline and, in one strain, to minocycline. No evidence was obtained that the resistant organisms were capable of inactivating tetracyclines.

Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epiglottis; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Laryngeal Diseases; Male; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Serotyping; Tetracycline

A 31-year-old, previously healthy woman contracted Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, proved by isolation and serologic titer rise. She was inadequately treated, and before complete recovery, she became ill with Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia and bacteremia.

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Mycoplasma Infections; Penicillin G; Penicillin V; Pneumonia; Sepsis; Tetracycline

Topics: Aged; Ampicillin; England; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Male; Nose; Pharynx; Sputum; Tetracycline

Topics: Aminoglycosides; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Carbenicillin; Cephalosporins; Chloramphenicol; Dysentery, Bacillary; Escherichia coli Infections; Gentamicins; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Kanamycin; Klebsiella Infections; Polymyxins; Proteus Infections; Pseudomonas Infections; Salmonella Infections; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Clostridium Infections; Haemophilus Infections; Immunization; Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pasteurella Infections; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Respiratory Tract Infections; Stress, Physiological; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carrier State; Child; Child, Preschool; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Pharynx; Respiratory Tract Infections; Streptococcus; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim

Topics: Adult; Ampicillin; Cephalosporins; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Drug Combinations; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Male; North America; Penicillin Resistance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sepsis; Sulfamethoxazole; Tetracycline; Trimethoprim; United Kingdom; United States

Topics: Acute Disease; Age Factors; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Colistin; Erythromycin; Haemophilus; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Actinobacillus Infections; Ampicillin; Bacteria; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Empyema; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Infant; Male; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Osteomyelitis; Penicillin Resistance; Peritonitis; Tetracycline

Topics: Blood; Cephalothin; Culture Media; Dexamethasone; Drug Therapy, Combination; Epiglottis; Gentamicins; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Laryngitis; Male; Middle Aged; Tetracycline

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Cephalosporins; Child; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Lincomycin; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Pediatrics; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Sulfonamides; Tetracycline; Urinary Tract Infections

Topics: Arthritis; Arthritis, Reactive; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Inclusion Bodies; Male; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoses; Oxytetracycline; Tetracycline; Trichomonas vaginalis; Urethritis; Uveitis

Topics: Air Pollution; Ampicillin; Bronchitis; Bronchodilator Agents; Chronic Disease; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Physical Therapy Modalities; Polycythemia; Pulmonary Heart Disease; Respiratory Function Tests; Smoking; Tetracycline

Topics: Animals; Cephalothin; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Female; Haemophilus; Haemophilus Infections; Heart Valve Prosthesis; Humans; Middle Aged; Mitral Valve; Tetracycline; Zoonoses

Topics: Acute Disease; Child; Cholesteatoma; Cholesterol; Chronic Disease; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ear, Middle; Granuloma; Haemophilus Infections; Hearing Disorders; Humans; Mastoiditis; Mucous Membrane; Ossification, Heterotopic; Otitis Media; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Candidiasis; Chloramphenicol; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Leukorrhea; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillins; Pregnancy; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Trichomonas Infections; Vaginal Smears; Vaginitis; Vibrio Infections

Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Chickens; Chloramphenicol; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Furazolidone; Haemophilus; Haemophilus Infections; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Leucomycins; Mycoplasma; Mycoplasma Infections; Nitrofurans; Tetracycline

Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Bronchial Spasm; Bronchodilator Agents; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Coronary Disease; Digitalis Glycosides; Guaiacol; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Hypercapnia; Hypoxia; Injections, Intramuscular; Injections, Intravenous; Metaproterenol; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Phenethylamines; Physical Therapy Modalities; Resorcinols; Respiratory Insufficiency; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Acute Disease; Age Factors; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Femur; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Humerus; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Osteomyelitis; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Proteus Infections; Radiography; Radius; Salmonella Infections; Seasons; Sepsis; Splints; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Tibia; Ulna

Oxytetracycline given to two patients with impaired renal function produced clinical deterioration and increasing azotaemia. Both patients improved when oxytetracycline was stopped. In general tetracycline should not be used in patients with poor renal function, but if it is necessary the blood urea level should be checked frequently.

Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Bronchopneumonia; Diuresis; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Hypertension, Renal; Male; Middle Aged; Natriuresis; Tetracycline; Uremia

Topics: Chloramphenicol; Chlortetracycline; Demeclocycline; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Methacycline; Oxytetracycline; Rolitetracycline; Salmonella Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Aged; Ampicillin; Bronchopneumonia; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Male; Meningitis, Haemophilus; Middle Aged; Respiratory Tract Infections; Tetracycline

Topics: Bronchitis; Cephalothin; Child; Child, Preschool; Chloramphenicol; Empyema; Epiglottis; Erythromycin; Escherichia coli; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Histoplasma; Humans; Infant; Klebsiella; Laryngeal Diseases; Methicillin; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Otitis Media; Penicillins; Pneumonia; Pseudomonas; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sinusitis; Staphylococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes; Streptomycin; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Candidiasis; Escherichia coli Infections; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Humans; Lactobacillus; Mycoplasma Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Tetracycline; Trichomonas Vaginitis; Vaginitis

Topics: Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biomedical Research; Bronchitis; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Sputum; Tetracycline