tetracycline and Gingivitis

Recently, several systems of topical antibiotic administration have been investigated. Most systems use sustained release devices to obtain high levels of antibiotics in the deepened periodontal pockets. Metronidazole and tetracycline can be administered without causing systemic side-effects. All systems summarized in this article are to be used after scaling and root planing of the diseased sites to increase the effect of the mechanical treatment.

Topics: Administration, Topical; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dental Scaling; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Humans; Metronidazole; Root Planing; Tetracycline

Periodontal diseases are common oral diseases that afflict all humans to some degree. The major aetiological agent is dental plaque--the complex microflora which forms on teeth in the absence of effective oral hygiene. The interaction of the microbial flora and the periodontal tissues produces an inflammatory response and tissue breakdown. Recent information has categorized periodontal diseases on the basis of increased knowledge about the particular microorganisms associated with the different clinical conditions. In addition, the important role of host defences, in particular the phagocytic cellular elements, has allowed for a better understanding of the pathological processes. This knowledge is contributing towards the development of rational and effective therapy for all forms of periodontal diseases. Because of the widespread occurrence of periodontal diseases and their potential relationships to systemic conditions, it is important that medical practitioners should be able to recognize, and be conversant with methods of treatment of, these diseases.

Topics: Acute Disease; Adult; Child; Chronic Disease; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative; Humans; Metronidazole; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Periodontium; Stomatitis, Herpetic; Tetracycline

Topics: Aggressive Periodontitis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chlorhexidine; Gingivitis; Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Periodontium; Tetracycline

In a study of the efficacy of modified Widman flap surgery and scaling and root planning accompanied by 1 of 4 systemic adjunctive agents, Augmentin, tetracycline, ibuprofen or placebo, it was observed that subjects differed in their response to therapy. The difference was only partially accounted for by the adjunctive agent employed. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine clinical and microbiological features in subjects who showed different levels of attachment change post-therapy. 40 subjects were subset into 3 groups based on mean attachment level change post-therapy. 10 poor response subjects showed mean attachment loss; 19 moderate response subjects showed mean attachment gain between 0.02-0.5 mm and 11 good response subjects showed a mean gain of attachment > 0.5 mm. Clinical parameters were measured at 6 sites per tooth both pre- and post-therapy. Microbiological samples were taken from the mesial aspect of each tooth and evaluated individually for their content of 14 subgingival taxa using a colony lift method and DNA probes. % of sites colonized by each species was computed for each subject both pre- and post-therapy. Significant differences were observed among treatment response groups for mean probing pocket depth, attachment level and % of sites with plaque pre-therapy. The poor response subjects had the lowest mean probing pocket depth and attachment level, but the highest plaque levels. Post-therapy, the poor response group exhibited the greatest degree of gingival inflammation as assessed by gingival redness and bleeding on probing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Amoxicillin; Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Bacteria; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Clavulanic Acids; Combined Modality Therapy; Dental Plaque; Dental Scaling; Drug Therapy, Combination; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Ibuprofen; Middle Aged; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Pocket; Placebos; Root Planing; Surgical Flaps; Tetracycline

The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and microbiological effects of a newly developed root conditioning gel system containing tetracycline or a mixture of tetracycline and citric acid on non-surgical periodontal therapy. Sixty-four (64) single-rooted teeth with a probing depth of 4 to 6 mm were randomly subjected to one of the following four treatments; 1) root planing alone (RP group); 2) tetracycline-containing gel alone (TCG group); 3) root planing plus tetracycline-containing gel (RP + TCG group); or 4) root planing plus a mixture of tetracycline and citric acid-containing gel (RP + TC-CAG group). Probing depth, attachment level, and tooth mobility were measured and the presence of dental plaque and gingival inflammation was recorded at baseline and after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Subgingival plaque samples from each site were collected at the same visits and examined with phase contrast microscopy for proportions of motile rods and spirochetes. Plaque index, gingival sulcus bleeding index (SBI), probing depth, and attachment level decreased significantly in all groups compared to the baseline values (P < 0.05). A significant decrease in probing pocket depth was noted after 12 weeks in RP + TC-CAG group compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Significantly more gain in attachment was detected in the RP + TC-CAG group compared to the TCG group (P < 0.05). Tooth mobility scores also decreased later in the study. A significant decrease in the proportion of motile rods was found primarily in the RP + TC-CAG group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Citrates; Citric Acid; Colony Count, Microbial; Combined Modality Therapy; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Drug Combinations; Female; Gels; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Index; Periodontal Pocket; Root Planing; Spirochaetales; Tetracycline; Tooth Mobility

A random double blind crossover study of patients on the effects of tetracycline therapy over a 3-month period revealed that there were no significant differences between the placebo group and tetracycline-treated groups in relation to (1) Gingival Index, (2) Debris Index and (3) Papillary Bleeding. A marked improvement in the Gingival Index occurred after 3 months of treatment in each group resulting from curettage and home care. Papillary bleeding was significantly reduced after 3 months of treatment in the tetracycline group and similar trends were observed in the placebo group. The Debris Index in both experimental and placebo groups showed no significant change after treatment for 3 months. The data suggest that tetracycline therapy does not appreciably after either the Gingival Index, Debris Index, or the Papillary Bleeding Index over a 3-month period.

Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Double-Blind Method; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Index; Placebos; Subgingival Curettage; Tetracycline; Time Factors; Tooth Root

Most of the tissue destruction in periodontal disease is caused by the patient's inflammatory response. Classical approaches to controlling inflammation rely on attempts to eliminate pathogenic bacteria that incite the inflammatory response through mechanical or chemical means. This approach still has a place in treating periodontal inflammation today. Emerging and future approaches will rely more on modifying the inflammatory response itself, by limiting the activity of proinflammatory pathways and by amplifying pathways that resolve inflammation.

Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Aspirin; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Dental Scaling; Diphosphonates; Gingivitis; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Oral Hygiene; Periodontitis; Tetracycline

This study evaluated the occurrence of enteric bacteria and pseudomonads resistant to tetracycline and β-lactams in the oral cavity of patients exhibiting gingivitis (n=89), periodontitis (n=79), periodontally healthy (n=50) and wearing complete dentures (n=41). Microbial identification and presence of resistance markers associated with the production of β-lactamases and tetracycline resistance were performed by using biochemical tests and PCR. Susceptibility tests were carried out in 201 isolates of enteric cocci and rods. Resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, imipenem, meropenem and tetracycline was detected in 57.4%, 34.6%, 2.4%, 1.9% and 36.5% of the isolates, respectively. β-lactamase production was observed in 41.2% of tested microorganisms, while the most commonly found β-lactamase genetic determinant was gene blaTEM. Tetracycline resistance was disseminated and a wide scope of tet genes were detected in all studied microbial genus.

Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases; beta-Lactams; Biomarkers; Denture, Complete; Enterobacteriaceae; Female; Genes, Bacterial; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Mouth; Periodontitis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Pseudomonas; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

To longitudinally determine if early therapeutic intervention, based on a positive neutral protease activity (NPA) assay score could effectively arrest the progress of periodontal disease destruction.. 63 periodontal sites which had previously undergone probing attachment loss were identified from among 31 previously treated adult periodontitis patients who were monitored during periodontal maintenance for an average of 3 yrs. Clinical levels of gingival inflammation and attachment levels and NPA assay data were collected at the beginning of each maintenance visit. When a site tested negative with the assay, routine Supportive Periodontal Therapy (SPT) was followed during the same appointment, while sites exhibiting a positive NPA score received more aggressive periodontal treatment.. During the study period, 51 of 63 sites displayed at least one positive NPA score. Our protocol of administering periodontal treatment rendered at the visit showing a positive NPA score revealed that only 1 of the 51 sites lost > or = 1 mm attachment during the study period. The remaining 50 positive assay sites showed an overall gain of > or = 1 mm of probing attachment over the course of the study. 12 of 63 sites consistently tested negative for neutral protease enzyme activity and remained stable, although 9 of these sites exhibited bleeding on probing (BOP) at least once during this study. Initial group mean probing attachment measurements were 5.6 mm for NPA negative and 5.7 mm for NPA positive sites.

Topics: Adult; Aged; Analysis of Variance; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Biocompatible Materials; Cellulose; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Dental Scaling; Drug Delivery Systems; Endopeptidases; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingival Hemorrhage; Gingivitis; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Reproducibility of Results; Root Planing; Subgingival Curettage; Tetracycline

The ecosystem of the dental plaque in periodontal diseases is very complex: the study of such micro-organisms, which are mostly strict anaerobes, requires the use of specific techniques under conditions of strict anaerobiosis. The aim of the present study was to design a rapid method to evaluate the activity of antimicrobials on mixed bacterial plaque of subjects with periodontal diseases. The study was carried out using a computerised instrument generally used for simultaneous diagnostic tests with aerobic bacteria. Operative and methodological modifications were made to obtain conditions of strict anaerobiosis and the balanced growth of all the microbial forms present in the mixed cultures of the plaque. Penicillins and cephalosporins were active on all the samples, whereas colistin, gentamicin, kanamycin and nalidixic acid showed no activity. Clindamycin, tetracycline, erythromycin and penicillin G were effective only against some samples. The activity of the antimicrobials towards isolated strains was analogous to that towards the corresponding mixed culture.

Topics: Adult; Anaerobiosis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Cephalosporins; Clindamycin; Colistin; Dental Plaque; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Ecology; Erythromycin; Female; Gentamicins; Gingivitis; Humans; Kanamycin; Kanamycin Resistance; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Middle Aged; Nalidixic Acid; Penicillin G; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillins; Periodontitis; Tetracycline; Tetracycline Resistance

A 17-year-old male patient with localized juvenile periodontitis was treated by subgingival instrumentation with full thickness flap on the lower molars, combined with a 3-week course of systemic tetracycline, and a programme of supervised oral hygiene. The treatment was rapidly followed by dramatic clinical and microbiological improvement. However, despite good oral hygiene, gingival inflammation recurred at regular intervals. It was necessary to maintain the clinical results by periodic subgingival instrumentation with an ultrasonic scaler. Healing of alveolar bone was monitored in the lower 1st molar regions over 3 years by using superimposable radiographs. Quantitative analysis of bone density performed with a high-resolution digitalisation technique showed a considerable improvement 1 year after therapy. However, continuous remodelling, probably related to variations in inflammation, occurred during the 3 postoperative years.

Topics: Adolescent; Aggressive Periodontitis; Alveolar Process; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bone Density; Bone Remodeling; Combined Modality Therapy; Follow-Up Studies; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Oral Hygiene; Radiographic Image Enhancement; Recurrence; Subgingival Curettage; Surgical Flaps; Tetracycline; Ultrasonic Therapy

Inflammatory periodontal diseases are related to dental plaque formation. Increase in the perfusion of the inflamed tissue results in increased oxygen supply. Although oxygen has healing effects, it is bound to be a mediator of peroxidation in biological membranes. Chemotherapeutic agents such as chlorhexidine, listerine, sanguinarine, and cetylpridinium chloride and oral antibiotics such as tetracycline HCl and doxycyline were tested for their antioxidative activities. While doxycycline has the highest antioxidant activity in lower volumes (0.1 ml), sanguinarine, listerine and a pace after them, tetracycline HCl, had similar effects in higher volumes (0.3 and 0.4 ml). The results showed that in addition to their antiseptic or antimicrobial effects, these preparations have an antioxidative activity against spontaneous oxidation.

Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antioxidants; Benzophenanthridines; Brain; Cattle; Cetylpyridinium; Chlorhexidine; Dental Plaque; Doxycycline; Drug Combinations; Gingivitis; Isoquinolines; Malondialdehyde; Membranes; Mouthwashes; Oxidation-Reduction; Peroxides; Salicylates; Terpenes; Tetracycline

Previous in vitro studies have suggested that tetracycline-HCl (TTC-HCl) is adsorbed and actively released from root dentin. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the binding to and release of TTC-HCl from human root dentin surfaces in vivo, and to evaluate the clinical utility of TTC-HCl irrigation as an adjunct to scaling and root planing. Experiment I utilized two contralateral mandibular single-rooted teeth which were examined in four adults with severe generalized periodontitis. One tooth in each patient was carefully scaled and root planed, under local anesthesia, and the other used as an unscaled control. Each subgingival root surface was irrigated for 5 min with an aqueous TTC-HCl solution at a concentration of 100 mg/ml. Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected on paper strips for the next three weeks. The TTC-HCl concentrations in each sample were determined by the inhibition zone of B. cereus cultured on agar plates. The TTC-HCl concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid collected 15 min after irrigation were 3100 +/- 670 micrograms/ml from the scaled lesions and 4700 +/- 1300 micrograms/ml from the unscaled root surfaces. The antibiotic concentrations decreased logarithmically over the next 7 days; 1500 +/- 270 micrograms/ml and 1100 +/- 330 micrograms/ml at 2 h, 880 +/- 350 micrograms/ml and 1300 +/- 360 micrograms/ml at 6 h and 19 +/- 5 micrograms/ml and 31 +/- 26 micrograms/ml at 1 week for scaled and unscaled root surfaces, respectively. Results for week two and three indicated an average of over 8 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Administration, Topical; Adult; Combined Modality Therapy; Dental Plaque; Dental Plaque Index; Dental Scaling; Dentin; Epithelial Attachment; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Periodontal Index; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Root Planing; Tetracycline; Therapeutic Irrigation; Tooth Root

While subgingival scaling and root planing are effective at removing plaque, the use of periodic subgingival irrigation with a antimicrobial solution could be a useful adjunct. This paper initially discusses the management of inflammatory periodontal diseases in general, covering current mechanical therapy and chemical antimicrobials, before describing pulsed oral irrigation in more detail.

Topics: Chlorhexidine; Dental Devices, Home Care; Gingivitis; Humans; Metronidazole; Mouthwashes; Oral Hygiene; Periodontitis; Tetracycline; Therapeutic Irrigation

The concentration of tetracycline in the gingival fluid was measured in the periodontal pocket following placement of controlled drug delivery monolithic fibers and subgingival irrigation. Following subgingival irrigation with 1% and 10% tetracycline HCl solution, concentrations decayed exponentially with half times of 4.2 and 12.2 h, respectively. Tetracycline fibers maintained a constant average concentration of 1590 micrograms/ml in periodontal pockets over a 10-day period. The observed concentrations were in agreement with those expected from a steady-state model based on release rate characteristic of the fibers and gingival fluid flow rate. After removal of the delivery system, tetracycline concentrations decreased exponentially with half time of 4.5 h. These data describe the delivery characteristics of tetracycline-loaded ethylene vinyl acetate fibers as zero-order for 10 d; following removal, an exponential washout was observed.

Topics: Adult; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Carriers; Drug Implants; Female; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Middle Aged; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Polyvinyls; Tetracycline; Therapeutic Irrigation

An aggressive form of localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) in a 12-year old West African female is reported. The case was treated with scaling, root planing, debridement, and tetracycline therapy, which resulted in complete resolution of the disease, including elimination of periodontal inflammation, regeneration of lost periodontal structures, and spontaneous repositioning of teeth that had pathologically migrated. A hopelessly involved mandibular right first molar was successfully replaced by an incompletely developed maxillary third molar tooth bud whose roots and pulp structure continued to develop after autotransplantation. It is suggested, that LJP can be successfully treated without periodontal surgery and that the potential for repair in LJP cases is apparently greater than what one can anticipate in adult forms of periodontitis.

Topics: Aggressive Periodontitis; Child; Dental Scaling; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Molar, Third; Periodontal Pocket; Tetracycline; Tooth Germ; Tooth Loss; Wound Healing

Local and systemic administrations of tetracycline have been used in human periodontal treatment for conditions including juvenile periodontitis and rapidly progressive periodontitis, although microbiological effects of the treatment have not been clear. The effect of systemic oral administration of tetracycline on subgingival bacteria in experimental periodontal disease in hamsters as an animal model has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in subgingival bacteria and bone resorption at the lower left first molar, and supragingival plaque formation on the lower right first molar in animals with (TC group) or without (Diet-2000 group) systemic oral administration of tetracycline hydrochloride 25 mg/kg/day in 20-day-old golden hamsters that mere fed a high sucrose diet (Diet-2000). Experimental periods were established as 15, 29, 43, 57, and 71 days. Supragingival plaque formation on the lingual surface on the lower right first molar in the Diet-2000 group gradually increased with time; that in the TC group was scarce and was not increased with time. Bone resorption at the lower left first molar in the Diet-2000 group proceeded rapidly with time, while that in the TC group was scarce. Total number of bacteria from subgingival plaque on the lower left first molar in the Diet-2000 group increased rapidly with time, but that in the TC group did not vary at all with time. Actinomyces (Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces viscosus) and Bacteroides (Bacteroides capillosus and Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. ruminicola) in the Diet-2000 group increased with time; those in the TC group decreased with time. A remarkable difference in IgG titers to Bacteroides asaccharolyticus was not observed in the Diet-2000 and the TC groups. These results suggest that systemic oral administration of tetracycline hydrochloride on experimental gingivitis in golden hamsters causes the total number of subgingival bacteria to be confined, and to be decreased species of Actinomyces (Actinomyces naeslundii and Acinomyces viscosus) and Bacteroides (Bacteroides capillosus and Bacteroides ruminicola subsp. ruminicola), leading to the inhibition of bone resorption and supragingival plaque formation. It is suggested that Bacteroides asaccharolyticus is not a pathogen concerned in experimental periodontal disease in hamsters, because the antibody titer was not elevated in the Diet-2000 group.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Bone Resorption; Cricetinae; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Mesocricetus; Tetracycline

Doxycycline is a synthetic tetracycline compound whose main advantages over tetracycline hydrochloride are increased oral absorption, prolonged serum half-life and decreased gastrointestinal side-effects. The purpose of this study was to measure the concentration of doxycycline in gingival fluid and blood after oral administration. 4 volunteers were given doses of 100 mg doxycycline every 12 h on the first day of antibiotic administration followed by a maintenance dose of 100 mg per day for an additional 4 days. 3 of these volunteers were also given tetracycline hydrochloride every 6 h for 5 days either 1 month before or after doxycycline administration to compare gingival fluid levels of these 2 tetracycline compounds. Gingival fluid was sampled from 4 gingival sites in each volunteer at hourly intervals from hours 0 to 6, 9, 24, 27, 48 to 54, 57, 72, 75, 96 to 102 and 105. Blood was sampled by finger puncture at hours 0, 3, 6, 24, 48, 54, 72, 96 and 102. Antibiotic levels in gingival fluid and blood were measured using an agar diffusion assay method. The results demonstrated that doxycycline achieved much higher levels in the gingival fluid than in blood and yielded comparable gingival fluid levels to those achieved by tetracycline hydrochloride. Doxycycline levels in gingival fluid ranged between 1.2 micrograms/ml and 8.1 micrograms/ml in the first 24 h and generally achieved 3-10 micrograms/ml after 48 h. Blood levels after 48 h ranged between 2.1 micrograms/ml and 2.9 micrograms/ml. Tetracycline hydrochloride in gingival fluid after 48 h was generally in the range of 4 micrograms/ml-10 micrograms/ml with blood levels between 2.2 micrograms/ml and 3.4 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Topics: Absorption; Digestive System; Doxycycline; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Half-Life; Humans; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Many effective methods currently are available for preventing oral diseases and promoting oral health. The responsibility for ensuring the optimal use of these approaches is shared by members of the dental profession and other primary care providers in the present health care delivery system. Recognition of each provider's role and greater collaborative efforts could enhance the gains that already have been made with respect to improving the oral health status of children and adolescents.

Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Diet; Fluoridation; Fluorides; Fluorides, Topical; Gingivitis; Humans; Infant; Oral Health; Tetracycline; Tobacco Use Disorder; Tooth Discoloration; Tooth Diseases

Topics: Adult; Animals; Collagen; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Doxycycline; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Microbial Collagenase; Minocycline; Periodontal Pocket; Rabbits; Rats; Tetracycline; Tetracyclines

The effect of systemic tetracycline on gingival inflammation and alveolar bone resorption was studied in beagle dogs. Seventeen dogs were divided into three groups receiving either no treatment, 250 mg tetracycline HCl, or 500 mg tetracycline HCl daily. The severity of gingival inflammation and activity of alveolar bone resorption during a 6-month pretreatment period was compared to a 24-month treatment period for each individual tooth studied. In the first 12 months of treatment there was a significant decrease in the severity of gingival inflammation and the activity of alveolar bone loss in the tetracycline treated dogs. By 24 months of treatment increased gingival inflammation and rate of bone loss was evident in the treated dogs. In the untreated control dogs there was a statistically significant association between the severity of gingival inflammation and activity of alveolar bone resorption about the teeth studied. In the tetracycline treated dogs, no such association existed.

Topics: Alveolar Process; Animals; Bone Resorption; Dogs; Gingivitis; Tetracycline; Time Factors

The concentration of tetracycline in gingival fluid was measured following the oral administration of single doses of 250 or 500 mg. Six volunteers received a single dose of either 250 mg or 500 mg of tetracycline and gingival fluid was sampled at 15-min intervals during the first 2 h, 30-min intervals for the following 2 h and at hours 5, 6 and 7. Four volunteers were given a single dose of either 250 mg or 500 mg and were sampled every hour for 24 h. Gingival fluid was sampled using an intracrevicular technique from four gingival sites and blood was obtained by finger puncture. The concentration of tetracycline in gingival fluid peaked at 3 1/2-7 h achieving average levels typically in the range of 5-12 micrograms/ml. Blood levels peaked at 3-4 h and reached values between 1.0 to 2.6 micrograms/ml. Tetracycline was detectable in gingival fluid at least 19 h after a single dose but rarely was detectable at 24 h. The results demonstrated that tetracycline in the gingival fluid was typically 2-10 times blood levels after a single dose.

Topics: Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; Tetracycline

The concentration of tetracycline in gingival crevice fluid and blood was determined using a sensitive bioassay after oral administration of repeated doses of tetracycline. Crevicular fluid was sampled by an intracrevicular technique from four gingival sites in each individual and blood was obtained by finger puncture. Four volunteers received doses of 250 mg of tetracycline-HCl either every 6 hours or every 12 hours and were sampled at hours 0 to 15, 21 to 36, 48 to 60 and 96 to 102. Volunteers given 250 mg every 6 hours had average crevicular fluid concentrations between 4 to 8 micrograms/ml and blood concentrations between 2 to 2.5 micrograms/ml after 48 hours. The levels in crevicular fluid and blood of volunteers who received 250 mg every 12 hours were 2 to 4 micrograms/ml and 0.3 to 1.4 micrograms/ml respectively after 48 hours. The results demonstrated that after repeated doses of tetracycline the crevicular fluid levels were typically 2 to 4 times the blood levels.

Topics: Administration, Oral; Gingiva; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacteria; Chlorhexidine; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Haplorhini; Keratins; Macaca mulatta; Male; Mitosis; Tetracycline

An increased interest in the clinical use of antibiotics as an adjunct to periodontal therapy has created a need to determine antibiotic concentrations in fluid obtained from the gingival crevice. For this purpose, an increase in sensitivity beyond that possible with current tetracycline assays is essential because sample volumes of gingival fluid typically obtained are less than 0.5 microliter. This report describes the development of an agar-diffusion assay technique capable of measuring the concentration of tetracycline in samples of gingival crevice fluid in the range of 0.1 to 4.0 microgram/ml. The assay will detect amounts of tetracycline in gingival crevice fluid samples as low as 50 pg. The high sensitivity of this assay was achieved by optimizing the medium depth, inoculum density, agar concentration, pH, period of prediffusion, and selection of basal medium. Use of this assay indicated that the concentration of tetracylcine in gingival crevice fluid was greater than that found in blood and persisted at elevated levels for longer periods.

Topics: Biological Assay; Clostridium perfringens; Culture Media; Gingival Crevicular Fluid; Gingivitis; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Nephelometry and Turbidimetry; Tetracycline; Time Factors

Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Dental Plaque; Dogs; Gingivitis; Metronidazole; Tetracycline

Topics: Adolescent; Blood Protein Disorders; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; DMF Index; Female; Gingivitis; Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative; Humans; IgA Deficiency; Male; Mouth Breathing; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Diseases; Tetracycline; Tooth Discoloration

Topics: Adult; Child, Preschool; Chronic Disease; Complement Fixation Tests; Female; Gingivitis; Gonorrhea; Homosexuality; Humans; Male; Neisseria; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Neisseria meningitidis; Paraphilic Disorders; Penicillin G Procaine; Pharyngeal Diseases; Pharyngitis; Pharynx; Prospective Studies; Recurrence; Spectinomycin; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis

Topics: Animals; Cats; Chloramphenicol; Dogs; Epithelium; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Microscopy, Electron; Penicillins; Tetracycline

Topics: Adult; Arteritis; Dental Caries; Dexamethasone; Fluorescent Dyes; Gingivitis; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Male; Phlebitis; Photography; Radiography; Remission, Spontaneous; Retinal Vessels; Rhinitis; Streptomycin; Tetracycline; Tonsillitis

Topics: Abnormalities, Drug-Induced; Anesthesia, Dental; Anesthetics; Dental Caries; Dentistry; Female; Fetal Death; Fetal Diseases; Fluorides; Gingivitis; Humans; Hyperemesis Gravidarum; Hypotension; Periodontal Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Radiography, Dental; Stress, Physiological; Tetracycline

Topics: Agranulocytosis; Ecchymosis; Gingivitis; Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative; Humans; Isoniazid; Lymphadenitis; Neutropenia; Periodicity; Periodontal Diseases; Prednisone; Splenectomy; Splenomegaly; Tetracycline